Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The Company has prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements pursuant to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Preparing financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts that are reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may be different from the Company’s estimates. The results of operations presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the Company’s results for any future period. On January 17, 2020 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated the previously announced merger pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated September 15, 2019, by and among the Company, Merger Sub, and Legacy Vivint Smart Home, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 18, 2019, by and among the Company, Merger Sub and Legacy Vivint Smart Home. (See Note 6 “Business Combination” for further discussion). Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, a business combination between the Company and Legacy Vivint Smart Home was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Vivint Smart Home, with Legacy Vivint Smart Home surviving as the surviving company (the “Business Combination”). Notwithstanding the legal form of the Business Combination pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, Vivint Smart Home, Inc. is treated as the acquired company and Legacy Vivint Smart Home is treated as the acquirer for financial statement reporting and accounting purposes. As a result of Legacy Vivint Smart Home being the accounting acquirer, the financial reports filed with the SEC by the Company subsequent to the Business Combination are prepared “as if” Legacy Vivint Smart Home is the predecessor and legal successor to the Company. The historical operations of Legacy Vivint Smart Home are deemed to be those of the Company. Thus, the financial statements included in this Annual Report reflect (i) the historical operating results of Legacy Vivint Smart Home prior to the Business Combination; (ii) the combined results of the Company and Legacy Vivint Smart Home following the Business Combination on January 17, 2020; (iii) the assets and liabilities of Legacy Vivint Smart Home at their historical cost; and (iv) the Company’s equity structure for all periods presented. The recapitalization of the number of shares of common stock attributable to the purchase of Legacy Vivint Smart Home in connection with the Business Combination is reflected retroactively to the earliest period presented and will be utilized for calculating earnings per share in all prior periods presented. No step-up basis of intangible assets or goodwill was recorded in the Business Combination transaction consistent with the treatment of the transaction as a reverse recapitalization of Legacy Vivint Smart Home. In connection with the Business Combination, Mosaic Acquisition Corp. changed its name to Vivint Smart Home, Inc. The Company’s Common Stock is now listed on the NYSE under the symbol “VVNT”. Prior to the Business Combination, the Company neither engaged in any operations nor generated any revenue. Until the Business Combination, based on the Company’s business activities, it was a “shell company” as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Vivint Flex Pay The Vivint Flex Pay plan (“Vivint Flex Pay”) became the Company’s primary equipment financing model beginning in March 2017. Under Vivint Flex Pay, customers pay separately for the products (including control panel, security peripheral equipment, smart home equipment, and related installation) (“Products”) and Vivint’s smart home and security services (“Services”). The customer has the following three ways to pay for the Products: (1) qualified customers may finance the purchase of Products through third-party financing providers (“Consumer Financing Program” or “CFP”) (2) the Company generally offers a limited number of customers not eligible for the Consumer Financing Program, but who qualify under the Company’s underwriting criteria, the option to enter into a retail installment contract (“RIC”) directly with Vivint, or (3) customers may purchase the Products at the outset of the service contract by check, automatic clearing house payments (“ACH”), credit or debit card or by obtaining short-term financing (generally no more than six-month installment terms) through the Company. Although customers pay separately for Products and Services under Vivint Flex Pay, the Company has determined that the sale of Products and Services are one single performance obligation. As a result, all forms of transactions under Vivint Flex Pay create deferred revenue for the gross amount of Products sold. For RICs, gross deferred revenues are reduced by imputed interest and estimated write-offs. For Products financed through the CFP, gross deferred revenues are reduced by (i) any fees the third-party financing provider (“Financing Provider”) is contractually entitled to receive at the time of loan origination, and (ii) the present value of expected future payments due to the Financing Providers. Under the CFP, qualified customers are eligible for financing offerings (“Loans”) originated by Financing Providers of between $150 and $6,000. The terms of most Loans are determined based on the customer’s credit quality. The annual percentage rates on these loans is either 0% or 9.99%, depending on the customer's credit quality, and the Loans are issued on either an installment or revolving basis with repayment terms ranging from with a 6- to 60-months. For certain Financing Provider Loans: • The Company pays a monthly fee based on either the average daily outstanding balance of the installment loans, or the number of outstanding Loans. • The Company incurs fees at the time of the Loan origination and receives proceeds that are net of these fees. • The Company also shares liability for credit losses, with the Company being responsible for between 2.6% and 100% of lost principal balances. • The Company is responsible for reimbursing certain Financing Providers for merchant transaction fees and other fees associated with the Loans. Because of the nature of these provisions, the Company records a derivative liability at its fair value when the Financing Provider originates Loans to customers, which reduces the amount of estimated revenue recognized on the provision of the services. The derivative liability is reduced as payments are made by the Company to the Financing Provider. Subsequent changes to the fair value of the derivative liability are realized through other expenses (income), net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. (See Note 10). For certain other Loans, the Company receives net proceeds (net of fees and expected losses) for which the Company has no further obligation to the Financing Provider. The Company records these net proceeds to deferred revenue. Retail Installment Contract Receivables For subscribers that enter into a RIC to finance the purchase of Products, the Company records a receivable for the amount financed. Gross RIC