Stock-Based Awards | Stock-Based Awards 2017 Equity Incentive Plan In December 2017, the Company adopted the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which initially reserved 6,379,238 shares for the issuance of stock options, restricted stock and other stock awards, to employees, non-employee directors, and consultants under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors and approved by the stockholders. Awards granted under the 2017 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. For stock options, the option price shall not be less than 100% of the estimated fair value on the day of grant. Options granted typically vest over a four -year period but may be granted with different vesting terms. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan In May 2015, the Company adopted the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), which as amended, reserved 8,325,000 shares for the issuance of stock options, restricted stock and other stock awards, to employees, non-employee directors, and consultants under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors and approved by the stockholders. Awards granted under the 2015 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. For stock options, the option price shall not be less than 100% of the estimated fair value on the day of grant. For all stock options granted between August 2015 and February 2016 with an exercise price of $0.68 , a deemed fair value of $1.20 per share was used in calculating stock-based compensation expense, which was determined using management hindsight. Options granted typically vest over a four -year p eriod but may be granted with different vesting terms. Upon adoption of the 2017 Plan, no new awards or grants are permitted under the 2015 Plan, and the 169,238 shares that were then unissued and available for future award under the 2015 Plan became available under the 2017 Plan. The 2015 Plan will continue to govern restricted stock awards and option awards previously granted thereunder. As of June 30, 2018 , there were 3,237,032 shares available for the Company to grant under the 2017 Plan. Stock Option Activity The following table summarizes option award activity under the 2017 Plan and the 2015 Plan: Number of Options Weighted- Exercise Price Weighted- remaining contractual life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2017 6,689,479 $ 4.08 8.37 $ 77,317 Options granted 2,964,234 21.68 Options exercised (291,557 ) 2.17 Options forfeited (188,768 ) 9.56 Balance at June 30, 2018 9,173,388 $ 9.72 8.52 $ 50,761 Options vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2018 7,428,656 $ 11.84 8.84 $ 25,340 Options exercisable at June 30, 2018 1,559,981 $ 3.58 8.05 $ 18,207 Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the Company’s estimated fair value of its common stock and the exercise price of outstanding options. The total intrinsic value of options exercise d was $3.5 million and $4.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , and $0.5 million and $2.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , the weighted-average grant-date fair value of the vested options was $2.83 and $2.87 per share, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , the weighted-average grant-date fair value of the vested options was $1.29 and $1.16 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of all options granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $13.37 and $15.90 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of all options granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 was $4.84 and $4.13 per share, respectively. Stock Options Granted to Employees with Service-Based Vesting The estimated fair value of stock options granted to employees were calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following assumptions: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Expected term (in years) 5.50 - 6.08 6.08 5.50 - 6.08 6.08 Volatility 80.0% - 85.6% 88.1% - 89.8% 80.0% - 87.4% 89.8% - 91.3% Risk-free interest rate 2.7% - 2.9% 1.9% 2.6% - 2.9% 1.9% - 2.3% Dividend yield — — — — Expected Term: The expected term represents the period that the options granted are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method (based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term). Expected Volatility: The Company uses an average historical stock price volatility of comparable public companies within the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry that were deemed to be representative of future stock price trends as the Company does not have sufficient trading history for its common stock. The Company will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available. Risk-Free Interest Rate: The Company based the risk-free interest rate over the expected term of the options based on the constant maturity rate of U.S. Treasury securities with similar maturities as of the date of the grant. Expected Dividend: The Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. Therefore, the expected dividend yield was zero . Early Exercise of Stock Options The Company permits early exercise of certain stock options prior to vesting by certain directors and officers. Any shares issued pursuant to unvested options are restricted and subject to repurchase by the Company until the conditions for vesting are met. The amounts paid for shares purchased under an early exercise of stock options and subject to repurchase by the Company are reported in stockholders’ equity once those shares vest. Upon termination of employment of an option holder, the Company has the right to repurchase, at the original purchase price, any unvested restricted shares. A total of $31,875 and $0.3 million was reclassified from other non-current liabilities to