Mid-Southern Bancorp 10K 2022 Annual report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

	For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022
	OR

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-38491

MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Indiana		82-4821705
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer I.D. Number)

300 North Water Street, Salem, Indiana		47167
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:		(812) 883-2639

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $.01 per share	MSVB	Nasdaq Stock Market LLC



Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:		None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ◻	Accelerated filer ◻	Non-accelerated filer ☒
Smaller reporting company ☒	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on an attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ⌧

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based upon the closing price of the registrant’s common stock of $13.61 per share as quoted on the Nasdaq Global Select Market System on June 30, 2022 was $35.4 million. (The exclusion from such amount of the market value of the shares owned by any person shall not be deemed an admission by the registrant

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that such person is an affiliate of the registrant.) As of March 10, 2023, there were 2,885,039 issued and outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (Part III).

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PART I		PAGE
Item 1.	Business	6
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	41
Item 2.	Properties	42
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	42
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	42

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	43
Item 6.	[RESERVED]	44
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	44
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	56
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	57
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	103
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	103
Item 9B.	Other Information	104
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	104


PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	104
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	104
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	104
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	105
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	105

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	106
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	107

Signatures		107

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by use of the words “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “could,” “should” and similar expressions of the future. Forward-looking statements also include, but are not limited to, statements regarding estimated cost savings, plans and objectives for future operations, and the Company’s business and growth strategies. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or implied by our forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to:

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changes in economic conditions, either nationally or in our market area;

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fluctuations in interest rates;

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the risks of lending and investing activities, including changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses;

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the possibility of other-than-temporary impairments of securities held in our securities portfolio;

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our ability to access cost-effective funding;

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fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties, and fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial and multi-family real estate market conditions in our market area;

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secondary market conditions for loans and our ability to originate loans for sale and sell loans in the secondary market;

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our ability to attract and retain deposits;

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our ability to successfully integrate any assets, liabilities, customers, systems, and management personnel we may acquire into our operations and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and expected cost savings and other benefits within the anticipated time frames or at all;

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legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business including changes in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules;

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monetary and fiscal policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) and the U.S. Government and other governmental initiatives affecting the financial services industry;

●

results of examinations of Mid-Southern Bancorp and Mid-Southern Savings Bank by their regulators, including the possibility that the regulators may, among other things, require us to increase our allowance for loan losses or to write-down assets, change Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s regulatory capital position or affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings;

●

our ability to control operating costs and expenses;

●

the use of estimates in determining fair value of certain of our assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation;

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difficulties in reducing risks associated with the loans on our balance sheet;

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●

staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our workforce and potential associated charges;

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disruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems or on the third-party vendors who perform several of our critical processing functions;

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our ability to retain key members of our senior management team;

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costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments;

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our ability to implement our business strategies;

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increased competitive pressures among financial services companies;

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changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

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the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions;

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our ability to pay dividends on our common stock;

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adverse changes in the securities markets;

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the inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;

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statements with respect to our intentions regarding disclosure and other changes resulting from the JOBS Act;

●

changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods; and

●

other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services including the potential effects of coronavirus on international trade (including supply chains and export levels), and the other risks described from time to time in our filings with the SEC.

Some of these and other factors are discussed in this report under the caption “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Such developments could have an adverse impact on our financial position and our results of operations.

Any of the forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs and assumptions at the time they are made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements included in this report or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking statements discussed in this report might not occur and you should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.

As used throughout this report, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company” refer to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB, unless the context otherwise requires.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

General

Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc., an Indiana corporation, is the savings and loan holding company of Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB (the “Bank” or “Mid-Southern Savings Bank”). On July 11, 2018, Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. completed a public offering and share exchange as part of the Bank’s “second step” conversion from the mutual holding company structure and the elimination of Mid-Southern, M.H.C. (the “Conversion”). Upon consummation of the Conversion, the Company became the holding company for the Bank and now owns all of the issued and outstanding shares of the Bank’s common stock. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report for more information.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had total assets of $269.2 million, total deposits of $206.1 million and stockholders’ equity of $33.3 million. The Company’s executive offices are located in Salem, Indiana. The Company is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted through the Bank which is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), its primary regulator, and by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), the insurer of its deposits. The Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC up to applicable legal limits under the Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF"). The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLB" or “FHLB of Indianapolis”) which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System (“FHLB System”).

Our Business

Our business activities are primarily conducted through Mid-Southern Savings Bank, a federally chartered savings bank headquartered in Salem, Indiana, which is located in Southern Indiana approximately 40 miles northwest of Louisville, Kentucky. Mid-Southern Savings Bank conducts business from its main office in Salem and through its branch offices located in Mitchell and Orleans, Indiana and loan production offices located in New Albany, Indiana and Louisville, Kentucky. Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s market area includes the Louisville-Jefferson County Metropolitan Statistical Area (“MSA” consisting of Clark, Floyd, Harrison, and Washington counties in Indiana and Bullitt, Henry, Jefferson, Meade, Nelson, Oldham, Shelby, Spencer and Trimble counties in Kentucky) plus Lawrence and Orange counties in Indiana, and, to a lesser extent, contiguous counties.

Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s principal business consists of originating one-to-four family residential real estate mortgage loans, including home equity lines of credit, commercial and multi-family real estate, and construction loans. We also offer commercial business and other consumer loans. We offer a variety of retail deposits to the general public in the areas surrounding our main office and our branch offices with interest rates that are competitive with those of similar products offered by other financial institutions in our market area. Our revenues are derived primarily from interest on loans and, to a lesser extent, interest on investment securities and mortgage-backed securities.

Our principal executive offices are located at 300 North Water Street, Salem, Indiana 47167 and our telephone number is (812) 883-2639. Our website address is www.mid-southern.com.

Human Capital

Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. values our employees, customers, vendors, marketplace and community. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 44 total employees and 40 full time employees, none of whom are represented by a collective bargaining unit. The Company believes its relationship with its employees is good. We continually strive to recognize the contributions of each individual to our organization, and we are committed to providing a welcoming culture of respect to all. The Company provides professional development opportunities and tuition reimbursement to employees and continually seeks to improve staff retention, career development and satisfaction. All employees are evaluated at least annually so that the individual receives feedback from his or her performance and to identify opportunities for improvement.

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In light of the recent events surrounding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic, the Company has been committed to providing a healthy and safe environment for our employees, our customers, our partners and our communities. In response to recommendations from federal, state and local health officials, we have deployed several protocols to mitigate risk, and we continually evaluate and update our protocols based upon the most-recent information available.

Market Area

We are headquartered in Salem, Indiana (Washington County). Salem is the county seat of Washington County and is located approximately 40 miles northwest of Louisville, Kentucky. We have a branch located in each of Mitchell, Indiana (Lawrence County) and Orleans, Indiana (Orange County) and loan production offices in New Albany, Indiana (Floyd County) and Louisville, Kentucky (Jefferson County). Our market area includes the Louisville-Jefferson County MSA, plus Lawrence and Orange counties in Indiana and extends into surrounding areas.

Based on the 2020 U.S. Census, the market area had an aggregate population of 1.3 million, growing 6.2% since 2010. The 2020 median household income in the market area is $56,932 which is lower than the national level of $64,994. The market area’s nonseasonally-adjusted unemployment rate as of December 2022 was 2.7%, which is lower than the national average of 3.3%, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Our market area provides a diversified economic and employment base in the manufacturing, service, healthcare, agricultural, and governmental sectors. The largest employers within the Louisville-Jefferson County MSA include a mix of healthcare, manufacturing, retail and educational services. Healthcare employs approximately 89,000 individuals or 14.2% of the workforce in the MSA, while manufacturing employs approximately 85,000 individuals or 13.6%. The largest employers include United Parcel Service, Jefferson County Public Schools, Norton Healthcare, Ford Motor Company and Humana Inc.

Orange County’s largest industry concentrations are in the manufacturing, accommodation/food services, healthcare and construction. A majority of the major employers in the county (including Electricom, Paoli Peaks, Wildwood Association, Walmart Supercenter, and IU Health Paoli Hospital) are located in the county seat of Paoli. The manufacturing section employs 25.4% of the county workforce, with accommodation/food services (driven by the French Lick and West Baden Springs resorts and casinos in French Lick) employing 14.2% of the workforce.

Lawrence County’s largest industry concentrations are in the manufacturing, healthcare, retail trade, and governmental sectors. A majority of the largest employers in the county (including GM Powertrain, IU Health Bedford Hospital, Walmart Supercenter and Stone Belt) are located in the county seat of Bedford. Lehigh Hanson, a leading supplier of cement and other building materials, operates a cement facility in Mitchell. Mitchell is located approximately ten miles south of Bedford.

Lending Activities

General. Our historical principal lending activity has been originating one-to-four family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial business loans, home equity lines of credit, construction and consumer loans. More recently, we have sought to increase our commercial real estate, commercial construction and commercial business lending in an effort to diversify our overall loan portfolio, increase the overall yield earned on our loans and assist in managing interest rate risk.

Our strategic plan continues to focus on residential real estate lending and to gradually increase our commercial real estate loans, commercial real estate construction loans and commercial business loans in our market area. As part of the commercial loan strategy, we seek to use our commercial relationships to grow our commercial transactional deposit accounts. While we generally retain in our portfolio all loans we originate, beginning in October 2019, we began brokering fixed-rate one-to-four family residential loans for sale in the secondary market.

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The following table presents information concerning the composition of our loan portfolio, by the type of loan as of the dates indicated:


	At December 31,
	2022				2021				2020				2019				2018
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent

	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate loans:
One-to-four family residential	$	64,747	44.3	%	$	64,098	51.6	%	$	66,130	57.6	%	$	71,606	57.4	%	$	80,322	62.9	%
Multi-family residential		8,271	5.7			9,385	7.6			8,964	7.8			9,260	7.4			7,054	5.5
Residential construction		1,156	0.8			1,406	1.1			2,083	1.8			367	0.3			—	—
Commercial real estate		48,590	33.2			36,678	29.5			30,171	26.3			32,311	25.9			27,153	21.3
Commercial real estate construction		6,691	4.6			1,632	1.3			851	0.7			2,867	2.3			5,100	4.0
Total real estate loans		129,455	88.6			113,199	91.1			108,199	94.2			116,411	93.3			119,629	93.7

Commercial business loans		14,675	10.0			8,804	7.1			5,212	4.5			6,456	5.2			5,939	4.6

Consumer loans		2,077	1.4			2,152	1.8			1,442	1.3			1,875	1.5			2,199	1.7

Total loans		146,207	100.0	%		124,155	100.0	%		114,853	100.0	%		124,742	100.0	%		127,767	100.0	%

Deferred loan origination fees and costs, net		(136)				(64)				(5)				28				30
Allowance for loan losses		(1,692)				(1,523)				(1,589)				(1,498)				(1,504)
Total loans, net	$	144,379			$	122,568			$	113,259			$	123,272			$	126,293

Loan Maturity Table

The following table illustrates the contractual maturity of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2022. Mortgages that have adjustable or renegotiable interest rates are shown as maturing in the period during which the contract is due. The total amount of loans due after December 31, 2023, which have fixed interest rates, is $16.7 million, while the total amount of loans due after such date, which have adjustable interest rates, is $113.5 million. The table does not reflect the effects of possible prepayments or enforcement of due-on-sale clauses.


	Real Estate Mortgage
	One-to-Four		Multi-		Residential				Commercial		Commercial
	Family		Family		Construction		Commercial		Construction		Business		Consumer		Total⁽¹⁾

	(In thousands)
Amounts due in:
One year or less⁽²⁾	$	3,960	$	424	$	927	$	4,465	$	900	$	4,328	$	911	$	15,915
More than one year to five years		11,774		1,613		40		10,294		1,493		8,841		1,105		35,160
More than five years		49,013		6,234		189		33,831		4,298		1,506		61		95,132
Total	$	64,747	$	8,271	$	1,156	$	48,590	$	6,691	$	14,675	$	2,077	$	146,207

(1)	Excludes net deferred loan origination fees and costs.

(2)	Includes demand loans, loans having no stated maturity and overdraft loans.

Largest Borrowing Relationships. At December 31, 2022, the maximum amount under federal law that we could lend to any one borrower and the borrower’s related entities was approximately $6.4 million. Our five largest lending relationships totaled $21.0 million in the aggregate, or 14.4% of our $146.2 million total loan portfolio, at December 31, 2022. The largest relationship at December 31, 2022 consisted of a $5.1 million loan collateralized by commercial real estate property. The next four largest lending relationships at December 31, 2022 were $3.2 million in loans with unfunded loan commitments totaling $1.5 million to commonly owned businesses collateralized by revenues generated by the underlying residential rental, commercial real estate and commercial business properties; a $4.5 million commercial business loan participation collateralized by revenues generated by the underlying commercial properties; $4.3 million in loans with unfunded loan commitments totaling $15,000 to commonly owned businesses collateralized by commercial

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real estate property; and a $3.9 million loan collateralized by commercial real estate. As of December 31, 2022, all of these loans were performing in accordance with their repayment terms.

One-to-Four Family Real Estate Lending. Our primary lending activity consists of the origination of loans secured by first mortgages on one-to-four family residences, substantially all of which are secured by property located in our geographic lending area. We originate primarily adjustable-rate loans. We have entered into loan brokering agreements with United Wholesale Mortgage (“UWM”) and Union Home Mortgage (“UHM”). Under the agreements we perform loan application and preliminary underwriting activities to determine if potential loans conform to the underwriting standards of Fannie Mae (“conforming”). Conforming loans are then funded by the brokers, and we receive a fee for services performed. Through these relationships, we brokered 51 loans in 2022 and 111 loans in 2021. Residential loans which do not conform to the underwriting standards of Fannie Mae ("non-conforming"), may be funded by us and held in our loan portfolio.

Most of our loans are underwritten using generally-accepted underwriting guidelines. Some one-to-four family loans we originate are retained in our portfolio. Our pricing strategy for mortgage loans includes establishing interest rates that are competitive with other local financial institutions and consistent with our internal asset and liability management objectives. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we originated $16.1 million of one-to-four family adjustable-rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans and $1.4 million of fixed-rate mortgage loans. At December 31, 2022, one-to-four family residential mortgage loans totaled $64.7 million, or 44.3%, of our total loan portfolio, of which $59.8 million were ARM loans and $4.9 million were fixed-rate loans.

A large portion of the one-to-four family residential mortgage loans we originate and retain in our portfolio consist of loans that would be considered non-conforming as it relates to the ability to sell to Fannie Mae or other secondary market purchasers. Some of these loans are also originated to meet the needs of borrowers who cannot otherwise satisfy Fannie Mae credit requirements because of personal and financial reasons which do not conform to Fannie Mae’s guidelines. Such borrowers may have higher debt-to-income ratios, or the loans are secured by unique properties in rural markets for which there are no sales of comparable properties to support the value according to secondary market requirements. We may require additional collateral or lower loan-to-value ratios to reduce the risk of these loans. As a community bank, we believe that these loans satisfy a need in our market area. As a result, subject to market conditions, we intend to continue to originate these types of loans.

We generally underwrite our one-to-four family loans based on the applicant’s employment and credit history and the appraised value of the subject property. We generally lend up to 80% of the lesser of the appraised value or purchase price for one-to-four family first mortgage loans and non-owner occupied first mortgage loans. At December 31, 2022 we had $21.4 million of non-owner occupied first mortgage loans. Properties securing our one-to-four family loans are generally appraised by independent fee appraisers who are selected in accordance with criteria approved by the board of directors. It is Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s policy to require title insurance policies on all mortgage real estate loans originated in the amount of $500,000 or more. Homeowners, liability, fire and, if required, flood insurance policies are also required for one-to-four family loans. Our real estate loans generally contain a “due on sale” clause allowing us to declare the unpaid principal balance due and payable upon the sale of the security property. The average size of our one-to-four family residential loans was approximately $83,000 at December 31, 2022.

Fixed-rate loans secured by one-to-four family residences have contractual maturities of up to 30 years. At December 31, 2022, we had no one-to-four family loans with an original contractual maturity in excess of 30 years.

Consumer-purpose ARM loans are offered with an initial fixed rate for up to five years. Adjustments and life-time rate caps that vary based on the product, generally have a maximum annual rate change of 2.25% and a maximum overall rate change of 6.00%. Commercial-purpose ARM loans generally have negotiated structures as it relates to rate floors, caps and margins over an index. We generally use the rate on the five-year Treasury Bills to re-price our ARM loans, however, as a consequence of using caps, the interest rates on ARM loans may not be as rate-sensitive as our cost of funds. Furthermore, because loan indexes may not respond perfectly to changes in market interest rates, upward adjustments on loans may occur more slowly than increases in our cost of interest-bearing liabilities, especially during periods of rapidly increasing interest rates. Because of these characteristics, yields on ARM loans may not be sufficient to offset increases in our cost of funds.

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Included in our one-to-four family loans are manufactured home loans that are considered a permanent dwelling. We originate new and used manufactured home loans to borrowers who intend to use the home as a primary residence. Our weighted average yield on manufactured home loans at December 31, 2022 was 4.97%, compared to 4.67% for one-to-four family mortgages. At December 31, 2022, these loans totaled $4.7 million, or 3.2% of our total loan portfolio. We underwrite these loans based on our review of creditworthiness of the borrower, including credit scores, and the value of the collateral, for which we hold a security interest under Indiana law.

Manufactured home loans are higher risk than loans secured by residential real property, though this risk is reduced if the owner also owns the land on which the home is located. A small portion of our manufactured home loans involve properties on which we also have financed the land for the owner. The primary additional risk in manufactured home loans is the difficulty in obtaining adequate value for the collateral due to the cost and limited ability to move the collateral. In addition to the cost of moving a manufactured home, it is difficult for these borrowers to find a new location for their home. First-time homebuyers of manufactured homes tend to be a higher credit risk than first-time homebuyers of single-family residences, due to more limited financial resources. We attempt to work out delinquent loans with the borrower and, if that is not successful, any manufactured homes serving as collateral are repossessed and sold. At December 31, 2022, there were $93,000 in nonperforming manufactured home loans and no manufactured home properties in our other real estate owned ("OREO") or repossessed assets portfolio.

Home Equity Lending. We originate home equity loans and home equity lines of credit. We originate home equity loans and lines of credit in amounts of up to 80% of the value of the collateral, minus any senior liens on the property. Home equity lines of credit are typically originated with an adjustable rate of interest, based on the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus a margin. Home equity lines of credit generally have up to a ten-year draw period, during which time the funds may be paid down and redrawn up to the committed amount. Once the draw period has lapsed, the home equity line of credit matures with all moneys owed being due and payable. At December 31, 2022, home equity lines of credit totaled $2.2 million, or 1.5% of our total loan portfolio. At December 31, 2022, unfunded commitments on these lines of credit totaled $4.7 million.

Commercial and Multi-Family Real Estate Lending. We offer a variety of commercial real estate and multi-family loans. Most of these loans are secured by commercial income-producing properties, including retail centers, multi-family apartment buildings, warehouses, and office buildings located in our market area. At December 31, 2022, commercial and multi-family loans totaled $56.9 million, or 38.9% of our total loan portfolio.

Our loans secured by commercial and multi-family real estate are generally originated with a variable interest rate, fixed for a five, seven or ten-year term and a 20-year amortization period. At the end of the initial term, there is a balloon payment or the loan re-prices every one to five years during the remaining term based on an independent index matching the ongoing repricing term plus a margin of 1.0% to 4.0%. Loan-to-value ratios on our commercial and multi-family loans typically do not exceed 80% of the lower of cost or appraised value of the property securing the loan at origination.

Loans secured by commercial and multi-family real estate are generally underwritten based on the net operating income of the property, global cash flow of the borrower, quality of the real estate, the credit history and financial strength of the borrower and the quality of management involved with the property. The net operating income or global cash flow of the borrower must be sufficient to cover the payments related to the outstanding debt plus an additional coverage requirement. We generally impose a minimum project debt coverage ratio of approximately 1.2x for the borrower or 1.35x global cash flow. The global cash flow takes into consideration the living expenses of the persons involved in the request and tax obligations. For originated loans secured by income producing commercial properties, if the borrower is other than an individual, we generally require the personal guaranty of the borrower. We also generally require an assignment of rents or leases in order to be assured that the cash flow from the project will be used to repay the debt. Appraisals on properties securing commercial and multi-family loans are performed by independent state certified or licensed fee appraisers and approved by the Directors’ Loan Committee. In order to monitor the adequacy of cash flows on income-producing properties, the borrower is required to provide, at a minimum, annual financial information. From time to time, we also acquire participation interests in commercial and multi-family loans originated by other financial institutions secured by properties located in our market area or in the general proximity of our market area.

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Historically, loans secured by commercial and multi-family properties generally involve different credit risks than one-to-four family properties, including the fact they cannot be sold as easily on the secondary market. These loans typically involve larger balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Because payments on loans secured by commercial and multi-family properties are often dependent on the successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be subject to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. If the cash flow from the project is reduced, or if leases are not obtained or renewed, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Commercial and multi-family loans also expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by one-to-four family because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be sold as easily as one-to-four family. In addition, some of our commercial and multi-family loans are not fully amortizing and contain large balloon payments upon maturity. Balloon payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property in order to make the payment, which may increase the risk of default or non-payment. Our largest single commercial and multi-family borrowing relationship at December 31, 2022, totaled $5.1 million and is collateralized by commercial real estate properties. At December 31, 2022, this loan was performing in accordance with its repayment terms.

Construction Lending. We originate construction loans secured by single-family residences and commercial and multi-family real estate. We also originate land and lot loans, which are secured by raw land or developed lots on which the borrower intends to build a residence, and land acquisition and development loans. At December 31, 2022, our construction loans, including land and lot loans and land acquisition and development loans totaled $7.8 million, or 5.4% of our total loan portfolio. At December 31, 2022, unfunded construction loan commitments totaled $5.6 million.

We originate construction loans to individuals and contractors for the construction and acquisition of personal residences whether or not the collateral property underlying the loan is under contract for sale. At December 31, 2022, construction loans to contractors for homes that were not pre-sold totaled $752,000 and are classified as commercial real estate construction loans.

Our residential construction loans generally provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is typically up to twelve months. We typically convert construction loans to individuals to permanent loans on completion of construction but if Mid-Southern Savings Bank does not intend to provide the permanent financing, we require a take-out financing commitment prior to origination. At the end of the construction phase, the construction loan generally either converts to a longer-term mortgage loan or is paid off through a permanent loan from another lender. Residential construction loans are made up to the lesser of a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 90% of cost or 80% of appraised value at completion.

At December 31, 2022, residential construction mortgage loans to individuals totaled $1.2 million. Before making a commitment to fund a residential construction loan, we require an appraisal of the subject property by an independent licensed appraiser. During the construction phase, we make periodic inspections of the construction site and loan proceeds are disbursed directly to the contractors or borrowers as construction progresses. Typically, disbursements are made in monthly draws during the construction period. Loan proceeds are disbursed after inspection based on the percentage of completion method. We also require general liability, builder’s risk hazard insurance, title insurance (loans in excess of $500,000), and flood insurance (as applicable, for properties located or to be built in a designated flood hazard area) on all construction loans.

We also originate developed lot and land loans to individuals intending to construct in the future a residence on the property. We will generally originate these loans in an amount up to 80% of the lower of the purchase price or appraisal. These lot and land loans are secured by a first lien on the property and have a fixed rate of interest with an initial term of five years or less and a maximum amortization of 20 years. At December 31, 2022, we had five lot and land loans to individuals totaling $205,000.

We make land acquisition and development loans to experienced home builders or residential lot developers in our market area. The maximum loan-to-value limit applicable to these loans is generally 80% of the appraised market value upon completion of the project. We do not require any cash equity from the borrower if there is sufficient equity in the land being used as collateral. Development plans are required from developers prior to making the loan. Our loan officers are required to personally visit the proposed site of the development. We require that developers maintain adequate insurance coverage. Land acquisition and development loans generally are originated with a loan term up to 24 months,

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have adjustable rates of interest based on the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate and require interest only payments during the term of the loan. Development loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspection by our approved inspectors warrant. We also require these loans to be paid on an accelerated basis as the lots are sold, so that we are repaid before all the lots are sold. At December 31, 2022, we had $4.1 million in land acquisition and development loans within our commercial real estate and construction loan portfolios. At December 31, 2022, our largest land acquisition and development relationship consisted of one loan totaling $1.4 million, secured by single family residential lots located in our market area. At December 31, 2022, this loan relationship was performing in accordance with its repayment terms. At December 31, 2022, unfunded loan commitments related to land acquisition and development totaled $2.5 million.

We also offer commercial and multi-family construction loans. These loans are underwritten with construction financing for up to 12 months under terms similar to our residential construction loans. On completion of the construction period the loan by its terms converts to a permanent commercial real estate loan with terms similar to our other permanent commercial and multi-family real estate loans. At December 31, 2022, we had $6.7 million in commercial and multi-family construction loans.

Construction and land financing is generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than longer-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction costs is inaccurate, we may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property and may have to hold the property for an indeterminate period of time. Additionally, if the estimate of value is inaccurate, we may be confronted with a project that, when completed, has a value that is insufficient to generate full payment. Land loans also pose additional risk because of the lack of income being produced by the property and the potential illiquid nature of the collateral. The value of the lots securing our loans may be affected by the success of the development in which they are located. As a result, construction loans and land loans often involve the disbursement of funds with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or refinance the indebtedness, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. The nature of these loans is also such that they are generally more difficult to monitor. In addition, speculative construction loans to a builder are often associated with homes that are not pre-sold, and thus pose a greater potential risk than construction loans to individuals on their personal residences.

Consumer Lending. We offer a variety of secured consumer loans, including new and used manufactured homes, automobiles, boats and recreational vehicle loans, and loans secured by savings deposits. We also offer unsecured consumer loans. We originate our consumer loans primarily in our market area. All of our consumer loans are originated on a direct basis.

