Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | 4. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company’s loan and allowance for credit loss policies are as follows: Loans Held for Investment. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is represented by mortgage loans to customers in southern Indiana. The ability of the Company’s customers to honor their contracts is dependent upon the real estate and general economic conditions in this area. Loan origination and commitment fees, as well as certain direct costs of underwriting and closing loans, are deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment to interest income over the lives of the related loans using the interest method. Amortization of net deferred loan fees is discontinued when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Nonaccrual Loans. A loan is restored to accrual status when all principal and interest payments are brought current and the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate a period of performance of at least six consecutive months. Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. On January 1, 2023, the Company implemented Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) as amended by ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2022-02 (collectively “ASC 326”), commonly referred to as the current expected credit loss methodology (“CECL”). Under the CECL model, the allowance for credit losses on loans represents a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loan portfolio. As a result, the opening balances for the allowance for credit losses increased by $557,000 as of January 1, 2023. The adoption reduced the Company’s retained earnings on a tax-effected basis of $425,000, with no impact on earnings. The Company measures expected credit losses for its portfolio segments utilizing the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (“WARM”) allowance for credit losses methodology. The WARM methodology uses an average loss rate for each loan segment and applies that rate to future expected outstanding balances of that segment. The Company selected the WARM methodology given the loan portfolio’s current size and complexity. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable and net deferred fees from its calculation of the allowance for credit losses. The Company uses a disciplined process and methodology to evaluate the allowance for credit losses on loans on at least a quarterly basis that is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually evaluated or loans otherwise classified as doubtful or substandard. For such loans that are classified as individually analyzed, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows or collateral value of the individually analyzed loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers non-classified loans and classified loans that are not individually analyzed. Such loans are pooled by portfolio segment and losses are modeled using annualized historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The historical loss experience is determined by portfolio segment and is based on the Company’s actual loss history since 2008 unless the historical loss experience is not considered indicative of the level of risk in the remaining balance of a particular portfolio segment, in which case an adjustment is determined by management. The Company’s historical loss experience is then adjusted for qualitative factors that are reviewed on a quarterly basis. Management’s determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans considers changes and trends in the following qualitative loss factors: lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off and recovery practices and management experience, national and local economic conditions, new loan trends, past due and nonaccrual loans, loan reviews, collateral values, credit concentrations and other internal and external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory changes. Each loan pool’s historical loss rate is adjusted based on positive or negative changes in the qualitative loss factor. This adjustment determines the adjusted loss rate used in management’s allowance for credit loss adequacy calculation. Management exercises significant judgment in evaluating the relevant historical loss experience and the qualitative factors. Management also monitors the differences between estimated and actual incurred loan losses for individually analyzed loans in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the estimation process and make any changes in the methodology as necessary. The following portfolio segments are considered in the allowance for credit losses analysis: one-to-four family residential real estate, multi-family residential real estate, construction, commercial real estate, commercial business, and consumer loans. Residential real estate loans primarily consist of loans to individuals for the purchase or refinance of their primary residence, with a smaller portion of the segment secured by non-owner-occupied residential investment properties and multi-family residential investment properties. Also, included within the residential real estate loan portfolio are home equity loans and junior lien loans, which are secured by liens on the borrower’s personal residence. The risks associated with residential real estate loans are closely correlated to the local housing market and general economic conditions, as repayment of the loans is primarily dependent on the borrower’s or tenant’s personal cash flow and employment status. The Company’s construction loan portfolio consists of single-family residential properties, multi-family