Fair Value | Note 6—Fair Value Most of the Company’s assets and certain of its liabilities are measured based on their fair values. The application of fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether management has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: · Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. · Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. These may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk and other inputs. · Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of its non-cash financial assets, other than Assets purchased from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust under agreements to resell and Mortgage servicing liabilities (“MSLs”) to be accounted for at fair value so changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. Beginning January 1, 2018, the Company accounts for all MSRs at fair value. Before January 1, 2018, originated MSRs backed by mortgage loans with initial interest rates of less than or equal to 4.5% were accounted for using the amortization method. The Company elected to account for all MSRs at fair value because management determined that this change makes the accounting treatment for MSRs consistent with lender valuation under financing arrangements and simplifies hedging activities. The Company has also identified its ESS to be accounted for at fair value as a means of hedging the related MSRs’ fair value risk. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: September 30, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 145,476 $ — $ — $ 145,476 Mortgage loans held for sale at fair value — 2,051,652 365,303 2,416,955 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 41,075 41,075 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 26,475 26,475 Forward purchase contracts — 821 — 821 Forward sales contracts — 16,892 — 16,892 MBS put options — 4,413 — 4,413 MBS call options — 12 — 12 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 3,063 — — 3,063 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 63 — — 63 Total derivative assets before netting 3,126 22,138 67,550 92,814 Netting — — — (19,196) Total derivative assets 3,126 22,138 67,550 73,618 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,518 — — 1,518 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 2,785,964 2,785,964 $ 150,120 $ 2,073,790 $ 3,218,817 $ 5,423,531 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust at fair value $ — $ — $ 223,275 $ 223,275 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,912 3,912 Forward purchase contracts — 29,569 — 29,569 Forward sales contracts — 2,780 — 2,780 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 32,349 3,912 36,261 Netting — — — (23,568) Total derivative liabilities — 32,349 3,912 12,693 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value — — 9,769 9,769 $ — $ 32,349 $ 236,956 $ 245,737 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 170,080 $ — $ — $ 170,080 Mortgage loans held for sale at fair value — 2,316,892 782,211 3,099,103 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 60,012 60,012 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 10,656 10,656 Forward purchase contracts — 4,288 — 4,288 Forward sales contracts — 2,101 — 2,101 MBS put options — 3,481 — 3,481 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 3,570 — — 3,570 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 938 — — 938 Total derivative assets before netting 4,508 9,870 70,668 85,046 Netting — — — (6,867) Total derivative assets 4,508 9,870 70,668 78,179 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,205 — — 1,205 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 638,010 638,010 $ 175,793 $ 2,326,762 $ 1,490,889 $ 3,986,577 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust at fair value $ — $ — $ 236,534 $ 236,534 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,740 1,740 Forward purchase contracts — 1,272 — 1,272 Forward sales contracts — 7,031 — 7,031 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 8,303 1,740 10,043 Netting — — — (4,247) Total derivative liabilities — 8,303 1,740 5,796 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value — — 14,120 14,120 $ — $ 8,303 $ 252,394 $ 256,450 As shown above, all or a portion of the Company’s mortgage loans held for sale, Interest Rate Lock Commitments (“IRLCs”), repurchase agreement derivatives, MSRs at fair value, ESS at fair value and MSLs are measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. Following are roll forwards of these items for each of the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017: Quarter ended September 30, 2018 Mortgage Net interest Repurchase Mortgage loans held rate lock agreement servicing for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 334,166 $ 55,689 $ 25,781 $ 2,486,157 $ 2,901,793 Purchases and issuances, net 1,008,662 41,721 12,903 163,511 1,226,797 Sales and repayments (231,921) — (11,982) — (243,903) Mortgage servicing rights resulting from mortgage loan sales — — — 149,000 149,000 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 84 — — — 84 Other factors — 10,696 (227) (12,704) (2,235) 84 10,696 (227) (12,704) (2,151) Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (744,324) — — — (744,324) Transfers to real estate acquired in settlement of loans (1,364) — — — (1,364) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans held for sale — (70,943) — — (70,943) Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 365,303 $ 37,163 $ 26,475 $ 2,785,964 $ 3,214,905 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2018 $ (4,811) $ 37,163 $ — $ (12,704) $ 19,648 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended September 30, 2018 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 229,470 $ 10,253 $ 239,723 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 499 — 499 Accrual of interest 3,740 — 3,740 Repayments (11,543) — (11,543) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from mortgage loan sales — 1,741 1,741 Changes in fair value included in income 1,109 (2,225) (1,116) Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 223,275 $ 9,769 $ 233,044 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2018 $ 1,109 $ (2,225) $ (1,116) Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Mortgage Net interest Repurchase Mortgage loans held rate lock agreement servicing for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2017 $ 380,084 $ 46,158 $ — $ 678,441 $ 1,104,683 Purchases and issuances, net 499,546 83,798 469 41 583,854 Sales and