We make loans on new and used automobiles. Our automobile loan portfolio totaled $884,000 at December 31, 2022, or 42.6% of our consumer loan portfolio and 0.6% of our total loan portfolio. Automobile loans may be written for a term of up to 72 months and have fixed rates of interest. Loan-to-value ratios are generally up to 100% of the purchase price for qualified borrowers if the Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) credit score is 700 or greater of either the borrower or co-borrower and the debt-to-income ratio is 35% or less. Borrowers who do not meet these criteria but still qualify in accordance with our underwriting guidelines may borrow up to 80% of the purchase price. We follow our internal underwriting guidelines in evaluating automobile loans, including credit scoring, verification of employment, reviewing debt-to-income ratios and valuation of the underlying collateral.

Our consumer loans also include loans secured by new and used manufactured homes not considered permanent dwellings, new and used boats, motorcycles and recreational vehicles, loans secured by deposits and unsecured personal loans, all of which, at December 31, 2022, totaled $1.2 million or 57.4% of our consumer loan portfolio and 0.8% of our total loan portfolio. These loans typically have terms from five to ten years depending on the collateral and loan-to-value ratios up to 80% and have either fixed or adjustable interest rates.

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Our unsecured consumer loans have either a fixed rate of interest generally for a maximum term of 36 months, or are revolving lines of credit of generally up to $25,000. At December 31, 2022, there were no outstanding loans or unfunded commitments for unsecured consumer lines of credit.

Consumer loans (other than our manufactured homes) generally have shorter terms to maturity, which reduces our exposure to changes in interest rates. In addition, management believes that offering consumer loan products helps to expand and create stronger ties to our existing customer base by increasing the number of customer relationships and providing cross-marketing opportunities.

Consumer loans generally entail greater risk than do one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are secured by rapidly depreciable assets, such as manufactured homes, automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles. In these cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. As a result, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and, thus, are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy.

Commercial Business Lending. At December 31, 2022, commercial business loans totaled $14.7 million, or 10.0% of our total loan portfolio. Substantially all of our commercial business loans have been to borrowers in our market area. Our commercial business lending activities encompass loans with a variety of purposes and security, including loans to finance commercial vehicles and equipment. Approximately $634,000 of our commercial business loans at December 31, 2022 were unsecured. Our commercial business lending policy includes credit file documentation and analysis of the borrower’s background, capacity to repay the loan, the adequacy of the borrower’s capital and collateral, as well as an evaluation of other conditions affecting the borrower. Analysis of the borrower’s past, present and future cash flows is also an important aspect of our credit analysis. We generally require personal guarantees on both our secured and unsecured commercial business loans. Nonetheless, commercial business loans are believed to carry higher credit risk than residential mortgage loans.

Our interest rates on commercial business loans are dependent on the type of lending. Our secured commercial business loans typically have a loan-to-value ratio of up to 80% and are term loans ranging from three to five years. Secured commercial business term loans generally have a fixed rate. In addition, we typically charge loan fees of 0.25% to 2.0% of the principal amount at origination, depending on the credit quality and account relationships of the borrower. Business lines of credit are usually adjustable-rate and are based on the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 0% to 3.75%, and are generally originated with both a floor and ceiling to the interest rate. Our business lines of credit have terms ranging from 12 months to 24 months and provide for interest-only monthly payments during the term.

Our commercial business loans are primarily made based on the cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The borrower’s cash flow may be unpredictable, and collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most often, this collateral is accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or real estate. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Other collateral securing loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise, may be illiquid and may fluctuate in value based on the specific type of business and equipment used. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial business loans may be substantially dependent on the success of the business itself (which, in turn, is often dependent in part upon general economic conditions).

Lending Authority. Both our President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Executive Vice President and Senior Loan Officer may individually approve unsecured loans up to $100,000 and all types of secured loans up to $200,000. The Lending Group, consisting of the CEO and Senior Loan Officer, may collectively approve unsecured loans up to $150,000 and all types of secured loans up to $1.0 million. All approvals by the Lending Group must be ratified by the Directors’ Loan Committee. The Directors’ Loan Committee approves unsecured loans up to $500,000 and secured loans up to $2.0 million. Any loans over the Directors’ Loan Committee limit must be approved by the full board of directors. All loan policy exceptions must be approved by the Directors’ Loan Committee, the Lending Group, the CEO or the Senior Loan Officer up to the committee’s, Lending Group’s, CEO’s or Senior Loan Officer’s lending authority. All policy exception loans of $10,000 or more must be reported to the board of directors within 45 days.

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Loan Originations, Purchases, Sales, Repayments and Servicing

We originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans. Our ability to originate loans, however, is dependent upon customer demand for loans in our market area. Over the past few years, we have continued to originate residential and consumer loans, and increased our emphasis on commercial and multi-family, construction and land, and commercial business lending. Demand is affected by competition and the interest rate environment. During the past few years, we, like many other financial institutions, have experienced significant prepayments on loans due to the low interest rate environment prevailing in the United States. We underwrite participations to the same standards as an internally-originated loan.

In addition to interest earned on loans and loan origination fees, we receive fees for loan commitments, late payments and other miscellaneous services.

Asset Quality

When a borrower fails to make a required payment on a one-to-four family loan, we attempt to cure the delinquency by contacting the borrower. In the case of loans secured by a one-to-four family property, a late notice typically is sent 15 days after the due date, and the borrower is contacted by phone within 30 days after the due date. Generally, a delinquency letter is mailed to the borrower. All delinquent accounts are reviewed by a loan account executive or branch manager who attempts to cure the delinquency by contacting the borrower once the loan is 30 days past due. If the account becomes 90 days delinquent and an acceptable repayment plan has not been agreed upon, we generally refer the account to legal counsel with instructions to prepare a notice of intent to foreclose.

Delinquent consumer loans, as well as delinquent home equity loans and lines of credit, are handled in a similar manner to one-to-four family loans, except that appropriate action may be taken to collect any loan payment that is delinquent for more than 15 days. Once the loan is 90 days past due, it is classified as nonaccrual. Generally, credits are charged-off at 120 days past due. Our procedures for repossession and sale of consumer collateral are subject to various requirements under the applicable consumer protection laws as well as other applicable laws and the determination by us that it would be beneficial from a cost basis.

Delinquent loans are initially handled by the loan officer in charge of the loan, who is responsible for contacting the borrower. In addition, management meets weekly and reviews past due and classified loans, as well as other loans that management feels may present possible collection problems, which are reported to the board on a monthly basis. If an acceptable workout of a delinquent loan cannot be agreed upon, we generally initiate foreclosure or repossession proceedings on any collateral securing the loan.

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Delinquent Loans

Nonperforming Assets. The table below sets forth the recorded investment amounts and categories of nonperforming assets in our loan portfolio. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when the collection of principal and/or interest become doubtful or when the loan is more than 90 days past due. Foreclosed assets include assets acquired in settlement of loans. We had no accruing loans 90 days or more delinquent for the periods reported.


	December 31,
	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018

	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-accruing loans
Real estate loans
One-to-four family residential	$	732		$	735		$	1,160		$	947		$	978
Multi-family residential		—			—			—			—			—
Residential construction		—			—			—			—			—
Commercial real estate		—			15			96			235			313
Commercial real estate construction		—			—			—			—			—
Total real estate loans		732			750			1,256			1,182			1,291

Commercial business loans		—			—			—			—			4

Consumer loans		—			3			—			—			—
Total non-accruing loans		732			753			1,256			1,182			1,295

Foreclosed real estate
One-to-four family residential		—			—			—			—			—
Commercial real estate		—			—			—			—			—
Total foreclosed real estate		—			—			—			—			—

Repossessed automobiles, recreational vehicles		—			—			—			—			—

Total nonperforming assets	$	732		$	753		$	1,256		$	1,182		$	1,295

Total nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets		0.3	%		0.3	%		0.5	%		0.6	%		0.6	%

Troubled debt restructured loans (excluding those on nonaccrual status)
Real estate loans
One-to-four family residential	$	298		$	306		$	329		$	484		$	879
Commercial real estate		125			155			185			365			439
Total real estate loans		423			461			514			849			1,318

Commercial business loans		279			328			382			412			467

Consumer loans		—			—			—			—			—

Total	$	702		$	789		$	896		$	1,261		$	1,785

For the year ended December 31, 2022, total interest income that would have been recorded had the nonaccrual loans been current in accordance with their original terms amounted to $38,000, all of which was excluded from interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans. Troubled debt restructurings, which are accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-40, are loans which have renegotiated loan terms to assist borrowers who are unable to meet the original terms of their loans. Such modifications to loan terms may include a lower interest rate, a reduction in principal, or a longer term to maturity. At December 31, 2022 and 2021 we had a recorded investment of $702,000 and $789,000, respectively, of loans that were classified as troubled debt restructurings and still on accrual. Included in

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nonperforming loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were troubled debt restructured loans of $85,000 and $101,000 respectively.

Foreclosed Assets. We owned no OREO or other repossessed assets at December 31, 2022.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities considered by the OCC to be of lesser quality, as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose Mid-Southern Savings Bank to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are required to be designated as special mention.

When we classify problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, we may establish specific allowance for loan losses in an amount deemed prudent by management. Our determination as to the classification of our assets and the amount of our valuation allowances is subject to review by the OCC and the FDIC, which may order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

We regularly review the problem assets in our portfolio to determine whether any assets require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. On the basis of management’s review of our assets, at December 31, 2022, we had classified a recorded investment of $732,000 of our assets as substandard, which represented a variety of outstanding loans. Classified assets totaled $732,000, or 2.2% of our equity capital and 0.3% of our assets at December 31, 2022 and $976,000, or 2.1% of our equity capital and 0.4% of our assets at December 31, 2021. We had $3.4 million of our assets classified as special mention at December 31, 2022 and $87,000 classified as special mention as of December 31, 2021.

Allowance for Loan Losses. We maintain an allowance for loan losses to absorb probable loan losses in the loan portfolio. The allowance is based on ongoing assessments of the estimated probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio. In evaluating the level of the allowance for loan losses, management considers the types of loans and the amount of loans in the loan portfolio, peer group information, historical loss experience, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as one-to-four family, small commercial and multi-family, home equity and consumer loans, are evaluated in the aggregate using historical loss factors and peer group data adjusted for current economic conditions.

Our allowance for loan losses totaled $1.7 million, representing 1.2% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and $1.5 million and 1.2%, respectively, at December 31, 2021. Specific valuation reserves totaled $35,000 and $40,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Assessing the allowance for loan losses is inherently subjective as it requires making material estimates, including the amount and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change. In the opinion of management, the allowance, when taken as a whole, properly reflects estimated probable loan losses in our loan portfolio. See Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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The following table sets forth an analysis of our allowance for loan losses at the dates indicated:


	December 31,
	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018

	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,523		$	1,589		$	1,498		$	1,504		$	1,723
Charge-offs:
One-to-four family residential		3			6			14			58			182
Multi-family residential		—			—			—			—			—
Construction		—			—			—			—			—
Commercial real estate		—			—			—			—			—
Commercial business		—			21			21			—			2
Consumer		19			13			18			17			16
Total charge-offs		22			40			53			75			200

Recoveries:
One-to-four family residential		51			46			4			48			162
Multi-family residential		—			—			—			—			—
Construction		—			—			—			—			1
Commercial real estate		—			—			—			—			—
Commercial business		—			42			—			—			2
Consumer		5			6			8			9			16
Total recoveries		56			94			12			57			181
Net recoveries (charge-offs)		34			54			(41)			(18)			(19)
Provision (credit) for loan losses		135			(120)			132			12			(200)
Balance at end of period	$	1,692		$	1,523		$	1,589		$	1,498		$	1,504

Net charge-offs during the period as a percentage of average loans outstanding during the period		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%

Net charge-offs (recoveries) during the period as a percentage of average nonperforming assets		(4.6)	%		(5.4)	%		3.4	%		1.5	%		1.1	%

Allowance as a percentage of nonperforming assets		231.1	%		202.3	%		126.5	%		126.7	%		116.1	%
Allowance as a percentage of total loans (end of period)		1.2	%		1.2	%		1.4	%		1.2	%		1.2	%

The recorded investment in nonperforming loans decreased to $732,000 at December 31, 2022 from $753,000 at December 31, 2021. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 1.2% at both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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The distribution of our allowance for losses on loans at the dates indicated is summarized as follows:


	December 31,
					Percent of						Percent of						Percent of						Percent of						Percent of
			Percent of		Loans In				Percent of		Loans In				Percent of		Loans In				Percent of		Loans In				Percent of		Loans In
			Allowance		Category				Allowance		Category				Allowance		Category				Allowance		Category				Allowance		Category
	2022		To Total		To Total		2021		To Total		To Total		2020		To Total		To Total		2019		To Total		To Total		2018		To Total		To Total
	Amount		Loans		Loans		Amount		Loans		Loans		Amount		Loans		Loans		Amount		Loans		Loans		Amount		Loans		Loans

	(Dollars in thousands)
Allocated at end of period to:
One-to-four family residential	$	705	0.5	%	44.3	%	$	873	0.7	%	51.6	%	$	992	0.9	%	57.6	%	$	955	0.8	%	57.4	%	$	1,012	0.8	%	62.9	%
Multi-family residential		86	0.1		5.7			102	0.1		7.6			98	0.1		7.8			83	0.1		7.4			59	—		5.5
Construction		18	—		5.4			25	—		2.4			55	—		2.5			44	—		2.6			48	—		4.0
Commercial real estate		650	0.5		33.2			363	0.3		29.5			306	0.3		26.3			289	0.2		25.9			259	0.2		21.3
Commercial business		199	0.1		10.0			127	0.1		7.1			113	0.1		4.5			102	0.1		5.2			98	0.1		4.6
Consumer		34	—		1.4			33	—		1.8			25	—		1.3			25	—		1.5			28	—		1.7
Total	$	1,692	1.2	%	100.0	%	$	1,523	1.2	%	100.0	%	$	1,589	1.4	%	100.0	%	$	1,498	1.2	%	100.0	%	$	1,504	1.1	%	100.0	%

Investment Activities

Federal savings banks have the authority to invest in various types of liquid assets, including United States Treasury obligations, securities of various federal agencies, including callable agency securities, certain certificates of deposit of insured banks and savings institutions, certain bankers’ acceptances, repurchase agreements and federal funds. Subject to various restrictions, federal savings banks may also invest their assets in investment grade commercial paper and corporate debt securities and mutual funds whose assets conform to the investments that the institution is otherwise authorized to make directly.

Specific investment strategies are formulated by the ALCO committee. The ALCO committee is composed of Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s executive management team. The board of directors will review and approve these investment strategies and then can delegate the authority to execute to ALCO. In addition to authorizing and approving the investment policy, the board of directors has the responsibility for the approval of strategies and for monitoring the investment portfolio of Mid-Southern Savings Bank. Investment activities will be conducted in accordance with Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s policy and consistent with Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s asset/liability management policy. The board of directors has the ultimate responsibility for establishing policy and monitoring management’s compliance with the policy. The President is responsible for all investment executions in the portfolio. Mid-Southern Savings Bank retains the services of an investment advisor to provide advice to and consult with the board and ALCO on various investment strategies.

The ALCO committee considers various factors when making strategic recommendations to the board of directors including the marketability, maturity and tax consequences of the proposed investment. The maturity structure of investments will be affected by various market conditions, including the current and anticipated slope of the yield curve, the level of interest rates, the trend of new deposit inflows, and the anticipated demand for funds via deposit withdrawals and loan originations and purchases.

The general objectives of our investment portfolio will be to provide liquidity when loan demand is high, to assist in maintaining earnings when loan demand is low and to maximize earnings while satisfactorily managing risk, including credit risk, reinvestment risk, liquidity risk and interest rate risk. Our investment quality will emphasize safer investments with the yield on those investments secondary to not taking unnecessary risk with the available funds. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Asset/Liability Management.”

As a condition of membership at the FHLB, we are required to purchase and hold a certain amount of FHLB stock. At December 31, 2022, we owned $1.8 million in FHLB stock. Our stock purchase requirement is based, in part, upon the outstanding principal balance of advances from the FHLB. FHLB stock has a par value of $100, and is carried at cost.

The composition of our investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2022, excluding FHLB stock, is as follows: Federal agency mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $34.5 million and a fair value of $30.4 million, U.S. Treasury securities with an amortized cost of $9.8 million and a fair value of $9.4 million, U.S.

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Government agency securities with an amortized cost of $2.0 million and a fair value of $1.8 million and municipal bonds with an amortized cost of $73.4 million and a fair value of $63.7 million.

We review investment securities on an ongoing basis for the presence of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) taking into consideration current market conditions, fair value in relationship to cost, extent and nature of the change in fair value, issuer rating changes and trends, whether we intend to sell a security or if it is likely that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost basis of the investment, which may be maturity, and other factors. For debt securities, if we intend to sell the security or it is likely that we will be required to sell the security before recovering its cost basis, the entire impairment loss would be recognized in earnings as an OTTI. If we do not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security but we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, only the portion of the impairment loss representing credit losses would be recognized in earnings. The credit loss on a security is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected.

Projected cash flows are discounted by the original or current effective interest rate depending on the nature of the security being measured for potential OTTI. The remaining impairment related to all other factors, the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value, is recognized as a charge to other comprehensive income (loss). Impairment losses related to all other factors are presented as separate categories within other comprehensive income (loss).

At December 31, 2022, we held no investment securities for which declines in value are considered other-than-temporary. It is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the securities before anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost basis. We closely monitor our investment securities for changes in credit risk. If market conditions deteriorate and we determine our holdings of these or other investment securities are OTTI, our future earnings, stockholders’ equity, regulatory capital and continuing operations could be materially adversely affected.

The following table sets forth the composition of our securities portfolio and other investments at the dates indicated. At December 31, 2022, our securities portfolio did not contain securities of any issuer with an aggregate carrying value in excess of 10% of our equity capital, excluding those issued by the United States Government or its agencies.


	December 31,
	2022				2021				2020
	Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair
	Cost		Value		Cost		Value		Cost		Value

	(In thousands)
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,840	$	9,439	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government agency obligations		1,996		1,813		—		—		—		—
Municipal obligations		73,442		63,716		68,366		71,662		62,497		66,445
Mortgage-backed		34,490		30,383		36,137		35,631		37,682		38,011
Total available for sale		119,768		105,351		104,503		107,293		100,179		104,456

Securities held to maturity:
Mortgage-backed		17		17		21		21		31		31
Total held to maturity		17		17		21		21		31		31

Restricted equity securities:
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		1,778		1,778		778		778		778		778

Total securities	$	121,563	$	107,146	$	105,302	$	108,092	$	100,988	$	105,265

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Maturity of Securities

The composition and contractual maturities of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2022, excluding Federal Home Loan Bank stock, are indicated in the following table. Weighted average yields on tax exempt securities are presented on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal marginal tax rate of 21%. Certain mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations, have adjustable interest rates and will reprice annually within the various maturity ranges. These repricing schedules are not reflected in the table below.


					More than One Year to				More than Five Years to
	One Year or Less				Five Years				Ten Years				More than Ten Years				Total
			Weighted				Weighted				Weighted				Weighted				Weighted
	Carrying		Average		Carrying		Average		Carrying		Average		Carrying		Average		Carrying		Average
	Value		Yield		Value		Yield		Value		Yield		Value		Yield		Value		Yield

	(Dollars in thousands)
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	—	%	$	9,439	1.91	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	9,439	1.91	%
U.S. Government agency obligations		—	—	%		—	—	%		1,813	2.92	%		—	—	%		1,813	2.92	%
Municipal obligations		2,240	1.89	%		4,623	2.75	%		3,479	3.72	%		53,374	3.20	%		63,716	3.15	%
Mortgage-backed securities		232	1.53	%		313	4.41	%		2,883	3.52	%		26,955	1.98	%		30,383	2.14	%
Total available for sale	$	2,472	1.86	%	$	14,375	0.98	%	$	8,175	2.79	%	$	80,329	2.79	%	$	105,351	2.54	%

Securities held to maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	11	3.41	%	$	6	5.59	%	$	17	4.24	%
Total held to maturity	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	11	3.41	%	$	6	5.59	%	$	17	4.24	%

Sources of Funds

General. Our sources of funds are primarily deposits, borrowings, payments of principal and interest on loans and funds provided from operations.

Deposits. We offer a variety of deposit accounts to both consumers and businesses having a wide range of interest rates and terms. Our deposits consist of savings accounts, money market deposit accounts, demand accounts and certificates of deposit. We solicit deposits primarily in our market area; however, at December 31, 2022, approximately 6.0% of our deposits were from persons outside the state of Indiana. As of December 31, 2022, core deposits, which we define as our non-certificate or non-time deposit accounts, represented approximately 71.4% of total deposits, compared to 78.2% as of December 31, 2021. We primarily rely on competitive pricing policies, marketing and customer service to attract and retain these deposits and we expect to continue these practices in the future.

The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market and prevailing interest rates and competition. The variety of deposit accounts we offer has allowed us to be competitive in obtaining funds and to respond with flexibility to changes in consumer demand. We have become more susceptible to short-term fluctuations in deposit flows as customers have become more interest rate conscious. We manage the pricing of our deposits in keeping with our asset/liability management, liquidity and profitability objectives, subject to competitive factors. Based on our experience, we believe that our deposits are relatively stable sources of funds. Despite this stability, our ability to attract and maintain these deposits and the rates paid on them has been and will continue to be significantly affected by market conditions.

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We are a public funds depository and as of December 31, 2022, we had $15.6 million in public funds. These funds consisted of $4.9 million in certificates of deposit and savings accounts and $10.7 million in checking accounts at December 31, 2022.


	December 31,
	2022						2021				2020
			Percent		Increase/				Percent				Percent
	Amount		of Total		(Decrease)		Amount		of Total		Amount		of Total

	(Dollars in thousands)
Noninterest bearing checking	$	28,232	13.7	%	$	(370)	$	28,602	14.5	%	$	25,939	14.9	%
Interest bearing checking		60,828	29.6			3,834		56,994	29.0			51,522	29.6
Savings and money market		58,212	28.2			(10,191)		68,403	34.7			52,779	30.3
Time deposits:
Maturing:
Within one year		33,032	16.0			11,691		21,341	10.8			22,610	13.0
After one year, but within two years		15,989	7.8			6,231		9,758	5.0			9,809	5.6
After two years, but within five years		9,771	4.7			(2,000)		11,771	6.0			11,454	6.6
Maturing thereafter		—	—			(15)		15	—			—	—
Total⁽¹⁾	$	206,064	100.0	%	$	9,180	$	196,884	100.0	%	$	174,113	100.0	%

(1)	Includes $5.0 million in brokered deposits as of December 31, 2022.

Jumbo Certificates

The following table indicates the amount of our jumbo certificates of deposit by time remaining until maturity as of December 31, 2022. Jumbo certificates of deposit are certificates in amounts of $100,000 or more.


Maturity Period	Total
	(In thousands)
Three months or less	$	2,820
Over three through six months		4,633
Over six through twelve months		6,409
Over twelve months		13,755
Total	$	27,617

Deposit Maturities

The following table sets forth the amount and maturities of time deposits categorized by rates at December 31, 2022.


	Amount due
			After 1 Year		After 3 Years
			Through 3		Through 5		After 5				Percent
	Within 1 year		Years		Years		Years		Total		of Total

	(Dollars in thousands)
0.00 - 0.99%	$	10,638	$	7,176	$	3,786	$	—	$	21,600	36.7	%
1.00 - 1.99%		12,697		3,867		1,545		—		18,109	30.8	%
2.00 - 2.99%		9,697		9,386		—		—		19,083	32.5	%
Total certificates of deposit	$	33,032	$	20,429	$	5,331	$	—	$	58,792	100.0	%

Borrowings. Although deposits are our primary source of funds, we may utilize borrowings as a cost-effective source of funds when they can be invested at a positive interest rate spread, for additional capacity to fund loan demand,

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or to meet our asset/liability management goals. Our borrowings currently consist of advances from the FHLB. See Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

We are a member of the FHLB of Indianapolis, which is part of the FHLB System. The eleven regional FHLBs provide a central credit facility for their member institutions. We may use advances from the FHLB of Indianapolis to supplement our supply of investable funds. The FHLB functions as a central reserve bank providing credit for its member financial institutions. As a member, we are required to own capital stock in the FHLB and are authorized to apply for advances on the security of such stock and certain of our whole first mortgage loans and other assets (principally securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the United States), provided certain standards related to creditworthiness have been met. Advances are made under several different programs, each having its own interest rate and range of maturities. Depending on the program, limitations on the amount of advances are based either on a fixed percentage of an institution’s net worth or on the FHLB’s assessment of the institution’s creditworthiness. At December 31, 2022, we had $21.0 million of available borrowing capacity with the FHLB. On June 27, 2019, the Company borrowed $10.0 million from the FHLB bearing an interest rate of 1.73% with a scheduled maturity date of June 27, 2024. On June 27, 2022, the FHLB exercised its put option on this advance. As of December 31, 2022, total borrowings with the FHLB consisted of $29.0 million in a short-term borrowing bearing an interest rate of 4.21% and a term of seven days. In addition, on April 13, 2022, the Company began utilizing a $5.0 million line of credit from the FHLB. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have an outstanding balance on the line of credit. Average short-term borrowings have not exceeded 30% of stockholders’ equity in the past two years.

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the Company’s borrowings for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):


		Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020

		(Dollars in thousands)
Maximum amounts of FHLB advances outstanding at any month end	$	32,500		$	10,000		$	11,000
Average FHLB advances outstanding		22,234			10,014			10,005
Weighted average rate on FHLB advances		2.56	%		1.60	%		1.60	%
Maximum amounts of FRB borrowings outstanding at any month end	$	—		$	—		$	—
Balance outstanding at end of period:
FHLB advances	$	29,000		$	10,000		$	11,000

Taxation

For details regarding the Company’s taxes, see Note 10 of the Notes the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.

