Republic of Indonesia 18K/A Annual report (foreign governments) (amended) | SEC 7 Jan 20

EXHIBIT 99.E

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

The information contained in this section supplements the information about the Republic corresponding to the headings below that is contained in Exhibit 99.D to the Republic’s annual report on Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. To the extent the information in this section differs from the information contained in such annual report, you should rely on the information in this section. Capitalized terms not defined in this section have the meanings ascribed to them in the annual report.

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Government and Political Developments

Political History and Development of Political Parties

From 1605 until its independence in 1945, Indonesia was under almost continuous Dutch colonial rule. The period of Dutch administration was interrupted by a short period of British colonial rule in the 19th century and ended by the Japanese occupation for three years before Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945. In the same year, Indonesia adopted its Constitution. In 1967, the executive power was transferred from President Soekarno to General Soeharto who served as Indonesia’s President until 1998, when he resigned in the aftermath of social unrest that followed the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

The post-Soeharto era, which is known in Indonesia as the Reformasi (Reformation) led to changes in various governmental institutions and structural reforms of the judiciary, legislature, and executive office. Between 1999 and 2002, the Constitution was amended to strengthen constitutional checks and balances and the separation of powers and provide for a more direct democracy.

In July 2014, President Joko Widodo and Vice President Muhammad Jusuf Kalla were elected to serve until 2019. The nomination of presidential and vice-presidential candidates is proposed by coalitions of political parties and the candidates’ relationships with and support from political parties have a considerable effect on election results. In the 2014 election, the legislative and presidential elections were held separately with three months span in between. Accordingly, the legislative election results were an important indicator of the outcome of the presidential election due to the political support from the political parties.

Recent Elections

In 2019, for the first time, Indonesia’s presidential and legislative election was held simultaneously. The 2019 simultaneous general election was held on April 17, 2019 for the election of president and vice president, members of the House of Representatives, members of the Regional Representative Council, members of the Provincial Legislative Council, and members of the City/Regency Legislative Council.

On May 21, 2019, the General Election Commission (Komisi Pemilihan Umum) or KPU, confirmed the election of President Joko Widodo and Vice President KH. Ma’ruf Amin to serve as the president and vice president, respectively, until 2024. Following the announcement of the election results, the primary opposition presidential and vice presidential candidates filed a claim against the general election’s result with the Constitutional Court. On June 27, 2019, the Constitutional Court rendered a decision rejecting these claims. President Widodo and Vice President Amin took their oath of office and commenced serving their five-year term on October 20, 2019.

While Indonesia has successfully conducted elections in the past and the recent general elections, the country continues to face various socio-political issues and has, from time to time, experienced political instability and social and civil unrest. Since 2000, thousands of Indonesians have participated in demonstrations in Jakarta and other Indonesian cities both for and against former President Megawati, former President Yudhoyono and current President Widodo, as well as in response to specific issues, including reductions in fuel or electricity subsidies, privatization of state assets, anticorruption measures, decentralization and provincial autonomy, actions of former Government officials and their family members, and the American-led military campaigns in the Middle-East. Gubernatorial elections in Jakarta in February and April 2017 led to protests with religious undertones. Despite a few demonstrations that turned disruptive, Indonesia has gone through several major elections that were generally peaceful and led to successful transition. Considering the recent state of the political environment in Indonesia, political campaigns in Indonesia may bring a degree of political and social uncertainty to Indonesia that could lead to further civil disturbances.

E-1

Political Developments

In August 2019, President Widodo announced plans to move Indonesia’s capital from Jakarta to an area in East Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo. He further announced that the physical relocation of the capital will begin in 2024 and is expected to cost Rp466 trillion, 19% of which will originate from state budget. The remaining amount will be funded through public private partnerships as well as private investments. The plan is preliminary and is subject to change and various government approvals, including the approval of Parliament as well as the anticipated enactment into law (undang-undang) as the legal basis for the relocation.

Following the inauguration of his second presidential term in October 2019, President Widodo announced his administration’s plans to continue regulatory reform by focusing on initiatives such as developing a dynamic workforce, promoting industry cooperation through technology, continuing infrastructure development, simplifying regulations by creating two omnibus laws—one on job creation and one on small business empowerment—which will be a legislative priority, reducing bureaucracy and diversifying the nation’s economy by reducing dependency on production of natural resources.

E-2

Economy and Gross Domestic Product

Principal Sectors of the Economy

Indonesia’s principal economic sectors are the manufacturing industry (including coal, oil and gas); agriculture, forestry and fishery; wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; construction; and mining and quarrying.

The tables below show the composition of Indonesia’s GDP by sector at current prices and constant prices, respectively, for the periods indicated.

Gross Domestic Product by Industry

(at current prices)


	Year Ended December 31,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		%		2018		%			2019^P		%
	(in billions of Rupiah and percentage of GDP)
Manufacturing Industry
Coal Industry and Oil and Gas Refining		332,147		2.2		247,442		2.2			253,285		2.1
Non-Coal, Oil and Gas Manufacturing Industries		2,615,152		17.6		1,946,852		17.6			2,077,606		17.6
									��
Total Manufacturing Industry		2,947,299		19.9		2,194,294		19.9			2,330,890		19.7
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles		1,931,911		13.0		1,438,115		13.0			1,542,244		13.1
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery
Agriculture, Livestock, Hunting, & Agriculture Services		1,417,075		9.6		1,129,103		10.2			1,175,295		9.9
Forestry and Logging		97,338		0.7		72,334		0.7			77,043		0.7
Fishery		385,936		2.6		285,691		2.6			311,058		2.6

Total Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery		1,900,349		12.8		1,487,129		13.5			1,563,397		13.2
Mining and Quarrying
Oil, Gas and Geothermal Mining		460,170		3.1		343,455		3.1			328,463		2.8
Coal and Lignite Mining		401,277		2.7		293,504		2.7			285,931		2.4
Metal Ore		111,321		0.8		89,087		0.8			73,256		0.6
Other Mining and Quarrying		226,219		1.5		167,943		1.5			180,522		1.5

Total Mining and Quarrying		1,198,987		8.1		893,989		8.1			868,173		7.3
Construction		1,562,297		10.5		1,140,098		10.3			1,249,089		10.6
Government Administration, Defense Compulsory Social Security		541,741		3.7		391,954		3.6			421,907		3.6
Information and Communication		559,055		3.8		413,498		3.7			464,222		3.9
Transportation and Warehousing		797,281		5.4		592,444		5.4			654,141		5.5
Financial and Insurance Service		616,253		4.2		457,895		4.1			497,008		4.2
Education Service		482,134		3.2		347,684		3.1			380,423		3.2
Other*		1,699,170		11.5		1,258,836		11.4			1,379,231		11.7

Gross Value Added at Basic Prices		14,236,477		96.0		10,615,935		96.2			11,350,725		96.1
Taxes less Subsidies on Products		600,881		4.0		422,747		3.8			464,256		3.9

Total GDP		14,837,358		100.0		11,038,682		100.0			11,814,981		100.0

Source: Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik or BPS)

^P	Preliminary.

*	Includes the Procurement of Electricity and Gas; Procurement of Water, Management of Trash, Waste and Recycle; Accommodation and Food Beverages Supply; Real Estate; Corporate Services; Health Service and Social Activity; and Other Services sectors.

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Gross Domestic Product by Industry

(at constant 2010 prices)⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		%		2018		%		2019^P		%
	(in billions of Rupiah and percentage of GDP)
Manufacturing Industry
Coal Industry and Oil and Gas Refining		219,730		2.1		166,182		2.1		163,305		2.0
Non-Coal, Oil and Gas Manufacturing Industries		1,973,537		18.9		1,473,845		18.9		1,539,910		18.8

Total Manufacturing Industry		2,193,266		21.0		1,640,027		21.1		1,703,215		20.8
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles		1,376,937		13.2		1,030,663		13.2		1,080,933		13.2
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery
Agriculture, Livestock, Hunting, & Agriculture Services		1,005,441		9.6		800,100		10.3		824,729		10.1
Forestry and Logging		62,944		0.6		46,933		0.6		47,196		0.6
Fishery		238,641		2.3		177,456		2.3		187,966		2.3

Total Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery		1,307,026		12.5		1,024,489		13.2		1,059,891		13.0
Mining and Quarrying
Oil, Gas and Geothermal Mining		298,420		2.9		224,349		2.9		217,602		2.7
Coal and Lignite Mining		235,561		2.3		171,546		2.2		193,559		2.4
Metal Ore		103,719		1.0		82,099		1.1		67,267		0.8
Other Mining and Quarrying		158,804		1.5		118,133		1.5		124,722		1.5

Total Mining and Quarrying		796,505		7.6		596,128		7.7		603,150		7.4
Construction		1,048,083		10.1		770,211		9.9		814,468		10.0
Government Administration, Defense Compulsory Social Security		349,507		3.4		252,473		3.2		266,778		3.3
Information and Communication		538,875		5.2		400,680		5.1		437,819		5.4
Transportation and Warehousing		435,185		4.2		324,093		4.2		343,201		4.2
Financial and Insurance Service		415,579		4.0		309,921		4.0		328,534		4.0
Education Service		321,084		3.1		232,237		3.0		247,588		3.0
Other⁽²⁾		1,221,067		11.7		906,955		11.6		972,312		11.9

Gross Value Added at Basic Prices		10,003,114		96.0		7,487,875		96.2		7,857,889		96.1
Taxes less Subsidies on Products		422,203		4.0		298,547		3.8		321,351		3.9

Total GDP		10,425,316		100.0		7,786,422		100.0		8,179,239		100.0

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Calculated with calendar year 2010 as the Base Year.

⁽²⁾	Includes the Procurement of Electricity and Gas; Procurement of Water, Management of Trash, Waste and Recycle; Accommodation and Food Beverages Supply; Real Estate; Corporate Services; Health Service and Social Activity; and Other Services sectors.

Manufacturing Industry

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Indonesia’s manufacturing industries grew by 3.9%, compared to the same period in 2018. Non-coal, oil, and gas manufacturing industries grew by 4.5% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, mainly driven by the textile and apparel subsector, which grew by 18.2%. This growth was partially offset by a 5.9% contraction in the wood and cork products, woven goods from bamboo, rattan, a 5.7% contraction in rubber and plastic products and a contraction in the other subsectors.

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles sector grew by 4.9%, compared to the same period in 2018. This growth was driven by the wholesale and retail trade of non-cars and motorcycles subsector and the wholesale, retail trade, and repairs of cars and motorcycles subsector, which grew by 5.2% and 3.7%, respectively, compared to the same period in 2018.

E-4

Agriculture, forestry and fishery

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector grew by 3.5%, compared to the same period in 2018. This growth was mainly driven by the fisheries sub-sector and the agriculture, livestock, hunting and agriculture services subsector which grew by 5.9% and 3.1%, respectively. The forestry and logging subsector grew by 0.6%.

Mining and Quarrying

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the mining and quarrying sector grew by 1.2% compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to growth in the coal and lignite mining and the other mining and quarrying subsector, which grew by 12.8% and 5.6%, respectively. This growth was partially offset by a contraction in the metal ore mining and the oil, gas and geothermal mining subsector, which contracted by 18.1% and 3.0%, respectively.

Construction

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the construction sector grew by 5.8% compared to the same period in 2018. This growth was primarily due to the increased construction activity on infrastructure projects such as light rail transits and highways.

Transportation and Warehousing

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the transportation and warehousing sector grew by 5.9%, compared to the same period in 2018. The subsector contributing the highest growth was land transport at 10.0%, followed by sea transport at 9.9% and warehousing and support activities for transportation; postal and courier at 9.8%. This growth was partially offset by an 11.9% contraction in the air transport subsector.

Information and Communication

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the information and communication sector grew by 9.3% compared to the same period in 2018. This growth was primarily due to an increase in the number of start-ups and construction of base transceiver stations.

Other sectors

None of the other sectors shown in the tables above comprised more than 5% of GDP, at either current prices or constant prices, for the periods indicated.

Gross Domestic Product

In this prospectus, GDP is shown in both current and constant prices. GDP at current prices value a country’s output using the actual prices for each year, while GDP at constant prices (also referred to as “real” GDP) value output using the prices from a base year, thereby eliminating the distorting effects of inflation and deflation.

