Fair Value | Note 6—Fair Value Most of the Company’s assets and certain of its liabilities are measured at or based on their fair values. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: · Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. · Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. · Level 3— Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of its MSRs, its mortgage servicing liabilities (“MSLs”) and all of its non-cash financial assets other than Assets purchased from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust under agreements to resell , to be accounted for at fair value so changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. Management has also identified its ESS financing to be accounted for at fair value as a means of hedging the related MSRs’ fair value risk. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: June 30, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 75,542 $ — $ — $ 75,542 Loans held for sale at fair value — 3,288,408 217,998 3,506,406 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 113,311 113,311 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 16,015 16,015 Forward purchase contracts — 70,300 — 70,300 Forward sales contracts — 5,494 — 5,494 MBS put options — 8,092 — 8,092 MBS call options — 8,320 — 8,320 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 2,674 — — 2,674 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 19,186 — — 19,186 Total derivative assets before netting 21,860 92,206 129,326 243,392 Netting — — — (75,276) Total derivative assets 21,860 92,206 129,326 168,116 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 2,720,335 2,720,335 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,637 — — 1,637 $ 99,039 $ 3,380,614 $ 3,067,659 $ 6,472,036 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust at fair value $ — $ — $ 194,156 $ 194,156 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,535 1,535 Forward purchase contracts — 6,826 — 6,826 Forward sales contracts — 42,745 — 42,745 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 49,571 1,535 51,106 Netting — — — (35,154) Total derivative liabilities — 49,571 1,535 15,952 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value — — 12,948 12,948 $ — $ 49,571 $ 208,639 $ 223,056 December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 117,824 $ — $ — $ 117,824 Loans held for sale at fair value — 2,261,639 260,008 2,521,647 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 50,507 50,507 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 26,770 26,770 Forward purchase contracts — 35,916 — 35,916 Forward sales contracts — 437 — 437 MBS put options — 720 — 720 MBS call options — 2,135 — 2,135 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 866 — — 866 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 5,965 — — 5,965 Total derivative assets before netting 6,831 39,208 77,277 123,316 Netting — — — (26,969) Total derivative assets 6,831 39,208 77,277 96,347 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 2,820,612 2,820,612 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,397 — — 1,397 $ 126,052 $ 2,300,847 $ 3,157,897 $ 5,557,827 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust at fair value $ — $ — $ 216,110 $ 216,110 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,169 1,169 Forward purchase contracts — 215 — 215 Forward sales contracts — 26,762 — 26,762 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 26,977 1,169 28,146 Netting — — — (25,082) Total derivative liabilities — 26,977 1,169 3,064 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value — — 8,681 8,681 $ — $ 26,977 $ 225,960 $ 227,855 As shown above, all or a portion of the Company’s loans held for sale, Interest Rate Lock Commitments (“IRLCs”), repurchase agreement derivatives, MSRs, ESS and MSLs are measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. Following are roll forwards of these items for each of the quarter and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018: Quarter ended June 30, 2019 Net interest Repurchase Mortgage Loans held rate lock agreement servicing Assets for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 455,533 $ 66,065 $ 24,632 $ 2,905,090 $ 3,451,320 Purchases (purchase adjustments) and issuances, net 891,146 119,880 3,662 (373) 1,014,315 Sales and repayments (656,033) — (11,136) — (667,169) Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales — — — 183,331 183,331 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk (186) — — — (186) Other factors — 96,773 (1,143) (367,713) (272,083) (186) 96,773 (1,143) (367,713) (272,269) Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (471,599) — — — (471,599) Transfers to real estate acquired in settlement of loans (863) — — — (863) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to loans held for sale — (170,942) — — (170,942) Balance, June 30, 2019 $ 217,998 $ 111,776 $ 16,015 $ 2,720,335 $ 3,066,124 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at June 30, 2019 $ (3,911) $ 111,776 $ 244 $ (367,713) $ (259,604) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended June 30, 2019 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing Liabilities financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 205,081 $ 7,844 $ 212,925 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 442 — 442 Accrual of interest 2,767 — 2,767 Repayments (10,530) — (10,530) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales — 6,838 6,838 Changes in fair value included in income (3,604) (1,734) (5,338) Balance, June 30, 2019 $ 194,156 $ 12,948 $ 207,104 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liabilities still outstanding at June 30, 2019 $ (3,604) $ (1,734) $ (5,338) Quarter ended June 30, 2018 Net interest Repurchase Mortgage Loans held rate lock agreement servicing Assets for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 460,399 $ 50,896 $ 20,974 $ 2,354,489 $ 2,886,758 Purchases and issuances, net 824,592 50,330 12,970 2,523 890,415 Sales and repayments (286,433) — (7,471) — (293,904) Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales — — — 155,694 155,694 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 3,727 — — — 3,727 Other factors — 5,590 (692) (26,549) (21,651) 3,727 5,590 (692) (26,549) (17,924) Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (665,298) — — — (665,298) Transfers to real estate acquired in settlement of loans (2,821) — — — (2,821) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to loans held for sale — (51,127) — — (51,127) Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 334,166 $ 55,689 $ 25,781 $ 2,486,157 $ 2,901,793 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at June 30, 2018 $ (3,584) $ 55,689 $ — $ (26,549) $ 25,556 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended June 30, 2018 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing Liabilities financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 236,002 $ 12,063 $ 248,065 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 580 — 580 Accrual of interest 3,910 — 3,910 Repayments (12,018) — (12,018) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales — 1,770 1,770 Changes in fair value included in income 996 (3,580) (2,584) Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 229,470 $ 10,253 $ 239,723 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liabilities still outstanding at June 30, 2018 $ 996 $ (3,580) $ (2,584) Six months ended June 30, 2019 Net interest Repurchase Mortgage Loans held rate lock agreement servicing Assets for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 260,008 $ 49,338 $ 26,770 $ 2,820,612 $ 3,156,728 Purchases and issuances, net 1,675,408 176,863 13,517 227,399 2,093,187 Sales and repayments (832,335) — (22,572) — (854,907) Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales — — — 299,082 299,082 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk (6,277) — — — (6,277) Other factors — 156,751 (1,700) (626,758) (471,707) (6,277) 156,751 (1,700) (626,758) (477,984) Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (876,762) — — — (876,762) Transfers to real estate acquired in settlement of loans (2,044) — — — (2,044) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to loans held for sale — (271,176) — — (271,176) Balance, June 30, 2019 $ 217,998 $ 111,776 $ 16,015 $ 2,720,335 $ 3,066,124 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at June 30, 2019 $ (4,380) $ 111,776 $ 244 $ (626,758) $ (519,118) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Six months ended June 30, 2019 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing Liabilities financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 216,110 $ 8,681 $ 224,791 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 950 — 950 Accrual of interest 5,833 — 5,833 Repayments (21,082) — (21,082) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales — 7,632 7,632 Changes in fair value included in income (7,655) (3,365) (11,020) Balance, June 30, 2019 $ 194,156 $ 12,948 $ 207,104 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liabilities still outstanding at June 30, 2019 $ (7,655) $ (3,365) $ (11,020) Six months ended June 30, 2018 Net interest Repurchase Mortgage Loans held rate lock agreement servicing Assets for sale commitments (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 782,211 $ 58,272 $ 10,656 $ 638,010 $ 1,489,149 Reclassification of mortgage servicing rights previously accounted for under the amortization method pursuant to adoption of the fair value method of accounting — — — 1,482,426 1,482,426 Balance, January 1, 2018 782,211 58,272 10,656 2,120,436 2,971,575 Purchases and issuances, net 1,471,861 115,928 23,721 30,129 1,641,639 Sales and repayments (890,527) — (7,478) — (898,005) Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales — — — 299,604 299,604 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk (5,028) — — — (5,028) Other factors — (39,323) (1,118) 35,988 (4,453) (5,028) (39,323) (1,118) 35,988 (9,481) Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 (1,021,530) — — — (1,021,530) Transfers to real estate acquired in settlement of loans (2,821) — — — (2,821) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to loans held for sale — (79,188) — — (79,188) Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 