properties and commercial projects, and includes both owner-occupied and speculative investment properties. Risks inherent in construction lending are related to the market value of the property held as collateral, the cost and timing of constructing or improving a property, the borrower’s ability to use funds generated by a project to service a loan until a project is completed, movements in interest rates and the real estate market during the construction phase, and the ability of the borrower to obtain permanent financing. Commercial real estate loans are comprised of loans secured by various types of collateral including office buildings, warehouses, retail space and mixed-use buildings located in the Company’s primary lending area. Risks related to commercial real estate lending are related to the market value of the property taken as collateral, the underlying cash flows and general economic condition of the local real estate market. Repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the ability of the borrower to attract tenants at lease rates or general business operating cash flows that provide for adequate debt service and can be impacted by local economic conditions which impact vacancy rates and the general level of business activity. The Company generally obtains loan guarantees from financially capable parties for commercial real estate loans. Commercial business loans include lines of credit to businesses, term loans and letters of credit secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or other assets excluding real estate and are generally made to finance capital expenditures or fund operations. Commercial loans contain risks related to the value of the collateral securing the loan and the repayment is primarily dependent upon the financial success and viability of the borrower. As with commercial real estate loans, the Company generally obtains loan guarantees from financially capable parties for commercial business loans. Consumer loans consist primarily of home improvement loans, automobile and truck loans, boat loans, mobile home loans, loans secured by savings deposits, and other personal loans. The risks associated with these loans are related to the local housing market and local economic conditions including the unemployment level. Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments. The following table summarizes the total impact of the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023: January 1 ,2023 As reported under Pre-ASC 326 Impact of ASC 326 (In thousands) ASC 326 Adoption Adoption Allowance for credit losses on loans: One-to-four family residential $ 717 $ 705 $ 12 Multi-family residential 389 86 303 Construction 101 18 83 Commercial real estate 775 650 125 Commercial business 207 199 8 Consumer 60 34 26 Total allowance for credit losses on loans $ 2,249 $ 1,692 $ 557 Total allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments $ 73 $ — $ 73 Loan Charge-Offs. losses as discussed above. Specific reserves are not considered charge-offs in management’s evaluation of the general component of the allowance for credit losses because they are estimates and the outcome of the loan relationship is undetermined. Consumer loans not secured by real estate are typically charged off at 90 days past due, or earlier if deemed uncollectible, unless the loans are in the process of collection. Overdrafts are charged off after 60 days past due. A charge-off is typically recorded on a loan secured by real estate when the property is foreclosed upon when the carrying value of the loan exceeds the property’s fair value less the estimated costs to sell. Individually Analyzed Loans. Values for individually evaluated collateral dependent loans are generally based on appraisals obtained from independent licensed real estate appraisers, with adjustments applied for estimated costs to sell the property, costs to complete unfinished or repair damaged property and other factors. New appraisals or valuations are generally obtained for all significant properties (if the value is estimated to exceed $100,000) when a loan is individually analyzed. Subsequent appraisals are obtained or an internal evaluation is prepared annually, or more frequently if management believes there has been a significant change in the market value of a collateral property securing a collateral dependent individually analyzed loan. In instances where it is not deemed necessary to obtain a new appraisal, management bases its evaluation on the original appraisal with adjustments for current conditions based on management’s assessment of market factors and inspection of the property. At March 31, 2023, the Company had $16,000 in foreclosed residential real estate properties where physical possession has occurred. The Company did not have any foreclosed residential real estate properties where physical possession had occurred at December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, there were five loans with an amortized cost of $168,000 that are secured by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. The amortized cost of loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure was $116,000 at December 31, 2022. Loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following: March 31, December 31, (In thousands) 2023 2022 Real estate mortgage loans: One-to-four family residential $ 66,100 $ 64,747 Multi-family residential 8,660 8,271 Construction 4,559 7,847 Commercial real estate 54,349 48,590 Commercial business loans 14,143 14,675 Consumer loans 1,865 2,077 Total loans 149,676 146,207 Deferred loan origination fees and costs, net (154) (136) Allowance for credit losses on loans (2,324) (1,692) Loans, net $ 147,198 $ 144,379 The following table provides the components of the Company’s recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2022: One-to-Four Family Multi-Family Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Construction Real Estate Business Consumer Total (In thousands) Recorded Investment in Loans: Principal loan balance $ 64,747 $ 8,271 $ 7,847 $ 48,590 $ 14,675 $ 2,077 $ 146,207 Accrued interest receivable 178 14 19 182 36 8 437 Net deferred loan fees/costs 13 (24) (32) (106) (24) 37 (136) Total $ 64,938 $ 8,261 $ 7,834 $ 48,666 $ 14,687 $ 2,122 $ 146,508 Recorded Investment in Loans as Evaluated: Individually evaluated $ 490 $ — $ — $ 125 $ 279 $ — $ 894 Collectively evaluated 64,448 8,261 7,834 48,541 14,408 2,122 145,614 Total $ 64,938 $ 8,261 $ 7,834 $ 48,666 $ 14,687 $ 2,122 $ 146,508 An analysis of the allowance for credit losses on loans as of December 31, 2022 is as follows: One-to-Four Family Multi-Family Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Construction Real Estate Business Consumer Total (In thousands) Ending allowance balance attributable to loans: Individually evaluated $ 21 $ — $ — $ — $ 14 $ — $ 35 Collectively evaluated 684 86 18 650 185 34 1,657 Total $ 705 $ 86 $ 18 $ 650 $ 199 $ 34 $ 1,692 An analysis of the changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows: One-to-Four Family Multi-Family Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Construction Real Estate Business Consumer Total (In thousands) Allowance for credit losses on loans: Beginning balance $ 705 $ 86 $ 18 $ 650 $ 199 $ 34 $ 1,692 Impact of adopting ASC 326 12 303 83 125 8 26 557 Provisions 4 25 (41) 104 (13) (1) 78 Charge-offs — — — — — (5) (5) Recoveries 2 — — — — — 2 Ending balance $ 723 $ 414 $ 60 $ 879 $ 194 $ 54 $ 2,324 An analysis of the changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is as follows: One-to-Four Family Multi-Family Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Construction Real Estate Business Consumer Total (In thousands) Allowance for credit losses on loans: Beginning balance $ 873 $ 102 $ 25 $ 363 $ 127 $ 33 $ 1,523 Provisions (93) (8) (5) 112 (7) 1 — Charge-offs — — — — — (4) (4) Recoveries 2 — — — — 1 3 Ending balance $ 782 $ 94 $ 20 $ 475 $ 120 $ 31 $ 1,522 The following table summarizes the amortized cost and allowance for credit losses allocated to loans which are collaterally dependent to determine expected credit losses as of March 31, 2023: Allocated Real Estate Other Total Allowance (In thousands) One-to-four family residential $ 464 $ — $ 464 $ 21 Commercial real estate 113 — 113 — Commercial business — 261 261 10 Total $ 577 $ 261 $ 838 $ 31 The following table summarizes the Company’s individually analyzed loans for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. The Company did not recognize any interest income on individually analyzed loans using the cash receipts method of accounting for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Average Interest Recorded Income Investment Recognized Loans with no related allowance recorded: One-to-four family residential $ 717 $ — Commercial real estate 100 1 Commercial business — — Consumer 1 — $ 818 $ 1 Loans with an allowance recorded: One-to-four family residential $ 245 $ 3 Commercial real estate 68 1 Commercial business 326 4 Consumer — — $ 639 $ 8 Total: One-to-four family residential $ 962 $ 3 Commercial real estate 168 2 Commercial business 326 4 Consumer 1 — $ 1,457 $ 9 The following table summarizes the Company’s individually analyzed loans as of December 31, 2022: At December 31, 2022 Unpaid Recorded Principal Related Investment Balance Allowance (In thousands) Loans with no related allowance recorded: One-to-four family residential $ 762 $ 820 $ — Commercial real estate 60 60 — Commercial business — — — Consumer — — — $ 822 $ 880 $ — Loans with an allowance recorded: One-to-four family residential $ 267 $ 274 $ 21 Commercial real estate 66 68 — Commercial business 279 279 14 Consumer — — — $ 612 $ 621 $ 35 Total: One-to-four family residential $ 1,029 $ 1,094 $ 21 Commercial real estate 126 128 — Commercial business 279 279 14 Consumer — — — $ 1,434 $ 1,501 $ 35 The following table presents the amortized cost of nonaccrual loans and loans past due over 90 days and still accruing at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: At March 31, 2023 At December 31, 2022 Nonaccrual Loans 90+ Nonaccrual Loans 90+ Loans Days Loans Days Nonaccrual Without an Past Due Nonaccrual Without an Past Due Loans Allowance Still Accruing Loans Allowance Still Accruing (In thousands) One-to-four family residential $ 612 $ 171 $ — $ 732 $ 193 $ — Construction 146 — — — — — Commercial real estate 320 — — — — — Total $ 1,078 $ 171 $ — $ 732 $ 193 $ — The following tables present the aging of the amortized cost of loans at March 31, 2023: Over Total 30 ‑ 59 Days 60 ‑ 89 Days 90 Days Total Accruing Nonaccrual Total Current Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Loans Loans Loans (In thousands) March 31, 2023 One-to-four family residential $ 65,022 $ 466 $ — $ — $ 466 $ 65,488 $ 612 $ 66,100 Multi-family residential 8,660 — — — — 8,660 — 8,660 Construction 4,413 — — — — 4,413 146 4,559 Commercial real estate 53,976 53 — — 53 54,029 320 54,349 Commercial business 14,143 — — — — 14,143 — 14,143 Consumer 1,846 19 — — 19 1,865 — 1,865 Total $ 148,060 $ 538 $ — $ — $ 538 $ 148,598 $ 1,078 $ 149,676 The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2022: Over Total 30 ‑ 59 Days 60 ‑ 89 Days 90 Days Total Accruing Nonaccrual Total Current Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Loans Loans Loans (In thousands) December 