E-5

The following table shows the distribution of GDP in the Indonesian economy by expenditure at current prices and constant prices, respectively, for the periods indicated (at current prices).

Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure

(at current prices)


	Year Ended December 31,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		%		2018		%		2019^P		%
	(in billions of Rupiah and percentage of GDP)
GDP		14,837,358		100.0		11,038,682		100.0		11,814,981		100.0
Add: Imports of goods and services		3,272,523		22.1		2,372,237		21.5		2,211,409		18.7

Total supply of goods and services		18,109,881		122.1		13,410,919		121.5		14,026,389		118.7
Less: Exports of goods and services		3,110,755		21.0		2,308,249		20.9		2,163,225		18.3

Total domestic expenditure		14,999,126		101.1		11,102,670		100.6		11,863,164		100.4

Allocation of total domestic expenditure:
Household consumption expenditure		8,269,754		55.7		6,141,990		55.6		6,659,739		56.4
NPISHs consumption expenditure		180,782		1.2		133,001		1.2		155,056		1.3
Government consumption expenditure		1,332,534		9.0		873,173		7.9		925,718		7.8

Total consumption		9,783,070		65.9		7,148,164		64.8		7,740,513		65.5
Gross domestic fixed capital formation		4,790,607		32.3		3,505,221		31.8		3,769,614		31.9
Change in inventories (residual)⁽¹⁾		425,449		2.9		449,284		4.1		353,037		3.0

Total domestic expenditure		14,999,126		101.1		11,102,670		100.6		11,863,164		100.4

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Includes statistical discrepancies.

Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure

(at constant 2010 prices)⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		%		2018		%		2019^P		%
	(in billions of Rupiah and percentage of GDP)
GDP		10,425,316		100.0		7,786,422		100.0		8,179,239		100.0
Add: Imports of goods and services		2,201,127		21.1		1,616,907		20.8		1,493,685		18.3

Total supply of goods and services		12,626,444		121.1		9,403,329		120.8		9,672,924		118.3
Less: Exports of goods and services		2,285,872		21.9		1,701,734		21.9		1,680,620		20.5

Total domestic expenditure		10,340,572		99.2		7,701,594		98.9		7,992,304		97.7

Allocation of total domestic expenditure:
Household consumption expenditure		5,651,230		54.2		4,209,416		54.1		4,422,636		54.1
NPISHs consumption expenditure		122,894		1.2		90,686		1.2		102,609		1.3
Government consumption expenditure		828,714		7.9		545,310		7.0		570,880		7.0

Total consumption		6,602,839		63.3		4,845,412		62.2		5,096,125		62.3
Gross domestic fixed capital formation		3,444,118		33.0		2,529,809		32.5		2,649,623		32.4
Change in inventories (residual)⁽²⁾		293,615		2.8		326,373		4.2		246,556		3.0

Total domestic expenditure		10,340,572		99.2		7,701,594		98.9		7,992,304		97.7

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Calculated with calendar year 2010 as the Base Year.

⁽²⁾	Includes statistical discrepancies.

E-6

Inflation

The following table shows the Consumer Price Index, or CPI, as of the end of the periods indicated and the percentage change against the previous period.

Changes in Consumer Price Index⁽¹⁾


	As of December 31, 2019^P
CPI		139.1
Annual percentage year-on-year		2.7	%

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Calculated on the basis of 2012 CPI = 100.

The following table shows percentage changes year-on-year in the CPI for certain commodities for the periods indicated.

Inflation by Commodity⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2019^P
Food		3.4	%		4.3	%
Processed food, beverages, cigarettes and tobacco		3.9	%		4.0	%
Housing , water, electricity, gas and fuel		2.4	%		1.8	%
Clothing		3.6	%		4.9	%
Health		3.1	%		3.5	%
Education, recreation and sports		3.2	%		3.3	%
Transportation, communication, and financial service		3.2	%		0.2	%

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Annual percentage year-on-year.

Indonesia measures annual inflation by year-on-year changes in the CPI.

In the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2019, inflation was 2.7%, which was lower than the 3.1% inflation in the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2018.

E-7

Labor and Employment

Labor

The following table sets forth the proportion of the employed labor force in each sector of the economy as of August 2019.⁽¹⁾


Sector	As of February 2019				As of August 2019
	(in millions)		%		(in millions)		%
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing		38.1		29.5		34.6		27.3
Mining and quarrying		1.4		1.1		1.4		1.1
Manufacturing		18.2		14.1		18.9		15.0
Electricity and gas		0.3		0.2		0.4		0.3
Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities		0.4		0.3		0.5		0.4
Construction		7.6		5.9		8.5		6.7
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles		24.5		18.9		23.8		18.8
Transportation and storage		5.2		4.0		5.6		4.4
Accommodation and food service activities		8.8		6.8		8.5		6.7
Information and communication		0.9		0.7		0.9		0.7
Financial and insurance activities		1.8		1.4		1.8		1.4
Real estate activities		0.3		0.3		0.4		0.3
Business activities		1.7		1.3		1.9		1.5
Public administration and defence, compulsory social security		5.2		4.0		4.9		3.8
Education		6.6		5.1		6.3		5.0
Human health and social work activities		2.0		1.5		2.0		1.5
Other services activities		6.4		4.9		6.3		5.0

Total		129.4		100.0		126.5		100.0

Source: BPS

⁽¹⁾	Estimation using population projections weighing results.

Employed Labor Force of Indonesia by Gender

The following table sets forth Indonesia’s employed labor force by gender as of August 2019.

As of February 2019

As of August 2019

(in millions)

%⁽¹⁾

(in millions)

%⁽¹⁾

Male

77.3

59.8

77.8

61.5

Female

52.0

40.2

48.7

38.5

Total

129.4

100.0

126.5

100.0

Source: BPS

⁽¹⁾	Percentages are calculated as percentages of the employed labor force.

E-8

Employment and Unemployment in Indonesia⁽¹⁾

The following table sets forth Indonesia’s employment and unemployment rate as a percentage of Indonesia’s labor force as of August 2019.


	As of February 2019^P				As of August 2019^P
	(in millions)		%		(in millions)		%
Employed		129.4		95.0		126.5		94.7
Unemployed⁽²⁾		6.8		5.0		7.1		5.3

Total		136.2		100.0		133.6		100.0

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Working age population refers to all persons in Indonesia 15 years old or older and includes certain non-workforce categories such as students and home makers.

⁽²⁾

The Government defines unemployment to include all persons 15 years old and older without work who (i) are looking for work, (ii) have established a new business, (iii) are not looking for work because they do not expect to find work, and (iv) have made arrangements to start work on a date subsequent to the unemployment measurement date.

Income Distribution

As of March 2019, Indonesia had a Gini Index of 0.38. The Gini Index is a measure of income distribution that ranges between 0.0 and 1.0, with higher numbers indicating greater inequality.

The percentage of people living below the poverty line in Indonesia has exhibited a decreasing trend since the Asian financial crisis in 1998. BPS measures poverty using a basic needs approach and defines poverty as an economic inability to fulfill food and non-food basic needs, measured by consumption and expenditure. Based on this methodology, approximately 49.5 million people, or 24.2% of the population, were living below the poverty line in 1998, this decreased to approximately 25.1 million, or 9.4% of the population, as of March 2019.

E-9

Infrastructure Development

Completion timeline for priority projects

The below table shows the construction commencement years for the priority projects under the National Medium Term Plan for 2015 - 2019 as well as expected commercial operation years as of November 30, 2019.


Priority Projects		Construction Commencement Year	Expected Commercial Operation Year
Roads and Bridges	Balikpapan - Samarinda Toll Road	2017	2020
	Serang - Panimbang Toll Road	2017	2020
	Manado - Bitung Toll Road	2016	2020
	Eight sections of the Sumatera toll road:
	Medan - Binjai	2015	2020
	Palembang - Indralaya	2015	Completed
	Bakauheni - Terbanggi Besar	2015	Completed
	Pekanbaru - Dumai	2016	2020
	Terbanggi Besar - Pematang Panggang	2017	Completed
	Pematang Panggang - Kayu Agung	2017	Completed
	Palembang - Tanjung Api-api	2019	2024
	Kisaran - Tebing Tinggi	2019	2021
	Yogyakarta - Bawen Toll Road	2019	2021
	Probolinggo - Banyuwangi Toll Road	2017	2020

Water and Sanitation	Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS)	2019	2022
	Water Supply System (SPAM) West Semarang	2019	2021
	National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Phase A	2016	2022
	Water Supply System (SPAM) Lampung	2018	2021
	Water Supply System (SPAM) Jatiluhur	2020	2022

Oil and Gas	Oil refinery in Bontang	2021	2027
	Oil refinery in Tuban	2021	2026
	Refinery Development Master Plan (RDMP)	2019	2021
	Abadi WK Masela Field	2020	2027
	Jambaran – Tiung Biru Gas Field Unitization	2017	2021
	Indonesian Deepwater Development (IDD)	2012	2027
	Tangguh LNG Train 3 Project	2016	2020

Electricity	PLTU Mulut Tambang	2018	2020
	The 500 kV Sumatera Transmission	2016	2019
	Central - West Java Transmission Line 500 kV	2018	2020
	PLTU Indramayu	2022	2026
	PLTU Batang	2016	2020
	Gas Power Plant	2017	2019
	Energy From Big Cities’ Waste	2017	2021

Ports	Bitung International Hub Seaport	2017	2019
	Kuala Tanjung International Hub Seaport	2015	2019
	Patimban Seaport	2018	2019
	Inland Waterways / Cikarang-Bekasi-Java Sea (CBL)	2019	2021

Public Transportation	MRT Jakarta (North - South Corridor)	2013	2024
	Light Rail Transit (LRT) South Sumatera	2015	Completed
	Light Rail Transit (LRT) Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Bekasi Circular Line	2015	2021

Railways	Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (SHIA) Express Railway	2015	Completed
	Makassar - Parepare Railway	2015	2019
	East Kalimantan Railway	2018	2021
	General Railway Organization in Jakarta	2016	2019

Information Technology	Palapa Ring Broadband	2016	Completed

E-10

Foreign Investment

Foreign Investment in Indonesia

Foreign investment in Indonesia is divided into direct investments, portfolio investments and other investments, and information about these types of investments is included in the Republic’s reports on its balance of payments published by the Bank Indonesia. Due to the different concept and method of compiling investment statistics, foreign direct investment statistical data published by Bank Indonesia are not comparable to the “administrative” foreign direct investment statistical data published by the Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal or BKPM) under “Direct Investments Realizations.”

The following table sets out the amounts of foreign investments in Indonesia by non-residents.

Foreign Investment in Indonesia


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Direct Investments
Equity Capital		20,862			16,991			19,750
Debt instrument		(1,159	)		(637	)		(650	)

Total direct investments		19,703			16,355			19,101
Portfolio investments:
Equity securities		(3,668	)		(3,694	)		(206	)
Debt securities		18,151			6,688			14,698

Total portfolio investments		14,483			2,994			14,492
Financial derivatives		(584	)		(418	)		(611	)
Other investments		11,499			7300			4,068

Total foreign investment		45,101			26,230			37,050

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

E-11

Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia by Country of Origin⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
North America		(3,851	)		(271	)		769
USA		(3,795	)		(220	)		806
Canada		(16	)		(15	)		(10	)
Other North America⁽²⁾		(40	)		(36	)		(27	)
Central and South America		919			616			225
Argentina		(0	)		(0	)		(0	)
Brazil		28			24			19
Mexico		1			1			1
Cayman Islands		84			91			218
Other Central and South America		807			501			(13	)
Europe		1,963			1,968			980
European Union		1,388			1,481			1,350
Austria		99			66			119
Belgium		(13	)		(31	)		23
Denmark		3			(5	)		33
Finland		54			36			(161	)
France		50			19			393
Germany		564			456			344
Greece		0			(0	)		0
Ireland		186			146			115
Italy		(20	)		(15	)		9
Luxembourg		120			98			59
Netherlands		440			203			107
Portugal		(0	)		(0	)		0
Spain		1			1			4
Sweden		21			14			18
United Kingdom		(106	)		504			281
Other European Union		(10	)		(10	)		4
Russia		1			0			0
Turkey		20			18			24
Other Europe		554			468			(394	)
Asia		21,931			15,325			15,846
Japan		5,805			3,274			8,160
People’s Republic of China		3,418			1,881			657
South Korea		109			33			697
India		85			52			56
Hong Kong SAR		1,163			992			(796	)
Taiwan		33			18			34
Saudi Arabia		20			19			0
ASEAN		10,624			8,350			6,928
Brunei Darussalam		(3	)		(1	)		(1	)
Cambodia		1			0			1
Lao PDR		—			—			—
Malaysia		781			476			139
Myanmar		1			1			(0	)
Philippines		17			12			13
Singapore		9,641			7,850			5,661
Thailand		165			(2	)		1,102
Vietnam		21			15			14
Other Asia		673			705			112
Australia and Oceania		43			28			118
Australia		40			27			116
New Zealand		2			0			1
Other Australia and Oceania		1			1			1
Africa		49			50			39
South Africa		3			2			4
Other Africa		46			48			35
Others		302			297			84

Total		21,356			18,013			18,061

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Presents foreign direct investment in accordance with the directional principle prescribed by the fifth edition of Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, or BPM5.