Corporate Information

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 300 North Water Street, Salem, Indiana 47167. Its telephone number is (812) 883-2639. The Company maintains a website with the address www.mid-southern.com. The information contained on the Company’s website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other than an investor’s own internet access charges, the Company makes available free of charge through its website the Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after it has electronically filed such material with, or furnished such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Subsidiary Activities

Under OCC regulations, the Bank is authorized to invest up to 3.0% of its assets in subsidiary corporations classified as service corporations, with amounts in excess of 2.0% only if primarily for community purposes, and unlimited amounts in operating subsidiaries.

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Mid-Southern Investments, Inc. was formed in 2017 to invest in general market municipal bonds, rather than bank qualified municipal bonds which, although tax advantaged, may not have the yield we seek. Our capital investment in Mid-Southern Investments as of December 31, 2022 was $60.0 million which was within the OCC limitations.

Competition

We face strong competition in attracting deposits and originating loans. Competition in originating real estate loans comes primarily from other savings institutions, commercial banks, credit unions, life insurance companies and mortgage brokers. Other savings institutions, commercial banks, credit unions and finance companies provide vigorous competition in consumer lending. Commercial business competition is primarily from local commercial banks, but other savings banks and credit unions also compete for this business. We compete by consistently delivering high-quality, personal service to our customers which results in a high level of customer satisfaction.

Our market area has a high concentration of financial institutions, many of which are branches of large money center and regional banks that have resulted from the consolidation of the banking industry in Indiana and other Mid-Western states. These include such large national lenders as PNC Bank, JP Morgan Chase Bank, Fifth Third Bank, Truist Bank and U.S. Bank and others in our market area that have greater resources than we do and offer services that we do not provide. For example, we do not offer trust services or non-FDIC insured investments. Customers who seek "one-stop shopping" may be drawn to institutions that offer services that we do not.

We attract our deposits through our branch office system. Competition for those deposits is principally from other savings institutions, commercial banks and credit unions located in the same community, as well as mutual funds and other alternative investments. We compete for these deposits by offering superior service and a variety of deposit accounts at competitive rates. Based on the most recent data provided by the FDIC, there are approximately 40 commercial banks and savings institutions operating in the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA and nine commercial banks and savings institutions in Lawrence and Orange counties of Indiana. Based on the most recent branch deposit data provided by the FDIC, our share of deposits in the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA was approximately 0.25%. The five largest financial institutions in that area have 71.35% of those deposits. In addition, our share of deposits in Lawrence, Orange and Washington counties was the largest in the three-county area at 17.7%, with the five largest institutions in the three-county area having 66.0% of the deposits.

REGULATION

The following is a brief description of certain laws and regulations which are applicable to the Company and the Bank. The description of these laws and regulations, as well as descriptions of laws and regulations contained elsewhere herein, does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable laws and regulations.

Legislation is introduced from time to time in the United States Congress (“Congress”) that may affect the Company’s and Bank’s operations. In addition, the regulations governing the Company and the Bank may be amended from time to time by the OCC, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board or the SEC, as appropriate. Any such legislation or regulatory changes in the future could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. We cannot predict whether any such changes may occur.

General

As a federally chartered savings bank, the Bank is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by the OCC, as its primary federal regulator, and the FDIC, as the insurer of its deposits. Additionally, the Company is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by the Federal Reserve as its primary federal regulator. The Bank is a member of the FHLB System and its deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the DIF, which is administered by the FDIC. The Bank must file reports with the OCC concerning its activities and financial condition in addition to obtaining regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other financial institutions. There are periodic examinations of the Bank by the OCC and of the Company by the Federal Reserve to evaluate safety and soundness and compliance with various regulatory requirements. This regulatory structure establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which the Bank may engage and is intended primarily for the

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protection of the DIF and depositors. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Any change in such policies, whether by the OCC, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and the Bank and their operations.

In connection with the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), the laws and regulations affecting depository institutions and their holding companies have changed, particularly affecting the bank regulatory structure and the lending, investment, trading and operating activities of depository institutions and their holding companies. Among other changes, the Dodd-Frank Act established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) as an independent bureau of the Federal Reserve Board. The CFPB assumed responsibility for the implementation of the federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations and has authority to impose new requirements. The Bank is subject to consumer protection regulations issued by the CFPB, but as a smaller financial institution, the Bank is generally subject to supervision and enforcement by the OCC with respect to its compliance with consumer financial protection laws and CFPB regulations.

Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. The OCC has extensive authority over the operations of federal savings institutions. As part of this authority, the Bank is required to file periodic reports with the OCC and is subject to periodic examinations by the OCC. The OCC also has extensive enforcement authority over all federal savings institutions, including the Bank. This enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease-and-desist or removal orders and initiate prompt corrective action orders. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with the OCC. Except under certain circumstances, public disclosure of final enforcement actions by the OCC is required by law.

All federal savings institutions are required to pay assessments to the OCC to fund the agency’s operations. The general assessments, paid on a semi-annual basis, are determined based on the savings institution’s total assets, including consolidated subsidiaries. The Bank’s OCC assessment for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 was $71,000.

The Bank’s general permissible lending limit for loans to one borrower is generally equal to the greater of $500,000 or 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus (except for loans fully secured by certain readily marketable collateral, in which case this limit is increased to 25% of unimpaired capital and surplus). At December 31, 2022, the Bank’s lending limit under this restriction was $6.4 million. We have no loans in excess of our lending limit.

The OCC’s oversight of the Bank includes reviewing its compliance with the customer privacy requirements imposed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLBA”) and the anti-money laundering provisions of the USA Patriot Act. The GLBA privacy requirements place limitations on the sharing of consumer financial information with unaffiliated third parties. They also require each financial institution offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with its privacy policy and with the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of their personal information with unaffiliated third parties. The USA Patriot Act significantly expands the responsibilities of financial institutions in preventing the use of the U.S. financial system to fund terrorist activities. Its anti-money laundering provisions require financial institutions operating in the U.S. to develop anti-money laundering compliance programs and due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. These compliance programs are intended to supplement requirements under the Bank Secrecy Act and the regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control.

The OCC, as well as the other federal banking agencies, has adopted guidelines establishing safety and soundness standards on such matters as loan underwriting and documentation, asset quality, earnings standards, internal controls and audit systems, interest rate risk exposure and compensation and other employee benefits. Any institution that fails to comply with these standards must submit a compliance plan.

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Capital Requirements. Federally insured savings institutions, such as the Bank, are required by the OCC to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital. On May 24, 2018, the President signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act passed by Congress (the “Act”). The Act contains a number of provisions extending regulatory relief to banks and savings institutions and their holding companies. Effective January 1, 2020, a bank or savings institution that elects to use the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) will generally be considered well-capitalized and to have met the risk-based and leverage capital requirements of the capital regulations if it has a leverage ratio greater than 9.0% (adjusted to 8.0% effective April 1, 2020, then to 8.5% effective January 1, 2021 and returning to 9.0% effective January 1, 2022). On October 9, 2020, the OCC along with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, published a final rule, effective November 9, 2020, implementing a temporary change to the CBLR framework pursuant to the CARES Act, and providing a graduated increase from the temporary 8.0% requirement to the 9.0% requirement as established under the final rule published in 2019. To be eligible to elect to use the CBLR, the bank or institution also must have total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion, off-balance sheet exposures of 25% or less of its total consolidated assets, and trading assets and trading liabilities of 5.0% or less of its total consolidated assets, all as of the end of the most recent quarter. The Bank elected to use the CBLR effective January 1, 2020.

Certain changes in what constitutes regulatory capital are subject to transition periods, including the phasing-out of certain instruments as qualifying capital. The Bank does not have any of these instruments. In addition, Tier 1 capital includes accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), which includes all unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities. Because of the Bank’s asset size, the Bank elected to take a one-time option to permanently opt-out of the inclusion of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities in its capital calculations.

In order to be considered well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations, the Bank was required to maintain a CBLR ratio of 9.0% in 2022 and 8.5% in 2021.

As of December 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the OCC categorized the Bank as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. For additional information, see Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Prompt Corrective Action. An institution is considered adequately capitalized if it meets the minimum capital ratios described above. The OCC is required to take certain supervisory actions against undercapitalized savings institutions, the severity of which depends upon the institution’s degree of undercapitalization. Subject to a narrow exception, the OCC is required to appoint a receiver or conservator for a savings institution that is critically undercapitalized. OCC regulations also require that a capital restoration plan be filed with the OCC within 45 days of the date a savings institution receives notice that it is undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. In addition, numerous mandatory supervisory actions become immediately applicable to an undercapitalized institution, including, but not limited to, increased monitoring by regulators and restrictions on growth, capital distributions and expansion. Significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized institutions are subject to more extensive mandatory regulatory actions. The OCC also can take a number of discretionary supervisory actions, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors. An institution that is not well-capitalized is subject to certain restrictions on deposit rates and brokered deposits. At December 31, 2022, the Bank met the regulatory requirements described above under “Capital Requirements” to be considered well-capitalized.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Indianapolis, which is one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks that administer the home financing credit function of savings institutions, each of which serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. It is funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB System. It makes loans or advances to members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of the FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. All advances from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB. In addition, all long-term advances are required to provide funds for residential home financing. See “Business – Other Sources of Funds – Borrowings.” As a member, the Bank is required to purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB. At December 31, 2022, the Bank held $1.8 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with this requirement. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Bank purchased $1.1 million

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FHLB stock. In February 2022, the FHLB announced a repurchase of approximately $152.2 million in par value of its stock from member and former member shareholders in accordance with its capital plan. The repurchase was calculated on a pro rata basis according to each shareholder’s excess stock holdings as of January 31, 2022. As a result, the FHLB repurchased $57,000 of its common stock from the Bank during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The FHLB continues to contribute to low- and moderately-priced housing programs through direct loans or interest subsidies on advances targeted for community investment and low- and moderate-income housing projects. These contributions have adversely affected the level of FHLB dividends paid and could continue to do so in the future. These contributions could also have an adverse effect on the value of FHLB stock in the future. A reduction in value of the Bank’s FHLB stock may result in a decrease in net income and possibly capital.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The DIF of the FDIC insures deposits in the Bank up to $250,000 per separately insured deposit ownership right or category. As insurer, the FDIC imposes deposit insurance premiums and is authorized to conduct examinations of and to require reporting by FDIC-insured institutions. The Bank’s deposit insurance premiums for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 were $71,000.

Under its regulations, the FDIC sets assessment rates for established small institutions (generally, those with total assets of less than $10 billion) based on an institution’s weighted average CAMELS component ratings and certain financial ratios. Total base assessment rates currently range from 3 to 30 basis points, subject to certain adjustments. Assessment rates are expected to decrease in the future as the reserve ratio increases in specified increments. The FDIC may increase or decrease its rates by two basis points without further rule-making. In an emergency, the FDIC may also impose a special assessment.

As required by the Dodd Frank Act, the FDIC has adopted a rule to offset the effect of the increase in the minimum reserve ratio of the DIF on small institutions by imposing a surcharge on institutions with assets of $10 billion or more commencing on July 1, 2016 and ending when the reserve ratio reaches 1.35%, which, the FDIC announced occurred on September 30, 2018. When the reserve ratio reaches 1.38%, small institutions will receive credits for the portions of their regular assessments that contributed to growth in the reserve ratio between 1.15% and 1.35%. Subject to certain limitations, the credits will apply to reduce regular assessments until exhausted.

The FDIC also may prohibit any insured institution from engaging in any activity determined by regulation or order to pose a serious risk to the DIF. The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution, including the Bank, if it determines after a hearing that the institution has engaged or is engaging in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or any condition imposed by an agreement with the FDIC. It also may suspend deposit insurance temporarily during the hearing process for the permanent termination of insurance, if the institution has no tangible capital. If insurance of accounts is terminated, the accounts at the institution at the time of the termination, less subsequent withdrawals, shall continue to be insured for a period of six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC. Management is not aware of any existing circumstances which would result in termination of the deposit insurance of the Bank.

Qualified Thrift Lender Test. All federal savings institutions, including the Bank, are required to meet a qualified thrift lender ("QTL") test to avoid certain restrictions on their operations. This test requires a savings institution to have at least 65% of its total assets, as defined by regulation, in qualified thrift investments on a monthly average for nine out of every 12 months on a rolling basis. As an alternative, the savings institution may maintain 60% of its assets in those assets specified in Section 7701(a) (19) of the Internal Revenue Code ("Code"). Under either test, such assets primarily consist of residential housing related loans and investments.

Any institution that fails to meet the QTL test is subject to certain operating restrictions and may be required to convert to a national bank charter, and a savings and loan holding company of such an institution may become regulated as a bank holding company. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank met the QTL test.

Limitations on Capital Distributions. OCC regulations impose various restrictions on savings institutions with respect to their ability to make distributions of capital, which include dividends, stock redemptions or repurchases, cash-out mergers and other transactions charged to the capital account. Generally, savings institutions, such as the Bank, that

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before and after the proposed distribution are well-capitalized, may make capital distributions during any calendar year equal to up to 100% of net income for the year-to-date plus retained net income for the two preceding years. However, an institution deemed to be in need of more than normal supervision by the OCC may have its dividend authority restricted by the OCC. If the Bank, however, proposes to make a capital distribution when it does not meet its capital requirements (or will not following the proposed capital distribution) or that will exceed these net income-based limitations, it must obtain the OCC’s approval prior to making such distribution. In addition, the Bank must file a prior written notice of a dividend with the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve or the OCC may object to a capital distribution based on safety and soundness concerns. Additional restrictions on Bank dividends may apply if the Bank fails the QTL test.

Activities of Associations and their Subsidiaries. When a savings institution establishes or acquires a subsidiary or elects to conduct any new activity through a subsidiary that the savings institution controls, the savings institution must file a notice or application with the OCC and, in certain circumstances with the FDIC, and receive regulatory approval or non-objection. Savings institutions also must conduct the activities of subsidiaries in accordance with existing regulations and orders.

With respect to subsidiaries generally, the OCC may determine that investment by a savings institution in, or the activities of, a subsidiary must be restricted or eliminated based on safety and soundness or legal reasons.

Transactions with Affiliates. The Bank’s authority to engage in transactions with affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act as implemented by the Federal Reserve’s Regulation W. The term affiliates for these purposes generally mean any company that controls or is under common control with an institution except subsidiaries of the institution. The Company and its non-savings institution subsidiaries are affiliates of the Bank. In general, transactions with affiliates must be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates. In addition, certain types of transactions are restricted to an aggregate percentage of the institution’s capital. In addition, savings institutions are prohibited from lending to any affiliate that is engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and no savings institution may purchase the securities of any affiliate other than a subsidiary. FDIC-insured institutions are subject, with certain exceptions, to certain restrictions on extensions of credit to their parent holding companies or other affiliates, on investments in the stock or other securities of affiliates and on the taking of such stock or securities as collateral from any borrower. Collateral in specified amounts must be provided by affiliates in order to receive loans from an institution. In addition, these institutions are prohibited from engaging in certain tying arrangements in connection with any extension of credit or the providing of any property or service.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) generally prohibits a company that makes filings with the SEC from making loans to its executive officers and directors. That act, however, contains a specific exception for loans by a depository institution to its executive officers and directors, if the lending is in compliance with federal banking laws. Under such laws, the Bank’s authority to extend credit to executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders (“insiders”), as well as entities which such persons control, is limited. The law restricts both the individual and aggregate amount of loans the Bank may make to insiders based, in part, on the Bank’s capital position and requires certain Board approval procedures to be followed. Such loans must be made on terms substantially the same as those offered to unaffiliated individuals and not involve more than the normal risk of repayment. There is an exception for loans made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to all employees of the institution and does not give preference to insiders over other employees. There are additional restrictions applicable to loans to executive officers.

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Community Reinvestment Act and Consumer Protection Laws. Under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”), every FDIC-insured institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with safe and sound banking practices to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. The CRA requires the OCC, in connection with the examination of the Bank, to assess the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications, such as a merger or the establishment of a branch, by the Bank. The OCC may use an unsatisfactory rating as the basis for the denial of an application. Similarly, the Federal Reserve is required to take into account the performance of an insured institution under the CRA when considering whether to approve an acquisition by the institution’s holding company. Due to the heightened attention being given to the CRA in the past few years, the Bank may be required to devote additional funds for investment and lending in its local community.

In connection with its deposit-taking, lending and other activities, the Bank is subject to a number of federal laws designed to protect consumers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. The CFPB issues regulations and standards under these federal consumer protection laws, which include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. Through its rulemaking authority, the CFPB has promulgated several proposed and final regulations under these laws that will affect our consumer businesses. Among these regulatory initiatives are final regulations setting “ability to repay” and “qualified mortgage” standards for residential mortgage loans and establishing new mortgage loan servicing and loan originator compensation standards. The Bank devotes substantial compliance, legal and operational business resources to ensure compliance with these consumer protection standards. In addition, the OCC has enacted customer privacy regulations that limit the ability of the Bank to disclose nonpublic consumer information to non-affiliated third parties. The regulations require disclosure of privacy policies and allow consumers to prevent certain personal information from being shared with non-affiliated parties.

Enforcement. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federally-chartered savings institutions and has the authority to bring action against all "institution-affiliated parties," including shareholders, and any attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on an insured institution. Formal enforcement action may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers or directors, receivership, conservatorship or termination of deposit insurance. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations. The FDIC has the authority to recommend to the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular savings institution. If action is not taken by the OCC, the FDIC has authority to take such action under certain circumstances. Federal law also establishes criminal penalties for certain violations.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. As required by statute, the federal banking agencies have adopted interagency guidelines prescribing standards for safety and soundness. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the OCC determines that a savings institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the OCC may require the institution to submit an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard.

Federal Reserve System. Previously, the Federal Reserve required that all depository institutions maintain reserves on transaction accounts or non-personal time deposits. These reserves may be in the form of cash or noninterest-bearing deposits with the regional Federal Reserve Bank. Interest-bearing checking accounts and other types of accounts that permit payments or transfers to third parties fall within the definition of transaction accounts and are subject to Regulation D reserve requirements, as are any non-personal time deposits at a bank. The balances maintained to meet the reserve requirements imposed by the Federal Reserve Board may be used to satisfy any liquidity requirements that may be imposed by the OCC. However, effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve set reserve requirement ratios to 0.0%.

Commercial Real Estate Lending Concentrations. The federal banking agencies have issued guidance on sound risk management practices for concentrations in commercial real estate lending. The particular focus is on exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and that are likely to be sensitive to conditions in the commercial real estate market (as opposed to real estate collateral held as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution). The purpose of the guidance is not to limit a bank’s commercial real

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estate lending but to guide banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance directs the FDIC and other bank regulatory agencies to focus their supervisory resources on institutions that may have significant commercial real estate loan concentration risk. A bank that has experienced rapid growth in commercial real estate lending, has notable exposure to a specific type of commercial real estate loan, or is approaching or exceeding the following supervisory criteria may be identified for further supervisory analysis with respect to real estate concentration risk:

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Total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of the bank’s capital; or

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Total commercial real estate loans (as defined in the guidance) represent 300% or more of the bank’s total capital or the outstanding balance of the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months.

The guidance provides that the strength of an institution’s lending and risk management practices with respect to such concentrations will be taken into account in supervisory guidance on evaluation of capital adequacy.

Environmental Issues Associated with Real Estate Lending. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), is a federal statute that generally imposes strict liability on all prior and present "owners and operators" of sites containing hazardous waste. However, Congress acted to protect secured creditors by providing that the term “owner and operator” excludes a person whose ownership is limited to protecting its security interest in the site. Since the enactment of the CERCLA, this “secured creditor exemption” has been the subject of judicial interpretations which have left open the possibility that lenders could be liable for cleanup costs on contaminated property that they hold as collateral for a loan. To the extent that legal uncertainty exists in this area, all creditors, including the Bank, that have made loans secured by properties with potentially hazardous waste contamination (such as petroleum contamination) could be subject to liability for cleanup costs, which could substantially exceed the value of the collateral property.

Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001. These laws and regulations require the Bank to implement policies, procedures, and controls to detect, prevent, and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Violations of these requirements can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA Patriot Act require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when reviewing mergers and acquisitions.

Other Consumer Protection Laws and Regulations. The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB and empowered it to exercise broad regulatory, supervisory and enforcement authority with respect to both new and existing consumer financial protection laws. The Bank is subject to consumer protection regulations issued by the CFPB, but as a financial institution with assets of less than $10 billion, the Bank is generally subject to supervision and enforcement by the OCC with respect to compliance with consumer financial protection laws and CFPB regulations.

The Bank is subject to a broad array of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations that govern almost every aspect of its business relationships with consumers. While the following list is not exhaustive, these include the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfers Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act, the Fair Credit Billing Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, laws governing flood insurance, laws governing consumer protections in connection with the sale of insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, and various regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not

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limited to, enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil liability, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights.

Savings and Loan Holding Company Regulations

General. The Company is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulatory oversight of the Federal Reserve. Accordingly, the Company is required to register and file reports with the Federal Reserve and is subject to regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve. In addition, the Federal Reserve has enforcement authority over the Company and its non-savings institution subsidiaries, which also permits the Federal Reserve to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to present a serious risk to the subsidiary savings institution. In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act, the federal banking regulators must require any company that controls an FDIC-insured depository institution to serve as a source of strength for the institution, with the ability to provide financial assistance if the institution suffers financial distress. These and other Federal Reserve policies, as well as the capital conservatism buffer requirement, may restrict the Company’s ability to pay dividends.

Capital Requirements. For a savings and loan holding company, such as the Company, the capital regulations apply on a consolidated basis. The Act raised the maximum amount of consolidated assets a qualifying holding company may have to $3 billion under the Federal Reserve’s “Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement” pursuant to which the Company is generally not subject to the Federal Reserve’s capital regulations, which are generally the same as the capital regulations applicable to the Bank. A major result of this change is to exclude most such holding companies from the minimum capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Federal Reserve made this change effective August 30, 2019. The Federal Reserve expects the holding company’s subsidiary banks to be well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations. If the Company were subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.0 billion or more in assets at December 31, 2022, the Company would have exceeded all regulatory requirements. See “Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions – Capital Requirements” above.

Activities Restrictions. The GLBA provides that no company may acquire control of a savings association after May 4, 1999 unless it engages only in the financial activities permitted for financial holding companies under the law or for multiple savings and loan holding companies. Further, the GLBA specifies that, subject to a grandfather provision, existing savings and loan holding companies may only engage in such activities. The Company qualifies for grandfathering and is therefore not restricted in terms of its activities. Upon any non-supervisory acquisition by the Company of another savings association as a separate subsidiary, the Company would become a multiple savings and loan holding company and would be limited to activities permitted by Federal Reserve regulation.

Mergers and Acquisitions. The Company must obtain approval from the Federal Reserve before acquiring more than 5.0% of the voting stock of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company or acquiring such an institution or holding company by merger, consolidation or purchase of its assets. In evaluating an application for the Company to acquire control of a savings institution, the Federal Reserve would consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the Company and the target institution, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the DIF, the convenience and the needs of the community and competitive factors.

The Federal Reserve may not approve any acquisition that would result in a multiple savings and loan holding company controlling savings institutions in more than one state, subject to two exceptions; (i) the approval of interstate supervisory acquisitions by savings and loan holding companies and (ii) the acquisition of a savings institution in another state if the laws of the state of the target savings institution specifically permit such acquisitions. The states vary in the extent to which they permit interstate savings and loan holding company acquisitions.

Acquisition of the Company. Any company, except a bank holding company, that acquires control of a savings association or savings and loan holding company becomes a “savings and loan holding company” subject to registration, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve and must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve under the Savings and Loan Holding Company Act before obtaining control of a savings association or savings and loan holding company. A bank holding company must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act before obtaining control of, or more than 5.0% of a class of voting stock of, a savings association or savings and loan holding company and remains subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act. The term “company”

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includes corporations, partnerships, associations, and certain trusts and other entities. “Control” of a savings association or savings and loan holding company is deemed to exist if a company has voting control, directly or indirectly, of more than 25.0% of any class of the savings association’s voting stock or controls in any manner the election of a majority of the directors of the savings association or savings and loan holding company, and may be presumed under other circumstances, including, but not limited to, holding in certain cases 10.0% or more of a class of voting securities. In addition, a savings and loan holding company must obtain Federal Reserve approval prior to acquiring voting control of more than 5.0% of any class of voting stock of another savings association or another savings association holding company. A similar provision limiting the acquisition by a bank holding company of 5.0% or more of a class of voting stock of any company is included in the Bank Holding Company Act.

Accordingly, the prior approval of the Federal Reserve would be required:

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before any savings and loan holding company or bank holding company could acquire 5.0% or more of the common stock of the Company; and

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before any other company could acquire 25.0% or more of the common stock of the Company and may be required for an acquisition of as little as 10.0% of such stock.

In addition, persons that are not companies are subject to the same or similar definitions of control with respect to savings and loan holding companies and savings associations and requirements for prior regulatory approval by the Federal Reserve in the case of control of a savings and loan holding company or by the OCC in the case of control of a savings association not obtained through control of a holding company of such savings association.

Dividends and Stock Repurchases. The Federal Reserve’s policy statement on the payment of cash dividends applicable to savings and loan holding companies expresses its view that a savings and loan holding company must maintain an adequate capital position and generally should not pay cash dividends unless the company’s net income for the past year is sufficient to fully fund the cash dividends and that the prospective rate of earnings appears consistent with the company’s capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition. The Federal Reserve policy statement also indicates that it would be inappropriate for a company experiencing serious financial problems to borrow funds to pay dividends. In addition, a savings and loan holding company is required to give the Federal Reserve prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding twelve months, is equal to 10.0% or more of its consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve order or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in 2002 in response to public concerns regarding corporate accountability in connection with recent accounting scandals. The stated goals of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are to increase corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act generally applies to all companies, both U.S. and non-U.S., that file or are required to file periodic reports with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including the Company.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. The Dodd-Frank-Act imposed new restrictions and an expanded framework of regulatory oversight for financial institutions, including depository institutions, and capital regulations discussed above under “Savings and Loan Holding Company Regulations – Capital Requirements.”