repayments (306,458) — — — (306,458) Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — — — — Mortgage servicing rights resulting from mortgage loan sales — — — 5,773 5,773 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk (1,130) — — — (1,130) Other factors — 41,693 — (28,271) 13,422 (1,130) 41,693 — (28,271) 12,292 Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (195,802) — — — (195,802) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans held for sale — (117,265) — — (117,265) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 376,240 $ 54,384 $ 469 $ 655,984 $ 1,087,077 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2017 $ (2,851) $ 54,384 $ — $ (28,271) $ 23,262 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, June 30, 2017 $ 261,796 $ 18,295 $ 280,091 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,207 — 1,207 Accrual of interest 3,998 — 3,998 Repayments (13,410) — (13,410) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from mortgage loan sales — 4,071 4,071 Changes in fair value included in income (4,828) (6,290) (11,118) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 248,763 $ 16,076 $ 264,839 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2017 $ (4,828) $ (6,290) $ (11,118) Nine months ended September 30, 2018 Mortgage Net interest Repurchase Mortgage loans held rate lock agreement servicing for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 782,211 $ 58,272 $ 10,656 $ 638,010 $ 1,489,149 Reclassification of mortgage servicing rights previously accounted for under the amortization method pursuant to a change in accounting principle — — — 1,482,426 1,482,426 Balance, January 1, 2018 782,211 58,272 10,656 2,120,436 2,971,575 Purchases and issuances, net 2,480,523 157,649 36,624 193,640 2,868,436 Sales and repayments (1,122,448) — (19,460) — (1,141,908) Mortgage servicing rights resulting from mortgage loan sales — — — 448,604 448,604 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk (4,944) — — — (4,944) Other factors — (28,627) (1,345) 23,284 (6,688) (4,944) (28,627) (1,345) 23,284 (11,632) Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (1,765,854) — — — (1,765,854) Transfers to real estate acquired in settlement of loans (4,185) — — — (4,185) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans held for sale — (150,131) — — (150,131) Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 365,303 $ 37,163 $ 26,475 $ 2,785,964 $ 3,214,905 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2018 $ (4,912) $ 37,163 $ — $ 23,284 $ 55,535 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2018 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 236,534 $ 14,120 $ 250,654 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,983 — 1,983 Accrual of interest 11,584 — 11,584 Repayments (35,852) — (35,852) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from mortgage loan sales — 5,548 5,548 Changes in fair value included in income 9,026 (9,899) (873) Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 223,275 $ 9,769 $ 233,044 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2018 $ 9,026 $ (9,899) $ (873) Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Mortgage Net interest Repurchase Mortgage loans held rate lock agreement servicing for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance December 31, 2016 $ 47,271 $ 59,391 $ — $ 515,925 $ 622,587 Purchases 1,815,509 226,617 469 183,830 2,226,425 Sales and repayments (845,318) — — — (845,318) Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — — — — Mortgage servicing rights resulting from mortgage loan sales — — — 19,702 19,702 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk (6,104) — — — (6,104) Other factors — 99,425 — (63,473) 35,952 (6,104) 99,425 — (63,473) 29,848 Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (635,118) — — — (635,118) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans held for sale — (331,049) — — (331,049) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 376,240 $ 54,384 $ 469 $ 655,984 $ 1,087,077 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at September 30, 2017 $ (3,733) $ 54,384 $ — $ (63,473) $ (12,822) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance December 31, 2016 $ 288,669 $ 15,192 $ 303,861 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 4,160 — 4,160 Accrual of interest 13,011 — 13,011 Repayments (42,320) — (42,320) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from mortgage loan sales — 11,940 11,940 Mortgage servicing liabilities assumed — — — Changes in fair value included in income (14,757) (11,056) (25,813) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 248,763 $ 16,076 $ 264,839 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2017 $ (14,757) $ (11,056) $ (25,813) The information used in the preceding roll forwards represents activity for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and identified as using “Level 3” significant fair value inputs at either the beginning or the end of the periods presented. The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to mortgage loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase or funding of the respective mortgage loans and from the return to salability in the active secondary market of certain mortgage loans held for sale. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Net changes in fair values included in income for assets and liabilities carried at fair value as a result of management’s election of the fair value option by income statement line item are summarized below: Quarter ended September 30, 2018 2017 Net Net gains on Net Net gains on mortgage mortgage mortgage mortgage loan loans held loan loans held servicing for sale at servicing for sale at fees fair value Total fees fair value Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage loans held for sale at fair value $ — $ 67,709 $ 67,709 $ — $ 130,869 $ 130,869 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value (12,704) — (12,704) (28,271) — (28,271) $ (12,704) $ 67,709 $ 55,005 $ (28,271) $ 130,869 $ 102,598 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing at fair value payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust $ (1,109) $ — $ (1,109) $ 4,828 $ — $ 4,828 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value 2,225 — 2,225 6,290 — 6,290 $ 1,116 $ — $ 1,116 $ 11,118 $ — $ 11,118 Nine months ended September 30, 2018 2017 Net Net gains on Net Net gains on mortgage mortgage mortgage mortgage loan loans held loan loans held servicing for sale at servicing for sale