⁽²⁾	Includes Bermuda, Greenland and Saint Pierre & Miquelon.

E-12

Foreign Direct Investment

The following table sets out the amounts of foreign direct investments in Indonesia by non-residents.

Foreign Direct Investment


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Equity capital⁽¹⁾		20,862			16,991			19,750
Debt instruments:
Inflow		48,348			38,007			36,038
Outflow		(49,506	)		(38,644	)		(36,688	)
Total debt instruments		(1,159	)		(637	)		(650	)

Total direct investments		19,703			16,355			19,101

Memorandum⁽²⁾
Direct investment in Indonesia		21,356			18,013			18,061

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Includes privatization and banking restructuring.

⁽²⁾	Presents foreign direct investment in accordance with the directional principle prescribed by BPM5.

In 2018, net foreign direct investment was U.S.$19.7 billion compared to U.S.$20.5 billion in 2017. This was mainly due to significant outflows related to the acquisitions of several foreign direct investment companies in the mining sector by domestic companies and higher inter-company debt repayments, which was partially offset by foreign direct investment inflows from capital investments in several Indonesian start-up companies. The manufacturing, trade, and agriculture sectors were still the main contributors to net foreign direct investment in 2018. ASEAN countries were the main contributors to foreign direct investment inflows, followed by Japan, China and Hong Kong.

In the first nine months of 2019, net foreign direct investment was U.S.$19.1 billion, an increase from U.S.$16.4 billion during the first nine months of 2018. Foreign direct investment inflows were supported by capital investments in several Indonesian companies, especially banks, and acquisition of several domestic manufacturing firms and financial intermediaries by foreign investors. In addition, foreign direct investment inflows were also supported by the global bond issuances by companies in the mining, manufacturing, property and energy sectors. The manufacturing and trade sectors were still the main contributors to net foreign direct investment during the first nine months of 2019. Japan is the main contributor to foreign direct investment inflows, followed by ASEAN countries.

E-13

Foreign Portfolio Investment

The following table sets out the amounts of foreign portfolio investments in Indonesia by non-residents.

Foreign Portfolio Investments


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Equity securities:
Inflows		25,052			13,567			36,573
(Outflows)		(28,720	)		(17,261	)		(36,778	)

Net equity securities		(3,668	)		(3,694	)		(206	)
Debt securities (net)		18,151			6,688			14,698

Total portfolio investments		14,483			2,994			14,492

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

In 2018, foreign capital inflows in the form of portfolio investments were U.S.$14.5 billion, lower than the U.S.$24.4 billion recorded in 2017. Uncertainty in the global financial markets caused limited foreign fund placements in the stock market and government bond market, resulting in a decrease in the net foreign capital inflows to Indonesia. In addition, the decrease was also caused by an increase of outflows due to the payment at maturity of government global bonds.

In the first nine months of 2019, foreign capital inflows in the form of portfolio investments were U.S.$14.5 billion, higher than the U.S.$3.0 billion recorded in the same period in 2018. This was primarily due to a promising domestic economic outlook resulting in higher foreign fund placements in the bond market and lower outflows from the stock market.

Other Foreign Investment

The following table sets out the amounts of other investments (other than portfolio or foreign direct investments) in Indonesia by non-residents, mainly consisting of loans received and paid.

Other Foreign Investments


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018^P			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Loans
Bank sector:
Disbursements		7,837			5,175			1,931
Debt repayments		(3,546	)		(2,553	)		(3,499	)

Total bank sector		4,291			2,622			(1,568	)
Corporate sector:
Disbursements		28,746			20,219			23,072
Debt repayments		(22,733	)		(15,374	)		(17,611	)

Total corporate sector		6,013			4,844			5,462
Other (net)⁽¹⁾		1,196			(166	)		175

Total other investments		11,499			7,300			4,068

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Consists of loans of public sector and trade credit, currency and deposits, and other liabilities of private sector and public sector.

E-14

In 2018, other foreign investments increased from a surplus of U.S.$2.7 billion in 2017 to a surplus of U.S.$11.5 billion. The increased surplus was primarily due to higher increase in withdrawals of foreign loans by the banking and corporate sector than their debt repayments as well as higher inflows of trade credits.

In the first nine months of 2019, other foreign investments decreased to a surplus of U.S.$4.1 billion compared to a U.S.$7.3 billion surplus in the same period in 2018. The lower surplus was primarily due to higher loan repayments coupled with lower loan drawings of government and banks.

Direct Investment Realizations

Foreign Direct Investment

Due to the different concept and method of compiling investment statistics, “administrative” foreign direct investment statistical data published by the BKPM and “Balance of Payment” foreign direct investment statistical data published by Bank Indonesia are not comparable. BKPM calculates foreign direct investment based on realized investments in Indonesian companies owned by foreign investors within a certain reporting period. BKPM’s realization data covers the total value of investments funded by foreign investors, other foreign creditors, as well as domestic investors and creditors. In comparison, Bank Indonesia’s calculation method covers the entire flow of investments stemming from foreign investors over a certain reporting period. In addition, Bank Indonesia excludes from its calculations foreign investments made by investors with a non-resident ownership of less than 10% per individual investors while BKPM has no such minimum ownership requirement. In terms of sector coverage, BKPM excludes certain sectors from its calculation, including investments in oil and gas, banking, non-bank financial institutions, insurance, leasing, investment sectors licensed by technical/sectoral agencies, investments through the stock market and household investments. Bank Indonesia covers all economic sectors. As a result the data regarding realized foreign direct investments is not comparable to those under “Foreign Investment in Indonesia” in the table above.

E-15

The following table sets forth the amount of realized foreign direct investment by sector of the economy for the periods indicated.

Realized Foreign Direct Investment by Sector⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2018		2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Primary sector:
Food Crops, Plantation & Livestock		1,721.2		1,341.9		731.5
Forestry		43.2		32.3		22.1
Fishery		24.3		20.5		42.3
Mining		3,038.6		2,231.0		1,572.6

Total Primary Sector		4,827.3		3,625.7		2,368.6

Secondary sector:
Food Industry		1,307.3		972.4		1,002.9
Textile Industry		305.4		245.0		165.8
Leather Goods & Footwear Industry		243.6		177.8		148.9
Wood Industry		276.0		127.9		46.9
Paper and Printing Industry		668.1		505.2		401.4
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry		1,938.3		1,513.0		1,020.6
Rubber and Plastic Industry		447.0		339.0		248.6
Non Metallic Mineral Industry		456.3		271.0		274.5
Metal, Industry not Machinery & Electronic Industry		2,219.1		1,701.9		2,056.8
Medical Precision & Optical Instruments, Watches & Clock, Machinery and Electronic Industry		1,341.1		1,137.5		282.0
Motor Vehicles & Other Transport Equipment Industry		971.3		829.1		497.2
Other Industry		174.0		120.8		152.7

Total Secondary Sector		10,347.6		7,940.6		6,298.3

Tertiary sector:
Electricity, Gas & Water Supply		4,383.8		2,977.6		4,430.9
Construction		248.1		130.7		125.7
Trade & Repair		609.3		487.2		335.2
Hotel & Restaurant		868.9		701.3		511.0
Transportation, Storage & Communication		3,027.2		1,963.3		4,434.3
Housing, Ind. Estate & Office Building		4,302.7		3,528.9		2,252.7
Other Services		692.9		565.9		431.5

Total Tertiary Sector		14,132.9		10,354.9		12,521.2

Total		29,307.9		21,921.2		21,188.0

Source: BKPM

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾

Excludes foreign investment in oil and natural gas projects, banking, non-bank financial institutions, insurance, leasing, mining in terms of contracts of work, coal mining in terms of agreement of work, investment in which licenses were issued by a technical/sectoral agency, portfolio as well as household investment.

E-16

Domestic Direct Investment

In addition to direct equity investments by foreign persons, BKPM also approves certain types of domestic direct investments. The following table sets forth the amount of realized domestic direct investment by sector of the economy for the periods indicated.

Realized Domestic Direct Investment by Sector⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2018		2019^P
	(in billions of Rupiah)
Primary sector:
Food Crops, Plantation & Livestock		31,186.2		23,031.7		33,562.5
Forestry		3,053.2		1,483.3		9,042.1
Fishery		87.6		60.5		203.3
Mining		33,100.0		28,602.6		21,134.8

Total Primary Sector		67,426.9		53,178.2		63,942.7

Secondary sector:
Food Industry		39,087.9		30,020.2		26,386.5
Textile Industry		3,596.8		3,279.8		1,021.7
Leather Goods & Footwear Industry		282.1		199.3		43.8
Wood Industry		1,535.7		1,178.7		1,328.2
Paper and Printing Industry		2,894.0		1,851.4		2,197.4
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry		13,337.7		9,143.6		6,794.3
Rubber and Plastic Industry		3,414.5		2,554.5		2,389.9
Non Metallic Mineral Industry		4,522.4		4,075.8		2,760.6
Metal Industry not Machinery & Electronic Industry		10,467.6		7,375.9		6,757.5
Medical Precision & Optical Instruments, Watches & Clock, Machinery, and Electronic Industry		1,950.5		1,411.0		846.4
Motor Vehicles & Other Transport Equipment Industry		1,836.8		1,727.5		931.6
Other Industry		717.4		416.1		1,372.5

Total Secondary Sector		83,643.4		63,233.8		52,830.3

Tertiary sector:
Electricity, Gas & Water Supply		37,264.9		28,829.3		29,475.7
Construction		44,979.7		26,479.5		46,982.6
Trade & Repair		6,429.8		4,422.8		10,472.3
Hotel & Restaurant		9,096.3		6,769.4		12,127.6
Transportation, Storage & Communication		58,739.8		44,430.2		44,572.4
Housing, Ind. Estate & Office Building		15,471.7		9,850.9		13,649.9
Other Services		5,551.3		4,479.8		9,469.1

Total Tertiary Sector		177,533.6		125,261.9		166,749.7

Total		328,603.9		241,673.8		283,522.8

Source: BKPM

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾

E-17

Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments

Exports and Imports

The following table shows Indonesia’s exports and imports for the periods indicated as published by Bank Indonesia.

Exports and Imports


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018^P			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Exports:
Oil and gas exports (f.o.b.)		17,614			13,189			8,945
Non-oil and gas exports (f.o.b.)		163,111			122,633			116,110

Total exports (f.o.b.)		180,725			135,821			125,055
Total imports (c.i.f.)		(190,539	)		(140,526	)		(128,468	)

Balance of trade		(9,814	)		(4,705	)		(3,413	)

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

In 2018, Indonesia recorded a trade deficit of U.S.$9.8 billion, a reversal of the U.S.$11.2 billion surplus in 2017. The trade deficit was caused by a 20.8% increase in imports, which was higher than the 7.0% increase in exports. Imports increased at a higher rate as a result of robust domestic demand, primarily due to higher imports of raw materials and capital goods, including importation for public infrastructure projects. Higher imports were also a result of higher global oil prices. Export growth was lower, in line with lower global trade volumes and weakening global commodity prices.