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Information about our Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the executive officers of the Company and its subsidiaries:


Name	Age⁽¹⁾	Position
Alexander G. Babey	54	President and Chief Executive Officer, Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. and Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB
James (Jimmy) O. King, III	49	Executive Vice President and Senior Loan Officer, Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB
Erica B. Schmidt	44	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB
Robert W. DeRossett	53	Chief Financial Officer, Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.

(2)	At January 1, 2023

Alexander G. Babey has been President and Chief Executive Officer of Mid-Southern Bancorp since its formation in January 2018 and the President of Chief Executive Officer of Mid-Southern Savings Bank and Mid-Southern, M.H.C. since October 2016. Prior to that, he was Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Officer from December 2013 until October 2016. He was a credit administration consultant from June 2013 until December 2013, having served as Executive Vice President and Senior Loan Officer of The BANK-Oldham County from May 2005 until its acquisition in May 2013. Mr. Babey brings a wealth of banking knowledge to our Board, with particular expertise in lending and experience at both large regional and community banks.

James (Jimmy) O. King, III joined Mid-Southern Savings Bank in October 2021 as Senior Vice President and Senior Loan Officer. Prior to joining the Bank, he held several positions at King Southern Bank of Chaplin, Kentucky, with the last being President and Chief Executive Officer of King Southern Bank and its holding company, King Bancorp, Inc. from 2015 through May 2019. After King Bancorp, Inc. was acquired in May 2019 by Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc., the parent company of Stock Yards Bank & Trust in Louisville, Kentucky, Mr. King remained with the acquiring bank as Business Development Officer from May 2019 to October 2021 to assist in the transition of the customer base.

Erica B. Schmidt, has been the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Mid-Southern Savings Bank since January 2014. Prior to that, she served as Controller of Mid-Southern Savings Bank from September 2005 through December 2013. Ms. Schmidt has also been our Corporate Secretary since 2013 and Treasurer since 2008.

Robert W. DeRossett joined the Company as Chief Financial Officer of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. in February 2020. He brings significant expertise to the Company’s financial management and reporting areas. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. DeRossett served as an independent CFO consultant for start-up companies and non-profit entities in the Louisville, Kentucky area since 2011. Mr. DeRossett is a Certified Public Accountant licensed in the Commonwealth of Kentucky since 1993 and has been a holder of the Chartered Financial Analyst designation since 2009.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent in our business. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this report. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described below, other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The value or market price of our common stock could decline due to any of these identified or other risks, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks below also include forward-looking statements. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.

A significant portion of our loans are commercial real estate, multi-family, construction, commercial, business loans and consumer loans, which carry greater credit risk than loans secured by owner occupied one-to-four family real estate.

At December 31, 2022, commercial real estate and multi-family loans totaled $56.9 million, or 38.9%, commercial real estate construction loans totaled $6.7 million, or 4.6% (excluding unfunded loan commitments of $4.7 million) of our loan portfolio, commercial business loans totaled $14.7 million, or 10.0%, and consumer loans totaled $2.1 million, or 1.4%, of our total loan portfolio. We continue to focus on commercial and business loans as well as consumer loans, and we intend to continue to originate commercial real estate and multi-family loans. Given their larger balances and the complexity of the underlying collateral, commercial real estate, multi-family, construction and commercial business loans generally expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by owner occupied one-to-four family real estate. These loans, as well as consumer loans, also have greater credit risk than residential real estate for the following reasons:

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Commercial real estate and multi-family loans – repayment is dependent on income being generated in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses, property maintenance and debt service;

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Construction loans – repayment is generally dependent on the borrower’s ability to sell the completed project, the value of the completed project, or the successful operation of the borrower’s business after completion;

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Commercial business loans – repayment is generally dependent upon the successful operation of the borrower’s business; and

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Consumer loans – repayment is dependent on the borrower’s continuing stability and the collateral may not provide an adequate source of repayment.

If loans that are collateralized by real estate or other business assets or consumer assets become troubled and the value of the collateral has been significantly impaired, then we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan, which could cause us to increase our provision for loan losses and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Commercial real estate loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to owner-occupied one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. Also, many of these types of borrowers have more than one loan outstanding with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential mortgage loan.

Further, a significant portion of our commercial real estate loans are secured by non-owner-occupied properties. These loans expose us to greater risk of non-payment and loss than loans secured by owner-occupied properties because repayment of such loans depend primarily on the tenant’s continuing ability to pay rent to the property owner, who is our borrower, or, if the property owner is unable to find a tenant, the property owner’s ability to repay the loan without the benefit of a rental income stream. In addition, the physical condition of non-owner-occupied properties is often below that

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of owner-occupied properties due to lax property maintenance standards, which has a negative impact on the value of the collateral properties.

Furthermore, a key component of our strategy is to continue to increase our origination of commercial business and consumer loans, and to continue to originate commercial and multi-family real estate loans in our market area to diversify our loan portfolio and increase our yields. The proposed increase in these types of loans significantly increases our exposure to the risks inherent in these types of loans and our potential for losses.

Our business may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with residential property.

At December 31, 2022, $64.7 million, or 44.3% of our total loan portfolio, was secured by one-to-four family real estate, including home equity lines of credit of $2.2 million. One-to-four family residential loans are generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations, making loss levels difficult to predict. A decline in residential real estate values resulting from a downturn in the housing market in our market areas may reduce the value of the real estate collateral securing these types of loans and increase our risk of loss if borrowers default on their loans. A deterioration in economic conditions, declines in the volume of real estate sales and/or the sales prices or elevated unemployment rates in our market areas may result in higher rates of delinquencies, default and losses on our residential loans.

Greater seasoning of our loan portfolio could result in credit defaults in the future.

As a result of our planned growth, a significant portion of our loan portfolio at any given time may be of relatively recent origin. Typically, loans do not begin to show signs of credit deterioration or default until they have been outstanding for some period of time (which varies by loan duration and loan type), a process referred to as "seasoning." As a result, a portfolio of more seasoned loans may more predictably follow a bank’s historical default or credit deterioration patterns than a newer portfolio. The current level of delinquencies and defaults may not represent the level that may prevail as the portfolio becomes more seasoned. If delinquencies and defaults increase, we may be required to increase our provision for loan losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our business may be adversely affected by downturns in the national economy and economic conditions in our market area which could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of non-performing loans, which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and earnings.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately $130.8 million, or 89.5%, of our total loans were to individuals and/or secured by properties located in our primary market area of the Louisville-Jefferson County MSA, plus Lawrence and Orange counties in Indiana. As a result, our revenues and profitability are subject to prevailing economic, regulatory, demographic and other conditions in our market area. Because our business is concentrated in this area, adverse economic, regulatory, demographic or other developments that are limited to this area may have a disproportionately greater effect on us than they would have if we did business in markets outside that particular geographic area. Local economic conditions have a significant impact on the ability of our borrowers to repay loans and the value of the collateral securing loans.

The soundness of other financial institutions may adversely affect our business.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk and losses in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In March 2023, the FDIC took control and was appointed receiver of two banks, in each case due primarily to liquidity concerns. As of March 17, 2023, we did not have any direct exposure to these banks. However, if other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting

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the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Difficult market conditions have adversely affected the industry in which we operate. Volatility in financial markets and the economy may have materially adverse effects on our liquidity and financial condition.

The rapid rise in interest rates during 2022, the resulting industry-wide reduction in the fair value of securities portfolios, and the related bank runs resulting in the takeover by the FDIC of two banks in March 2023, have caused a current state of volatility in the capital and credit markets and uncertainty with respect to the health of the U.S. banking system. Adverse financial market and economic conditions can exert downward pressure on stock prices, security prices, and credit availability for certain issuers without regard to their underlying financial strength. The volatility resulting from the failures of these two banks has particularly impacted the price of securities issued by financial institutions, including ours.

If such levels of financial market and economic disruption and volatility continue, there can be no assurance that we will not experience adverse effects, which may materially affect our liquidity, financial condition, and profitability. While we are unable to predict the full impact of this turmoil, it is likely to result in among other things, increased regulatory pressures, which could have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

We may be required to pay higher FDIC insurance premiums or special assessments which may adversely affect our earnings.

The deposits of the Bank are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, accordingly, subject to the payment of FDIC deposit insurance assessments. The Bank’s regular assessments are determined by its risk classification, which is based on a number of factors, including regulatory capital levels, asset growth and asset quality. Promptly following the recent failures of two banks in March 2023, the federal banking regulators announced that the FDIC will use funds from the DIF to ensure that all depositors in the two failed banks are made whole, at no cost to taxpayers. We anticipate that the FDIC will impose special assessments on all banks in order to replenish the DIF. We generally are unable to control the amount of premiums or special assessments that we are required to pay for FDIC insurance. Any special assessments or future changes in the calculation or assessment of FDIC insurance premiums may have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations and financial condition.

Our small size makes it more difficult for us to compete.

Our small asset size makes it more difficult to compete with other financial institutions which are generally larger and can more easily afford to invest in the marketing and technologies needed to attract and retain customers. Because our principal source of income is the net interest income we earn on our loans and investments after deducting interest paid on deposits and other sources of funds, our ability to generate the revenues needed to cover our expenses and finance such investments is limited by the size of our loan and investment portfolios. Accordingly, we are not always able to offer new products and services as quickly as our competitors. Our ability to originate larger loans is limited by our lower loans to one borrower limit, which reduces our ability to compete for certain types of loans and can reduce our interest income. Our lower earnings also make it more difficult to offer competitive salaries and benefits. In addition, our smaller customer base makes it difficult to generate meaningful noninterest income. Finally, as a smaller institution, we are disproportionately affected by the ongoing increased costs of compliance with banking and other regulations.

Future expansion may negatively impact our earnings.

We consider our primary market area to consist of the Louisville-Jefferson MSA (which includes Clark, Floyd, Harrison and Washington counties in Indiana and Bullitt, Henry, Jefferson, Meade, Nelson, Oldham, Shelby, Spencer and Trimble counties in Kentucky), plus Lawrence and Orange counties in Indiana. We currently operate three branches with our headquarters located in Salem, Indiana and two additional branch locations in Orleans and Mitchell, Indiana and loan production offices in New Albany, Indiana and Louisville, Kentucky. In the future we may consider expanding our presence throughout our market area and may also decide to pursue further expansion through the establishment of one or

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more branches or additional loan production offices. The profitability of any expansion policy will depend on whether the income that we generate from the additional branches or loan production offices we may establish will offset the increased expenses resulting from operating new branches. It may take a period of time before any new branches or loan production offices would become profitable, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence. During this period, operating any new branches or loan production offices would likely have a negative impact on our net income.

The loss of any one of our senior executive officers could hurt our operations.

We rely heavily on our senior executive officers. The loss of any one of these officers could have an adverse effect on us because, as a small community bank, each of these officers has more responsibilities than would be typical at a larger financial institution with more employees. In addition, as a small community bank, we have fewer management level personnel who are in a position to assume the responsibilities of such officers’ positions with us should we need to find replacements for any of these senior members of management.

Our business strategy includes growth, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. Growing our operations could also cause our expenses to increase faster than our revenues.

Our business strategy includes growth in assets, deposits and the scale of our operations. Achieving such growth will require us to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market area. Our ability to successfully grow will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, competition from other financial institutions in our market area and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. Furthermore, there can be considerable costs involved in opening branches or loan production offices and expanding lending capacity, and generally a period of time is required to generate the necessary revenues to offset these costs, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence. Accordingly, any such business expansion can be expected to negatively impact our earnings until certain economies of scale are reached. Our expenses could be further increased if we encounter delays in the opening of new branches or loan production offices.

We are subject to interest rate risk which could reduce our profitability and affect the value of our assets.

Our earnings and cash flows are largely dependent upon our net interest income. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but these changes could also affect (i) our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits, (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities and (iii) the average duration of our mortgage-backed securities portfolio and other interest-earning assets. If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest rates received on loans and other investments fall more quickly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings.

A sustained increase in market interest rates could adversely affect our earnings. The Federal Reserve made aggressive interest rate actions during 2022 in an effort to tame inflation which has reached its highest levels in decades. Beginning 2022 at a range of 0.00% to 0.25%, the Federal Funds Target Rate (“FFTR”) was subsequently increased a cumulative 425 bps during the year, bringing it a range of 4.25% to 4.50% as of December 31, 2022. The current economic environment outlook suggests continued interest rate action from the Federal Reserve in 2023 and prospects of a continuing rising rate environment. Pricing pressure and competition for both loans and deposits, changing levels of liquidity within the banking system and the possibility of a more severely inverted yield curve could continue to place pressure on our net interest income.

A significant portion of our loans have fixed interest rates and longer terms than our deposits and borrowings. An increasing percentage of our deposits have been comprised of certificates of deposit and other deposits yielding no or a

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relatively low rate of interest having a shorter duration than our assets. At December 31, 2022, we had $33.0 million in certificates of deposit that mature within one year and $28.2 million in noninterest-bearing demand deposits. We would incur a higher cost of funds to retain these deposits in a rising interest rate environment. Our net interest income could be adversely affected if the rates we pay on deposits and borrowings increase more rapidly than the rates we earn on loans. In addition, a substantial amount of our home equity lines of credit have adjustable interest rates. As a result, these loans may experience a higher rate of default in a rising interest rate environment.

Although management believes it has implemented effective asset and liability management strategies to reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet. For additional information see Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Asset/Liability Management.”

Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and jeopardize our financial condition.

Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans or other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or the terms of which are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy in general. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in the Indiana markets in which our loans are concentrated or adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry in light of the recent turmoil faced by banking organizations and the continued deterioration in credit markets. Deposit flows, calls of investment securities and wholesale borrowings, and the prepayment of loans and mortgage-related securities are also strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, whether actual or perceived, and competition for deposits and loans in the markets we serve. Furthermore, changes to the underwriting guidelines of the FHLB, for wholesale borrowings or lending policies may limit or restrict our ability to borrow, and could therefore have a significant adverse impact on our liquidity. A decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or to fulfill such obligations as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands.

Strong competition within our market area may limit our growth and profitability.

We face substantial competition in all phases of our operations from a variety of different competitors. Our future growth and success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in this highly competitive environment. To date, we have been competitive by focusing on our business lines in our market area and emphasizing the high level of service and responsiveness desired by our customers. We compete for loans, deposits and other financial services with other commercial banks, thrifts, credit unions, brokerage houses, mutual funds, insurance companies and specialized finance companies, including “FinTech” companies. Many of our competitors offer products and services which we do not offer, and many have substantially greater resources and lending limits, name recognition and market presence that benefit them in attracting business. In addition, larger competitors may be able to price loans and deposits more aggressively than we do, and newer competitors may also be more aggressive in terms of pricing loan and deposit products than we are in order to obtain a share of the market. Some of the financial institutions and financial services organizations with which we compete are not subject to the same degree of regulation as is imposed on bank holding companies, federally insured state-chartered banks and national banks and federal savings banks. As a result, these nonbank competitors have certain advantages over us in accessing funding and in providing various services. Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete in our market area. The greater resources and deposit and loan products offered by some of our competitors may limit our ability to increase our interest earning assets.

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Our allowance for loan losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.

Lending money is a substantial part of our business and each loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms, or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things:

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cash flow of the borrower and/or the project being financed;

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the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, in the case of a collateralized loan;

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the duration of the loan;

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the character and creditworthiness of a particular borrower; and

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changes in economic and industry conditions.

We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which we believe is an appropriate reserve to provide for probable losses in our loan portfolio. The allowance is funded by provisions for loan losses charged to expense. The amount of this allowance is determined by our management through periodic reviews and consideration of several factors, including, but not limited to:

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our general reserve, based on our historical default and loss experience, certain macroeconomic factors, and management’s expectations of future events; and

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our specific reserve, based on our evaluation of non-performing loans and their underlying collateral.

The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Continuing deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowance for loan losses. In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require an increase in the provision for possible loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. In addition, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for loan losses we will need additional provisions to replenish the allowance for loan losses. Any additional provisions will result in a decrease in net income and possibly capital, and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A new accounting standard may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has adopted a new accounting standard referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”), which will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for credit losses only when they have been incurred and are probable, which may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses, and may greatly increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses. This accounting pronouncement is applicable to us as an emerging growth company, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and for interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. It is estimated that the allowance for credit losses and off-balance sheet reserve at the time of adoption will increase by approximately $350,000 to $750,000 in total, with the increase being offset by a charge to retained earnings, net of deferred taxes. Adoption of the standard is not expected to have a material impact on the available-for-sale or held-to-maturity investment portfolios. The ultimate impact of adopting the ASU, and at each subsequent reporting period, is highly dependent on credit quality, economic forecasts and conditions and composition of our loans, along with other management judgements. The transition adjustment to record the allowance for

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credit losses may fall outside of management’s estimated increase based on material changes in these items, specifically the economic forecast and conditions and loan composition, used in calculating the allowance for credit losses upon adoption of CECL. The federal banking regulators, including the Federal Reserve, OCC and the FDIC, have adopted a rule that gives a banking organization the option to phase in over a three-year period the day-one adverse effects of CECL on its regulatory capital. For more on this new accounting standard, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.

Impairment of our investment securities could require charges to earnings, which could result in a negative impact on our results of operations.

In assessing the impairment of investment securities, we consider the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuers, whether the decline in market value was affected by macroeconomic conditions and whether we have the intent to sell the security or will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. During years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we did not recognize any non-cash OTTI charges. There can, however, be no assurance that future declines in market value of our investment securities will not result in OTTI of these assets, which would lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our net income and capital levels.

Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts and related regulations require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on pursuing acquisitions or establishing new branches. The policies and procedures we have adopted that are designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.

We continually encounter technological change, and we may have fewer resources than our competitors to continue to invest in technological improvements.

The financial services industry continues to undergo rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to serving customers better, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success may depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers.

We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure.

We rely on numerous external vendors to provide us with products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements. The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements because of changes in the vendor’s organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products and services or strategic focus or for any other reason, could be disruptive to our operations, which in turn could have a material negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We also could be adversely affected to the extent such an agreement is not renewed by the third-party vendor or is renewed on terms less favorable to us. Additionally, the bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to be responsible for all aspects of our vendors’ performance, including aspects which they delegate to third parties. Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and customers, or cyber-attacks or

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security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our customers use to access our products and services could result in client attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

We are subject to certain risks in connection with our use of technology.

Our security measures may not be sufficient to mitigate the risk of a cyber-attack. Communications and information systems are essential to the conduct of our business, as we use such systems to manage our customer relationships, our general ledger and virtually all other aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, fraudulent or unauthorized access, denial or degradation of service attacks, misuse, computer viruses, malware or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have a security impact. If one or more of these events occur, this could jeopardize our or our customers’ confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our customers or counterparties. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. We could also suffer significant reputational damage.

Security breaches in our internet banking activities could further expose us to possible liability and damage our reputation. Increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries, vulnerabilities in third party technologies (including browsers and operating systems) or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology, processes and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions and to protect data about us, our customers and underlying transactions. Any compromise of our security could deter customers from using our internet banking services that involve the transmission of confidential information. We rely on standard internet security systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect secure transmission of data. Although we have developed and continue to invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks and periodically test our security, these precautions may not protect our systems from compromises or breaches of our security measures, and could result in losses to us or our customers, our loss of business and/or customers, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of additional expenses, disruption to our business, our inability to grow our online services or other businesses, additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties, or our exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our security measures may not protect us from system failures or interruptions. While we have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures and interruptions, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. In addition, we outsource certain aspects of our data processing and other operational functions to certain third-party providers. While we select third-party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher transaction volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches or if we otherwise have difficulty in communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct business operations could be adversely impacted. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel.

We cannot assure you that such breaches, failures or interruptions will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed by us or the third parties on which we rely. We may not be insured against all types of losses as a result of third-party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses resulting from breaches, system failures or other disruptions. If any of our third-party service providers experience financial, operational or technological difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to identify alternative sources of such services, and we cannot assure you that we could negotiate terms that are as favorable to us, or

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could obtain services with similar functionality as found in our existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all. Further, the occurrence of any systems failure or interruption could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, could subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to legal liability. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The board of directors oversees the risk management process, including the risk of cybersecurity, and engages with management on cybersecurity issues.

Our business may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.

As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity that may be committed against us or our customers which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our customers, disclosure or misuse of our information or our customers’ information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our customers, litigation or damage to our reputation. Such fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering and other dishonest acts. Nationally, reported incidents of fraud and other financial crimes have increased. In the normal course of business, we have also experienced losses due to apparent fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, there can be no assurance that such losses will not occur.

We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities or properties we own.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties, or with respect to properties that we own in operating our business. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Our policies, which require us to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on non-residential real property, may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

Because we have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards for an emerging growth company, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with these accounting standards as of the public company effective dates.

We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards under Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. This election allows us to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards apply to private companies. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with these accounting standards as of the public company effective dates. Because our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates, investors may have difficulty evaluating or comparing our business, financial results or prospects in comparison to other public companies, which may have a negative impact on the value and liquidity of our common stock. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we plan to rely on this exemption. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

At December 31, 2022, we had our main office that includes a full-service branch, two full-service branches and two loan production offices with an aggregate net book value of $2.2 million. All of our offices are owned except for the loan production offices which we lease. The operating leases require us to pay property taxes and operating expenses on the properties. See also Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. In the opinion of management, the facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs. We may open additional banking offices to better serve current customers and to attract new customers in subsequent years.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Company, mainly as a plaintiff, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Company holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to the Company’s business. The Company is not a party to any pending legal proceedings that management believes would have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

At December 31, 2022, there were 3,565,430 shares of Company common stock issued and 2,885,039 shares of the Company common stock outstanding, 274 stockholders of record and an estimated 487 holders in nominee or “street name.” The common stock of the Company is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “MSVB.”

Our cash dividend payout policy is reviewed regularly by management and the board of directors. Our board of directors has declared quarterly cash dividends on our common stock for seventeen consecutive quarters. Any dividends declared and paid in the future would depend upon a number of factors, including capital requirements, our financial condition and results of operations, tax considerations, statutory and regulatory limitations, and general economic conditions. No assurances can be given that any dividends will be paid or that, if paid, will not be reduced or eliminated in future periods. Our future payment of dividends may depend, in part, upon receipt of dividends from the Bank, which are restricted by federal regulations.

Stock Repurchase

On August 31, 2020, the Company announced a stock repurchase program under which the Company’s board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to 162,000 shares of its common stock, or approximately 5.0% of the outstanding shares at that time. On November 17, 2021, the Company announced that its board of directors authorized an expansion of the repurchase program, permitting the Company to purchase an additional 150,000 shares of its common stock. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had purchased 280,903 shares of its common stock under the August 2020 repurchase program and paid an average price per share of $14.07. The repurchase program will remain effective until the total number of shares authorized is repurchased. However, the program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason, including market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors deemed appropriate. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular number of shares.

On August 3, 2021, pursuant to authorization by its board of directors, the Company repurchased 138,518 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $18.00 per share in a private transaction. The repurchase was in addition to the previously announced stock repurchase program entered into on August 31, 2020.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, there were no repurchases of our outstanding common shares. The maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the current program is 173,097.

Securities for Equity Compensation Plans

Please refer to Item 12 in this Form 10-K for a listing of securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans.

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Item 6. [RESERVED]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Our principal business consists of attracting retail deposits from the general public and investing those funds, along with borrowed funds, in loans secured by first and second mortgages on one-to-four family residences (including home equity loans and lines of credit), commercial and multi-family, consumer and commercial business loans and, to a lesser extent, construction and land loans. We offer a wide variety of consumer loan products, including automobile loans, boat loans, manufactured homes not secured by permanent dwellings and recreational vehicle loans. We intend to continue emphasizing our residential mortgage, home equity and consumer lending, while also expanding our emphasis in commercial and multi-family and commercial business lending.

Our operating revenues are derived principally from earnings on interest earning assets, service charges and fees. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, FHLB advances and other borrowings, and payments received on loans and securities. We offer a variety of deposit accounts that provide a wide range of interest rates and terms, generally including savings, money market, term certificate and checking accounts. Our noninterest expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, expenses for occupancy, marketing and computer services and FDIC deposit insurance premiums. Salaries and benefits consist primarily of the salaries and wages paid to our employees, payroll taxes, expenses for retirement and other employee benefits. Occupancy expenses, which are the fixed and variable costs of buildings and equipment, consist primarily of lease payments, property taxes, depreciation charges, maintenance and costs of utilities.

Our strategic plan targets individuals, small and medium size businesses in our market area for loan and deposit growth. In pursuit of these goals, and while managing the size of our loan portfolio, we focused on including a significant amount of commercial business and commercial and multi-family loans in our portfolio. A significant portion of these commercial and multi-family and commercial business loans have adjustable rates, higher yields or shorter terms and higher credit risk than traditional fixed-rate mortgages. Our commercial loan portfolio (commercial and multi-family real estate, commercial construction and commercial business loans) increased to $78.2 million, or 53.5% of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2022, from $56.5 million or 45.5% of our total loan portfolio, at December 31, 2021. The impact of additional commercial and multi-family, commercial construction and commercial business loans has had a positive impact on our interest income and has helped to further diversify our loan portfolio mix. At December 31, 2022, our commercial real estate and commercial real estate construction portfolios totaled $55.3 million, which represents a 44.3% increase since December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, our commercial business loans were $14.7 million, which represents a 66.7% increase since December 31, 2021.

Our primary market area is the Louisville-Jefferson County MSA (which consists of Clark, Floyd, Harrison and Washington counties in Indiana and Bullitt, Henry, Jefferson, Meade, Nelson, Oldham, Shelby, Spencer and Trimble counties in Kentucky), plus Lawrence and Orange counties in Indiana. Adverse economic conditions in our market area can reduce our rate of growth, affect our customers’ ability to repay loans and adversely impact our financial condition and earnings.

