Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Arcosa, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (“Arcosa,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”), headquartered in Dallas, Texas, is a provider of infrastructure-related products and solutions with leading brands serving construction, engineered structure, and transportation markets in North America. Arcosa is a Delaware corporation and was incorporated in 2018 in connection with the separation (the “Separation”) of Arcosa from Trinity Industries, Inc. (“Trinity” or “Former Parent”) on November 1, 2018 as an independent, publicly-traded company, listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited and have been prepared from the books and records of Arcosa, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. All normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position of the Company and the results of operations, comprehensive income/loss, and cash flows have been made in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Because of seasonal and other factors, including the unknown potential duration, spread, severity, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Arcosa's business, financial condition, and results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 may not be indicative of Arcosa's expected business, financial condition, and results of operations for the year ending December 31, 2021. These interim financial statements and notes are condensed as permitted by the instructions to Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements of the Company included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. Stockholders' Equity In December 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a new $50 million share repurchase program effective January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2022. The new program replaced the previous program which expired on December 31, 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company repurchased no shares. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had a remaining authorization of $50.0 million under the program. Revenue Recognition Revenue is measured based on the allocation of the transaction price in a contract to satisfied performance obligations. The transaction price does not include any amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates its revenue, separated by reportable segments. Payments for our products and services are generally due within normal commercial terms. For a further discussion regarding the Company’s reportable segments, see Note 4 Segment Information. Construction Products The Construction Products segment recognizes substantially all revenue when the customer has accepted the product and legal title of the product has passed to the customer. Engineered Structures Within the Engineered Structures segment, revenue is recognized for our wind tower, certain utility structure, and certain storage tank product lines over time as the products are manufactured using an input approach based on the costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs of production. We recognize revenue over time for these products as they are highly customized to the needs of an individual customer resulting in no alternative use to the Company if not purchased by the customer after the contract is executed, and we have the right to bill the customer for our work performed to date plus at least a reasonable profit margin for work performed. As of March 31, 2021, we had a contract asset of $39.6 million related to these contracts, compared to $82.8 million at December 31, 2020, which is included in receivables, net of allowance, within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The decrease in the contract asset is attributed to large deliveries of finished structures to customers in the first quarter. For all other products, revenue is recognized when the customer has accepted the product and legal title of the product has passed to the customer. Transportation Products The Transportation Products segment recognizes revenue when the customer has accepted the product and legal title of the product has passed to the customer. Unsatisfied Performance Obligations The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in future periods related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially satisfied as of March 31, 2021 and the percentage of the outstanding performance obligations as of March 31, 2021 expected to be delivered during the remainder of 2021: Unsatisfied performance obligations at March 31, 2021 Total Percent expected to be delivered in 2021 (in millions) Engineered Structures: Utility, wind, and related structures $ 379.5 100 % Storage tanks $ 30.7 100 % Transportation Products: Inland barges $ 133.2 91 % Substantially all unsatisfied performance obligations beyond 2021 are expected to be delivered during 2022. Income Taxes The liability method is used to account for income taxes. Deferred income taxes represent the tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Valuation allowances reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. The Company regularly evaluates the likelihood of realization of tax benefits derived from positions it has taken in various federal and state filings after consideration of all relevant facts, circumstances, and available information. For those tax positions that are deemed more likely than not to be sustained, the Company recognizes the benefit it believes is cumulatively greater than 50% likely to be realized. To the extent the Company were to prevail in matters for which accruals have been established or be required to pay amounts in excess of recorded reserves, the effective tax rate in a given financial statement period could be materially impacted. Financial Instruments The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments to be cash and cash equivalents if purchased with a maturity of three months or less. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk are primarily cash investments and receivables. The Company places its cash investments in bank deposits and highly-rated money market funds, and its investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure to any one commercial issuer. We seek to limit concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables with control procedures that monitor the credit worthiness of customers, together with the large number of customers in the Company's customer base and their dispersion across different industries and geographic areas. As receivables are generally unsecured, the Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the expected credit losses. Receivable balances determined to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance. To accelerate the conversion to cash, the Company may sell a portion of its trade receivables to a third party. The Company has no continuing involvement or recourse related to these receivables once they are sold, and the impact of these transactions in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was not significant. The carrying values of cash, receivables, and accounts payable are considered to be representative of their respective fair values. Derivative Instruments The Company may, from time to time, use derivative instruments to mitigate the impact of changes in interest rates, commodity prices, or changes in foreign currency exchange rates. For derivative instruments designated as hedges, the Company formally documents the relationship between the derivative instrument and the hedged item, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for the use of the derivative instrument. This documentation includes linking the derivative to specific assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, commitments, or forecasted transactions. At the time a derivative instrument is entered into, and at least quarterly thereafter, the Company assesses whether the derivative instrument is effective in offsetting the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. Any change in the fair value of the hedged instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) as a separate component of stockholders' equity and reclassified into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The Company monitors its derivative positions and the credit ratings of its counterparties and does not anticipate losses due to counterparties' non-performance. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently adopted accounting pronouncements Effective as of January 1, 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses”, (“ASU 2016-13”), which amends the existing accounting guidance for recognizing credit losses on financial assets and certain other instruments not measured at fair value through net income, including financial assets measured at amortized cost, such as trade receivables and contract assets. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected credit loss model that requires consideration of a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses over the lifetime of the asset. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Effective as of January 1, 2021, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Updated No. 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes”, (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles for income taxes. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Recently issued accounting pronouncements not adopted as of March 31, 2021 In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform” (“ASU 2020-04”) which provides optional guidance for contract modifications, hedging accounting, and other transactions associated with the transition from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued. ASU 2020-04 is effective for all entities upon issuance through December 31, 2022. We are still evaluating the impact of adoption, but do not expect the guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. |