In the first nine months of 2019, Indonesia recorded a trade deficit of U.S.$3.4 billion, compared to the U.S.$4.7 billion deficit in the same period in 2018. This was due to the value of imports exceeding exports. There was a 7.9% decrease in exports and an 8.6% decrease in imports. The decrease in exports was in line with lower global trade volumes and weakening global commodity prices. Lower exports were also a result of lower global oil prices and lower crude oil production. The decrease in imports was primarily a result of a real import contraction which affected all commodity groups. Lower imports were also due to lower imports of oil products and relatively stable diesel imports in line with government efforts to utilize domestic raw materials, such as crude palm oil, for the production of biodiesel.

Export-Import Data from the BPS

In addition to the exports and imports related data published by Bank Indonesia, the BPS also publishes data relating to imports and exports compiled based on the International Merchandise Trade Statistics Manual issued by the United Nations. Due to the different methods and timing of compiling export-import statistics, the export-import data published by BPS is different to the export-import data published by Bank Indonesia.

The tables below show Indonesia’s exports and imports for the periods indicated as published by the BPS.

Year Ended
December 31,

Eleven Months Ended
November 30,

2018

2019^P

(in millions of U.S. dollars)

Exports:

Non-oil and gas exports

162,841.0

150,257.7

141,671.8

Oil and gas exports

17,171.7

15,464.9

11,442.8

Total exports

180,012.7

165,722.6

153,114.6

Imports:

Non-oil and gas imports

158,842.5

145,502.8

136,468.2

Oil and gas imports

29,868.8

27,843.6

19,752.1

Total imports

188,711.3

173,346.4

156,220.3

Source: BPS

^P	Preliminary.

E-18

The following table sets forth Indonesia’s exports by major commodity groups for the periods indicated.

Exports by Sector


	Year Ended December 31,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2018		2019^P
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
General merchandise		178,702,737		134,227,889		122,212,347
Agricultural and Fishery
Coffee bean		807,357		591,901		644,185
Tea		78,624		60,218		47,772
Spices		543,032		369,947		400,969
Tobacco		67,005		52,054		51,175
Cocoa bean		74,284		63,017		58,740
Shrimp and prawn		1,471,051		1,115,068		982,605
Other agricultural products		2,781,591		2,000,855		2,003,128

Total Agricultural products		5,822,944		4,253,060		4,188,574
Manufacture products
Textile and Textile products		13,272,404		10,062,889		9,847,865
Processed wood products		4,123,971		3,094,810		2,639,114
Palm oils		16,528,433		12,383,289		10,340,977
Chemicals		4,702,931		3,426,156		3,292,594
Base metal products		12,377,082		9,453,832		9,807,210
Electrical apparatus, measuring instruments and others		9,318,094		6,931,238		7,092,330
Cement		237,185		172,943		220,407
Paper and paper products		4,524,415		3,441,894		3,354,043
Processed rubber		6,149,674		4,769,586		4,423,812
Oil products⁽¹⁾		1,550,453		1,166,718		1,162,516
Liquefied Petroleum Gas⁽¹⁾		56,405		55,945		9,611
Other manufacture products		53,976,851		40,225,306		38,920,013

Total Manufacture products		126,817,901		95,184,607		91,110,491
Mining products
Copper ore		4,186,888		3,517,658		801,592
Nickel ore		628,027		464,852		643,707
Coal		23,967,604		17,976,777		16,467,193
Bauxite		265,013		175,363		320,756
Crude oil⁽¹⁾		5,086,551		4,102,966		1,287,679
Natural Gas⁽¹⁾		9,719,229		6,964,417		5,667,640
o/w Liquefied Natural Gas		6,665,555		4,776,052		3,652,638
Other mining products		265,312		173,036		279,542

Total Mining products		44,118,624		33,375,069		25,468,109
Other merchandise⁽²⁾		1,943,268		1,415,153		1,445,172
Other goods⁽³⁾		2,022,247		1,593,536		2,843,001

Total Exports		180,724,984		135,821,424		125,055,348

Memorandum⁽⁴⁾
Non-oil & gas exports		163,110,799		122,632,922		116,110,172
Oil & gas exports		17,614,185		13,188,502		8,945,176

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	As a component of oil and gas exports.

⁽²⁾	Consists of art goods, goods not elsewhere specified, and goods procured in ports by carriers.

⁽³⁾	Consists of non-monetary gold and merchanting goods.

⁽⁴⁾	Presents the classification of exports based on two main groups of commodities: (i) oil and gas and (ii) non-oil and gas.

E-19

The table below sets forth Indonesia’s exports by destination for the periods indicated.

Exports by Destination


	Year Ended December 31,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018^P		2018		2019^P
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
America
North America
United States of America		18,456,009		13,923,931		13,136,258
Canada		912,888		682,052		654,764
Other North America		1,735		1,156		812
Total North America		19,370,632		14,607,139		13,791,834
Central and South America
Argentina		238,057		189,473		152,754
Brazil		1,145,641		863,233		758,717
Mexico		902,494		675,656		724,347
Other Central and South America		1,304,236		981,675		909,512

Total Central and South America		3,590,428		2,710,038		2,545,331

Total America		22,961,060		17,317,177		16,337,165
Europe
European Union
Netherlands		3,893,278		2,947,026		2,299,946
Belgium		1,261,230		952,022		821,218
United Kingdom		1,463,816		1,105,350		1,024,594
Italy		1,919,758		1,484,561		1,255,806
Germany		2,699,360		2,003,633		1,791,156
France		1,001,618		769,616		732,935
Spain		2,264,238		1,786,642		1,260,738
Other European Union		2,572,118		1,911,045		1,660,341

Total European Union		17,075,416		12,959,895		10,846,735
Russia		1,000,411		775,390		638,938
Turkey		1,179,583		959,282		881,299
Other Europe		1,163,159		856,650		1,223,125

Total Europe		20,418,568		15,551,217		13,590,097
Asia and Middle East
ASEAN
Brunei Darussalam		61,402		42,946		65,628
Philippines		6,825,226		5,178,931		5,148,929
Cambodia		524,117		381,208		422,762
PDR Laos		7,293		4,692		4,455
Malaysia		9,029,823		6,778,456		6,376,764
Myanmar		897,500		681,888		627,798
Singapore		13,799,136		10,243,008		9,897,287
Thailand		6,697,443		5,145,144		4,735,278
Vietnam		4,534,540		3,154,450		3,674,404

Total ASEAN		42,376,481		31,610,723		30,953,304
Hong Kong SAR		2,557,530		1,999,917		1,985,957
India		13,718,366		10,134,146		8,591,525
Iraq		135,567		100,218		137,460
Japan		18,784,243		14,300,994		11,360,939
South Korea		9,204,681		6,801,083		5,411,357
Pakistan		2,411,827		1,719,460		1,329,701
People’s Republic of China		26,790,962		20,270,280		19,821,888
Saudi Arabia		1,221,087		920,636		1,134,960
Taiwan		4,729,443		3,442,481		3,375,443
Other Asia and Middle East		6,246,333		4,752,037		4,570,872

Total Asia and Middle East		128,176,520		96,051,974		88,673,405
Australia and Oceania
Australia		2,733,473		2,140,923		1,751,667
New Zealand		489,513		344,879		338,696
Other Australia and Oceania		347,064		257,338		275,605

Total Australia and Oceania		3,570,050		2,743,140		2,365,968
Africa
South Africa		645,333		513,680		468,882
Other Africa		3,016,506		2,233,939		2,178,958
Total Africa		3,661,838		2,747,619		2,647,840
Unclassified exports⁽¹⁾		1,936,947		1,410,296		1,440,873

Total (f.o.b.)		180,724,984		135,821,424		125,055,348

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Consists of goods procured in ports by carriers and merchanting goods.

E-20

The following table sets forth Indonesia’s imports by major commodity groups for the periods indicated.

Imports by Sector⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2018		2019^P
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
General Merchandise		188,409,725		138,671,570		127,079,931
Consumption Goods
Food and beverages, primary, mainly for household		2,304,817		1,590,244		1,570,377
Food and beverages, processed, mainly for household		4,182,556		3,222,715		2,428,104
Passenger motor cars		530,492		432,323		438,571
Transport equipment, nonindustrial		288,635		206,384		180,081
Durable consumer goods		1,985,222		1,428,936		1,518,701
Semi-durable consumer goods		3,592,082		2,638,839		2,773,083
Non-durable consumer goods		3,095,309		2,373,253		2,114,692
Fuels and lubricants, processed, oil products⁽²⁾		9,349,219		6,898,657		5,662,699
Goods not elsewhere specified		668,994		531,498		385,044

Total Consumption Goods		25,997,327		19,322,849		17,071,351
Raw materials and auxiliary goods
Food and beverages, primary, mainly for industry		5,316,619		3,887,344		4,200,107
Food and beverages, processed, mainly for industry		3,402,989		2,425,643		2,443,154
Industrial supplies, primary		6,103,771		4,514,756		4,301,864
Industrial supplies, processed		63,771,434		46,493,098		44,571,456
Parts and accessories for capital goods		20,597,484		15,159,559		14,017,037
Parts and accessories for transport equipment		9,048,335		6,768,295		6,144,263
Fuels and lubricants, primary		10,527,350		8,341,182		4,837,461
o/w Crude oil⁽²⁾		9,627,278		7,730,673		4,200,646
Fuels and lubricants, processed		12,174,292		8,737,737		7,490,613
o/w Oil products⁽²⁾		8,603,272		6,128,755		5,132,434
o/w Liquefied Petroleum Gas⁽²⁾		3,142,809		2,305,169		2,062,267

Total Raw materials and auxiliary goods		130,942,274		96,327,614		88,005,955
Capital Goods
Capital goods (except transport equipment)		25,955,366		18,877,501		18,989,114
Passenger motor cars		530,492		432,323		438,571
Other transport equipment, industrial		4,245,633		3,170,916		2,056,053

Total Capital Goods		30,731,490		22,480,739		21,483,738
Other merchandise⁽³⁾		738,634		540,368		518,887
Other goods⁽⁴⁾		2,129,700		1,854,806		1,388,023
Total		190,539,425		140,526,376		128,467,954

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Data collected on a cost, insurance and freight basis.

⁽²⁾	As a component of oil and gas imports.

⁽³⁾	Consists of goods procured in ports by carriers.

⁽⁴⁾	Consists of nonmonetary gold.

E-21

The following table sets forth Indonesia’s imports by country of origin for the periods indicated.

Imports by Place of Origin⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2018		2019^P
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
America
North America
United States of America		10,059,347		7,471,908		6,884,785
Canada		1,849,790		1,317,532		1,421,644
Other North America		195		192		1
Total North America		11,909,332		8,789,632		8,306,429
Central and South America
Argentina		1,438,057		1,050,569		1,334,946
Brazil		1,688,748		1,229,691		1,373,122
Mexico		269,351		206,515		188,326
Other Central and South America		516,773		349,391		393,711
Total Central and South America		3,912,929		2,836,167		3,290,106

Total America		15,822,260		11,625,799		11,596,535
Europe
European Union
Netherlands		1,228,799		864,654		634,070
Belgium		610,914		465,307		514,631
United Kingdom		1,138,280		848,404		770,943
Italy		1,801,714		1,389,561		1,346,077
Germany		3,909,529		3,074,420		2,622,045
France		1,692,924		1,300,048		1,072,020
Spain		668,265		515,924		451,212
Other European Union		2,986,532		2,151,781		1,995,748

Total European Union		14,036,957		10,610,099		9,406,746
Russia		1,508,903		1,065,502		863,188
Turkey		621,851		390,577		254,306
Other Europe		2,272,881		1,456,300		1,482,416

Total Europe		18,440,593		13,522,478		12,006,655
Asia and Middle East
ASEAN
Brunei Darussalam		14,289		9,192		21,248
Philippines		929,354		671,256		601,582
Cambodia		32,593		24,167		31,835
PDR Laos		25,426		20,285		24,628
Malaysia		8,788,441		6,629,952		5,629,829
Myanmar		151,124		125,998		130,389
Singapore		24,245,592		18,235,614		15,074,293
Thailand		10,552,977		7,995,618		6,817,862
Vietnam		3,658,132		2,786,330		2,670,771

Total ASEAN		48,397,928		36,498,413		31,002,438
Hong Kong SAR		4,306,538		3,038,180		3,990,250
India		4,642,904		3,446,715		3,064,751
Iraq		95		82		160
Japan		18,305,658		13,430,380		12,208,605
South Korea		9,375,181		6,923,866		6,511,317
Pakistan		642,791		467,148		302,455
People’s Republic of China		43,686,062		31,124,372		31,275,254
Saudi Arabia		4,632,644		3,352,379		2,630,928
Taiwan		3,556,184		2,649,899		2,567,747
Other Asia and Middle East		5,481,825		4,354,059		3,458,365

Total Asia and Middle East		143,027,810		105,285,492		97,012,269
Australia and Oceania
Australia		5,639,508		4,187,777		4,020,898
New Zealand		772,749		581,296		556,425
Other Australia and Oceania		233,186		179,533		154,748

Total Australia and Oceania		6,645,443		4,948,606		4,732,072
Africa
South Africa		584,710		527,862		123,033
Other Africa		5,279,975		4,075,770		2,478,503

Total Africa		5,864,684		4,603,633		2,601,536
Unclassified imports⁽²⁾		738,634		540,368		518,887
Total		190,539,425		140,526,376		128,467,954

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Data collected on a cost, insurance and freight basis.