at fees fair value Total fees fair value Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage loans held for sale at fair value $ — $ 118,452 $ 118,452 $ — $ 336,836 $ 336,836 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value 23,284 — 23,284 (63,473) — (63,473) $ 23,284 $ 118,452 $ 141,736 $ (63,473) $ 336,836 $ 273,363 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing at fair value payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust $ (9,026) $ — $ (9,026) $ 14,757 $ — $ 14,757 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value 9,899 — 9,899 11,056 — 11,056 $ 873 $ — $ 873 $ 25,813 $ — $ 25,813 Following are the fair value and related principal amounts due upon maturity of assets accounted for under the fair value option: September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Principal Principal amount amount Fair due upon Fair due upon value maturity Difference value maturity Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans held for sale: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 2,148,919 $ 2,078,047 $ 70,872 $ 2,430,517 $ 2,326,772 $ 103,745 90 days or more delinquent: Not in foreclosure 215,712 218,623 (2,911) 614,329 614,357 (28) In foreclosure 52,324 56,101 (3,777) 54,257 57,248 (2,991) $ 2,416,955 $ 2,352,771 $ 64,184 $ 3,099,103 $ 2,998,377 $ 100,726 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods presented: September 30, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 2,134 $ 2,134 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value $ — $ — $ 1,463,552 $ 1,463,552 Real estate acquired in settlement of loans — — 2,355 2,355 $ — $ — $ 1,465,907 $ 1,465,907 The following table summarizes the total gains (losses) on assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 (in thousands) Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value $ — $ (17,270) $ — $ (33,906) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans (41) 17 (72) 102 $ (41) $ (17,253) $ (72) $ (33,804) Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost The Company’s Assets purchased from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust under agreements to resell , Assets sold under agreements to repurchase , Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements , Notes payable , and Obligations under capital lease are carried at amortized cost. These assets and liabilities’ fair values do not have observable inputs and the fair value is measured using management’s estimate of fair value. Accordingly, the Company has classified these financial instruments as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company has concluded that those assets and liabilities’ fair values approximate the carrying value due to their short terms and/or variable interest rates. Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s financial assets, and all of its MSRs, ESS, derivative liabilities and MSLs, are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. Certain of the Company’s financial assets and all of its MSRs, ESS and MSLs are “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities which require the use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the items’ fair values. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available under the circumstances. Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, management has assigned the responsibility for estimating the fair value of these items to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. The Company’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is the Company’s specialized staff responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to the Company’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to the Company’s senior management valuation committee. The Company’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to the Company’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. With respect to IRLCs, the Company has assigned responsibility for developing fair values to its Capital Markets Risk Management staff. The fair values developed by the Capital Markets Risk Management staff are reviewed by the Company’s Capital Markets Operations group. Valuation Techniques and Inputs Following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage Loans Held for Sale Most of the Company’s mortgage loans held for sale at fair value are saleable into active markets and are therefore categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets and their fair values are determined using their quoted market or contracted selling price or market price equivalent. Certain of the Company’s mortgage loans held for sale are not saleable into active markets and are therefore categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. Mortgage loans held for sale categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets include: · Certain delinquent government guaranteed or insured mortgage loans purchased by the Company from Ginnie Mae guaranteed pools in its mortgage loan servicing portfolio. The Company’s right to purchase delinquent government guaranteed or insured mortgage loans arises as the result of the borrower’s failure to make payments for at least three consecutive months preceding the month of repurchase by the Company and provides an alternative to the Company’s obligation to continue advancing principal and interest at the coupon rate of the related Ginnie Mae security. Such repurchased mortgage loans may be resold to third-party investors and thereafter may be repurchased to the extent they become eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae guaranteed pool. Government guaranteed mortgage loans generally become eligible for resale when the repurchased mortgage loans become current either through the borrower’s reperformance or through completion of a modification of the mortgage loan’s terms. · Certain of the Company’s mortgage loans held for sale that become non-saleable into active markets due to identification of a defect by the Company or to the repurchase by the Company of a mortgage loan with an identified defect. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of its “Level 3” fair value mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value mortgage loans held for sale at fair value are discount rates, home price projections, voluntary prepayment/resale speeds and total prepayment speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Following is a quantitative summary of key “Level 3” fair value inputs used in the valuation of mortgage loans held for sale at fair value: Key inputs (1) September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Discount rate: Range 2.8% – 9.2% 2.9% – 10.0% Weighted average 2.9% 2.9% Twelve-month projected housing price index change: Range 3.5% – 6.1% 3.1% – 5.6% Weighted average 3.9% 3.6% Voluntary prepayment / resale speed (2): Range 0.1% – 71.0% 0.2% – 72.2% Weighted average 24.2% 44.6% Total prepayment speed (3): Range 0.1% – 72.1% 0.2% – 75.2% Weighted average 41.3% 55.8% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value of mortgage loans. (2) Voluntary prepayment/resale speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument specific credit risk are measured by reference to the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. Changes in fair value of mortgage loans held for sale are included in Net gains on mortgage loans held for sale at fair value in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as a “Level 3” fair value asset or liability. The Company estimates the fair value of an IRLC based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loans and the probability that the mortgage loan will fund or be purchased (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, could result in significant changes in the IRLCs’ fair value measurement. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but increase the pull-through rate for the mortgage loan principal and interest payment cash flow component, which has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and may be allocated to Net mortgage loan servicing fees – Amortization, impairment and change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities as an economic hedge of the fair value of MSRs in the consolidated statements of income when it is included as a component of the Company’s MSR hedging strategy. Following is a quantitative summary of key “Level 3” fair value inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs (1) September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Pull-through rate: Range 16.6% – 100% 25.0% – 100% Weighted average 85.7% 85.6% Mortgage servicing rights value expressed as: Servicing fee multiple: Range 1.6 – 5.9 1.4 – 5.8 Weighted average 4.0 4.0 Percentage of unpaid principal balance: Range 0.4% – 2.8% 0.3% – 3.0% Weighted average 1.4% 1.4% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on notional amount of IRLCs. Hedging Derivatives Fair value of exchange-traded hedging derivative financial instruments are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities. Fair value of hedging derivative financial instruments based on observable MBS prices or interest rate volatilities in the MBS market are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gains on mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value, or Net mortgage loan servicing fees – Amortization, impairment and change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities , as applicable, in the consolidated statements of income. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company has a master repurchase agreement that includes incentives for financing mortgage loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives are classified for financial reporting purposes as embedded derivatives and are accounted for separate from the master repurchase agreement. The Company classifies these derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of these derivative assets are the discount rate and the Company’s expected approval rate of the mortgage loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The resulting ratio included in the Company’s fair value estimate was 97% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Changes in fair value of repurchase agreement derivatives are included in Interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. Mortgage Servicing Rights MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include prepayment and default rates of the underlying mortgage loans, the applicable pricing spread and annual per-loan cost to service mortgage loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Recognized changes in the fair value of MSRs are included in Net mortgage loan servicing fees — Amortization, impairment and change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the consolidated statements of income. MSRs are generally subject to loss in fair value when mortgage interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage interest rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the expected life of the underlying mortgage loans, thereby reducing the cash flows expected to accrue to the MSRs. Reductions in the fair value of MSRs affect income primarily through change in fair value and change in impairment. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs recognized in mortgage loan sales at the time of initial recognition. The following values exclude MSR purchases: Quarter ended September 30, 2018 2017 Fair Fair Amortized value value cost (Amount recognized and unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans in thousands) MSR and pool characteristics: Amount recognized $ 149,000 $ 5,773 $ 153,061 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans $ 10,790,398 $ 573,463 $ 12,184,003 Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 37 31 32 Key inputs (1): Pricing spread (2) Range 7.3% – 13.6% 7.6% – 11.2% 7.6% – 14.6% Weighted average 10.1% 10.7% 10.8% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 4.4% – 55.7% 3.9% – 46.8% 4.4% – 47.6% Weighted average 11.8% 13.3% 9.5% Life (in years) Range 0.5 – 11.3 1.4 – 11.4 1.5 – 11.4 Weighted average 6.9 6.3 7.9 Per-loan annual cost of servicing Range $78 – $98 $78 – $98 $79 – $98 Weighted average $92 $89 $89 (1) Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying mortgage loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Nine months ended September 30, 2018 2017 Fair Fair Amortized value value cost (Amount recognized and unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans in thousands) MSR and pool characteristics: Amount recognized $448,604 $19,702 $412,206 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans $32,095,458 $1,873,404 $33,890,209 Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 36 31 30 Key inputs (1): Pricing spread (2) Range 7.3% – 14.1% 7.6% – 11.2% 7.6% – 15.2% Weighted average 10.2% 10.5% 10.7% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 3.9% – 61.8% 3.9% – 71.8% 3.4% – 47.6% Weighted average 10.6% 12.5% 9.1% Life (in years) Range 0.5 – 11.6 0.8 – 11.5 1.5 – 12.2 Weighted average 7.5 6 |