31, 2022 One-to-four family residential $ 63,610 $ 596 $ — $ — $ 596 $ 64,206 $ 732 $ 64,938 Multi-family residential 8,261 — — — — 8,261 — 8,261 Construction 7,834 — — — — 7,834 — 7,834 Commercial real estate 48,222 444 — — 444 48,666 — 48,666 Commercial business 14,676 11 — — 11 14,687 — 14,687 Consumer 2,122 — — — — 2,122 — 2,122 Total $ 144,725 $ 1,051 $ — $ — $ 1,051 $ 145,776 $ 732 $ 146,508 The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, public information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company classifies loans based on credit risk at least quarterly. The Company uses the following regulatory definitions for risk ratings: Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Loss The following table shows the amortized cost of loans, segregated by portfolio segment, risk category and year of origination as of March 31, 2023 and gross charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Revolving 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Loans Total (In thousands) One-to-four family residential Pass $ 1,611 $ 13,417 $ 10,554 $ 6,491 $ 2,782 $ 26,300 $ 4,333 $ 65,488 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 612 — 612 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total one-to-four family residential 1,611 13,417 10,554 6,491 2,782 26,912 4,333 66,100 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Multi-family residential Pass 498 2,395 3,107 2,210 — 450 — 8,660 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total multi-family residential 498 2,395 3,107 2,210 — 450 — 8,660 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Construction Pass 1,246 481 — — — — 2,686 4,413 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — 146 — — — — 146 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total construction 1,246 481 146 — — — 2,686 4,559 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Commercial real estate Pass 3,260 19,101 8,796 4,389 3,085 8,084 3,931 50,646 Special mention — — 3,383 — — — — 3,383 Substandard — — 320 — — — — 320 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total commercial real estate 3,260 19,101 12,499 4,389 3,085 8,084 3,931 54,349 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Commercial business Pass 490 1,842 7,783 260 192 335 3,241 14,143 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total commercial business 490 1,842 7,783 260 192 335 3,241 14,143 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Consumer Pass 188 763 678 110 48 16 62 1,865 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total consumer 188 763 678 110 48 16 62 1,865 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — 5 5 Total loans Pass $ 7,293 $ 37,999 $ 30,918 $ 13,460 $ 6,107 $ 35,185 $ 14,253 $ 145,215 Special mention — — 3,383 — — — — 3,383 Substandard — — 466 — — 612 — 1,078 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total loans $ 7,293 $ 37,999 $ 34,767 $ 13,460 $ 6,107 $ 35,797 $ 14,253 $ 149,676 Current period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5 $ 5 The following table presents the recorded investment in loans by risk category as of December 31, 2022: One-to- Multi- Four Family Family Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Construction Real Estate Business Consumer Total (In thousands) Pass $ 64,206 $ 8,261 $ 7,834 $ 45,256 $ 14,687 $ 2,122 $ 142,366 Special mention — — — 3,410 — — 3,410 Substandard 732 — — — — — 732 Doubtful — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — Total $ 64,938 $ 8,261 $ 7,834 $ 48,666 $ 14,687 $ 2,122 $ 146,508 Loan Modification Disclosures Pursuant to ASU 2022-02 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures There were no loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified as defined under ASU 2022-02 during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”) Disclosures Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02 A TDR can involve loans remaining on nonaccrual, moving to nonaccrual, or continuing on accrual status, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the restructuring. A TDR on nonaccrual status is restored to accrual status when the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments in accordance with the restructured terms, including consistent and timely payments for at least six consecutive months in accordance with the restructured terms. The following table summarizes the Company’s TDRs by accrual status as of December 31, 2022: December 31, 2022 Related Accruing Nonaccrual Total Allowance (In thousands) One-to-four family residential $ 298 $ 85 $ 383 $ 21 Commercial real estate 125 — 125 — Commercial business 279 — 279 14 Total $ 702 $ 85 $ 787 $ 35 At December 31, 2022 there were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loan terms have been modified in a TDR (both accruing and nonaccruing). There were no TDRs that were restructured during the three months ended March 31, 2022. There were no principal charge-offs recorded as a result of TDRs and there was no specific allowance for loan credit losses related to TDRs modified during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. There were no TDRs modified within the previous 12 months for which there was a subsequent payment default (defined as the loan becoming more than 90 days past due, being moved to nonaccrual status, or the collateral being foreclosed upon) during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. In the event that a TDR subsequently defaults, the Company evaluates the restructuring for possible impairment. As a result, the related allowance for credit losses may be increased or charge-offs may be taken to reduce the carrying amount of the loan. |