⁽²⁾	Consists of goods procured in ports by carriers.

E-22

Balance of Payments

The following table sets forth the Republic’s balance of payments for the periods indicated.

Balance of Payments⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,			Nine Months Ended Sept 30,
	2018			2018			2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Current account		(30,484	)		(21,297	)		(22,544	)
Goods⁽²⁾		(439	)		2,146			2,925
Total exports (f.o.b.)		180,725			135,821			125,055
Non-oil and gas exports		163,111			122,633			116,110
Oil and gas exports		17,614			13,189			8,945
Total imports (f.o.b.)		(181,164	)		(133,675	)		(122,130	)
Non-oil and gas imports		(151,935	)		(111,741	)		(105,825	)
Oil and gas imports		(29,229	)		(21,934	)		(16,306	)
Services		(6,479	)		(4,870	)		(5,792	)
Primary income		(30,461	)		(23,427	)		(25,288	)
Secondary income		6,895			4,854			5,610
Capital account		97			68			7
Financial account		24,802			9,239			24,159

(i) Public sector		8,748			4,155			8,870
Portfolio investment		9,732			4,923			10,727
Assets		228			229			258
Liabilities		9,504			4,694			10,469
Other investment		(983	)		(768	)		(1,857	)
Assets		—			—			—
Liabilities		(983	)		(768	)		(1,857	)
Loans		(755	)		(539	)		(1,599	)
Drawings		4,588			3,048			2,578
Repayments		(5,344	)		(3,587	)		(4,177	)
Other liabilities		(228	)		(229	)		(258	)
(ii) Private sector		16,053			5,083			15,290
Direct investment		13,304			11,668			16,069
Assets		(6,399	)		(4,687	)		(3,032	)
Liabilities		19,703			16,355			19,101
Portfolio investment		(420	)		(6,067	)		3,843
Assets		(5,399	)		(4,367	)		(179	)
Liabilities		4,980			(1,700	)		4,023
Financial derivatives		34			163			218
Other investment		3,135			(681	)		(4,841	)
Assets		(9,347	)		(8,748	)		(10,767	)
Liabilities		12,482			8,068			5,925
Errors and omissions		(1,546	)		(559	)		(1,225	)
Overall balance		(7,131	)		(12,550	)		397

Reserves and related items		7,131			12,550			(397	)

Memorandum⁽³⁾
Reserve asset position		120,654			114,848			124,332

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾

Bank Indonesia uses (+) and (-) signs in its published data to follow BPM5 whereby (+) means inflow and (-) means outflow. In financial account, (+) denotes increase in liabilities or decrease in assets, while (-) represents increase in assets or decrease in liabilities. The table above has been adjusted to align with the formatting of this prospectus.

⁽²⁾	The calculation of export and import figures included in the balance of payments data compiled by Bank Indonesia differs in coverage and timing from the data on export/import trade compiled by BPS.

⁽³⁾	Presents the position of reserve assets at the end of period. A surplus/deficit in the overall balance of payments during a reporting period will increase/decrease the outstanding amount of reserve assets at the end of that period.

E-23

In 2018, the current account deficit increased to U.S.$30.5 billion or 2.9% of GDP compared to a U.S.$16.2 billion deficit or 1.6% of GDP in 2017. The higher deficit was mainly due to higher non-oil and gas imports, particularly imports of raw materials and capital goods reflecting robust economic activity in Indonesia, and lower exports of non-oil and gas goods. The increase in the deficit was also due to an increase in oil imports in line with the increase in average global oil prices and domestic fuel consumption.

Amid high uncertainty in the global financial markets, the capital and financial account recorded a significant surplus of U.S.$24.9 billion in 2018, mainly due to long-term capital inflows from foreign direct investments.

Indonesia’s overall balance of payments in 2018 recorded a deficit of U.S.$7.1 billion, which resulted in a decrease in international reserves from U.S.$130.2 billion as of December 31, 2017 to U.S.$120.7 billion as of December 31, 2018.

In the first nine months of 2019, the current account deficit increased to U.S.$22.5 billion compared to a U.S.$21.3 billion deficit in the same period in 2018. The higher services deficit was primarily due to a lower travel services trade surplus. The decrease in the travel services trade surplus was mainly induced by a faster pace of travel services payments (imports) compared to travel services receipts (exports). The increase of travel services payments in the first nine months of 2019 was mainly caused by a higher number of domestic tourists traveling abroad, especially during the Haji season in the third quarter of 2019.

The capital and financial account surplus increased to U.S.$24.2 billion in the first nine months of 2019 compared to a U.S.$9.3 billion deficit in the same period in 2018, primarily due to significant inflows in foreign direct investment and portfolio investment.

Indonesia’s overall balance of payments during the first nine months in 2019 recorded a surplus of U.S.$0.4 billion, in line with the higher capital and financial account surplus. Consequently, official reserve assets were U.S.$124.3 billion as of September 30, 2019, an increase from U.S.$120.7 billion as of December 31, 2018.

Financial System

The Banking System

As of October 31, 2019, total banking assets were Rp8,505.1 trillion, consisting of commercial bank assets of Rp8,344.9 trillion and rural bank assets (including assets of sharia rural banks) of Rp160.1 trillion.

Islamic Financial System

One of the main challenges for Indonesia’s Sharia capital markets is the small number of companies that issue Sharia-compliant products such as Islamic bonds, or Sukuk. For example, of the 89 underwriters licensed by the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan or OJK) as of November 30, 2019, only 29 were involved in issuances of Sukuk, and only 57 of the 97 investment managers (including one sharia investment manager fully managing Sharia funds) were licensed by OJK.

As of October 31, 2019, assets of Sharia banks were Rp513.5 trillion, or 6.0% of Indonesia’s total banking assets.

E-24

Bank Indonesia

The following table sets forth the balance sheet of Bank Indonesia and was prepared in accordance with the Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual published by the IMF, as of the dates indicated.

Analytical Balance Sheet of Bank Indonesia


	As of December 31,			As of October 31,
	2018			2019^P
	(in billions of Rupiah)
Base Money (M0)		1,069,554			1,011,278
Currency in Circulation⁽¹⁾		749,167			703,901
Commercial Banks Demand Deposits at Bank Indonesia		319,653			307,120
Private sector Demand Deposits		734			257
Bank Indonesia Certificates (SBI)⁽²⁾		—			—
Factors Affecting Base Money (M0)		1,069,554			1,011,278
Net Foreign Assets		1,708,563			1,738,186
Claims on Non-Residents		1,829,782			1,853,869
Liabilities to Non-Resident		(121,219	)		(115,683	)
Claims on Other Depository Corporations		158			56
Liquidity Credits		56			56
Other Claims		102			—
Net claims on central Government		22,027			(40,297	)
Claims on central Government		197,009			155,467
Liabilities to central Government		(174,982	)		(195,764	)
Claims on Other Sectors		10,410			10,241
Claims on Other Financial Institutions		—			—
Claims on Private Sectors		10,410			10,241
Open Market Operations⁽³⁾		(170,345	)		(207,796	)
Other Liabilities to Commercial & Rural Banks		(97,969	)		(103,494	)
Deposits included in Broad Money (M2)		—			—
Deposits excluded from Broad Money (M2)		(8	)		—
Shares and Other Equity		(371,433	)		(361,176	)
Net Other items		(31,850	)		(24,441	)

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Currency outside banks plus cash in vault.

⁽²⁾	SBI which is used to fulfill the secondary statutory reserve requirement of banks and accounted for as primary money supply components. Included in Base Money since October 2009.

⁽³⁾

Consists of total SBI after it is reduced by the SBI used to fulfill the secondary statutory reserve requirement of banks, and is accounted for as a primary money supply component (see footnote 2). Open market operations instruments include: Syariah SBI, Third Party Syariah SBI, Bank Indonesia Facility, Fine Tune Operation, Government Bonds, State Syariah Negotiable Paper, and Reserve Reverse Repo Government Bonds.

E-25

Banks and Other Financial Institutions

The following table sets forth the total number of financial institutions in operation and their share of total assets of the financial system as of the date indicated.

Indonesian Financial Institutions as of October 31, 2019^*


	Number of institutions			Assets**			Percentage of total assets
				(in trillions of Rupiah)			(%)
Banking:
Commercial banks		110			8,344.9			73.4
Rural credit banks⁽¹⁾		1,718			160.1			1.4

Total banking		1,828			8,505.0			74.8

Insurance:
Life insurance		60			582.9			5.1
General insurance & Reinsurance		86			185.6			1.6
Social insurance⁽²⁾		5			577.9			5.1

Total insurance		151			1,346.4			11.8

Pension funds:
Financial institution pension funds		26			95.8			0.8
Employer pension funds		202			195.3			1.7

Total pension funds		228			291.1			2.6

Finance companies⁽³⁾		185			516.9			4.5
Venture capital companies		61			16.6			0.1
Securities companies⁽⁶⁾		124	⁽⁴⁾		61.7	⁽⁵⁾		0.5
Mutual funds (collective investment schemes, not institutions)⁽⁶⁾		2,163			544.4			4.8
Credit guarantee companies		22			21.7			0.2
Pawn shops		77			60.7			0.5

Total		4,839			11,364.5			100.0

Sources: OJK

*	Unless otherwise specified.

**	Unaudited.

⁽¹⁾	Including sharia rural banks.

⁽²⁾	Social insurance encompasses traffic and public transportation, health social security programs, worker social security programs and insurance for civil servants and the armed forces.

⁽³⁾	Finance companies provide financing for leasing, factoring, consumer finance and credit cards.

⁽⁴⁾	Includes 19 securities companies that are not members of a securities exchange but act as broker-dealers.

⁽⁵⁾	Only assets of securities companies as members of a securities exchange.

⁽⁶⁾	As of November 30, 2019.

E-26

Bank Assets and Liabilities

The following table sets forth the consolidated balance sheets of the commercial banks as of the dates indicated.

Consolidated Balance Sheet of Commercial Banks


	As of December 31,		As of October 31,
	2018		2019^P
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Assets
Loans		5,358.0		5,561.3
Interbank Assets		221.0		275.9
Placements at Bank Indonesia		767.1		677.4
Securities (including Government Bonds)		941.9		1,061.9
Equity Participation		43.5		50.0
Other Claims		293.4		299.5
Others		443.3		418.9

Total Assets		8,068.3		8,344.9

Liabilities
Third Party Funds		5,630.5		5,904.1
Liabilities owed to Bank Indonesia		2.8		0.7
Interbank Liabilities		192.5		199.1
Securities		115.1		126.0
Borrowing		296.7		268.0
Other Liabilities		206.5		115.4
Guarantee Deposits		4.6		4.2
Others		485.4		402,5
Capital:
Paid in Capital		209.3		210.5
Reserves		68.3		75.1
Current Earnings/Loss		150.0		130.8
Retained Earnings/Loss		542.9		619.1
Estimates of Additional Paid in Capital		114.5		144,0
Others		49.2		45,6

Total Liabilities		8,068.3		8,344.9

Source: OJK.

^P	Preliminary.