Business Strategy

We intend to operate as a well-capitalized and profitable community bank dedicated to providing exceptional personal service to our individual and business customers. We believe that we have a competitive advantage in the markets we serve because of our knowledge of the local marketplace and our long-standing history of providing superior, relationship-based customer service. Our current executive management team is comprised of individuals with strong banking backgrounds. Erica B. Schmidt, the Bank’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, joined Mid-Southern Savings Bank in 2005. In December 2013, Alexander G. Babey joined Mid-Southern Savings Bank as Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Officer, and we appointed him as our President and Chief Executive Officer in October 2016. On August 13, 2021, Frank (Buzz) Benson, III announced his retirement as Executive Vice President and Senior Loan Officer, effective January 1, 2022. On October 27, 2021, James (Jimmy) O. King, III was hired to replace

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Mr. Benson as Executive Vice President and Senior Loan Officer of the Bank. The management team has worked to revise our business strategy and position Mid-Southern Savings Bank for future growth and profitability.

Our current business strategy consists of the following:

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Continuing to emphasize the origination of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. We have been and will continue to be a significant one-to-four family residential mortgage lender to borrowers in our market area. As of December 31, 2022, $64.7 million, or 24.1%, of our total assets consisted of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. We historically have held all of our loan originations, including our fixed-rate one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, in our loan portfolio, however, beginning in October 2019 we began brokering one-to-four family residential mortgage loans.

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Increasing commercial and multi-family real estate and commercial business lending. In order to increase the yield on our loan portfolio and reduce the term to repricing, our new management team began to increase our commercial and multi-family real estate and commercial business loan portfolios while maintaining what we believe are conservative underwriting standards. We focus our commercial lending to small businesses located in our market area, targeting owner occupied businesses such as manufacturers and professional service providers. Our commercial and multi-family real estate and commercial business loan portfolios were $56.9 million and $14.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022.

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Increasing our lower-cost core deposits. NOW, Demand, savings and money market accounts are a lower cost source of funds than certificates of deposit, and we have made a concerted effort to increase these lower-cost transaction deposit accounts. We plan to continue to market our core transaction accounts, emphasizing our high-quality service and competitive pricing of these products. We also offer the convenience of technology-based products, such as bill pay, internet and mobile banking.

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Managing credit risk to maintain a low level of non-performing assets. We believe strong asset quality is a key to our long-term financial success. Our strategy for credit risk management focuses on having an experienced team of credit professionals, well-defined policies and procedures, appropriate loan underwriting criteria and active credit monitoring. Our non-performing assets to total assets ratio was 0.3% at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. At December 31, 2022, we had a recorded investment of $732,000 of non-performing one-to-four family residential loans.

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Growing organically and through opportunistic branch acquisitions. We expect to consider both organic growth as well as acquisition opportunities that we believe would enhance the value of our franchise and yield potential financial benefits for our stockholders. We expect to focus our growth in our primary market areas and Louisville, Kentucky. We will consider expanding our branch network through the acquisition of other financial institutions, opening of additional branches or loan production offices or the acquisition of branches if the right opportunity occurs.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be significant accounting policies. The estimates and assumptions that we use are based on historical experience and various other factors and are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying value of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations.

The JOBS Act permits us an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards affecting public companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period, which means that the financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K, as well as any financial statements that we file in the

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future, will not be subject to all new or revised accounting standards generally applicable to public companies for the transition period for so long as we remain an emerging growth company or until we affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act.

The following represent our significant accounting policies:

Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the date of the balance sheet and it is recorded as a reduction of loans. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans receivable are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the allowance for loan losses is restricted to any individual loan and the entire allowance is available to absorb all loan losses.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on our past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. For loans that are classified impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows or collateral value of the impaired loan are lower than the carrying value of that loan.

The general component covers pools of loans, by loan class, including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogenous loans, such as residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based on historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, which are adjusted for qualitative factors. The qualitative factors include:

●

Lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off and recovery practices;

●

National, regional and local economic and business conditions as well as the condition of various market segments, including the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans;

●

Nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of the loans;

●

Experience, ability and depth of the lending management and staff;

●

Volume and severity of past due, classified and non-accrual loans, as well as other loan modifications; and

●

Quality of our loan review system and the degree of oversight by our board of directors.

Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. Adjustments to the factors are supported through documentation of changes in conditions in a narrative accompanying the allowance for loan loss analysis and calculation.

In addition, various bank regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses and may require an increase in the provision for possible loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination.

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Income Taxes. Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of certain transactions reported in the consolidated financial statements. Income taxes consist of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes related primarily to temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax basis of the allowance for loan losses, premises and equipment, certain state tax credits, and deferred loan origination costs. The deferred tax assets and liabilities represent the future tax return consequences of the temporary differences, which will either be taxable or deductible when the assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected at income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

Estimation of Fair Values. Fair values for securities available-for-sale are obtained from an independent third-party pricing service. Where available, fair values are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using quoted market prices for similar benchmark securities. Management generally makes no adjustments to the fair value quotes provided by the pricing source. The fair values of foreclosed real estate and the underlying collateral value of impaired loans are typically determined based on evaluations by third parties, less estimated costs to sell. When necessary, appraisals are updated to reflect changes in market conditions.

Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

Cash and Cash Equivalents. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, cash and cash equivalents totaled $5.7 million and $16.4 million, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents decreased due primarily to increases in loans receivable and purchases of investment securities available for sale, partially offset by increases in deposits, net FHLB borrowings and operating activities. We have focused on investing excess liquidity in higher yielding loans and investment securities in an effort to increase net interest income.

Loans. Our primary lending activity is the origination of loans secured by real estate. We originate one-to-four family residential loans, multi-family residential loans, commercial business loans, commercial real estate loans and construction loans. To a lesser extent, we originate consumer loans. As part of our effort to increase our business lending and diversify the loan portfolio, we opened loan production offices in New Albany, Indiana in August 2016 and in Louisville, Kentucky in March 2021. Net loans receivable increased $21.8 million, or 17.8%, to $144.4 million at December 31, 2022 from $122.6 million at December 31, 2021. The increase in net loans receivable was due primarily to increases in commercial real estate, commercial business loans and commercial real estate construction loans.

One-to-four family residential loans comprise the largest segment of our loan portfolio. At December 31, 2022, these loans totaled $64.7 million, or 44.3% of total loans, compared to $64.1 million, or 51.6% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. The Bank originates both fixed- and adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential loans. We have recently increased our efforts to originate adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential loans and originated $16.1 million and $13.7 million of adjustable-rate loans in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Management intends to continue its focus on offering adjustable-rate mortgage loans at attractive rates.

Multi-family residential mortgage loans totaled $8.3 million, or 5.7% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 compared to $9.4 million, or 7.6% of total loans at December 31, 2021. We continue our effort to originate this type of loan.

Commercial real estate loans totaled $48.6 million, or 33.2% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 compared to $36.7 million, or 29.5% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. During 2022 and 2021, we originated $18.5 million and $15.1 million, respectively, of commercial real estate loans with an emphasis on adjustable-rate loans.

Our construction loan portfolio consists of residential and commercial construction loans. Construction loans totaled $7.8 million, or 5.4% of total loans (excluding unfunded construction loan commitments of $5.6 million), at December 31, 2022, compared to $3.0 million, or 2.4% of total loans (excluding unfunded construction loan commitments

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of $4.7 million), at December 31, 2021. Commercial construction loan originations increased to $11.2 million during 2022 from $3.3 million in 2021.

Commercial business loans totaled $14.7 million, or 10.0% of total loans at December 31, 2022, compared to $8.8 million, or 7.1% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. During 2022 and 2021, we originated commercial business loans of $2.3 million and $8.9 million, respectively.

Consumer loans totaled $2.1 million, or 1.4% of total loans at December 31, 2022, compared to $2.2 million, or 1.8% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. Originations of consumer loans were $1.2 million in 2022 compared to $1.8 million in 2021.

Securities Available for Sale. Our available for sale securities portfolio consists primarily of U.S. government securities, U.S. government agency debt securities, including mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, and municipal obligations. Available for sale securities decreased by $1.9 million, or 1.8%, to $105.4 million at December 31, 2022 from $107.3 million at December 31, 2021. Investment securities decreased due primarily to a $17.2 million decrease in the unrealized gain on available for sale securities and $10.3 million from scheduled principal payment and maturities of mortgage-backed and tax-exempt securities, partially offset by the purchase of $26.0 million of available for sale securities. At December 31, 2022, our investment in municipal obligations was $63.7 million compared to $71.7 million at December 31, 2021.

Securities Held to Maturity. Our held to maturity securities portfolio consists primarily of U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities. Held to maturity securities decreased $4,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease during 2022 was due to principal repayments on mortgage-backed securities. We have not purchased investment securities as held to maturity during the past three years.

Premises and Equipment. Premises and equipment were $2.2 million and $2.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report for further information.

Other Assets. Other assets increased $4.5 million to $4.7 million at December 31, 2022 from $243,000 at December 31, 2021 primarily due to an increase in the net deferred tax asset during 2022.

Deposits. Deposit accounts, primarily obtained from individuals and businesses throughout our local market area, are the primary source of funds for our lending and investments. Our deposit accounts are comprised of noninterest-bearing checking, interest-bearing checking, savings, and money market accounts and certificates of deposit. Deposits increased $9.2 million or 4.7%, during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of increases in interest-bearing accounts.

Borrowings. On June 27, 2019, the Company borrowed $10.0 million from the FHLB bearing an interest rate of 1.73% with a scheduled maturity date of June 27, 2024. On June 27, 2022, the FHLB exercised its put option on this advance. As of December 31, 2022, the Company borrowed $29.0 million in a short-term fixed-rate bullet loan from the FHLB, bearing an interest rate of 4.21% and which matured on January 4, 2023. In addition, on April 13, 2022, the Company began utilizing a $5.0 million line of credit from the FHLB, and as of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have an outstanding balance on the line of credit.

Stockholders’ Equity. Stockholders’ equity decreased $13.2 million to $33.3 million at December 31, 2022 from $46.5 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease was due primarily to the repurchase of 154,486 shares of our common stock at a total cost of $2.2 million or an average cost of $14.30 per share and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, of $12.9 million due primarily to decreases in the fair value of available-for-sale investments, partially offset by net income of $1.9 million, less dividends of $492,000.

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Average Balances, Net Interest Income, Yields Earned and Rates Paid

The following table presents information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income and dividends from average interest-earning assets, the dollar amounts of interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, and the resulting annualized average yields and costs. The yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing income or expense by the average balances of assets or liabilities respectively, for the periods presented. Average balances are calculated using daily balances. Nonaccrual loans are included in average daily balances only. Loan fees are included in interest income on loans and are not material. Tax exempt income on loans and investment securities has been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal marginal tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Weighted average yields for tax exempt loans and investment securities at December 31, 2022 have been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal marginal tax rate of 21%.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022						2021						2020

	Average						Average						Average
	Balance		Interest		Yield / Cost		Balance		Interest		Yield / Cost		Balance		Interest		Yield / Cost

		(Dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Interest bearing deposits with banks	$	6,370	$	30	0.47	%	$	16,331	$	3	0.02	%	$	19,049	$	60	0.31	%
Loans receivable, net (taxable-equivalent basis)⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		136,766		6,046	4.42			116,659		5,255	4.50			121,467		5,562	4.58
Mortgage-backed securities		36,289		589	1.62			38,029		545	1.43			20,078		422	2.10
Other investment securities (taxable-equivalent basis)⁽²⁾		81,816		2,544	3.11			65,898		2,171	3.29			46,661		1,695	3.63
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		1,343		55	4.10			778		17	2.19			778		25	3.21
Total interest-earning assets (taxable-equivalent basis)⁽²⁾		262,584		9,264	3.53	%		237,695		7,991	3.36	%		208,033		7,764	3.73	%

Noninterest-earning assets		1,170						10,367						9,637
Total assets	$	263,754					$	248,062					$	217,670

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking	$	62,108		26	0.04	%	$	57,271		24	0.04	%	$	43,679		35	0.08	%
Savings and money market		68,634		112	0.16			62,186		94	0.15			42,981		85	0.20
Certificates of deposit		44,940		411	0.91			43,181		360	0.83			47,836		642	1.34
Total deposits		175,682		549	0.31	%		162,638		478	0.29	%		134,496		762	0.57	%
FHLB borrowings		22,234		569	2.56			10,017		173	1.73			10,006		174	1.74
Total interest-bearing liabilities		197,916		1,118	0.56			172,655		651	0.38			144,502		936	0.65

Noninterest-bearing liabilities		28,718						27,568						22,072
Total liabilities		226,634						200,223						166,574

Total equity		37,120						47,839						51,096
Total liabilities and equity	$	263,754					$	248,062					$	217,670
Net interest income (taxable-equivalent basis)⁽²⁾				8,146						7,340						6,828
Less: taxable-equivalent adjustment				(447)						(409)						(313)
Net interest income			$	7,699					$	6,931					$	6,515
Net interest rate spread (taxable-equivalent basis)⁽²⁾					2.97	%					2.98	%					3.08	%
Net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis)⁽²⁾					3.10	%					3.09	%					3.28	%
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities					132.7	%					137.7	%					144.0	%

(1)	Loan amount is net of deferred loan origination fees and costs, undisbursed loan funds and includes nonperforming loans.

(2)	Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for more information and for a reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure to the nearest GAAP financial measure.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following schedule presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It distinguishes between the changes related to outstanding balances and those related to changes in interest rates. For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided on changes attributable to (i) changes in volume (i.e., changes in volume multiplied by old rate) and (ii) changes in rate (i.e., changes in rate multiplied by old volume). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022 Compared to 2021						2021 Compared to 2020
	Increase (Decrease) Due to						Increase (Decrease) Due to
	Rate		Volume		Net		Rate		Volume		Net

		(Dollars in thousands)
Interest income
Interest bearing deposits with banks⁽¹⁾	$	28	$	(1)	$	27	$	(50)	$	(7)	$	(57)
Loans receivable, net		(91)		883		792		(84)		(218)		(302)
Mortgage-backed securities		67		(23)		44		(69)		192		123
Other investment securities⁽²⁾		(58)		430		372		(126)		493		367
Total interest-earning assets		(54)		1,289		1,235		(329)		460		131

Interest expense
Interest-bearing checking		—		2		2		(31)		20		(11)
Savings and money market		7		11		18		(11)		20		9
Certificates of deposit		36		15		51		(225)		(57)		(282)
FHLB borrowings		112		284		396		(1)		—		(1)
Total interest-bearing liabilities		155		312		467		(268)		(17)		(285)

Net increase (decrease) in net interest income	$	(209)	$	977	$	768	$	(61)	$	477	$	416

(1)	Includes interest-bearing deposits (cash) at other financial institutions.

(2)	Includes FHLB Stock.

Comparison of Operating Results Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Overview. The Company reported net income of $1.9 million ($0.69 per common share diluted) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net income of $1.6 million ($0.55 per common share diluted) for the year ended December 31, 2021. The significant factors that contributed to the increase in net income for 2022 were increases in net interest income after provision for loan losses and noninterest income, partially offset by an increase in noninterest expenses.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased $768,000, or 11.1%, to $7.7 million for 2022 from $6.9 million for 2021 primarily as the result of increases in the average balance of and the yield earned on interest-earning assets, partially offset by an increase in the average balance of and the cost incurred from interest-bearing liabilities. The ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities decreased to 132.7% for 2022 from 137.7% for 2021. The interest rate spread and the interest rate spread on a taxable-equivalent basis⁽¹⁾ decreased to 2.80% and 2.97% for 2022, respectively from 2.81% and 2.98% for 2021, respectively.

Total interest income increased $1.2 million, or 16.3%, to $8.8 million for 2022 from $7.6 million for 2021. The increase is primarily due to an increase in the average balance of and the yield earned on interest-earning assets. The average balance of interest-earning assets increased to $262.6 million for 2022 from $237.7 million for 2021. The average

⁽¹⁾ Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for more information and for a reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure to the nearest GAAP financial measure.

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yield and the average yield on a taxable-equivalent basis⁽¹⁾ on interest-earning assets increased to 3.36% and 3.53% for 2022, respectively, from 3.19% and 3.36% for 2021, respectively, primarily due to higher market interest rates and a shift in the asset mix to loans from investment securities.

Interest income on loans was $6.0 million for 2022 compared to $5.2 million for 2021. The increase was due to an increase in average loans outstanding of $20.1 million, or 17.2%, to $136.8 million in 2022 from $116.7 million in 2021, partially offset by a decrease in the average yield and average yield on a taxable-equivalent basis⁽¹⁾ on loans receivable to 4.42% and 4.42% for 2022, respectively, from 4.50% and 4.50% for 2021, respectively.

Interest income on investment securities increased $416,000, or 17.9%, to $2.7 million for 2022 from $2.3 million for 2021, primarily due to a $14.7 million increase in the average balance of total investment securities to $119.4 million for 2022 from $104.7 million for 2021 and a six basis-point increase in the average taxable-equivalent yield on investment securities.

Interest income on interest-bearing deposits with banks increased $27,000, due primarily to an increase in the average yield to 0.48% for 2022 from 0.02% for 2021, partially offset by a decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits to $6.4 million for 2022 from $16.3 million for 2021.

Total interest expense increased $467,000, or 71.7%, due to increases in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities and the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased to 0.56% for 2022 from 0.38% for 2021. The average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $25.3 million to $197.9 million for 2022 from $172.7 million for 2021, due primarily to increases in the average balance of total deposits and FHLB borrowings.

The Federal Reserve made aggressive rate actions during 2022, implementing multiple rate hikes in an effort to tame inflation that has reached its highest levels in decades. The FFTR was increased a total of 425 bps during 2022, beginning the year at a range of 0.00% to 0.25% and ending the year at a range of 4.25% to 4.50%. As a result, the Prime rate increased from 3.25% at the beginning of 2022 to 7.50% as of December 31, 2022, ending the year at its highest level since 2007.

Provision for Loan Losses. Based on an analysis of the factors described in “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Allowance for Loan Losses,” the Company recognized a provision for loan losses of $135,000 for 2022 compared to a recapture of the provision for loan losses of $120,000 for 2021. The recorded investment in non-performing loans decreased to $732,000, or 0.5% of total loans at December 31, 2022, compared to $753,000, or 1.1% of total loans at December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, net recoveries totaled $34,000 compared to net recoveries of $54,000 for 2021. The recorded investment in impaired loans decreased $108,000 or 7.0%, from $1.5 million at December 31, 2021 to $1.4 million at December 31, 2021.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income increased $28,000, or 2.3%, to $1.2 million for 2022 as compared to $1.2 million for 2021. The nominal year-over-year increase in noninterest income was primarily due to increases of $82,000 in deposit account service charges, $36,000 gain in life insurance and $21,000 in ATM and debit card fee income, partially offset by $110,000 in brokered loan fees.

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $244,000, or 3.7%, to $6.8 million for 2022 as compared to $6.6 million for 2021. The increase was due primarily to increases in data processing fees of $122,000, occupancy and equipment expenses of $52,000, marketing and business development expenses of $37,000, professional fees of $19,000, a $91,000 loss on disposal of premises and equipment and a $37,000 loss on the disposal of real estate held for sale, partially offset by decreases in compensation and benefits of $137,000.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $91,000 for 2022 compared to $67,000 for 2021 resulting from increases in pre-tax income. The effective tax rate for 2022 increased to 4.6% compared to 4.0% for 2021. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report for additional information.

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Liquidity

Liquidity management is both a daily and longer-term function of management. Excess liquidity is generally invested in short-term investments, such as overnight deposits and federal funds. On a longer-term basis, we maintain a strategy of investing in various lending products and investment securities, including municipal and mortgage-backed securities. We use our sources of funds primarily to meet ongoing commitments, pay maturing deposits, fund deposit withdrawals and fund loan commitments.

We maintain cash and investments that qualify as liquid assets to maintain adequate liquidity to ensure safe and sound operation and meet demands for customer funds (particularly withdrawals of deposits). At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $111.0 million and $123.7 million, respectively, in cash and investment securities available for sale generally available for our cash needs. We can also obtain funds from borrowings, primarily FHLB advances. At December 31, 2022, we had $29.0 million in FHLB advances outstanding and the ability to borrow an additional $21.0 million in FHLB advances, subject to certain collateral requirements. We are required to have enough cash and investments that qualify as liquid assets in order to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure safe and sound operations. Liquidity may increase or decrease depending upon the availability of funds and comparative yields on investments in relation to the return on loans. Historically, we have maintained liquid assets above levels believed to be adequate to meet the requirements of normal operations, including potential deposit outflows. Cash flow projections are regularly reviewed and updated to assure that adequate liquidity is maintained.

Liquidity management involves the matching of cash flow requirements of customers, who may be either depositors desiring to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs and our ability to manage those requirements. We strive to maintain an adequate liquidity position by managing the balances and maturities of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities so that the balance we have in short-term investments at any given time will cover adequately any reasonably anticipated, immediate need for funds. Additionally, we maintain relationships with correspondent banks, which could provide funds on short-term notice if needed. Our liquidity, represented by cash and cash-equivalents, is a product of our operating, investing and financing activities.

Our liquidity, represented by cash and cash equivalents and investment securities, is a product of our operating, investing and financing activities. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, amortization, prepayments and maturities of outstanding loans and mortgage-backed securities, maturities of investment securities and other short-term investments and funds provided from operations. While scheduled payments from the amortization of loans and mortgage-backed securities and maturing investment securities and short-term investments are relatively predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements. We also generate cash through borrowings. We utilize FHLB advances to leverage our capital base and provide funds for our lending and investment activities, and to enhance our interest rate risk management.

We use our sources of funds primarily to meet ongoing commitments, pay maturing deposits and fund withdrawals, and to fund loan commitments. At December 31, 2022, the approved outstanding loan commitments, including unused lines and letters of credit, amounted to $17.1 million. Certificates of deposit scheduled to mature in one year or less at December 31, 2022, totaled $33.0 million. It is management’s policy to manage deposit rates that are competitive with other local financial institutions. Based on this management strategy, we believe that a majority of maturing deposits will remain with us.

Commitments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business in order to meet the financing needs of its customers. For information regarding our commitments and off-balance sheet arrangements, see Notes 14 and 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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The following table summarizes our commitments and contingent liabilities with off-balance sheet risks as of December 31, 2022:


	Total		Due in
	Amounts		One
	Committed		Year

	(Dollars in thousands)
Commitments to originate loans
Fixed rate	$	539	$	539
Adjustable rate		1,020		1,020
Undisbursed balance of commercial and personal lines of credit		9,915		—
Undisbursed balance of commercial construction loans		4,731		—
Undisbursed balance of residential construction loans		900		—
Standby letters of credit		41		41
	$	17,146	$	1,600

Capital

Mid-Southern Savings Bank is subject to minimum capital requirements imposed by regulations of the OCC. Based on its capital levels at December 31, 2022, Mid-Southern Savings Bank exceeded these requirements as of that date. Consistent with our goals to operate a sound and profitable organization, our policy is for Mid-Southern Savings Bank to maintain a “well-capitalized” status under the regulatory capital categories of the OCC. Based on capital levels at December 31, 2022 Mid-Southern Savings Bank was considered to be well-capitalized. Management monitors the capital levels to provide for current and future business opportunities and to maintain Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s “well-capitalized” status. See Item 1. “Business – Regulation – Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions – Capital Requirements” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional details on Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s regulatory capital requirements.

The Bank elected to use the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) effective January 1, 2020. Effective January 1, 2022, a bank or savings institution electing to use the CBLR will generally be considered well-capitalized and to have met the risk-based and leverage capital requirements of the capital regulations if it has a leverage ratio greater than 9.0%, an increase from the 8.5% or higher ratio requirement for fiscal year 2021. To be eligible to elect to use the CBLR, the bank or savings institution also must have total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion, off-balance sheet exposures of 25.0% or less of its total consolidated assets, and trading assets and trading liabilities of 5.0% or less of its total consolidated assets, all as of the end of the most recent quarter.

As of December 31, 2022, the Bank was considered well-capitalized under applicable federal regulatory capital guidelines with a CBLR of 15.4% compared to 16.3% as of December 31, 2021.

For a bank holding company with less than $3.0 billion in assets, the capital guidelines apply on a bank only basis and the Federal Reserve expects the holding company’s subsidiary banks to be well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations. If Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. was subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.0 billion or more in assets, at December 31, 2022, Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. would have exceeded all regulatory capital requirements.

Asset/Liability Management

Our Risk When Interest Rates Change. The rates of interest we earn on assets and pay on liabilities generally are established contractually for a period of time. Market rates change over time. Like other financial institutions, our results of operations are impacted by changes in interest rates and the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities. The risk associated with changes in interest rates and our ability to adapt to these changes is known as interest rate risk and is our most significant market risk.

How We Measure Our Risk of Interest Rate Changes. As part of our attempt to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates and comply with applicable regulations, we monitor our interest rate risk. In doing so, we analyze

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and manage assets and liabilities based on their interest rates and payment streams, timing of maturities, repricing opportunities, and sensitivity to actual or potential changes in market interest rates.

We are subject to interest rate risk to the extent that our interest-bearing liabilities, primarily deposits and FHLB advances, reprice more rapidly or at different rates than our interest-earning assets. In order to minimize the potential for adverse effects of material prolonged increases or decreases in interest rates on our results of operations, we have adopted an asset and liability management policy. Our board of directors sets the asset and liability policy, which is implemented by the asset/liability committee.

The purpose of the asset/liability committee is to communicate, coordinate, and control asset/liability management consistent with our business plan and board-approved policies. The committee establishes and monitors the volume and mix of assets and funding sources, taking into account relative costs and spreads, interest rate sensitivity and liquidity needs. The objectives are to manage assets and funding sources to produce results that are consistent with liquidity, capital adequacy, growth, risk and profitability goals.

The committee generally meets quarterly to, among other things, protect capital through earnings stability over the interest rate cycle; maintain our well-capitalized status; and provide a reasonable return on investment. The committee recommends appropriate strategy changes based on this review. The committee is responsible for reviewing and reporting the effects of the policy implementations and strategies to the board of directors at least quarterly. Executive management oversee the process on a daily basis.