receivables are reduced for (i) expected write-offs of uncollectible balances over the term of the RIC and (ii) a present value discount of the expected cash flows using a risk adjusted market interest rate. Therefore, the RIC receivables equal the present value of the expected cash flows to be received by the Company over the term of the RIC, evaluated on a pool basis. RICs are pooled based on customer credit quality, contract length and geography. At the time of installation, the Company records a long-term note receivable within long-term notes receivables and other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets for the present value of the receivables that are expected to be collected beyond 12 months of the reporting date. The unbilled receivable amounts that are expected to be collected within 12 months of the reporting date are included as a short-term notes receivable within accounts and notes receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The billed amounts of notes receivables are included in accounts receivable within accounts and notes receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company imputes the interest on the RIC receivable using a risk adjusted market interest rate and records it as a reduction to deferred revenue and as an adjustment to the face amount of the related receivable. The risk adjusted interest rate considers a number of factors, including credit quality of the subscriber base and other qualitative considerations such as macro-economic factors. The imputed interest income is recognized over the term of the RIC contract as recurring and other revenue on the consolidated statements of operations. When the Company determines that there are RIC receivables that have become uncollectible, it records an adjustment to the allowance and reduces the related note receivable balance. On a regular basis, the Company also assesses the expected remaining cash flows based on historical RIC write-off trends, current market conditions and both Company and third-party forecast data. If the Company determines there is a change in expected remaining cash flows, the total amount of this change for all RICs is recorded in the current period to the provision for credit losses, which is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Account balances are written-off if collection efforts are unsuccessful and future collection is unlikely based on the length of time from the day accounts become past due. (See Note 4). Revenue Recognition The Company offers its customers smart home services combining Products, including a proprietary control panel, door and window sensors, door locks, security cameras and smoke alarms; installation; and a proprietary back-end cloud platform software and Services. These together create an integrated system that allows the Company’s customers to monitor, control and protect their home (“Smart Home Services”). The Company’s customers are buying this integrated system that provides them with these Smart Home Services. The number and type of Products purchased by a customer depends on their desired functionality. Because the Products and Services included in the customer’s contract are integrated and highly interdependent, and because they must work together to deliver the Smart Home Services, the Company has concluded that installed Products, related installation and Services contracted for by the customer are generally not distinct within the context of the contract and, therefore, constitute a single, combined performance obligation. Revenues for this single, combined performance obligation are recognized on a straight-line basis over the customer’s contract term, which is the period in which the parties to the contract have enforceable rights and obligations. The Company has determined that certain contracts that do not require a long-term commitment for monitoring services by the customer contain a material right to renew the contract, because the customer does not have to purchase Products upon renewal. Proceeds allocated to the material right are recognized over the period of benefit, which is generally three years. The majority of the Company’s subscription contracts are between three Sales of Products and other one-time fees such as service or installation fees are invoiced to the customer at the time of sale. Revenues for any Products or Services that are considered separate performance obligations are recognized when those Products or Services are delivered. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in revenue. Payments received or amounts billed in advance of revenue recognition are reported as deferred revenue. Beginning in late 2020, the Company began operating as a third-party dealer for residential solar installers in several states throughout the U.S, whereby the Company earns a commission from the installer for selling their solar services. Because there are no further performance obligations once the installation is complete, revenue is recognized at that time. To date, revenues from the Smart Insurance business have been immaterial to our overall financial results. Deferred Revenue The Company's deferred revenues primarily consist of amounts for sales (including upfront proceeds) of Smart Home Services. Deferred revenues are recognized over the term of the related performance obligation, which is generally three Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable consists primarily of amounts due from subscribers for recurring monthly monitoring Services, amounts due from Financing Providers and the billed portion of RIC receivables. The accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amounts and are non-interest bearing and are included within accounts and notes receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Accounts receivable totaled $34.8 million and $26.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively net of the allowance for doubtful accounts of $16.4 million and $13.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company estimates this allowance based on historical collection experience, subscriber attrition rates, current market conditions and both Company and third-party forecast data. When the Company determines that there are accounts receivable that are uncollectible, they are charged off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. The provision for doubtful accounts is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The changes in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows for the periods ended (in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Beginning balance $ 13,271 $ 9,911 $ 8,118 Provision for doubtful accounts 40,476 31,341 23,778 Write-offs and adjustments (37,325) (27,981) (21,985) Balance at end of period $ 16,422 $ 13,271 $ 9,911 Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges Restructuring and asset impairment charges represent expenses incurred in relation to activities to exit or dispose of portions of the Company's business that do not qualify as discontinued operations. Liabilities associated with restructuring are measured at their fair value when the liability is incurred. Expenses for related termination benefits are recognized at the date the Company notifies the employee, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Liabilities related to termination of a contract are measured and recognized at fair value when the contract does not have any future economic benefit to the entity and the fair value of the liability is determined based on the present value of the remaining obligation. The Company expenses all other costs related to an exit or disposal activity as incurred (See Note 11). Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Vivint Smart Home, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Capitalized Contract Costs Capitalized contract costs represent the costs directly related and incremental to the origination of new contracts, modification of existing contracts or to the fulfillment of the related subscriber contracts. These include commissions, other compensation and related costs incurred directly for the origination and installation of new or upgraded customer contracts, as well as the cost of Products installed in the customer home at the commencement or modification of the contract. The Company calculates amortization by accumulating all deferred contract costs into separate portfolios based on the initial month of service and amortizes those deferred contract costs on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit that the Company has determined to be five years, consistent with the pattern in which the Company provides services to its customers. The Company believes this pattern of amortization appropriately reduces the carrying value of the capitalized contract costs over time to reflect the decline in the value of the assets as the remaining period of benefit for each monthly portfolio of contracts decreases. The period of benefit of five years is longer than a typical contract term because of anticipated contract renewals. The Company applies this period of benefit to its entire portfolio of contracts. The Company updates its estimate of the period of benefit periodically and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the period of benefit could change significantly. Such changes, if any, are accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate. Amortization of capitalized contract costs is included in “Depreciation and Amortization” on the consolidated statements of operations. The carrying amount of the capitalized contract costs is periodically reviewed for impairment. In performing this review, the Company considers whether the carrying amount of the capitalized contract costs will be recovered. In estimating the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in the future related to capitalized contract costs, the Company considers factors such as attrition rates, economic factors, and industry developments, among other factors. If it is determined that capitalized contract costs are impaired, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the capitalized contract costs and the anticipated costs that relate directly to providing the future services exceed the consideration that has been received and that is expected to be received in the future. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no impairment losses were recorded. Contract costs not directly related and incremental to the origination of new contracts, modification of existing contracts or to the fulfillment of the related subscriber contracts are expensed as incurred. These costs include those associated with housing, marketing and recruiting, non-direct lead generation costs, certain portions of sales commissions and residuals, overhead and other costs considered not directly and specifically tied to the origination of a particular subscriber. On the consolidated statement of cash flows, capitalized contract costs are classified as operating activities and reported as “Capitalized contract costs - deferred contract costs” as these assets represent deferred costs associated with subscriber contracts. The Company’s depreciation and amortization included in the consolidated statements of operations consisted of the following (in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Amortization of capitalized contract costs $ 556,550 $ 524,981 $ 481,213 Amortization of definite-lived intangibles 47,813 60,004 69,465 Depreciation and amortization of property, plant and equipment 17,459 16,467 20,153 Total depreciation and amortization $ 621,822 $ 601,452 $ 570,831 Inventories Inventories, which are comprised of smart home and security system equipment and parts are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined under the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories sold to customers as part of a smart home and security system are generally capitalized as contract costs. The Company adjusts the inventory balance based on anticipated obsolescence, usage and historical write-offs. Deferred Financing Costs Certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining debt financing are deferred and amortized utilizing the straight-line method, which approximates the effective-interest method, over the life of the related financing. Deferred financing costs associated with obtaining the APX Group, Inc.’s (“APX”) revolving credit facility are amortized over the amended maturity dates discussed in Note 5. Deferred financing costs associated with the revolving credit facility reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as deferred financing costs, net at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $1.6 million and $2.1 million, net of accumulated amortization of $11.9 million and $11.5 million, respectively. Deferred financing costs included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets within notes payable, net at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $29.1 million and $34.3 million, net of accumulated amortization of $82.6 million and $77.4 million, respectively. Amortization expense on deferred financing costs recognized and included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations totaled $5.6 million, $6.9 million and $7.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Residual Income Plans The Company has a program that allows certain third-party sales channel partners to receive additional compensation based on the performance of the underlying contracts they create (the “Channel Partner Plan”). The Company also had a residual sales compensation plan (the “Residual Plan”) during 2018 and 2019 under which the Company's sales personnel (each, a “Plan Participant”) receive compensation based on the performance of certain underlying contracts they created in prior years. For both the Channel Partner Plan and Residual Plan, the Company calculates the present value of the expected future residual payments and records a liability for this amount in the period the subscriber account is originated. These costs are recorded to capitalized contract costs. The Company monitors actual payments and customer attrition on a periodic basis and, when necessary, makes adjustments to the liability. The current portion of the liability included in accrued payroll and commissions was $4.