The following table shows the average capital adequacy ratio of the banking system as of the dates indicated:

Average Capital Adequacy Ratios


	As of December 31,		As of October 31,
	2018		2019^P
	(percentages)
CAR		22.9		23.5

Source: OJK

^P	Preliminary.

E-27

Non-Performing Loans

The following table shows the gross NPL ratios as of the dates indicated.

Non-Performing Loans Ratios


	As of December 31,		As of October 31,
	2018		2019^P
	(percentages)
Gross NPL ratios		2.4		2.7

Source: OJK

^P	Preliminary.

Capital Markets and Capital Markets Regulation

The following table sets forth key indicators regarding the Indonesian Stock Exchange (Bursa Efek Indonesia or IDX) and any securities traded on the IDX as of November 30, 2019.

Indonesian Stock Exchange


	IDX
Market capitalization (in trillions of Rupiah)		6,919.5
Listed shares (in billions of shares)		5,685.7
Average daily transaction value (in billions of Rupiah)⁽¹⁾		9,184.9
Average daily transaction volume (in millions of shares)⁽¹⁾		14,708.8

Source: IDX

⁽¹⁾	For the eleven months ended November 30, 2019.

The Jakarta Islamic Index, or JII is a stock market index established on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The JII was launched in 2000 and consists of the 30 largest Sharia-compliant listings by market capitalization and average liquidity in the regular market. As of November 30, 2019, the market capitalization of the JII was Rp2,067.0 trillion.

The IDX launched the Indonesia Sharia Stock Index, or ISSI on May 12, 2011. The ISSI comprised of 424 Sharia stocks which are listed on the IDX as of November 30, 2019. As of November 30, 2019, the market capitalization of the ISSI was Rp3,639.0 trillion.

Monetary Policy

In December 2018 to June 2019, Bank Indonesia maintained the Bank Indonesia 7-Day Reverse Repo Rate at 6.00%, while also maintaining the Deposit Facility and Lending Facility rates at 5.25% and 6.75%, respectively. Seeking to ensure adequate liquidity in the banking industry in order to finance economic activity, in June 2019, Bank Indonesia lowered the Rupiah reserve requirement for conventional and Islamic banks by 50 bps to 6.0% and 4.5% respectively, with the average reserve requirements remaining at 3.0%, effective from July 1, 2019. The decision is consistent with ongoing efforts to reduce the current account deficit to a manageable threshold and maintain the attractiveness of domestic financial assets. Bank Indonesia also implemented monetary operations strategies to maintain adequate liquidity in the Rupiah money market and foreign exchange market in order to support monetary and financial system stability. To ensure adequate liquidity is available in the banking system, Bank Indonesia instituted accommodative macroprudential policies by holding the countercyclical capital buffer at 0%, the Macroprudential Liquidity Buffer at 4% with flexible repos at 4% and the Macroprudential Intermediation Ratio in the 84-94% range.

In July 2019, Bank Indonesia lowered the Bank Indonesia 7-day Reverse Repo Rate by 25 bps to 5.75%, Deposit Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 5.00% and Lending Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 6.50%. In August 2019, Bank Indonesia lowered the Bank Indonesia 7-day Reverse Repo Rate by 25 bps to 5.50%, Deposit Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 4.75% and Lending Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 6.25%. This decision is consistent with low inflation projected below the midpoint of the target corridor, attractive returns on domestic financial investment assets that support external stability, as well as a pre-emptive measure to safeguard future economic growth momentum against the impact of global economic moderation. The Bank Indonesia monetary operations strategy remained oriented towards ensuring adequate liquidity and increasing money market efficiency, thus strengthening the transmission of accommodative monetary policy.

E-28

In September 2019, Bank Indonesia lowered the Bank Indonesia 7-day Reverse Repo Rate by 25 bps to 5.25%, Deposit Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 4.50% and Lending Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 6.00%. This decision is consistent with low inflation projected below the midpoint of the target corridor, attractive returns on domestic financial investment assets and as a pre-emptive measure to stimulate domestic economic growth momentum against a backdrop of global economic moderation. To strengthen the policy mix in terms of building economic growth momentum, Bank Indonesia relaxed macroprudential policy in order to increase bank lending capacity and catalyse demand for new loans. Bank Indonesia also refined Macroprudential Intermediation Ratio (MIR)/Sharia MIR by expanding the loan/financing components received by the banks as a source of funds when calculating the MIR/Sharia MIR. Effective December 2, 2019, Bank Indonesia adjusted macroprudential policy in the property and automotive sectors by: (i) relaxing the loan-to-value ratio for property loans and the financing-to-value ratio for property financing; (ii) providing an additional incentive on the loan-to-value ratio for green property loans and the financing-to-value ratio for green property financing; (iii) relaxing down payments on automotive loans or financing; and (iv) providing additional incentive on down payments on green automotive loans.

In October 2019, Bank Indonesia continued to lower the BI 7-day Reverse Repo Rate by 25 bps to 5.00%, Deposit Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 4.25% and Lending Facility rates were lowered by 25 bps to 5.75%. This policy is consistent with a controlled inflation outlook and attractive returns on domestic financial investment assets, and as a pre-emptive measure to stimulate domestic economic growth momentum against a backdrop of global economic moderation. Furthermore, the policy is supported by a monetary operations strategy optimized to maintain adequate liquidity and facilitate the effective transmission of an accommodative policy mix. Bank Indonesia is maintaining an accommodative macroprudential policy stance in order to stimulate bank lending and expand economic financing. Payment system policy and financial market deepening will also be strengthened to foster economic growth.

In November 2019, Bank Indonesia held the BI 7-Day Reverse Repo Rate at 5.00%, while also maintaining the Deposit Facility and Lending Facility rates at 4.25% and 5.75%, respectively. Monetary policy remains accommodative and is consistent with a controlled inflation outlook in the target corridor, maintained external stability as well as efforts to maintain domestic economic growth momentum against a backdrop of global economic moderation. Effective January 2, 2020, Bank Indonesia lowered the minimum Rupiah Reserve Requirements for Conventional Commercial Banks and Islamic Banks/Islamic Business Units by 50 bps to 5.5% and 4.0% respectively, while holding the average reserve requirements at 3.0%. The policy move was taken to ensure adequate additional liquidity in the banking system to increase financing and support economic growth. The prevailing monetary operations strategy was further strengthened to maintain adequate liquidity and facilitate effective transmission of the accommodative policy mix.

In December 2019, Bank Indonesia held the BI 7-Day Reverse Repo Rate at 5.00%, while also maintaining the Deposit Facility (DF) and Lending Facility (LF) rates at 4.25% and 5.75%. Monetary policy remains accommodative and is consistent with controlled inflation in the target corridor, maintained external stability as well as efforts to maintain domestic economic growth momentum against a backdrop of global economic moderation. Bank Indonesia will continue to orient monetary operations towards maintaining adequate liquidity, particularly when approaching year end, and supporting the transmission of an accommodative policy mix. Meanwhile, Bank Indonesia will maintain accommodative macroprudential policy to stimulate economic financing in line with the suboptimal financial cycle, while also paying due consideration to prudential principles. Payment system policy and financial market deepening will be strengthened to support economic growth. The current policy response will maintain economic stability and bolster economic growth momentum in Indonesia to mitigate the global risks.

Money Supply

Bank Indonesia tracks several different measures of money supply. Base money includes currency (bank notes and coins in circulation) and demand deposits of commercial banks and private sector at Bank Indonesia. Narrow money consists of currency outside the bank system plus Rupiah-denominated demand deposits in commercial banks. Broad Money consists of Narrow Money, securities other than shares, plus quasi-money, which includes time deposits, savings deposits, and demand deposits in foreign currencies.

E-29

The following table sets forth the money supply as of the periods indicated.

Money Supply


			Money
End of period	Base money		Currency		Demand deposits		Total^M1		Quasi- money		Securities other than shares		Total^M2
			(in billions of Rupiah)
2018		1,069,554		625,370		831,779		1,457,150		4,282,364		20,533		5,760,046
2019^P		1,011,278		611,081		893,075		1,504,156		4,497,071		25,681		6,026,909

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary. As of October 31, 2019.

^M1	Narrow Money.

^M2	Broad Money.


	Factors affecting money supply
End of period	Foreign assets (net)		Claims on central Government (net)⁽¹⁾		Claims on business sectors		Other items (net)⁽²⁾
	(in billions of Rupiah)
2014		1,105,783		416,608		3,488,677		49,733
2015		1,176,638		491,127		3,822,128		57,313
2016		1,298,938		519,065		4,115,821		79,272
2017		1,541,838		488,862		4,412,719		160,930
2018		1,442,602		472,729		4,868,594		184,424
2019^P		1,523,637		438,261		5,074,954		239,108

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary. As of October 31, 2019.

⁽¹⁾	Claims on the Government are Rupiah-denominated claims which are included net of the Government’s deposits with the banking system.

⁽²⁾	Includes capital accounts, SDR allocations and inter-system accounts.

As of December 31, 2018, Broad Money grew by 6.3% compared to 8.3% growth as of the end of the previous year, resulting from slower growth in Narrow Money. Narrow Money growth decreased to 4.8% compared to 12.4% as of the end of the previous year due to a slower growth in Rupiah demand deposits and currency outside the bank. Quasi-money growth was stable at 6.8%, as slower growth of time deposits and savings deposits were compensated by increased growth of foreign currency demand deposits.

As of October 31, 2019, Broad Money grew by 6.3% compared to 7.3% growth as of October 31, 2018, due to slower growth in Quasi-money. Quasi-money decreased to 6.1% compared to the 7.6% in the same period in the previous year, due to a slower growth in Rupiah saving deposits, while Narrow Money growth slightly increased to 6.6% compared to the 6.4% in the same period in the previous year, due to faster growth of Rupiah demand deposits.

Government Budget

Fiscal Policy

The following table sets forth Government revenues and expenditures for the periods indicated.

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Government Revenues and Expenditures


	Year Ended December 31,						Eleven Months Ended November 30,
	2018^L			2019^B			2018			2019^P
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Revenues and grants:
Domestic revenues
Tax revenues		1,518.8			1,786.4			1,301.5			1,312.4
Non-tax revenue		409.3			378.3			350.7			362.8
Total domestic revenues		1,928.1			2,164.7			1,652.2			1,675.2
Grants		15.6			0.4			10.7			1.9

Total revenues and grants		1,943.7			2,165.1			1,662.9			1,677.1

Expenditures:
Central government expenditures		1,455.3			1,634.3			1,225.5			1,293.2
Transfer to regions and rural fund		757.8			826.8			717.1			752.8
Total central and transfer expenditures		2,213.1			2,461.1			1,942.6			2,046.0

Total expenditures		2,213.1			2,461.1			1,942.6			2,046.0

Primary balance⁽¹⁾		(11.5	)		(20.1	)		(28.6	)		(101.3	)
Surplus/(deficit)		(269.4	)		(296.0	)		(279.7	)		(368.9	)

Financing:⁽²⁾
Debt Financing		372.0			359.3			363.7			442.9
Investment Financing		(61.1	)		(75.9	)		(15.6	)		(22.4	)
On-Lending		(4.3	)		(2.4	)		(0.3	)		0.4
Government Guarantee		(1.1	)		—			—			—
Other Financing		0.2			15.0			0.2			0.2

Total Financing		305.7			296.0			347.9			421.0

Source: Ministry of Finance

^L	LKPP (Government Financial Report/Audited).

^P	Preliminary.

Budget.

⁽¹⁾	Primary balance represents revenues minus expenditures excluding interest expenditures.

⁽²⁾	In 2018, total financing of Rp305.7 trillion exceeded the 2018 deficit of Rp269.4 trillion and the Government added the difference of Rp36.2 trillion to its reserves. In the first eleven months of 2019, total financing was Rp421.0 trillion.

2020 Budget

On October 18, 2019, the Government of Indonesia promulgated Law No. 20 of 2019 on State Budget for 2020, which has been effective as of January 1, 2020.

The 2020 Budget policy is directed at accelerating competitiveness through innovation and strengthening the quality of human resources. The 2020 Budget is expected to be an instrument of government policy to achieve the vision of becoming a developed, independent, prosperous, and fair country while still being aware of various challenges, including global uncertainty, demographic changes, and massive economic transformation.