Our asset/liability management strategy dictates acceptable limits on the amounts of change in given changes in interest rates. For interest rate increases of 100, 200, and 300 basis points, our policy dictates that our Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”) ratio should not fall below 10.0%, 20.0%, and 30.0%, respectively. As illustrated in the table below, we were in compliance with this aspect of our asset/liability management policy at December 31, 2022.

Mid-Southern Savings Bank uses an EVE interest rate sensitivity analysis in order to evaluate the impact of its interest rate risk on earnings and capital. This is measured by computing the changes in net EVE for its cash flow from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items in the event of a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. EVE modeling involves discounting present values of cash flows for on and off-balance sheet items under different interest rate scenarios and provides no effect given to any steps that management might take to counter the effect of the interest rate movements. The discounted present value of all cash flows represents the Mid-Southern Savings Bank’s EVE and is equal to the market value of assets minus the market value of liabilities, with adjustments made for off balance sheet items. The amount of base case EVE and its sensitivity to shifts in interest rates provide a measure of the longer-term re-pricing and option risk in the balance sheet. The table presented below, as of December 31, 2022, is an analysis of our interest rate risk as measured by changes in EVE for instantaneous and sustained parallel shifts in the yield curve, in 100 basis point increments, from no change to up and down 400 basis points.


Immediate Change							Economic Value of Equity as a
In the Level	Economic Value of Equity						% of Present Value of Assets

Of Interest Rates	$ Amount		$ Change		% Change		EVE Ratio %		Change

	(Dollars in thousands)
400bps	$	49,067	$	(12,097)	(19.8)	%	18.6	%	(4.6)	%
300bps		52,651		(8,513)	(13.9)		19.9		(3.2)
200bps		56,133		(5,031)	(8.2)		21.2		(1.9)
100bps		59,166		(1,998)	(3.3)		22.4		(0.8)
Static		61,164		—	—		23.2		—
(100)bps		61,580		416	0.7		23.3		0.2
(200)bps		60,470		(694)	(1.1)		22.9		(0.3)
(300)bps		57,842		(3,322)	(5.4)		21.9		(1.3)
(400)bps		58,706		(2,458)	(4.0)		22.2		(0.9)

In addition to monitoring selected measures of EVE, management also monitors effects on net interest income resulting from increases or decrease in rates. This process is used in conjunction with EVE measures to identify excessive interest rate risk. In managing our assets/liability mix, depending on the relationship between long- and short-term interest rates, market conditions and consumer preference, we may place somewhat greater emphasis on maximizing its net interest

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margin than on strictly matching the interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities. Management also believes that the increased net income which may result from an acceptable mismatch in the actual maturity or re-pricing of its asset and liability portfolios can, during periods of declining or stable interest rates, provide sufficient returns to justify the increased exposure to sudden and unexpected increases in interest rates which may result from such a mismatch. Management believes that our level of interest rate risk is acceptable under this approach.

In evaluating our exposure to interest rate movements, certain shortcomings inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table must be considered. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or re-pricing periods, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in interest rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable-rate mortgages, have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a significant change in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed above. Finally, the ability of many borrowers to service their debt may decrease in the event of an interest rate increase. We consider all of these factors in monitoring our exposure to interest rate risk.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Certain non-GAAP measures are used by management to supplement the evaluation of the Company’s performance. These measures – Net interest income (taxable-equivalent basis), yield on loans receivable (taxable-equivalent basis), yield on other investment securities (taxable-equivalent basis), yield on interest-earning assets (taxable-equivalent basis), net interest rate spread (taxable-equivalent basis) and net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis) – include the effects of taxable-equivalent adjustments using a federal income tax rate prevalent during the relevant year to increase tax-exempt interest income to a taxable-equivalent basis. Interest income earned on certain assets is completely or partially exempt from federal income tax. As such, these tax-exempt instruments typically yield lower returns than taxable investments.

We believe these taxable-equivalent measures to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and its related components and that these taxable-equivalent measures enhance comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. Net interest income (taxable-equivalent basis) is a non-GAAP measure that adjusts for the tax-favored status of net interest income from certain loans and investments and is not permitted under GAAP in the consolidated statements of income. The most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP is net interest income. Yield on loans receivable (taxable-equivalent basis) is the ratio of interest income earned from loans, adjusted on a taxable-equivalent basis, and average interest-earning assets. The most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP is yield on loans receivable. Yield on other investment securities (taxable-equivalent basis) is the ratio of interest income earned on other investment securities, adjusted on a taxable-equivalent basis, and average other investment securities. The most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP is yield on other investment securities. Yield on interest-earning assets (taxable-equivalent basis) is the ratio of interest income earned from interest-earning assets, adjusted on a taxable-equivalent basis, and average interest-earning assets. The most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP is yield on interest-earning assets. Net interest rate spread (taxable-equivalent basis) is the difference in the average yield on average earning assets on a taxable-equivalent basis and the average rate paid on average interest-bearing liabilities. The most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP is net interest rate spread. Net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis) is the ratio of net interest income (taxable-equivalent basis) to average earning assets. The most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP is net interest margin.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered alternatives to GAAP-basis financial statements, and other bank holding companies may define these non-GAAP measures or similar measures differently. The following table presents the reconciliation of net interest income to net interest income adjusted to a fully taxable-equivalent basis assuming a relevant marginal tax for interest earned on tax-exempt assets such as municipal loans and investment securities (dollars in thousands), along with the calculation of net interest income (taxable-equivalent basis), yield on loans receivable (taxable-equivalent basis), yield on other investment securities (taxable-equivalent basis), yield on interest-earning assets (taxable-equivalent basis), net interest rate spread (taxable-equivalent basis) and net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis).

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Net interest income, yield on loans receivable, yield on interest-earning assets, net interest rate spread, net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis):	2022			2021			2020

Net interest income (GAAP)	$	7,699		$	6,931		$	6,515
Tax-equivalent adjustments:⁽¹⁾
Loans		6			6			11
Tax-exempt investment securities		441			403			302
Net interest income (taxable-equivalent basis)	$	8,146		$	7,340		$	6,828

Average interest-earning assets⁽²⁾	$	262,584		$	237,695		$	208,033

Yield on loans receivable		4.42	%		4.50	%		4.57	%
Yield on loans receivable (taxable-equivalent basis)		4.42	%		4.50	%		4.58	%

Yield on other investment securities		2.57	%		2.68	%		2.98	%
Yield on other investment securities (taxable-equivalent basis)		3.11	%		3.29	%		3.63	%

Yield on interest-earning assets		3.36	%		3.19	%		3.58	%
Yield on interest-earning assets (taxable-equivalent basis)		3.53	%		3.36	%		3.73	%

Net interest rate spread		2.80	%		2.81	%		2.93	%
Net interest rate spread (taxable-equivalent basis)		2.97	%		2.98	%		3.08	%

Net interest margin		2.93	%		2.92	%		3.13	%
Net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis)		3.10	%		3.09	%		3.28	%

(1)	Tax-exempt income has been adjusted to a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal marginal tax rate of 21% for 2022, 2021 and 2020.

(2)	Investment securities, which are included in interest-earning assets, are based on amortized cost and do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income / Loss.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. Our market risk arises principally from interest rate risk inherent in our lending, investing, deposit and borrowing activities. Management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure. In addition to other risks that we manage in the normal course of business, such as credit quality and liquidity, management considers interest rate risk to be a significant market risk that could have a potential material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The information contained in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Asset/Liability Management” in this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	58
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS	59
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME	60
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	61
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	62
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	63
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	64-102

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee

Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.

Salem, Indiana

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. (Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ FORVIS, LLP

(Formerly, BKD, LLP)

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Indianapolis, Indiana

March 24, 2023

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands, except share information)


	2022		2021
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	979	$	1,378
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		4,705		15,001
Cash and cash equivalents		5,684		16,379

Securities available for sale, at fair value		105,351		107,293
Securities held to maturity		17		21

Loans, net of allowance for loan losses of $1,692 and $1,523, respectively		144,379		122,568

Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost		1,778		778
Real estate held for sale		—		99
Premises and equipment		2,150		1,952
Accrued interest receivable:
Loans		437		296
Securities		886		701
Cash value of life insurance		3,826		3,930
Other assets		4,710		243

Total Assets	$	269,218	$	254,260

LIABILITIES
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	28,232	$	28,602
Interest-bearing		177,832		168,282
Total deposits		206,064		196,884

Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank		29,000		10,000

Accrued interest payable		12		11
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		820		836
Total Liabilities		235,896		207,731

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES		—		—

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, 1,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value, no shares issued and outstanding		—		—
Common stock, 30,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value, 3,565,430 shares issued and 2,885,039 shares outstanding (3,016,653 in 2021)		36		36
Additional paid-in-capital		30,777		30,694
Retained earnings, substantially restricted		24,916		23,527
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(10,831)		2,096
Unearned ESOP shares		(1,524)		(1,649)
Unearned stock compensation plan		(458)		(473)
Treasury stock, at cost - 680,391 shares (548,777 in 2021)		(9,594)		(7,702)
Total Stockholders’ Equity		33,322		46,529

Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	269,218	$	254,260

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands, except per share information)


	2022		2021
INTEREST INCOME
Loans, including fees	$	6,041	$	5,249
Investment securities:
Mortgage-backed securities		589		545
Municipal tax exempt		1,660		1,515
Other debt securities		442		253
Federal Home Loan Bank dividends		55		17
Interest-bearing deposits with banks and time deposits		30		3
Total interest income		8,817		7,582

INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits		549		478
Borrowings		569		173
Total interest expense		1,118		651

Net interest income		7,699		6,931

Provision (credit) for loan losses		135		(120)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		7,564		7,051

NONINTEREST INCOME
Deposit account service charges		377		295
Brokered loan fees		155		265
Increase in cash value of life insurance		58		62
ATM and debit card fee income		573		552
Gain on settlement of life insurance		36		—
Other income		49		46
Total noninterest income		1,248		1,220

NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and benefits		3,710		3,847
Occupancy and equipment		594		542
Data processing		553		431
Professional fees		593		574
Loss on sale of real estate held for sale		37		—
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment		91		—
Directors' compensation		360		350
Stockholders' meeting expense		52		64
Supervisory examinations		71		68
Deposit insurance premiums		67		61
Marketing and business development		126		89
Other expenses		586		570
Total noninterest expense		6,840		6,596

Income before income taxes		1,972		1,675

Income tax expense		91		67

Net Income	$	1,881	$	1,608

Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.69	$	0.55
Diluted	$	0.69	$	0.55

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands)


	2022		2021

Net Income	$	1,881	$	1,608

Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale:
Net unrealized holding losses arising during the period		(17,207)		(1,487)
Income tax benefit		4,280		370
Net of tax amount		(12,927)		(1,117)

Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax		(12,927)		(1,117)

Total Comprehensive (Loss) Income	$	(11,046)	$	491

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands, except share information)


							Accumulated
			Additional				Other		Unearned		Unearned
	Common		Paid-in		Retained		Comprehensive		ESOP		Stock		Treasury
	Stock		Capital		Earnings		Income (Loss)		Shares		Compensation		Stock		Total

Balances at January 1, 2021	$	36	$	30,559	$	22,299	$	3,213	$	(1,769)	$	(422)	$	(4,912)	$	49,004

Net income		—		—		1,608		—		—		—		—		1,608

Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		(1,117)		—		—		—		(1,117)

Cash dividends ($0.13 per share)		—		—		(380)		—		—		—		—		(380)

Shares released by ESOP trust		—		64		—		—		120		—		—		184

Purchase of 172,624 treasury shares		—		—		—		—		—		—		(3,017)		(3,017)

Forfeiture of unearned stock awards		—		—		—		—		—		3		(3)		—

Exercise of stock options		—		(9)		—		—		—		—		16		7

Grant of treasury stock for stock compensation		—		21		—		—		—		(235)		214		—

Stock compensation expense		—		59		—		—		—		181		—		240

Balances at December 31, 2021	$	36	$	30,694	$	23,527	$	2,096	$	(1,649)	$	(473)	$	(7,702)	$	46,529

Net income		—		—		1,881		—		—		—		—		1,881

Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		(12,927)		—		—		—		(12,927)

Cash dividends ($0.18 per share)		—		—		(492)		—		—		—		—		(492)

Shares released by ESOP trust		—		48		—		—		125		—		—		173

Purchase of 154,486 treasury shares		—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,214)		(2,214)

Forfeiture of unearned stock awards		—		—		—		—		—		6		(6)		—

Exercise of stock options		—		(10)		—		—		—		—		114		104

Grant of treasury stock for stock compensation		—		(16)		—		—		—		(198)		214		—

Stock compensation expense		—		61		—		—		—		207		—		268

Balances at December 31, 2022	$	36	$	30,777	$	24,916	$	(10,831)	$	(1,524)	$	(458)	$	(9,594)	$	33,322

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands)


	2022		2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	1,881	$	1,608
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on securities, net		434		388
Provision (credit) for loan losses		135		(120)
Stock compensation expense		268		240
Depreciation expense		189		170
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment		91		—
ESOP compensation expense		173		184
Loss on sale of real estate held for sale		37		—
Deferred income taxes		46		(10)
Increase in cash value of life insurance		(58)		(62)
Gain on settlement of life insurance		(36)		—
Increase in accrued interest receivable		(326)		(99)
Increase in accrued interest payable		1		1
Net change in other assets and liabilities		(281)		112
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities		2,554		2,412

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of securities available for sale		(25,951)		(15,394)
Principal collected on mortgage-backed securities available for sale		7,230		10,682
Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale		3,022		—
Principal collected on mortgage-backed securities held to maturity		4		10
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock		(1,057)		—
Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank Stock		57		—
Net change in loans receivable		(21,946)		(9,189)
Proceeds from the sale of real estate held for sale		62		—
Purchase of premises and equipment		(446)		(181)
Proceeds from settlement of life insurance		203		—
Investment in cash value of life insurance		(5)		(3)
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities		(38,827)		(14,075)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in deposits		9,180		22,771
Repayments to Federal Home Loan Bank		(10,000)		(1,000)
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank		29,000		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options		104		7
Purchase of treasury stock		(2,214)		(3,017)
Cash dividends paid		(492)		(380)
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities		25,578		18,381

Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents		(10,695)		6,718

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		16,379		9,661

Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year	$	5,684	$	16,379

Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
Cash payments for:
Interest	$	1,117	$	650
Net tax payments		252		62

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Conversion and Stock Issuance

Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. (the "Company"), an Indiana corporation, was organized by Mid-Southern, M.H.C. (the "MHC") and Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB (the "Bank") to facilitate the "second-step" conversion of the Bank from the mutual holding company structure to the stock holding company structure (the "Conversion"). Upon consummation of the Conversion, which occurred on July 11, 2018, the Company became the holding company for the Bank and now owns all of the issued and outstanding shares of the Bank’s common stock.

Nature of Operations

The Company’s principal business is the ownership and operation of the Bank. The Bank is a federal savings bank that provides a variety of banking services to individuals and business customers through its main office, two full-service branch offices and loan production offices in New Albany, Indiana and Louisville, Kentucky. The Bank’s primary source of revenue is from single-family residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans and commercial business loans. Mid-Southern Investments, Inc. (the "Subsidiary") is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank that holds and manages an investment securities portfolio.

Basis of Presentation, Consolidation and Reclassifications

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and conform to general practices within the banking industry. As an "emerging growth company" as defined in Title 1 of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, the Company has elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or reissued accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The reclassifications had no effect on net income or stockholders’ equity.

Statements of Cash Flows

For purposes of the statement of cash flows, the Company has defined cash and cash equivalents as cash on hand, amounts due from banks (including cash items in process of clearing) and interest-bearing deposits with other banks having an original maturity of 90 days or less.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses. In connection with the determination of the allowance for loan losses, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

A majority of the loan portfolio consists of single-family residential and commercial real estate loans in the southern Indiana area. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the loan portfolio and the recovery of the carrying amount of foreclosed real estate are susceptible to changes in local market conditions.

While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans and foreclosed real estate, further changes in the carrying amounts of loans and foreclosed real estate may be necessary based on changes in local economic conditions. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the estimated losses on loans and foreclosed real estate. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additional changes based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. Because of these factors, it is reasonably possible that the estimated losses on loans and foreclosed real estate may change materially in the near term. However, the amount of the change that is reasonably possible cannot be estimated.

Investment Securities

Securities Available for Sale: Securities available for sale consist of debt securities and are stated at fair value. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income using methods approximating the interest method over the period to maturity, adjusted for anticipated prepayments. Unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on securities available for sale are included in other comprehensive income (loss) and the accumulated unrealized holding gains and losses are reported as a separate component of equity until realized. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities available for sale are determined using the specific identification method and are included in other noninterest income and, when applicable, are reported as a reclassification adjustment, net of tax, in other comprehensive income (loss).

Securities Held to Maturity: Debt securities for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are reported at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts that are recognized in interest income using methods approximating the interest method over the period to maturity, adjusted for anticipated prepayments. The Company classifies certain mortgage-backed securities as held to maturity.

Debt securities held by the Company include mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, a U.S. government agency, and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) and collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMO”) issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, which are government-sponsored enterprises. MBS represent participating interests in pools of long-term first mortgage loans originated and serviced by the issuers of the securities. CMOs are complex mortgage-backed securities that restructure the cash flows and risks of the underlying mortgage collateral. The Company also holds debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, municipalities and political subdivisions of state and local governments.

Declines in the fair value of individual available for sale and held to maturity securities below their amortized cost that are other than temporary result in write-downs of the individual securities to their fair value. The related write-downs are included in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLB"). FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported in the consolidated statements of income.

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Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans Held for Investment

Loans are stated at unpaid principal balances, less net deferred loan fees and the allowance for loan losses. The Company grants real estate mortgages, commercial business and consumer loans. Loan origination and commitment fees, as well as certain direct costs of underwriting and closing loans, are deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment to interest income over the lives of the related loans using the interest method. Amortization of net deferred loan fees is discontinued when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status.

Nonaccrual Loans

The recognition of income on a loan is discontinued and previously accrued interest is reversed when interest or principal payments become 90 days past due unless, in the opinion of management, the outstanding interest remains collectible. Past due status is determined based on contractual terms. Generally, by applying the cash receipts method, interest income is subsequently recognized only as received until the loan is returned to accrual status. The cash receipts method is used when the likelihood of further loss on the loan is remote. Otherwise, the Company applies the cost recovery method and applies all payments as a reduction of the unpaid principal balance until the loan qualifies for return to accrual status. Interest income on impaired loans is recognized using the cost recovery method, unless the likelihood of further loss on the loan is remote.

A loan is restored to accrual status when all principal and interest payments are brought current and the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate a period of performance of at least six consecutive months.

Impaired Loans

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

Values for collateral dependent loans are generally based on appraisals obtained from independent licensed real estate appraisers, with adjustments applied for estimated costs to sell the property, costs to complete unfinished or repair damaged property and other factors. New appraisals or valuations are generally obtained for all significant properties (if the value is estimated to exceed $100,000) when a loan is identified as impaired. Subsequent appraisals are obtained or an internal evaluation is prepared annually, or more frequently if management believes there has been a significant change in the market value of a collateral property securing a collateral dependent impaired loan. In instances where it is not deemed necessary to obtain a new appraisal, management bases its impairment evaluation on the original appraisal with adjustments for current conditions based on management’s assessment of market factors and inspection of the property.

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Troubled Debt Restructurings

Modification of a loan is considered to be a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") if the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties and the Company grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. By granting the concession, the Company expects to obtain more cash or other value from the debtor, or to increase the probability of receipt, than would be expected by not granting the concession. The concession may include, but is not limited to, reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan, reduction of accrued interest, extension of the maturity date or reduction of the face amount of the debt. A concession will be granted when, as a result of the restructuring, the Company does not expect to collect all amounts due, including interest at the original stated rate. A concession may also be granted if the debtor is not able to access funds elsewhere at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics as the restructured debt. The Company’s determination of whether a loan modification is a TDR considers the individual facts and circumstances surrounding each modification.

A TDR can involve loans remaining on nonaccrual, moving to nonaccrual, or continuing on accrual status, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the restructuring. A TDR on nonaccrual status is restored to accrual status when the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments in accordance with the restructured terms, including consistent and timely payments for at least six consecutive months in accordance with the restructured terms.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Additions to the allowance for loan losses are made by the provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The Company uses a disciplined process and methodology to evaluate the allowance for loan losses on at least a quarterly basis that is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually evaluated for impairment or loans otherwise classified as doubtful or substandard. For such loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows or collateral value of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan.

The general component covers non-classified loans and classified loans that are found, upon individual evaluation, to not be impaired. Such loans are pooled by portfolio segment and losses are modeled using annualized historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The historical loss experience is determined by portfolio segment and is based on the Company’s actual loss history over the most recent 20 calendar quarters unless the historical loss experience is not considered indicative of the level of risk in the remaining balance of a particular portfolio segment, in which case an adjustment is determined by management. The Company’s historical loss experience is then adjusted for qualitative factors that are reviewed on a quarterly basis.

Management’s determination of the allowance for loan losses considers changes and trends in the following qualitative loss factors: loan administration, national and local economic conditions, new loan trends, past due and nonaccrual loans, collateral values, credit concentrations and other internal and external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory changes. Each qualitative factor is assigned a rating and a factor weight in determining the adjusted loss factors used in management’s allowance for loan losses adequacy calculation.

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Management exercises significant judgment in evaluating the relevant historical loss experience and the qualitative factors. Management also monitors the differences between estimated and actual incurred loan losses for loans considered impaired in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the estimation process and make any changes in the methodology as necessary.

The following portfolio segments are considered in the allowance for loan loss analysis: one-to-four family residential real estate, multi-family residential real estate, construction, commercial real estate, commercial business, and consumer loans.

Residential real estate loans primarily consist of loans to individuals for the purchase or refinance of their primary residence, with a smaller portion of the segment secured by non-owner-occupied residential investment properties and multi-family residential investment properties. The risks associated with residential real estate loans are closely correlated to the local housing market and general economic conditions, as repayment of the loans is primarily dependent on the borrower’s or tenant’s personal cash flow and employment status.

The Company’s construction loan portfolio consists of single-family residential properties, multi-family properties and commercial projects, and includes both owner-occupied and speculative investment properties. Risks inherent in construction lending are related to the market value of the property held as collateral, the cost and timing of constructing or improving a property, the borrower’s ability to use funds generated by a project to service a loan until a project is completed, movements in interest rates and the real estate market during the construction phase, and the ability of the borrower to obtain permanent financing.

Commercial real estate loans are comprised of loans secured by various types of collateral including farmland, office buildings, warehouses, retail space and mixed-use buildings located in the Company’s primary lending area. Risks related to commercial real estate lending are related to the market value of the property taken as collateral, the underlying cash flows and general economic condition of the local real estate market. Repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the ability of the borrower to attract tenants at lease rates or general business operating cash flows that provide for adequate debt service and can be impacted by local economic conditions which impact vacancy rates and the general level of business activity. The Company generally obtains loan guarantees from financially capable parties for commercial real estate loans.

Commercial business loans include lines of credit to businesses, term loans and letters of credit secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or other assets excluding real estate and are generally made to finance capital expenditures or fund operations. Commercial loans contain risks related to the value of the collateral securing the loan and the repayment is primarily dependent upon the financial success and viability of the borrower. As with commercial real estate loans, the Company generally obtains loan guarantees from financially capable parties for commercial business loans.

Consumer loans consist primarily of home equity lines of credit and other loans secured by junior liens on the borrower’s personal residence, home improvement loans, automobile and truck loans, boat loans, mobile home loans, loans secured by savings deposits, and other personal loans. The risks associated with these loans are related to the local housing market and local economic conditions including the unemployment level.

Loan Charge-Offs

For portfolio segments other than consumer loans, the Company’s practice is to charge-off any loan or portion of a loan when the loan is determined by management to be uncollectible due to the borrower’s failure to meet repayment terms, the borrower’s deteriorating or deteriorated financial condition, the depreciation of the underlying collateral, the loan’s classification as a loss by regulatory examiners, or for other reasons. A partial charge-off is recorded on a loan when the collectability of a portion of the loan has been confirmed, such as when a loan is discharged in bankruptcy, the collateral is liquidated, a loan is restructured at a reduced principal balance, or other identifiable events

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that lead management to determine the full principal balance of the loan will not be repaid. A specific reserve is recognized as a component of the allowance for estimated losses on loans individually evaluated for impairment. Partial charge-offs on nonperforming and impaired loans are included in the Company’s historical loss experience used to estimate the general component of the allowance for loan losses as discussed above. Specific reserves are not considered charge-offs in management’s evaluation of the general component of the allowance for loan losses because they are estimates and the outcome of the loan relationship is undetermined.

Consumer loans not secured by real estate are typically charged off at 90 days past due, or earlier if deemed uncollectible, unless the loans are in the process of collection. Overdrafts are charged off after 60 days past due. A charge-off is typically recorded on a loan secured by real estate when the property is foreclosed upon when the carrying value of the loan exceeds the property’s fair value less the estimated costs to sell.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed real estate includes formally foreclosed property and property obtained via a deed in lieu of foreclosure that is currently held for sale. At the time of acquisition, foreclosed real estate is recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Any write-downs based on the property’s fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan losses. After acquisition, valuations are periodically performed by management and property held for sale is carried at the lower of the new cost basis or fair value less costs to sell. Costs incurred in maintaining foreclosed real estate and subsequent impairment adjustments to the carrying amount of a property, if any, are included in net loss on foreclosed real estate in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Real Estate Held for Sale

Real estate held for sale includes unimproved land originally purchased for future office development and is initially recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell, establishing a new cost basis. Real estate held for sale is subsequently accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Subsequent impairment loss adjustments to the carrying amount of the property, if any, are reported in noninterest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. The Company uses the straight-line method of computing depreciation at rates adequate to amortize the cost of the applicable assets over their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold, or otherwise disposed of, are removed from the related accounts and any gain or loss is included in earnings.

Cash Value of Life Insurance

Life insurance policies have been purchased on certain directors, officers and key employees to offset costs associated with compensation and benefit programs. The Bank is the owner and is a joint or sole beneficiary of the policies. Bank-owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contracts at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. Income from the increase in cash surrender value of the policies and income from the realization of death benefits is reported in noninterest income.