stockholders' equity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, related to vesting of early exercised options. A total of $31,874 and $0.2 million was reclassified from other non-current liabilities to stockholders' equity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively, related to vesting of early exercised options. Unvested early exercised options of $0.3 million and $0.5 million remained in other non-current liabilities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Performance and Market Contingent Stock Options Granted to Employees In August and November 2015, the Board of Directors granted performance- and market- contingent options to purchase 1,619,738 shares and 125,000 shares of the Company's common stock, respectively, to members of the senior management team. These awards have an exercise price of $0.68 per share. These awards have two separate market triggers for vesting based upon either (i) the successful achievement of stepped target closing prices on a national securities exchange for 90 consecutive trading days later than 180 days after the Company’s initial public offering for its common stock, or (ii) stepped target prices for a change in control transaction. By definition, the market condition in these awards can only be achieved after the performance condition of a liquidity event has been achieved. As such, the requisite service period is based on the estimated period over which the market condition can be achieved. When a performance goal is deemed to be probable of achievement, time-based vesting and recognition of stock-based compensation expense commences. In the event any the milestones are not achieved by the specified timelines, such award will terminate and no longer be exercisable with respect to that portion of the shares. The maximum potential expense associated with the performance- and market- contingent awards is $6.2 million ( $5.8 million and $0.4 million of general and administrative and research and development expense, respectively) if all of the performance and market conditions are achieved as stated in the option agreement. The Company uses a lattice model with a Monte Carlo simulation to value stock options with performance and market conditions. This valuation methodology utilizes the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock on grant date and several key assumptions, including expected volatility of the Company’s stock price based on comparable public companies, risk-free rates of return and expected dividend yield. Stock Options Granted to Non-Employees with Service-Based Vesting Valuation Assumptions Stock-based compensation related to stock options granted to non-employees is recognized as the stock options are earned. The estimated fair value of the stock options granted is calculated at each reporting date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Expected term (in years) 7.14 - 9.61 8.01 - 9.21 7.14 - 9.86 8.01 - 9.45 Volatility 89.4% - 99.7% 91.4% - 96.0% 88.9% - 103.1% 91.4% - 98.0% Risk-free interest rate 2.8% 2.3% - 2.4% 2.7% - 2.8% 2.3% - 2.4% Dividend yield — — — — Restricted Stock Activity The following table summarizes restricted stock activity: Shares Weighted-Average Fair Value at Date of Grant per Share Unvested at December 31, 2017 2,293,788 $ 0.18 Granted — — Vested (1,125,791 ) 0.18 Forfeited — — Unvested at June 30, 2018 1,167,997 $ 0.18 Vested and expected to vest – June 30, 2018 1,167,997 $ 0.18 At June 30, 2018 , there was $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock, all which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 0.7 years . Employee Stock Purchase Plan In December 2017, the Company adopted the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2017 ESPP”), which initially reserved 1,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock for employee purchases under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors. Under the 2017 ESPP, employees may purchase common stock through payroll deductions at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of common stock on the first trading day of each offering period or on the exercise date. The 2017 ESPP provides for consecutive, overlapping 12-month offering periods. The offering periods are scheduled to start on the first trading day on or after May 31 or November 30 of each year, except for the first offering period which commenced on December 8, 2017, the first trading day after the effective date of the Company’s registration statement. Contributions under the 2017 ESPP are limited to a maximum of 15% of an employee's eligible compensation. The estimated fair value of stock purchase rights granted under the ESPP were calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following assumptions: Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Expected term (in years) 0.5 -1.0 Volatility 63.2% - 63.7% Risk-free interest rate 2.1% Dividend yield — Stock-Based Compensation Expense The Company’s results of operations include expenses relating to employee and non-employee stock option and restricted stock awards, as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Research and development $ 2,586 $ 709 $ 4,272 $ 1,222 General and administrative 2,124 350 3,363 602 Total $ 4,710 $ 1,059 $ 7,635 $ 1,824 As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , total unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock-based awards that are expected to vest was $56.6 million and $17.7 million , respectively. The weighted-average periods over which such stock-based compensation expense will be recognized are approximately 3.3 and 3.2 years , respectively. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for options issued to non-employees of $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively. |