The key macroeconomic assumptions for 2020 underlying the 2020 Budget are as follows:

•

an economic growth rate of 5.3%;

•

an inflation rate of 3.1%;

•

three-month Indonesian treasury bills yield of 5.4%;

•

an exchange rate of Rp14,400 to U.S.$1.00;

•

an ICP of U.S.$63 per barrel;

•

an oil production by the Republic of 755 thousand barrels of oil per day; and

•

gas production by the Republic of 1.191 million barrels of oil equivalent of gas per day.

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Tax revenues under the 2020 Budget are targeted at Rp1,865.7 trillion, or an increase of 4.4% from the 2019 Budget target, which results in a tax revenue to GDP ratio of approximately 11.6%. The taxation policies for 2020 include increasing the tax compliance, improving service quality, counseling and supervision through strengthening IT systems and tax administration, implementing the Automatic Exchange of Information program, broadening the range of goods subject to excise tax, and adjusting the excise duty rates on tobacco. Non-tax revenue under the 2020 Budget is targeted at Rp367.0 trillion, or a decrease of 3.0% from the 2019 Budget target. The non-tax revenue policies for 2020 aim to continue to make various efforts to improve regulations, create fair and flexible tariff arrangements, strengthening supervision and inspection, optimizing the management of state assets and efficiency in the natural resources sector, as well as improving services and quality of public services in compliance with Law No. 9 of 2018 on Non-Tax State Revenue, which is the new benchmark for the improvement of governance and higher accountability in managing non-tax sources of Government revenues.

Total expenditures under the 2020 Budget are estimated at Rp2,540.4 trillion, or an 3.2% increase from the Rp2,461.1 trillion in the 2019 Budget, comprising Rp1,683.5 trillion in central Government expenditures and Rp856.9 trillion in transfer to regions and rural funds. Allocations in the 2020 Budget include (i) Rp508.1 trillion for education, (ii) Rp423.3 trillion for infrastructure development, (iii) Rp372.5 trillion for social protection programs, including programs for social assistance, village funding, subsidies and support for the development of small and medium enterprises and cooperatives, and (iv) Rp132.2 trillion for health.

The 2020 Budget projects a deficit of Rp307.2 trillion or 1.76% of projected 2020 GDP. This projected deficit is 3.8% higher than the projected deficit of Rp296.0 trillion or 1.84% of projected 2019 GDP in the 2019 Budget. The Government expects to fund the deficit from debt financing.

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Government Finances

The following table sets forth information regarding the revenues and expenditures of the Government for the periods indicated.

Government Revenues.

The following table sets forth Government revenues by category for the periods indicated.

Government Revenues


	Year Ended December 31,		Eleven Months Ended November 30,
	2018^L		2018		2019^P
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Domestic revenues:
Tax revenues:
Domestic tax
Income tax:
Oil and gas		64.7		59.8		52.9
Non-oil and gas		685.3		591.7		615.7
Total income tax		750.0		651.4		668.6
Value added tax (VAT)		537.3		459.9		441.2
Land and building tax		19.4		18.7		20.4
Excises		159.6		123.3		139.5
Other taxes		6.6		6.6		6.0
Total domestic taxes		1,472.9		1,260.0		1,275.6
International trade taxes:
Import duties		39.1		35.4		33.6
Export tax		6.8		6.2		3.2
Total international trade taxes		45.9		41.6		36.8

Total tax revenues		1,518.8		1,301.5		1,312.4

Non-tax revenues:
Natural resources:
Oil		101.5		119.4		88.2
Gas		41.3		0.0		20.8
Total oil and gas		142.8		119.4		109.0
General mining		30.3		28.1		23.7
Forestry		4.8		4.3		4.5
Fishery		0.4		0.4		0.5
Geothermal		2.3		1.1		1.4
Total non-oil and gas		37.8		33.9		30.1
Total natural resources		180.6		153.3		139.1
Profit transfer from SOEs		45.1		45.0		76.7
Other non-tax revenues		128.6		106.0		105.0
Public Service Agency (BLU) Income⁽¹⁾		55.1		46.4		42.0

Total non-tax revenues		409.3		350.7		362.8

Total domestic revenues		1,928.1		1,652.2		1,675.2

Grants		15.6		10.7		1.9

Total revenues and grants		1,943.7		1,662.9		1,677.1

Source: Ministry of Finance

^L	LKPP (Government Financial Report/Audited).

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Includes Government’s share of Bank Indonesia’s profits representing amounts in excess of Bank Indonesia’s capital ratio requirements, which excess amounts are transferred to the central Government to be used for repayments of certain central Government obligations to Bank Indonesia.

E-33

Sources of Government Revenues.

Government revenues increased by 16.6% from Rp1,666.4 trillion in 2017 to Rp1,943.7 trillion in 2018, primarily driven by an increase in tax revenues. Total tax revenues increased by 13.0% from Rp1,343.5 trillion in 2017 to Rp1,518.8 trillion in 2018, mainly driven by an increase in non oil-gas income taxes and value added tax. Total non-tax revenues increased by 31.5% from Rp311.2 trillion in 2017 to Rp409.3 trillion in 2018. This was primarily due to higher other non-tax revenues from line ministries. Total natural resources revenues increased by 62.6% from Rp111.1 trillion in 2017 to Rp180.6 trillion in 2018 mainly due to a higher crude palm oil price and weaker Rupiah exchange rate.

Government revenues increased by 0.9% from Rp1,662.9 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp1,677.1 trillion in the same period in 2019, primarily driven by an increase in non-tax revenues. Total non-tax revenues increased by 3.4% from Rp350.7 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp362.8 trillion in the same period in 2019. This was primarily due to higher profit transfers from SOE’s. Total natural resources revenues decreased by 9.2% from Rp153.3 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp139.1 trillion in the same period in 2019 mainly due to lower oil lifting. Total tax revenues increased by 0.8% from Rp1,301.5 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp1,312.4 trillion in the same period in 2019, mainly driven by an increase in excise taxes and income taxes.

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Government Expenditures.

The following table sets forth the expenditures of the Government for the periods indicated.

Government Expenditures


	Year Ended December 31,		Eleven Months Ended November 30,
	2018^L		2018		2019^P
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Central Government expenditures:
Personnel expenditures		346.9		315.2		348.8
Good and services expenditures		347.5		265.2		268.9
Capital expenditures		184.1		128.2		119.5
Interest payments:
Domestic debt		238.4		233.5		248.0
Foreign debt		19.5		17.6		19.6
Total interest payments		258.0		251.1		267.6
Subsidies:
Energy subsidies		153.5		130.4		123.6
Non-energy subsidies		63.4		52.3		54.1
Total subsidies		216.9		182.7		177.7
Grant expenditures		1.5		0.1		2.4
Social assistance⁽¹⁾		84.3		73.4		105.7
Other expenditures		16.2		9.7		2.6

Total central Government expenditures		1,455.3		1,225.5		1,293.2

Transfers to Regions and Rural Fund
Transfer to Regions
Balanced funds:
General transfer funds:
Revenue sharing funds		93.7		76.8		75.3
General allocation funds		401.5		401.2		420.8
Total general transfer funds		495.2		478.1		496.1
Specific allocation funds:
Physical special allocation fund		58.1		48.8		47.9
Non-physical special allocation fund⁽²⁾		115.3		111.6		118.6
Total specific allocation funds		173.4		160.4		166.5
Total balanced funds		668.6		638.5		662.6
Regional incentive fund⁽³⁾		8.2		8.1		9.7
Specific autonomy funds⁽⁴⁾		20.1		15.0		15.7
Specific Fund for Special Region of Yogyakarta⁽⁵⁾		1.0		1.0		1.2
Total Transfer to Regions		697.9		662.6		689.2
Rural Fund		59.9		54.4		63.6

Total transfers to regions and Rural Fund		757.8		717.1		752.8

Suspend⁽⁶⁾		—		—		—

Total Government expenditures		2,213.1		1,942.6		2,046.0

Source: Ministry of Finance

^L	LKPP (Government Financial Report/Audited).

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Consists of Social Assistance from Ministries/Agencies Spending and Social Assistance for Disaster Relief.

⁽²⁾	Included under “Others” before FY 2016 except the regional incentive fund.

⁽³⁾	Included under “Others” before FY 2016.

⁽⁴⁾	Consists of specific autonomy fund and additional specific infrastructure autonomy fund for Papua and West Papua Provinces.

⁽⁵⁾	Starting from FY 2013, Government allocates a specific fund for Yogyakarta’s privilege in other expenditures. In FY 2014, this fund was allocated in specific autonomy and adjustment funds as part of transfer to regions.

⁽⁶⁾	Realized expenditures calculated by the Ministry of Finance differed from the figures calculated by line ministries and such discrepancies have been subtracted and added, respectively, to totals for such years after the fiscal year is over. “Suspend” is not reported in the current year.

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Fuel Prices and Subsidies.

The table below sets forth the amount of subsidies for the periods indicated.

Year Ended
December 31,

Eleven Months Ended
November 30,

2018^L

2018

2019^P

(in trillions of Rupiah)

Subsidies:

Energy subsidies

153.5

130.4

123.6

Non-energy subsidies

63.4

52.3

54.1

Total subsidies

216.9

182.7

177.7

Source: Ministry of Finance

^L	LKPP (Government Financial Report/Audited).

^P	Preliminary.

The table below sets forth certain Government budget expenditures for priority sectors for the periods indicated.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Education		390.3		370.8		406.0		435.0		492.5
Infrastructure		256.1		269.1		379.4		410.7		415.0
Energy Subsidy		119.1		106.8		97.6		163.5		160.0
Health		69.3		92.8		92.2		107.4		123.1

Source: Ministry of Finance

E-36

Deficit Financing.

The following table sets forth, by amount, information on deficit financing for the periods indicated.

Deficit Financing⁽¹⁾


	Year Ended December 31,			Eleven Months Ended November 30,
	2018^L			2018			2019^P
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Debt financing
Government securities (net)		358.4			369.4			465.1
Loans
Domestic loans (net)		1.4			0.6			0.7
Foreign loans:
Gross drawings:
Program loan		50.6			37.5			29.7
Project loan		38.0			23.5			22.7
Total gross drawing		88.6			61.0			52.4
Amortization		(76.3	)		(67.4	)		(75.2	)
Total foreign loan (net)		12.3			(6.4	)		(22.8	)
Total loans (net)		13.6			(5.8	)		(22.2	)

Total debt financing		372.0			363.7			442.9

Investment financing
Investment to SOEs		(3.6	)		(3.6	)		(13.8	)
Investment to other institutions		(2.5	)		0.0			(2.5	)
Investment to public service agencies		(52.7	)		(9.7	)		(3.8	)
Investment in financial organizations/institutions		(2.3	)		(2.3	)		(2.3	)
Revenue of investment		—			—			—

Total investment financing		(61.1	)		(15.6	)		-22.4

Lending		—			—			—
On-lending to SOEs/local government/institutions/other agencies:		(4.3	)		(0.3	)		0.4

Lending reserves		—			—			—

Total lending		(4.3	)		(0.3	)		0.4

Mandatory guarantee		(1.1	)		—			—

Other financing		0.2			0.2			0.2

Total financing (net)		305.7			347.9			421.0

Source: Ministry of Finance

^L	LKPP (Government Financial Report/Audited).

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	As of FY 2017, the deficit financing line items have been reclassified and the data previously reported has been restated across the periods shown.

Government Expenditures.

Total Government expenditures increased by 5.3% from Rp1,942.6 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp2,046.0 trillion in the same period in 2019. Total central Government expenditures increased by 5.5% from Rp1,225.5 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp1,293.2 trillion in the same period in 2019, primarily due to increases in personnel expenditures and social assistance expenditures resulting primarily from the implementation of social assistance programs. Total transfers to regions and rural fund increased by 5.0% from Rp717.1 trillion in the first eleven months of 2018 to Rp752.8 trillion in the same period in 2019, primarily due to higher general transfer funds realization.

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Public Debt

As of November 30, 2019, total public debt of the central Government was U.S.$341.4 billion, 16.0% of which consisted of loans and 84.0% of which consisted of securities, including domestic and foreign issuances of bonds and Sukuk.

External Public Debt of the Republic

The following table sets forth information on the outstanding external public debt of the Republic in terms of creditor type as of the dates indicated.