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Treasury Stock

Treasury stock purchases are accounted for under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock. Gains and losses on the subsequent reissuance of shares are credited or charged to paid-in capital in excess of par value using the average-cost method.

Income Taxes

When income tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while other positions are subject to some degree of uncertainty regarding the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be sustained. The Company recognizes the benefits of a tax position in the financial statements of the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more-likely-than-not (more than 50 percent probable) that the tax position would be sustained upon examination. Income tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are measured as the largest amount of income tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with the income tax positions claimed on income tax returns that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized income tax benefits in the balance sheet, along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities, if there were an examination. Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized income tax benefits are classified as additional income taxes in the consolidated statements of income.

Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of the transactions reported in the financial statements and consist of taxes currently due plus deferred income taxes. Income tax reporting and financial statement reporting rules differ in many respects. As a result, there will often be a difference between the carrying amount of an asset or liability as presented in the accompanying balance sheets and the amount that would be recognized as the tax basis of the same asset or liability computed based on the effects of tax positions recognized, as described in the preceding paragraph. These differences are referred to as temporary differences because they are expected to reverse in future years. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for temporary differences where their future reversal will result in future tax benefits. Deferred income tax assets are also recognized for the future tax benefits expected to be realized from net operating loss or tax credit carry forwards. Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for temporary differences where their future reversal will result in the payment of future income taxes. Deferred income tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected at income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has adopted the fair value based method of accounting for stock-based compensation prescribed in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 718-20, Compensation – Stock Compensation, for its stock-based compensation plans.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Bank has an ESOP covering substantially all employees. The cost of shares issued to the ESOP but not allocated or committed to be released for allocation to participant accounts is presented in the consolidated balance sheets as a reduction of stockholders’ equity. Compensation expense is recognized for the fair value of shares committed to be released for allocation to participant accounts during the year. See Note 12.

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Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are charged to operations when incurred.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of reported net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss), recognized as a separate component of equity, includes the change in unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale. Amounts reclassified out of unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss are included in net gain on sale of securities in the consolidated statements of income.

Loss Contingencies

Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per common share include the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under stock options, restricted stock and other potentially dilutive securities outstanding. Earnings and dividends per share are restated for stock splits and dividends through the date of issuance of the financial statements. Unallocated ESOP shares and nonvested restricted stock shares are not included as outstanding for either basic or diluted earnings per share calculations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following are summaries of recently issued accounting pronouncements that impact the accounting and reporting practices of the Company. The Company is an emerging growth company, and as such will be subject to the different dates noted for private companies if they differ from the effective dates noted for public companies.

In February 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The ASU requires lessees to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities arising from operating leases. A lessee should recognize a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. A lessee should include payments to be made in an optional period only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease or not to exercise an option to terminate the lease. For a finance lease, interest payments should be recognized separately from amortization of the right-of-use asset in the statement of comprehensive income. For operating leases, the lease cost should be allocated over the lease term on a generally straight-line basis. For public entities the amendments in the ASU became effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For nonpublic entities, the original effective date of the guidance was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 which delayed the effective date of ASU 2016-02 for nonpublic entities until fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early application of the amendments in the ASU is permitted. In June 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-05 which delayed the effective date of ASU 2016-02 for nonpublic entities until fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements. This ASU amended the new leases standard to give entities another option for transition and to provide lessees with a practical expedient. The transition option allows entities to not apply the new leases standard in the

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comparative periods they present in their financial statements in the year of adoption. The practical expedient provides lessees with an option to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease components when certain criteria are met and requires them to account for the combined component in accordance with the new revenue standard if the associated non-lease components are the predominant components. The amendments have the same effective date as ASU 2016-02. In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842), Codification Improvements. This ASU amended the new leases standard to reinstate the exception in Leases (Topic 842) for lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in regards to determining the fair value of the underlying assets. Specifically, those lessors will use their cost, reflecting any volume or trade discounts that may apply, as the fair value of the underlying asset unless a significant lapse of time occurs between the acquisition of the underlying asset and lease commencement, in which case, those lessors will be required to apply the definition of fair value (exit price) in Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820).

In addition, this ASU amended the new leases standard to clarify the presentation on the statement of cash flows principal payments received under leases for depository and lending institutions for Sales-Type and Direct Financing Leases. Specifically for these entities and leases, all principal payments received under leases will be presented within investing activities on the statement of cash flows. Finally, this ASU amended the new leases standard to explicitly provide an exception to paragraph 250-10-50-3 interim disclosure requirements for an entity electing the transition method of implementation. The amendments have the same effective date as ASU 2016-02. The Company adopted Topic 842 effective January 1, 2022, using the transition method permitted by ASU 2018-11. The Company elected the prospective application approach provided by ASU 2018-11 and did not adjust prior periods for ASC 842. The Company also elected certain practical expedients within the standard and consistent with such elections did not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, did not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases and did not reassess any initial direct costs for existing leases. The Company elected to exclude short-term leases (i.e., those with original terms of twelve months or less) from the consolidated balance sheets. The adoption of the ASU, as amended, effective January 1, 2022, did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Right of use assets and lease obligation liabilities have been included within the other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities line items of the consolidated balance sheets.

The FASB originally issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) as amended by ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2022-02, in June 2016. This ASU, commonly referred to as the current expected credit loss methodology (“CECL”), replaces the incurred loss methodology for recognizing credit losses under current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Under the new guidance, an entity will measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The expected loss model will apply to loans and leases, unfunded lending commitments, held-to-maturity debt securities and other debt instruments measured at amortized cost. The impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities will require the recognition of credit losses through a valuation allowance when fair value is less than amortized cost, regardless of whether the impairment is considered to be other-than-temporary. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, which eliminates the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors that have adopted CECL and enhances disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2019-05, issued in April 2019, further provides entities that have certain financial instruments measured at amortized cost that have credit losses with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option in Subtopic 825-10, upon adoption of Topic 326. The fair value option applies to available-for-sale debt securities. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10 which delayed the effective date of ASU 2016-13 for smaller reporting companies, as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and other non-SEC reporting entities to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal periods. It is estimated that the allowance for credit losses and off-balance sheet reserve at the time of adoption will increase by approximately $350,000 to $750,000 in total, with the increase being offset by a charge to retained earnings, net of deferred taxes. Adoption of the standard is not expected to have a material impact on the available-for-sale or held-to-maturity investment portfolios. The ultimate impact of adopting the ASU, and at each subsequent reporting period, is highly dependent on credit quality, economic forecasts and conditions and composition of our loans, along with other management judgements. The

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transition adjustment to record the allowance for credit losses may fall outside of management’s estimated increase based on material changes in these items, specifically the economic forecast and conditions and loan composition, used in calculating the allowance for credit losses upon adoption of CECL.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740, Income Taxes. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public entities this ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. For nonpublic entities this ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption of the ASU, effective January 1, 2022, did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company has determined that all other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements or do not apply to its operations.

(2) RESTRICTIONS ON CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS

The Bank is typically required to maintain reserve balances on hand and with the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”). These funds are unavailable for investment but the reserve balances maintained with the FRB are interest-earning. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FRB reduced the reserve requirement to 0% effective March 26, 2020.

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(3) INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Investment securities have been classified in the consolidated balance sheets according to management’s intent. Investment securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows:


			Gross		Gross
(In thousands)	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
December 31, 2022	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value

Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency MBS	$	13,257	$	—	$	1,868	$	11,389
Agency CMO		21,233		18		2,257		18,994
		34,490		18		4,125		30,383

Other debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities		9,840		—		401		9,439
U.S. Government agency obligations		1,996		—		183		1,813
Municipal obligations		73,442		18		9,744		63,716
		85,278		18		10,328		74,968

Total securities available for sale	$	119,768	$	36	$	14,453	$	105,351

Securities held to maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency MBS	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17

Total securities held to maturity	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17

December 31, 2021

Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency MBS	$	11,941	$	47	$	135	$	11,853
Agency CMO		24,196		47		465		23,778
		36,137		94		600		35,631

Other debt securities:
Municipal obligations		68,366		3,318		22		71,662

Total securities available for sale	$	104,503	$	3,412	$	622	$	107,293

Securities held to maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency MBS	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	21

Total securities held to maturity	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	21

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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of December 31, 2022 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities of MBS and CMO may differ from contractual maturities because the mortgages underlying the obligations may be prepaid without penalty and thus the contractual maturities are not presented below.


	Available for Sale				Held to Maturity
	Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair
(In thousands)	Cost		Value		Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	2,272	$	2,240	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years		14,717		14,062		—		—
Due after five years through ten years		5,624		5,292		—		—
Due after ten years		62,665		53,374		—		—
		85,278		74,968		—		—
MBS and CMO		34,490		30,383		17		17

	$	119,768	$	105,351	$	17	$	17

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Information pertaining to securities with gross unrealized losses at December 31, 2022 and 2021, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, follows:


	Number of			Gross
(Dollars in thousands)	Investment	Fair		Unrealized
December 31, 2022	Positions	Value		Losses

Securities available for sale:
Continuous loss position less than 12 months:
U.S. Treasury securities	6	$	9,439	$	401
U.S. Government agency obligations	1		1,812		183
Agency MBS	8		4,701		559
Agency CMO	8		4,212		204
Municipal obligations	89		46,971		6,309
Total less than 12 months	112		67,135		7,656

Continuous loss position more than 12 months:
Agency MBS	5		6,687		1,309
Agency CMO	12		13,357		2,053
Municipal obligations	25		12,588		3,435
Total more than 12 months	42		32,632		6,797

Total securities available for sale	154	$	99,767	$	14,453

December 31, 2021

Securities available for sale:
Continuous loss position less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	4	$	7,964	$	113
Agency CMO	4		4,792		46
Municipal obligations	3		2,452		22
Total less than 12 months	11		15,208		181

Continuous loss position more than 12 months:
Agency MBS	1		879		22
Agency CMO	8		12,553		419
Total more than 12 months	9		13,432		441

Total securities available for sale	20	$	28,640	$	622

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no debt securities in the held to maturity classification in a loss position. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the debt securities in the available for sale classification in a loss position were 94.7% and 26.7%, respectively, of the Company’s total available for sale securities portfolio. All of the debt securities in a loss position at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were backed by residential first mortgage loans or were obligations issued by federal or local government-sponsored enterprises. These unrealized losses relate principally to current interest rates for similar types of securities. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition for purposes of evaluating whether declines in value are other-than-temporary, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government, its agencies or sponsored enterprises or local governments, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition. As the Company has the ability to hold the debt securities until maturity, or for the foreseeable future if classified as available for sale, no declines are deemed to be other-than-temporary.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

While management does not anticipate any credit-related impairment losses at December 31, 2022, additional deterioration in market and economic conditions, may have an adverse impact on credit quality in the future.

(4) LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

Loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Real estate mortgage loans:
One-to-four family residential	$	64,747	$	64,098
Multi-family residential		8,271		9,385
Residential construction		1,156		1,406
Commercial real estate		48,590		36,678
Commercial real estate construction		6,691		1,632
Commercial business loans		14,675		8,804
Consumer loans		2,077		2,152
Total loans		146,207		124,155

Deferred loan origination fees and costs, net		(136)		(64)
Allowance for loan losses		(1,692)		(1,523)

Loans, net	$	144,379	$	122,568

The Company has entered into loan transactions with certain directors, officers and their affiliates (related parties). In the opinion of management, such indebtedness was incurred in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and does not involve more than normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.

The following represents the aggregate activity for related party loans during the year ended December 31, 2022.


(In thousands)	2022		2021

Beginning Balance	$	386	$	1,459
New loans		—		—
Payments		(16)		(1,073)

Ending Balance	$	370	$	386

The Company has pledged certain loans to secure future advances or other borrowings from the FHLB. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the eligible blanket collateral included residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of approximately $60.9 million and $61.1 million, respectively. See Note 9.

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The following table provides the components of the Company’s recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2022:


	One-to-
	Four		Multi-
	Family		Family				Commercial		Commercial
	Residential		Residential		Construction		Real Estate		Business		Consumer		Total

	(In thousands)
Recorded Investment in Loans:
Principal loan balance	$	64,747	$	8,271	$	7,847	$	48,590	$	14,675	$	2,077	$	146,207

Accrued interest receivable		178		14		19		182		36		8		437

Net deferred loan fees/costs		13		(24)		(32)		(106)		(24)		37		(136)

Recorded investment in loans	$	64,938	$	8,261	$	7,834	$	48,666	$	14,687	$	2,122	$	146,508

The following table provides the components of the Company’s recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2021:


	One-to-
	Four		Multi-
	Family		Family				Commercial		Commercial
	Residential		Residential		Construction		Real Estate		Business		Consumer		Total

	(In thousands)
Recorded Investment in Loans:
Principal loan balance	$	64,098	$	9,385	$	3,038	$	36,678	$	8,804	$	2,152	$	124,155

Accrued interest receivable		158		11		7		76		38		6		296

Net deferred loan fees/costs		7		(24)		(13)		(52)		(27)		45		(64)

Recorded investment in loans	$	64,263	$	9,372	$	3,032	$	36,702	$	8,815	$	2,203	$	124,387

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An analysis of the allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:


	One-to-
	Four		Multi-
	Family		Family				Commercial		Commercial
	Residential		Residential		Construction		Real Estate		Business		Consumer		Total

Allowance for loan losses:	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	873	$	102	$	25	$	363	$	127	$	33	$	1,523
Provisions (credit)		(216)		(16)		(7)		287		72		15		135
Charge-offs		(3)		—		—		—		—		(19)		(22)
Recoveries		51		—		—		—		—		5		56

Ending balance	$	705	$	86	$	18	$	650	$	199	$	34	$	1,692

Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	—	$	35

Collectively evaluated for impairment		684		86		18		650		185		34		1,657

Ending balance	$	705	$	86	$	18	$	650	$	199	$	34	$	1,692

Recorded Investment in Loans as Evaluated for Impairment:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	490	$	—	$	—	$	125	$	279	$	—	$	894

Collectively evaluated for impairment		64,448		8,261		7,834		48,541		14,408		2,122		145,614

Ending balance	$	64,938	$	8,261	$	7,834	$	48,666	$	14,687	$	2,122	$	146,508

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

An analysis of the allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:


	One-to-
	Four		Multi-
	Family		Family				Commercial		Commercial
	Residential		Residential		Construction		Real Estate		Business		Consumer		Total

Allowance for loan losses:	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	992	$	98	$	55	$	306	$	113	$	25	$	1,589
Provisions		(159)		4		(30)		57		(7)		15		(120)
Charge-offs		(6)		—		—		—		(21)		(13)		(40)
Recoveries		46		—		—		—		42		6		94

Ending balance	$	873	$	102	$	25	$	363	$	127	$	33	$	1,523

Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	40

Collectively evaluated for impairment		852		102		25		363		108		33		1,483

Ending balance	$	873	$	102	$	25	$	363	$	127	$	33	$	1,523

Recorded Investment in Loans as Evaluated for Impairments:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,041	$	—	$	—	$	170	$	328	$	3	$	1,542

Collectively evaluated for impairment		63,222		9,372		3,032		36,532		8,487		2,200		122,845

Ending balance	$	64,263	$	9,372	$	3,032	$	36,702	$	8,815	$	2,203	$	124,387

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, management applied qualitative factor adjustments to each portfolio segment as they determined that the historical loss experience was not indicative of the level of risk in the remaining balance of those portfolio segments. As part of their analysis of qualitative factors, management considers changes in underwriting standards, economic conditions, trends in the volume and term of new loan originations, changes in

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

lending management, past due loan trends, the quality of the loan review system, collateral valuations, loan concentrations and other internal and external factors.

The following table summarizes the Company’s impaired loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company did not recognize any interest income on impaired loans using the cash receipts method of accounting for the year ended December 31, 2022.

			��
				Unpaid				Average		Interest
	Recorded			Principal		Related		Recorded		Income
	Investment			Balance		Allowance		Investment		Recognized

	(In thousands)
Loans with no related allowance recorded:

One-to-four family residential	$	762		$	820	$	—	$	783	$	1
Commercial real estate		60			60		—		83		4
Commercial business		—			—		—		—		—
Consumer		—			—		—		2		—
	$	822		$	880	$	—	$	868	$	5

Loans with an allowance recorded:

One-to-four family residential	$	267		$	274	$	21	$	259	$	12
Commercial real estate		66			68		—		67		3
Commercial business		279			279		14		307		16
Consumer		—			—		—		—		—
	$	612		$	621	$	35	$	633	$	31

Total:

One-to-four family residential	$	1,029		$	1,094	$	21	$	1,042	$	13
Commercial real estate		126			128		—		150		7
Commercial business		279			279		14		307		16
Consumer		—			—		—		2		—
	$	1,434		$	1,501	$	35	$	1,501	$	36

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

The following table summarizes the Company’s impaired loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company did not recognize any interest income on impaired loans using the cash receipts method of accounting for the year ended December 31, 2021.


			Unpaid				Average		Interest
	Recorded		Principal		Related		Recorded		Income
	Investment		Balance		Allowance		Investment		Recognized

	(In thousands)
Loans with no related allowance recorded:

One-to-four family residential	$	822	$	905	$	—	$	936	$	2
Commercial real estate		102		102		—		104		4
Commercial business		—		—		—		4		—
Consumer		3		3		—		1		—
	$	927	$	1,010	$	—	$	1,045	$	6

Loans with an allowance recorded:

One-to-four family residential	$	219	$	218	$	21	$	226	$	9
Commercial real estate		68		72		—		136		6
Commercial business		328		328		19		348		19
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—
	$	615	$	618	$	40	$	710	$	34

Total:

One-to-four family residential	$	1,041	$	1,123	$	21	$	1,162	$	11
Commercial real estate		170		174		—		240		10
Commercial business		328		328		19		352		19
Consumer		3		3		—		1		—
	$	1,542	$	1,628	$	40	$	1,755	$	40

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

Nonperforming loans consists of nonaccrual loans and loans over 90 days past due and still accruing interest. The following table presents the recorded investment in nonperforming loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


			Loans 90+ Days		Total
	Nonaccrual		Past Due		Nonperforming
	Loans		Still Accruing		Loans

	(In thousands)
December 31, 2022:

One-to-four family residential	$	732	$	—	$	732
Commercial real estate		—		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—

Total	$	732	$	—	$	732

December 31, 2021:

One-to-four family residential	$	735	$	—	$	735
Commercial real estate		15		—		15
Consumer		3		—		3

Total	$	753	$	—	$	753

The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	30‑59 Days		60‑89 Days		Over 90 Days		Total				Total
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

December 31, 2022	(In thousands)

One-to-four family residential	$	667	$	152	$	127	$	946	$	63,992	$	64,938
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—		8,261		8,261
Construction		—		—		—		—		7,834		7,834
Commercial real estate		444		—		—		444		48,222		48,666
Commercial business		11		—		—		11		14,676		14,687
Consumer		—		—		—		—		2,122		2,122

Total	$	1,122	$	152	$	127	$	1,401	$	145,107	$	146,508

December 31, 2021

One-to-four family residential	$	545	$	248	$	57	$	850	$	63,413	$	64,263
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—		9,372		9,372
Construction		—		—		—		—		3,032		3,032
Commercial real estate		451		—		—		451		36,251		36,702
Commercial business		—		—		—		—		8,815		8,815
Consumer		—		—		3		3		2,200		2,203

Total	$	996	$	248	$	60	$	1,304	$	123,083	$	124,387

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, public information, historical payment experience, credit

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

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documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company classifies loans based on credit risk at least quarterly. The Company uses the following regulatory definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss: Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance on the institution’s books as an asset is not warranted.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above-described process are considered to be pass rated loans.

The following table presents the recorded investment in loans by risk category as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	One-to-
	Four		Multi-
	Family		Family				Commercial		Commercial
	Residential		Residential		Construction		Real Estate		Business		Consumer		Total

December 31, 2022	(In thousands)

Pass	$	64,206	$	8,261	$	7,834	$	45,256	$	14,687	$	2,122	$	142,366
Special mention		—		—		—		3,410		—		—		3,410
Substandard		732		—		—		—		—		—		732
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total	$	64,938	$	8,261	$	7,834	$	48,666	$	14,687	$	2,122	$	146,508

December 31, 2021

Pass	$	63,399	$	9,372	$	3,032	$	36,593	$	8,815	$	2,200	$	123,411
Special mention		—		—		—		87		—		—		87
Substandard		864		—		—		22		—		3		889
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total	$	64,263	$	9,372	$	3,032	$	36,702	$	8,815	$	2,203	$	124,387

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The following table summarizes the recorded investment in the Company’s TDRs by accrual status at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


							Related
							Allowance for
	Accruing		Nonaccrual		Total		Loan Losses

December 31, 2022	(In thousands)

One-to-four family residential	$	298	$	85	$	383	$	21
Commercial real estate		125		—		125		—
Commercial business		279		—		279		14

Total	$	702	$	85	$	787	$	35

December 31, 2021

One-to-four family residential	$	306	$	101	$	407	$	21
Commercial real estate		155		—		155		—
Commercial business		328		—		328		19

Total	$	789	$	101	$	890	$	40

There were no TDRs that were restructured during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes information in regard to TDRs that were restructured during the year ended December 31, 2021:


		Pre-Modification		Post-Modification
	Number of	Outstanding		Outstanding
	Contracts	Balance		Balance

	(Dollars in thousands)

One-to-four family residential	1	$	49	$	48

Total	1	$	49	$	48

The TDR that was restructured during the year ended December 31, 2021 was modified related to bankruptcy. Charge-offs for loan losses of $6,000 were recorded as a result of TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2021.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loan terms have been modified in a TDR.

There were no TDRs modified within the previous 12 months for which there was a subsequent default (defined as the loan becoming more than 90 days past due, being moved to nonaccrual status, or the collateral being foreclosed upon) during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. In the event that a TDR subsequently defaults, the Company evaluates the restructuring for possible impairment. As a result, the related allowance for loan losses may be increased or charge-offs may be taken to reduce the carrying amount of the loan. The Company did not recognize any provisions for loan losses or net charge-offs as a result of defaulted TDRs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(5) FORECLOSED REAL ESTATE

The Company did not have any foreclosed residential real estate properties where physical possession has occurred at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

At December 31, 2022, the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure was $116,000. At December 31, 2021, the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure was $19,000.

There was no net loss or gain on foreclosed real estate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(6) REAL ESTATE HELD FOR SALE

In December 2022, the Company sold the property for net proceeds of $62,000 and recognized a $37,000 loss on the disposal of the property. No impairment loss was recognized for the years 2022 and 2021. The carrying value of real estate held for sale was $0 and $99,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(7) PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Premises and equipment as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:


	2022		2021
(In thousands)

Land and land improvements	$	517	$	507
Office buildings and leasehold improvements		2,373		2,371
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		1,441		1,249
		4,331		4,127
Less accumulated depreciation		2,181		2,175

Total premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation	$	2,150	$	1,952

The carrying value of premises and equipment are assessed for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. The factors considered by management in performing this assessment include current operating results, trends and prospects, the manner in which the property is used, and the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors.

(8) DEPOSITS

The aggregate amount of time deposit accounts with balances that met or exceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance limit of $250,000 were approximately $13.5 million and $4.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, the Company had $5.0 million and $0 in brokered deposits at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are not included in the figures above, and comprised of various deposits below $250,000.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

At December 31, 2022, scheduled maturities of time deposits were as follows:


	(In thousands)

2023	$	33,032
2024		15,989
2025		4,440
2026		3,864
2027		1,467
Thereafter		—

Total	$	58,792

The Company held deposits of approximately $3.9 million and $5.1 million for related parties at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest expense on deposits is summarized as follows:


(In thousands)	2022		2021

Savings and interest-bearing demand deposits	$	138	$	118
Time deposits		411		360

Total	$	549	$	478

(9) ADVANCES FROM FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Bank had $29.0 million and $10.0 million in advances outstanding from the FHLB, respectively. On June 27, 2019, the Company borrowed $10.0 million from the FHLB as a putable fixed-rate advance with an original maturity date of June 27, 2024 and bearing an interest rate of 1.73%. On June 27, 2022, the FHLB exercised its put option on this advance.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company utilized a series of short-term fixed-rate bullet advances from the FHLB in order to meet daily liquidity requirements and to fund growth in earning assets. The advances had an average term of nine days. The following table sets forth information on the short-term FHLB advances during the periods presented:


	2022			2021

		(Dollars in thousands)
Outstanding at period-end	$	29,000		$	—
Average amount outstanding		17,183			—
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end		32,500			—
Weighted average interest rate:
During period		2.79	%		—	%
End of period		4.21	%		—	%

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company utilized a $5.0 million line of credit with the FHLB. The following table sets forth information on the FHLB line of credit advances during the periods presented:


	2022			2021

		(Dollars in thousands)
Outstanding at period-end	$	—		$	—
Average amount outstanding		202			—
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end		3,566			—
Weighted average interest rate:
During period		2.45	%		—	%
End of period		—	%		—	%

The advances are secured under a blanket collateral agreement with the FHLB. At December 31, 2022, the carrying value of mortgage loans pledged as security for advances was $60.9 million.

(10) INCOME TAXES

The components of consolidated income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:



(In thousands)	2022		2021

Current	$	45	$	77
Deferred		46		(10)
Total	$	91	$	67

The reconciliation of income tax expense with the amount which would have been provided at the federal statutory rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, follows:


(In thousands)	2022			2021

Provisions at federal statutory rate	$	414		$	352
State income tax-net of federal tax benefit		36			33
Municipal interest income		(353)			(322)
Bank-owned life insurance income		(20)			(13)
Other		14			17
Total	$	91		$	67

Effective tax rate		4.6	%		4.0	%

Indiana tax laws enacted in 2013 and 2014 decreased the Indiana financial institutions franchise tax rate beginning in 2014 and ending in 2023. Deferred taxes have been adjusted to reflect the newly enacted rates and the period in which temporary differences are expected to reverse.