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the noncurrent portion included in other long-term obligations was $21.5 million and $23.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognizes that cost over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur (See Note 13). Advertising Expense Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were approximately $63.4 million, $89.9 million and $70.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Research and Development Research and development costs consist primarily of employee compensation and related expenses, product development expenses, third-party development support costs, facility costs as well as allocated overhead costs and are included in general and administrative expense. The Company incurred $64.5 million, $55.2 million and $50.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes based on the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets when it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company recognizes the effect of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. The Company’s policy for recording interest and penalties is to record such items as a component of the provision for income taxes. Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. The Company records the effect of a tax rate or law change on the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities in the period of enactment. Future tax rate or law changes could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows (See Note 12). Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of receivables and cash. At times during the year, the Company maintains cash balances in excess of insured limits. The Company is not dependent on any single customer or geographic location. The loss of a customer would not adversely impact the Company’s operating results or financial position. Concentrations of Supply Risk As of December 31, 2022, approximately 97% of the Company’s installed panels were the Company's proprietary SkyControl or Smart Hub panels and 3% were 2GIG Go!Control panels. The loss of the Company’s SkyControl panel supplier could potentially impact its operating results or financial position. Fair Value Measurement Fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities subject to on-going fair value measurement are categorized and disclosed into one of three categories depending on observable or unobservable inputs employed in the measurement. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy: Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for assets and liabilities. Level 2: Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted in active markets, but corroborated by market data. Level 3: Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. This hierarchy requires the Company to minimize the use of unobservable inputs and to use observable market data, if available, when determining fair value. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the hierarchy based on the fair values of the respective financial measurements at the end of the reporting period in which the transfer occurred. There were no transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. The carrying amounts of the Company’s accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. Goodwill The Company tests goodwill at the reporting unit level for impairment annually as of October 1 and on an interim basis when events occur or circumstances exist that indicate the carrying value may no longer be recoverable. The company compares the fair value of our reporting units with the carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The Company’s reporting units are determined based on its current reporting structure, which as of December 31, 2022 consisted of one reporting unit. As of December 31, 2022, there were no changes in facts and circumstances since the most recent annual impairment analysis to indicate impairment existed. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, no impairments to goodwill were recorded. Foreign Currency Translation and Other Comprehensive Income On June 8, 2022, the Company completed the sale of its Canada business to TELUS Communications Inc. (“TELUS”) (“Canada Sale”). Prior to the sale, the functional currency of Vivint Canada, Inc. was the Canadian dollar. Accordingly, Vivint Canada, Inc. assets and liabilities were translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at period-end rates and Vivint Canada, Inc. revenue and expenses were translated at the weighted-average exchange rates for the period. Adjustments resulting from this translation process are classified as other comprehensive income or loss and shown as a separate component of equity. When intercompany foreign currency transactions between entities included in the consolidated financial statements are of a long term investment nature (i.e., those for which settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future) foreign currency translation adjustments resulting from those transactions are included in stockholders’ (deficit) equity as accumulated other comprehensive loss or income. When intercompany transactions are deemed to be of a short-term nature, translation adjustments are required to be included in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company had determined that settlement of Vivint Canada, Inc. intercompany balances were anticipated and therefore such balances were deemed to be of a short-term nature. Translation activity included in the statement of operations in other (income) expenses, net related to intercompany balances was as follows: (in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Translation gain $ (1,837) $ (423) $ (602) Derivative Warrant Liabilities The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued stock purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 480 and ASC 815-15. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is assessed as part of this evaluation. The Company accounts for its public warrants and private placement warrants as derivative warrant liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40. Accordingly, the Company recognizes the warrant instruments as liabilities at fair value and adjusts the instruments to fair value at each reporting period. The liabilities are re-measured at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s statement of operations. Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Yet Adopted In March 2020 and January 2021 and December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU”) No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting and ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope and ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 , respectively. Together, the ASUs provide temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. These transactions include contract modifications, hedging relationships, and |