Outstanding External Public Debt of the Republic by Source⁽¹⁾


	As of December 31, 2018			As of November 30, 2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Concessional Loans:
Multilateral creditors		29,348.7			29,964.0
Bilateral creditors		23,107.3			21,335.8
Semi-concessional Loans:
Export agency creditors		—			—
Commercial⁽²⁾		75,811.1			78,290.5

Total		128,267.1			129,590.4

Total external public debt of the Republic, as a percentage of GDP for the period indicated⁽³⁾		12.5	%		11.4	%

Source: Ministry of Finance

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Foreign currency values of outstanding external debt have been converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the respective dates indicated.

⁽²⁾	Includes securities (bonds and Sukuk) issued in international capital markets and commercial bank borrowings.

⁽³⁾	In calculating as a percentage of GDP, GDP in U.S. dollars has been converted from Rupiah into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the respective dates indicated.

The total outstanding external public debt of the Republic as of November 30, 2019 was U.S.$129.6 billion.

The following table sets forth the outstanding amounts of international development assistance received by the Republic as of the dates indicated.

International Development Assistance⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾


	As of December 31, 2018		As of November 30, 2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Bilateral loans		23,107.3		21,335.8
Multilateral loans:
International Monetary Fund		—		—
World Bank Group		18,295.8		18,649.5
Asian Development Bank		9,787.9		9,805.7
Islamic Development Bank		988.1		1,197.5
Nordic Investment Bank		10.2		9.1
European Investment Bank		9.9		6.7
International Fund for Agricultural Development		183.2		178.2
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank		73.6		117.3
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency		—		—
Total multilateral loans		29,348.7		29,964.0

Total loans		52,456.0		51,299.9

Source: Ministry of Finance

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	The term international development assistance includes any concessionary loans provided by international financial institutions or foreign governments, excluding grants.

⁽²⁾	Foreign currency values of international development assistance have been converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the respective dates indicated.

E-38

The following table sets forth the external public debt of the Republic by currency as of the dates indicated.

Outstanding External Public Debt of the Republic by Major Currency


	As of December 31,				As of November 30,
	2018				2019^P
	(in millions of original currency)		(in millions of U.S. dollars⁽¹⁾)		(in millions of original currency)		(in millions of U.S. dollars⁽¹⁾)
U.S. dollars		93,701.9		93,701.9		93,429.8		93,429.8
Japanese yen		1,976,031.9		17,891.6		2,049,047.2		18,711.8
Euros		11,937.4		13,651.0		13,349.9		14,700.3
SDR		1,246.4		1,733.4		1,068.5		1,466.9
British pounds		76.6		97.2		60.3		77.9
Others		Multiple currencies		1,192.1		Multiple currencies		1,203.7

Total		N/A		128,267.1		N/A		129,590.4

Source: Ministry of Finance

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Calculated based on the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the date indicated for each column.

The following table sets forth the external debt service requirements of the central government for the years indicated.

External Debt Service Requirements of the Central Government⁽¹⁾


Period	Principal repayment		Interest repayment		Total
	(in billions of U.S. dollars)
2018		8.4		4.7		13.2
2019*		10.7		4.7		15.4
2020**		9.2		4.5		13.7
2021**		10.7		4.2		14.9
2022**		11.9		3.9		15.8

Source: Ministry of Finance

⁽¹⁾	Foreign currency values of outstanding external debt have been converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of December 31, 2018.

^*	Calculated based on (i) actual principal and interest payments made from January 1, 2019 to November 30, 2019 and (ii) projected principal and interest payments to be made from December 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 based on external debt outstanding as of November 30, 2019.

^**	Projected based on external debt outstanding as of November 30, 2019.

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External Debt of Bank Indonesia

The following table sets forth the outstanding multilateral and commercial external debt of Bank Indonesia by type of credit as of the dates indicated.

Outstanding Multilateral and Commercial External Debt of Bank Indonesia⁽¹⁾


	As of December 31,		As of October 31,
	2018		2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Multilateral		2,754		2,726
Commercial⁽²⁾		0		0

Total		2,754		2,726

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Foreign currency values of outstanding external debt have been converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the respective dates indicated.

⁽²⁾	Includes bonds issued in international capital markets and commercial bank borrowings but excludes SBI owned by non-residents, currencies and deposits and other liabilities.

The following table sets forth the external debt service requirements of Bank Indonesia for the years indicated.

External Debt Service Requirements of Bank Indonesia


Period	Principal repayment		Interest repayment		Total
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2015		32.6		2.9		35.5
2016		48.3		4.2		52.5
2017		144.9		13.4		158.3
2018		0.0		11.1		11.1
2019*⁽¹⁾		0.0		28.2		28.2

Source: Bank Indonesia

*	Projected based on external debt outstanding as of October 31, 2019.

⁽¹⁾	Foreign currency values of outstanding external debt have been converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rate as of October 31, 2019.

External Debt of State-Owned-Enterprises

The following table sets forth the outstanding direct external debt of SOEs as of the dates indicated.

Outstanding Direct External Debt of State-Owned-Enterprises⁽¹⁾


	As of December 31,		As of October 31,
	2018		2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Financial institutions:
Bank		6,924		6,992
Non-bank		3,865		3,820

Total financial institutions		10,789		10,812
Non-financial institutions		34,724		39,870

Total		45,513		50,682

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Foreign currency values of outstanding direct external debt have been converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the respective dates indicated.

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Domestic Public Debt of the Central Government

The following table sets forth the outstanding domestic public debt of the central Government as of the dates indicated.

Domestic Public Debt of the Central Government


	As of December 31,		As of November 30,
	2018		2019^P
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
Total domestic public debt⁽¹⁾		2,608.2		2,986.8

Source: Ministry of Finance

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Excludes SBI, which are obligations of Bank Indonesia and not of the Government. See “— Financial System — Bank Indonesia.”

Domestic Debt Service Requirements of the Central Government

The following table sets forth the debt service requirements for the central Government for the years indicated.

Direct Domestic Debt Service Requirements of the Central Government


Period	Principal repayment and redemption		Interest repayment		Total
	(in trillions of Rupiah)
2018		374.9		177.1		552.1
2019*		405.0		207.7		612.7
2020**		257.4		213.7		471.1
2021**		259.3		199.4		458.7
2022**		202.9		178.5		381.4

Source: Ministry of Finance

*	Calculated based on (i) actual principal and interest payments made from January 1, 2019 to November 30, 2019 and (ii) projected principal and interest payments to be made from December 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 based on domestic debt outstanding as of November 30, 2019.

**	Projected based on domestic debt outstanding as of November 30, 2019.

Contingent Liabilities from Government Guarantees

As of September 30, 2019, the Government had accumulated Rp4.4 trillion in the guarantee reserve fund account.

The guarantee that the Government has provided to infrastructure projects includes:

•

Full default risk guarantees relating to the PT PLN loans for the construction of coal power plants with aggregate capacity of 10,000 MW and the associated transmission lines (Fast Track I program). Outstanding guarantees for this program amount to Rp24.8 trillion;

•

Partial default risk guarantees for local government-owned water companies’ loans in connection with the Millennium Development Goals in water provision. Outstanding guarantees for this program amount to Rp104.9 billion;

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•

Business viability guarantees to independent power producers on the ability of PT PLN to fulfill its financial obligations based on Power Purchase Agreements related to Fast Track II program. Guarantee exposure for this program amounts to Rp96.1 trillion;

•

Co-guarantee scheme between the Government and the Indonesia Infrastructure Guarantee Fund (“IIGF”) to guarantee PPP projects such as power plant projects (Central Java steam power plant) and several section of toll road projects (Jakarta Cikampek II Elevated, Cileunyi — Sumedang — Dawunan, Krian — Legundi — Bunder — Manyar, Serang — Panimbang, Probolinggo — Banyuwangi, and Jakarta Cikampek II Selatan). Guarantee exposure for this program amounts to Rp47.4 trillion;

•

Full default risk guarantees relating to PT Hutama Karya loans and bonds for the construction of Sumatera Toll Roads. Outstanding guarantees for this program amount to Rp21.7 trillion;

•

Guarantee for infrastructure financing through direct loans from International Financial Institutions to SOEs to finance infrastructure projects. Outstanding guarantees for this program amount to Rp20.7 trillion;

•

Full default risk guarantee relating to the PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) loans for construction of Light Rail Transit Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Bekasi. Outstanding guarantees for this program amounts to Rp970.1 billion;

•

Guarantee for local infrastructure financing through PT SMI. Outstanding guarantees for this program amount to Rp2.7 trillion; and

•

Full default risk guarantees relating to the PT PLN loans for the construction of electricity infrastructure (35 GW program). Outstanding guarantees for this program amount to Rp889 billion.

As of September 30, 2019, no claims from the foregoing guarantees have arisen.

Foreign Exchange and Reserves

Exchange Rates

From 1978 to 1997, Indonesia maintained a managed floating exchange rate system under which the Rupiah was linked to a basket of currencies, the composition of which was based on Indonesia’s main trading partners. Indonesia has adopted a free floating exchange rate system since August 1997, under which market forces determine the exchange rate for the Rupiah. See “— Monetary Policy.”

The following table sets forth information on exchange rates between the Rupiah and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated.

Exchange Rates


	Rupiah per U.S. dollar
	End of Period		Average
2014		12,385		11,876
2015		13,785		13,392
2016		13,473		13,305
2017		13,568		13,385
2018		14,380		14,246
2019		13,883		14,139

Source: Bank Indonesia

The Rupiah appreciated by 3.6% from Rp14,380 per U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2018 to Rp13,883 per U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2019. On average, the Rupiah appreciated by 0.8% from Rp14.246 per U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2018 to Rp14,139 per U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2019. The appreciation was in line with Indonesia’s economic fundamentals that remain in good condition with favorable national economic outlook as well as reduced uncertainty in global financial markets.

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International Reserves

The following table sets forth the Republic’s total official international reserves, expressed in (i) U.S. dollar equivalents and (ii) the number of months of imports and Government external debt repayments, in each case at the end of the periods indicated. These reserves consist of foreign exchange, gold, SDRs and a reserve position with the IMF. Indonesia complies with the IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard requirement on international reserves and foreign exchange currency liquidity.

Official International Reserves of the Republic⁽¹⁾


	As of December 31, 2018		As of November 30, 2019^P
	(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for months)
Gold		3,230		3,679
SDRs		1,533		1,531
Reserve position with the IMF		1,096		1,082
Foreign exchange and others		114,776		120,341

Total		120,654		126,633

Total as number of months of imports and Government external debt repayments		6.4		7.2

Source: Bank Indonesia

^P	Preliminary.

⁽¹⁾	Converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable BI middle exchange rates as of the respective dates indicated.

As of December 31, 2018, foreign reserves decreased to U.S.$120.7 billion, equivalent to 6.4 months of import coverage and government external debt service requirements. In addition, the coverage ratio is in excess of the recommended international adequacy ratio of 3.0 months of import coverage.

As of November 30, 2019, foreign reserves increased to U.S.$126.6 billion which is equal to 7.2 months of import coverage and government external debt service requirements. In addition, the coverage ratio is in excess of the recommended international adequacy ratio of 3.0 months of import coverage.

Debt-to-GDP Ratios

The following table sets forth the central government’s debt-to-GDP ratio and debt service to GDP ratio as of the dates indicated. Under the State Finances Law No. 17 of 2003, the Republic’s debt-to-GDP ratio must remain below 60%.

Debt-to-GDP Ratios


	As of December 31, 2018^L		As of November 30, 2019^P
	(percentages, unless indicated otherwise)
Debt-to-GDP ratio		29.8		30.0
Debt service to GDP ratio		5.1		4.6	⁽²⁾
Total public debt of the central Government (in billions of U.S.$)⁽¹⁾		308.1		341.4
—% in Loans		18.1		16.0
—% in Bonds		81.9		84.0

Source: Ministry of Finance, Bank Indonesia

⁽¹⁾	Outstanding foreign currency debt was converted to U.S. dollars using the BI middle exchange rate as of each period indicated in the table.

⁽²⁾	As of October 31, 2019.

^L	LKPP (Audited).

^P	Preliminary.

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Republic of Indonesia 18-K/AAnnual report (foreign governments) (amended)