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets (liabilities):
Director deferred compensation plan	$	23	$	31
Allowance for loan losses		409		369
Valuation allowance - real estate held for sale		—		105
Nonaccrual loan interest income		49		53
Equity incentive plans		32		22
Employee stock ownership plan		30		25
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale		3,586		—
Net deferred loan costs		32		15
Net operating loss carryover		64		8
Total deferred tax assets		4,225		628

Depreciation		(117)		(74)
FHLB stock dividends		(18)		(18)
Prepaid expenses		(25)		(11)
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale		—		(694)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(160)		(797)

Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$	4,065	$	(169)

The deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2022 is included as a component of other assets on the balance sheet. The deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2021 is included as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities on the balance sheet.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no liability for unrecognized income tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions and does not anticipate any increase in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months. The Company believes that its income tax positions would be sustained upon examination and does not anticipate any adjustments that would result in a material change to its financial position or results of operations. The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and a combined Indiana state income tax return. Returns filed in these jurisdictions for tax years ended on or after December 31, 2018 are subject to examination by the relevant taxing authorities.

During 2022, the Company generated a federal net operating loss (“NOL”) of $305,000. For federal income tax purposes, the NOL has no expiration period. The Company expects to generate sufficient taxable income in the future to utilize the loss generated.

Prior to October 1, 1996, the Company was permitted by the Internal Revenue Code to deduct from taxable income an annual addition to a statutory bad debt reserve subject to certain limitations. Retained earnings at December 31, 2022 and 2021 include approximately $1.2 million of cumulative deductions for which no deferred federal income tax liability has been recorded. Reduction of these reserves for purposes other than tax bad debt losses or adjustments arising from carry back of net operating losses would create income for tax purposes subject to the then current corporate income tax rate. The unrecorded deferred tax liability on these amounts was approximately $294,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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(11) DEFERRED DIRECTORS COMPENSATION PLAN

The Company has a deferred compensation plan whereby certain directors defer into an account with the Company a portion of their monthly director fees to provide income for a period of ten years following retirement. The benefits under the contracts are fully vested and the Company accrues the interest cost on the deferred obligation. The balance of the accrued benefit for the plan, which is included as part of accrued expenses and other liabilities on the balance sheet, was $95,000 and $130,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Deferred compensation expense was $8,000 and $10,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(12) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Contribution Plan:

The Company has a qualified defined contribution plan available to all eligible employees. The plan allows participating employees to make tax-deferred contributions under Internal Revenue Code Section 401(k). The Company contributed $67,000 and $61,000 to the plan for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan:

In connection with the Conversion, the Bank established a leveraged ESOP for eligible employees of the Company and the Bank. The ESOP trust purchased 204,789 shares of Company common stock at the initial public offering price of $10.00 per share financed by a 20-year term loan with the Company. The loan is secured by shares purchased with the loan proceeds and will be repaid by the ESOP with funds from the Company’s discretionary contributions to the ESOP and earnings on ESOP assets. The employer loan and the related interest income are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements as the debt is serviced by employer contributions. Dividends payable on allocated shares are charged to retained earnings and are satisfied by the allocation of cash dividends to participant accounts. Dividends payable on unallocated shares are not considered dividends for financial reporting purposes. Shares held by the ESOP trust are held in a suspense account and allocated to participant accounts as principal and interest payments are made by the ESOP to the Company. Payments of principal and interest are due annually on December 31, the Company’s fiscal year end.

As shares are committed to be released for allocation to participant accounts from collateral, the Company reports compensation expense equal to the average fair value of shares committed to be released during the year with a corresponding credit to stockholders’ equity and the shares become outstanding for earnings per share computations. The compensation expense is accrued throughout the year.

Compensation expense recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $173,000 and $184,000, respectively. Company common stock held by the ESOP trust at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:


	2022		2021

Allocated shares		52,430		39,847
Unallocated shares		152,359		164,942

Total ESOP shares		204,789		204,789

Fair value of unallocated shares	$	1,982,000	$	2,474,000

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(13) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company’s stock-based compensation plans are described below. The compensation cost that has been charged against income for those plans was $268,000 and $240,000 for 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The total income tax benefit recognized in the consolidated statements of income for stock-based compensation arrangements was $52,000 and $51,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company accounts for any forfeitures when they occur, and any previously recognized compensation expense for an award is reversed in the period the award is forfeited. The Company generally reissues treasury shares or issues new shares from its authorized but unissued shares under the plans.

2010 Equity Incentive Plan

The Bank had an equity incentive plan (the "2010 Plan") adopted on July 27, 2010 which was assumed by the Company in connection with the Conversion. Under the 2010 Plan, 127,849 shares of common stock, as adjusted for the exchange ratio applied in the Conversion, were approved for awards of stock options and restricted stock. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, on an adjusted basis, awards for stock options totaling 78,010 shares and 93,254 shares, respectively, and awards for restricted stock totaling 34,250 shares of Company common stock have been granted, net of any forfeitures, to participants in the 2010 Plan. No additional awards may be made under the 2010 Plan.

2019 Equity Incentive Plan

In September 2019, the Company's stockholders approved the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2019 Plan") which provides for the award of stock options and restricted stock. Under the 2019 Plan, the Compensation Committee may grant stock options that, upon exercise, result in the issuance of 255,987 shares of common stock and may grant 102,395 shares of restricted stock. As of December 31, 2022, awards for stock options totaling 20,900 shares and awards for restricted stock totaling 48,319 shares of the Company common stock have been granted, net of any forfeitures, to participants in the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2021, awards for stock options totaling 6,500 shares and awards for restricted stock totaling 33,550 shares of the Company common stock were granted, net of any forfeitures, to participants in the 2019 Plan.

The vesting dates for stock option awards are determined by the Compensation Committee appointed by the board of directors. All unvested options become exercisable upon an option holder’s death or disability and in the event of a change in control. Option prices may not be less than the fair market value of the underlying stock at the date of the grant of the award. Restricted stock awards generally vest over a period of five years. The Plan provides that unvested restricted stock awards become fully vested upon a holder’s death or disability and in the event of a change in control. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period with a corresponding credit to stockholders’ equity. The requisite service period for restricted shares is the vesting period.

Stock Options:

The fair value of stock options granted during 2022 and 2021 under the 2019 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The expected term of options granted represents the period of time that options are expected to be outstanding and is based on the average of the vesting term and the original contractual term as the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis on which to estimate the expected term due to the limited period of time its common shares have been publicly traded. The risk-free rate for the expected life of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

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The following significant assumptions were used during 2022 and 2021 to estimate the fair value of stock options granted:


	2022		2021

Expected volatility	29.9	%	31.5	%
Expected term (in years)	7.5		7.5
Expected dividends	1.79	%	1.02	%
Risk-free rate	3.77	%	1.42	%

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $4.11 and $5.05, respectively.

A summary of option activity as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year then ended is presented below:


				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
	Number	Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	of	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	Shares	Price		Term	Value

Outstanding at beginning of year	98,584	$	13.42
Granted	16,000		13.00
Exercised	(8,103)		12.90
Forfeited or expired	(16,844)		13.53

Outstanding at end of period	89,637	$	13.38	7.6	$	2,000

Vested and expected to vest	89,637	$	13.38	7.6	$	2,000

Exercisable at end of period	60,438	$	13.37	7.2	$	1,000

At December 31, 2022, there was $109,000 of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options. That compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

Restricted Stock:

A summary of the activity for the Company’s nonvested restricted shares during the year ended December 31, 2022, is presented below:


		Weighted
		Average
	Number of	Grant-Date
	Shares	Fair Value

Nonvested at beginning of year	32,578	$	14.53
Granted	15,219		13.00
Vested	(14,508)		14.00
Forfeited	(450)		14.74

Nonvested at end of period	32,839	$	14.05

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The total fair value of shares expensed during each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, was $192,000 and $192,000, respectively. At December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted shares was $458,000. That compensation expense is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average vesting period of 2.8 years.

(14) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Credit-Related Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, there are outstanding various commitments and contingent liabilities, such as commitments to extend credit and legal claims, which are not reflected in the financial statements.

There were $41,000 and $26,000 in commitments under outstanding standby letters of credit at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following is a summary of the commitments to extend credit at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Loan commitments:
Fixed rate	$	539	$	1,874
Adjustable rate		1,020		961

Undisbursed commercial and personal lines of credit		9,915		15,770
Undisbursed portion of commercial construction loans		4,731		1,964
Undisbursed portion of residential construction loans		900		2,693

Total commitments to extend credit	$	17,105	$	23,262

(15) FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the balance sheet.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments (see Note 14). The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount and type of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, varies and is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counter-party.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company’s policy for obtaining collateral, and the nature of

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such collateral, is essentially the same as that involved in making commitments to extend credit. The Company had no liabilities related to standby letters of credit guarantees at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company has not been required to perform on any financial guarantees during the past two years. The Company incurred no losses on its commitments in either 2022 or 2021.

(16) REGULATORY MATTERS

The Company is a bank holding company subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve ("Federal Reserve") under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the regulations of the Federal Reserve, except that, pursuant to the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, effective August 30, 2018, a bank holding company with consolidated assets of less than $3 billion is generally not subject to the Federal Reserve's capital regulations.

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by its primary federal regulator, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory-and possibly additional discretionary-actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Bank’s financial statements. Under regulatory capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines involving quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification under prompt corrective action guidelines are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Beginning in 2020, qualifying community banks with assets of less than $10 billion were eligible to opt in to the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework. The CBLR is the ratio of a bank’s tangible equity capital to average total consolidated assets. A qualifying community bank that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under prompt corrective action statutes. The federal banking agencies may consider a financial institution’s risk profile when evaluating whether it qualifies as a community bank for purposes of the capital ratio requirement. The federal banking agencies must set the minimum capital for the new CBLR at not less than 8% and not more than 10%, and had originally set the minimum ratio at 9%. However, pursuant to the CARES Act and related interim final rules, the minimum CBLR was set at 8% for calendar year 2020, 8.5% for calendar year 2021, and 9% thereafter. A financial institution that falls below the minimum CBLR generally has a two-quarter grace period to get back into compliance as long as it maintains a minimum CBLR of 7.5% for 2021 and 8% for 2022 and thereafter. A financial institution can elect to be subject to or opt out of the CBLR framework at any time. As a qualified community bank, the Bank opted into the CBLR framework as of January 1, 2020.

At December 31, 2022, the Bank’s CBLR ratio was 15.4%. The Bank’s CBLR ratio was 16.3% at December 31, 2021. Management believes that the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it was subject as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

As of December 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the OCC categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

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The Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios are presented in the following table. No amounts were deducted from capital for interest-rate risk in either year.


					Minimum for Capital			Minimum to be Well
					Adequacy Purposes			Capitalized under
					with Capital			Prompt Corrective
	Actual				Conservation Buffer:			Action Provisions:
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio

As of December 31, 2022:

Community Bank Leverage Ratio	$	42,620	15.4	%		N/A	N/A	$	24,944	9.00	%

As of December 31, 2021:

Community Bank Leverage Ratio	$	41,264	16.3	%		N/A	N/A	$	21,520	8.50	%

(17) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Dividends

The payment of dividends by the Company and Bank are subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve and OCC, respectively. Under Indiana law, the Company is prohibited from paying a dividend if, as a result of its payment, the Company would be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the normal course of business, or if the Company's total liabilities would exceed its total assets. Under OCC regulations, the Bank generally may make capital distributions during any calendar year in an amount up to 100% of net income for the year-to-date plus retained net income for the two preceding years, so long as it is well-capitalized after the distribution. In addition, as noted above, if the Bank does not have the required capital conservation buffer, its ability to pay dividends to the Company would be limited.

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(18) DISCLOSURES ABOUT FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table summarizes the carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments and the level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 20) in which the fair value measurements fall at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


			Fair Value Measurements Using
	Carrying
(In thousands)	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

December 31, 2022

Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,684	$	5,684	$	—	$	—
Securities available for sale		105,351		—		105,351		—
Securities held to maturity		17		—		17		—
Loans, net		144,379		—		—		138,744
FHLB stock		1,778		N/A		N/A		N/A
Accrued interest receivable		1,323		—		1,323		—

Financial liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits		28,232		28,232		—		—
Interest-bearing deposits		177,832		—		—		175,969
Advance from FHLB		29,000		—		29,000		—
Accrued interest payable		12		—		12		—

December 31, 2021

Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	16,379	$	16,379	$	—	$	—
Securities available for sale		107,293		—		107,293		—
Securities held to maturity		21		—		21		—
Loans, net		122,568		—		—		123,158
FHLB stock		778		N/A		N/A		N/A
Accrued interest receivable		997		—		997		—

Financial liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits		28,602		28,602		—		—
Interest-bearing deposits		168,282		—		—		168,168
Advance from FHLB		10,000		—		10,162		—
Accrued interest payable		11		—		11		—

The carrying amounts in the preceding table are included in the consolidated balance sheets under the applicable captions. The contractual or notional amounts of financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk are disclosed in Note 15, and the fair value of these instruments is considered immaterial.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value are described as follows:

Carrying amount is the estimated fair value for cash and cash equivalents, accrued interest receivable and payable, demand deposits and other transaction accounts. The fair value of securities is based on quoted market prices (where available) or values obtained from an independent pricing service. The fair value of loans and fixed-maturity certificates of deposit is based on discounted cash flows using current market rates applied to the estimated life and

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credit risk of the instrument. It is not practicable to determine the fair value of FHLB stock due to restrictions placed on its transferability. The methods utilized to measure the fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021 represent an approximation of exit price, but an actual exit price may differ.

(19) SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE FOR EARNINGS PER SHARE


(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021

Basic
Earnings:
Net income	$	1,881	$	1,608

Shares:
Weighted average common shares outstanding		2,725,980		2,906,728

Net income per common share, basic	$	0.69	$	0.55

Diluted
Earnings:
Net income	$	1,881	$	1,608

Shares:
Weighted average common shares outstanding		2,725,980		2,906,728
Add: Dilutive effect of stock options		703		4,009
Add: Dilutive effect of restricted stock		4,056		5,924


Weighted average common shares outstanding, as adjusted		2,730,739		2,916,661

Net income per common share, diluted	$	0.69	$	0.55

Nonvested restricted stock shares and unallocated ESOP shares are not considered as outstanding for purposes of computing basic and diluted earnings per share. Weighted-average stock options of 4,900 and 286 shares of common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share because their effect was antidilutive for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no antidilutive restricted stock awards excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(20) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides the framework for measuring fair value. That framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under FASB ASC Topic 820 are described as follows:

Level 1: Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. A quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

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Level 2: Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted market prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs that are derived principally from or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3: Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

The table below presents the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022. There were no assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022. The Company had no liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2022.


	Carrying Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(In thousands)
December 31, 2022

Assets Measured on a Recurring Basis

Securities available for sale:
Agency MBS	$	—	$	11,389	$	—	$	11,389
Agency CMO		—		18,994		—		18,994
U.S. Treasury securities		—		9,439		—		9,439
U.S. Government agency obligations		—		1,813		—		1,813
Municipal obligations		—		63,716		—		63,716
Total securities available for sale	$	—	$	105,351	$	—	$	105,351

The table below presents the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021. There were no assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2021. The Company had no liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021.


	Carrying Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(In thousands)
December 31, 2021

Assets Measured on a Recurring Basis

Securities available for sale:
Agency MBS	$	—	$	11,853	$	—	$	11,853
Agency CMO		—		23,778		—		23,778
Municipal obligations		—		71,662		—		71,662
Total securities available for sale	$	—	$	107,293	$	—	$	107,293

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of the Company’s financial assets carried at fair value or the lower of cost or fair value.

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Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based on internally developed models or obtained from third parties that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters or a matrix pricing model that employs the Bond Market Association’s standard calculations for cash flow and price/yield analysis and observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value, or the lower of cost or fair value. These adjustments may include unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments have been applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Securities Available for Sale. Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value on a recurring basis. These securities are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy where quoted market prices from reputable third-party brokers are available in an active market. If quoted market prices are not available, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. These securities are reported using Level 2 inputs and the fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, U.S. government and agency yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the security’s terms and conditions, among other factors. Changes in fair value of securities available for sale are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax effect.

There have been no changes in the valuation techniques and related inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. There were no transfers in or out of the Company’s Level 3 financial assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(21) REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of FASB ASC 606 is recognized within noninterest income. The following table presents the Company’s sources of noninterest income and other income within the scope of FASB ASC 606 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	2022		2021

	(In thousands)

Service charges on deposit accounts	$	377	$	295
Brokered loan fees		155		265
ATM transaction and point-of-sale interchange fees		573		552
Other income		14		17
Revenue from contracts with customers		1,119		1,129

Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance		58		62
Gain on life insurance		36		—
Other income		35		29
Other noninterest income		129		91

Total noninterest income	$	1,248	$	1,220

A description of the Company’s revenue streams accounted for under FASB ASC 606 follows:

Deposit Account Service Charges: The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as stop payment charges

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and statement rendering, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs.

Brokered Loan Fees: The Company entered into loan brokering agreements with United Wholesale Mortgage (“UWM”) and Union Home Mortgage (“UHM”). Under the agreements, the Company performs loan application and preliminary underwriting activities to determine if potential loans conform to the underwriting standards of Fannie Mae. Conforming loans are then funded by the brokers, and the Company receives a fee for services performed.

ATM and Debit Card Fee Income: The Company earns ATM usage fees and interchange fees from debit cardholder transactions conducted through a payment network. ATM fees are recognized at the point in time the transaction occurs. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

Other Income: Other income from contracts with customers includes safe deposit box fees, check cashing and cashier's check fees, and wire transfer fees. This revenue is recognized at the time the transaction is executed or over the period the Company satisfies the performance obligation.

(22) CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK

At December 31, 2022, the Company had a concentration of credit risk with correspondent banks in excess of the federal deposit insurance limit of $430,000. In addition, $2.7 million and $42,000 of cash was held by the FHLB of Indianapolis and the Federal Reserve Bank, respectively, which are not federally insured.

(23) PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Condensed financial information for the Company (parent company only) follows:

BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands)


	As of
	December 31,
	2022		2021
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,066	$	3,063
Other assets		532		137
Investment in subsidiaries		31,789		43,360

	$	33,387	$	46,560

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	65	$	31
Stockholders’ equity		33,322		46,529

	$	33,387	$	46,560

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In thousands)


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021

Dividends from bank subsidiary	$	1,422	$	379
Total income		1,422		379

Other operating expenses		597		576

Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		825		(197)

Income tax benefit		(142)		(138)

Income (loss) before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		967		(59)
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		914		1,667

Net Income	$	1,881	$	1,608

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	1,881	$	1,608
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		(914)		(1,667)
Net change in other assets and liabilities		(362)		13
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Operating Activities		605		(46)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		104		7
Purchase of treasury stock		(2,214)		(3,017)
Cash dividends paid		(492)		(380)
Net Cash Used In Financing Activities		(2,602)		(3,390)

Net Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents		(1,997)		(3,436)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		3,063		6,499

Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year	$	1,066	$	3,063

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MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

(24) SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)


	First		Second		Third		Fourth
	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Total

2022	(In thousands, except per share data)

Interest income	$	1,883	$	2,153	$	2,294	$	2,487	$	8,817
Interest expense		150		173		294		501		1,118
Net interest income		1,733		1,980		2,000		1,986		7,699
Provision for loan losses		—		50		85		—		135
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		1,733		1,930		1,915		1,986		7,564
Noninterest income		285		364		295		304		1,248
Noninterest expense		1,517		1,744		1,667		1,912		6,840
Income before income taxes		501		550		543		378		1,972
Income tax expense		34		24		31		2		91
Net income	$	467	$	526	$	512	$	376	$	1,881

Earnings per common share
Basic	$	0.17	$	0.19	$	0.19	$	0.14	$	0.69
Diluted	$	0.17	$	0.19	$	0.19	$	0.14	$	0.69

2021

Interest income	$	1,865	$	1,875	$	1,903	$	1,939	$	7,582
Interest expense		170		167		164		150		651
Net interest income		1,695		1,708		1,739		1,789		6,931
Credit for loan losses		—		—		—		(120)		(120)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		1,695		1,708		1,739		1,909		7,051
Noninterest income		274		325		301		320		1,220
Noninterest expense		1,574		1,630		1,551		1,841		6,596
Income before income taxes		395		403		489		388		1,675
Income tax expense		17		6		33		11		67
Net income	$	378	$	397	$	456	$	377	$	1,608

Earnings per common share
Basic	$	0.13	$	0.13	$	0.16	$	0.13	$	0.55
Diluted	$	0.13	$	0.13	$	0.16	$	0.13	$	0.55

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”)) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and several other members of the Company’s senior management as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

While the Company believes the present design of its disclosure controls and procedures is effective to achieve its goal, future events affecting its business may cause the Company to modify its disclosure controls and procedures. The Company does not expect that its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns in controls or procedures can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements attributable to errors or fraud may occur and not be detected.

(b) Changes in Internal Control: There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

(c) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: The management of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. This internal control system has been designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of the Company’s published financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

The management of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. To make the assessment, we used the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment, we have concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public

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companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2022 we were not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Item 9B. Other Information

There was no information to be disclosed by the Company in a report on Form 8-K during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022 that was not so disclosed.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information contained under the section captioned "Proposal I - Election of Directors" contained in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and "Part I – Business – Information about our Executive Officers" of this Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

Code of Ethics

On April 18, 2018, the board of directors adopted the Officer and Director Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics is applicable to each of the Company’s officers, including the principal executive officer and senior financial officers, and requires individuals to maintain the highest standards of professional conduct. A copy of the Code of Ethics is available on the Company’s website at www.mid-southern.com.

Audit Committee Matters and Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Company has a separately-designated standing Audit Committee, composed of Directors Bailey (Chairman), Fisher and Koch. Each member of the Audit Committee is “independent,” as defined in the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Standards. The Company’s board of directors has designated Mr. Bailey, Audit Committee Chairman, as its audit committee financial expert, as defined in SEC’s Regulation S-K.

Nomination Procedures

There have been no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to the Company’s board of directors.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information set forth under the sections captioned "Executive Compensation" and "Directors’ Compensation" in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information set forth under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference. The Company is not aware of any arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.

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Equity Compensation Plan Information. The following table summarizes share and exercise price information about the Company’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2022.


	Number of			Number of securities
	securities to	Weighted-		remaining available for
	be issued	average		future issuance under
	upon exercise	exercise price		equity compensation plans
	of outstanding	of outstanding		excluding securities
Plan category	options	options		reflected in column (A)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:	(A)		(B)	(C)
Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB 2010 Equity Incentive	68,737	$	13.32	—
Plan
Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan	20,900		13.56	289,163

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders:	—		—	—

Total	89,637			289,163

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information set forth under the headings “Related Party Transactions” and “Director Independence” under the heading “Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance Matters – Corporate Governance” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information regarding aggregate fees billed to the Company by its principal accountant, FORVIS, LLP (PCAOB ID No. 686) is presented in the section captioned “Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (excluding the information contained under the heading of “Report of the Audit Committee”) and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) 1. Financial Statements

See “Part II –Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

2. Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules are omitted because they are not required or applicable, or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.


Exhibits:

3.1		Articles of Incorporation of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. (1)
3.2		Bylaws of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc., as Amended (2)
4.1		Form of Common Stock Certificate of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. (1)
4.2		Description of Capital Stock of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. (3)
10.1^*		Form of Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (1)
10.2^*		Employment Agreement by and between Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB and Alexander G. Babey, as Amended (4)
10.3^*		Change in Control Agreement by and between Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB and James O. King, III (5)
10.4^*		Change in Control Agreement by and between Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB and Erica B. Schmidt (1)
10.5^*		Mid-Southern Savings Bank, FSB 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (6)
10.6^*		2019 Equity Incentive Plan (7)
10.7^*		Incentive Stock Option and Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreements of the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (4)
10.8^*		Restricted Stock Award Agreement of the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (4)
14		Code of Ethics (8)
21		Subsidiaries of Registrant
23		Consent of FORVIS, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32		Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101		The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

*	Indicates matters related to executive compensation or other management contracts.

(1)	Filed as exhibits to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-223875).

(2)	Filed as an exhibit to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Form 8-K on January 22, 2021 (File No. 001-38491).

(3)	Filed on March 26, 2020 as an exhibit to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38491).

(4)	Filed on March 26, 2021 as an exhibit to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (File No. 001-38491).

(5)	Filed on March 25, 2022 as an exhibit to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-38491).

(6)	Filed as an exhibit to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-226919).

(7)	Filed as an exhibit to Mid-Southern Bancorp, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-238774).

(8)	The Company elects to satisfy Regulation S-K §229.406(c) by posting its Code of Ethics on its website at www.mid-southern.com.

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Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


		MID-SOUTHERN BANCORP, INC.
Date: March 24, 2023	By:	/s/ Alexander G. Babey
		Alexander G. Babey
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		Director
		(Duly Authorized Representative)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


By:	/s/ Dana J. Dunbar	By:	/s/ Alexander G. Babey
	Dana J. Dunbar		Alexander G. Babey
	Chairman of the Board of Directors		President and Chief Executive Officer
			Director
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: March 24, 2023		Date: March 24, 2023

By:	/s/ Robert W. DeRossett	By:	/s/ Larry R. Bailey
	Robert W. DeRossett		Larry R. Bailey
	Chief Financial Officer		Director
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Date: March 24, 2023		Date: March 24, 2023

By:	/s/ Trent L. Fisher	By:	/s/ James O. King, III
	Trent L. Fisher		James O. King, III
	Director		Director

Date: March 24, 2023		Date: March 24, 2023

By:	/s/ Eric A. Koch	By:	/s/ Kermit A. Lamb
	Eric A. Koch		Kermit A. Lamb
	Director		Director

Date: March 24, 2023		Date: March 24, 2023

By:	/s/ Brent A. Rosenbaum
	Brent A. Rosenbaum
	Director

Date: March 24, 2023

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Mid-Southern Bancorp (MSVB) 10-K2022 FY Annual report

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