334,166 $ 55,689 $ 25,781 $ 2,486,157 $ 2,901,793 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at June 30, 2018 $ (5,061) $ 55,689 $ — $ 35,988 $ 86,616 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Six months ended June 30, 2018 Excess servicing Mortgage spread servicing Liabilities financing liabilities Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 236,534 $ 14,120 $ 250,654 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust 1,484 — 1,484 Accrual of interest 7,844 — 7,844 Repayments (24,309) — (24,309) Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales — 3,807 3,807 Changes in fair value included in income 7,917 (7,674) 243 Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 229,470 $ 10,253 $ 239,723 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liabilities still outstanding at June 30, 2018 $ 7,917 $ (7,674) $ 243 The information used in the preceding roll forwards represents activity for any assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and identified as using “Level 3” significant fair value inputs at either the beginning or the end of the periods presented. The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase or funding of the respective loans and from the return to salability in the active secondary market of certain loans held for sale. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Net changes in fair values included in income for assets and liabilities carried at fair value as a result of management’s election of the fair value option by income statement line item are summarized below: Quarter ended June 30, 2019 2018 Net Net gains on Net Net gains on loan loans held loan loans held servicing for sale at servicing for sale at fees fair value Total fees fair value Total (in thousands) Assets: Loans held for sale $ — $ 172,752 $ 172,752 $ — $ 56,861 $ 56,861 Mortgage servicing rights (367,713) — (367,713) (26,549) — (26,549) $ (367,713) $ 172,752 $ (194,961) $ (26,549) $ 56,861 $ 30,312 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust $ 3,604 $ — $ 3,604 $ (996) $ — $ (996) Mortgage servicing liabilities 1,734 — 1,734 3,580 — 3,580 $ 5,338 $ — $ 5,338 $ 2,584 $ — $ 2,584 Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 Net Net gains on Net Net gains on loan loans held loan loans held servicing for sale at servicing for sale at fees fair value Total fees fair value Total (in thousands) Assets: Loans held for sale $ — $ 274,747 $ 274,747 $ — $ 50,743 $ 50,743 Mortgage servicing rights (626,758) — (626,758) 35,988 — 35,988 $ (626,758) $ 274,747 $ (352,011) $ 35,988 $ 50,743 $ 86,731 Liabilities: Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust $ 7,655 $ — $ 7,655 $ (7,917) $ — $ (7,917) Mortgage servicing liabilities 3,365 — 3,365 7,674 — 7,674 $ 11,020 $ — $ 11,020 $ (243) $ — $ (243) Following are the fair value and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option: June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Principal Principal amount amount Fair due upon Fair due upon Loans held for sale value maturity Difference value maturity Difference (in thousands) Current through 89 days delinquent $ 3,371,553 $ 3,202,149 $ 169,404 $ 2,324,203 $ 2,220,371 $ 103,832 90 days or more delinquent: Not in foreclosure 99,723 102,479 (2,756) 143,631 144,011 (380) In foreclosure 35,130 37,559 (2,429) 53,813 56,254 (2,441) $ 3,506,406 $ 3,342,187 $ 164,219 $ 2,521,647 $ 2,420,636 $ 101,011 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) June 30, 2019 $ — $ — $ 5,290 $ 5,290 December 31, 2018 $ — $ — $ 2,150 $ 2,150 The following table summarizes the total gains (losses) on assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ 105 $ (26) $ 111 $ (42) Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost The Company’s Assets purchased from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust under agreements to resell , Assets sold under agreements to repurchase , Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements , Notes payable and Obligations under capital lease are carried at amortized cost. These assets and liabilities are classified as “Level 3” fair value items due to the Company’s reliance on unobservable inputs to estimate these their fair values. The Company has concluded that the fair values of these assets and liabilities other than the Term Notes included in Notes payable approximate their carrying values due to their short terms and/or variable interest rates. The fair value of the Term Notes at June 30, 2019 was $1.3 billion and was based on non-affiliate broker indications of value. The fair value of Term Notes at December 31, 2018 was $1.3 billion, and was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach using indications of market pricing spreads provided by non-affiliated brokers to develop an appropriate discount rate. Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s financial assets, and all of its MSRs, ESS, derivative liabilities and MSLs, are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. Certain of the Company’s financial assets and all of its MSRs, ESS and MSLs are “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities which require the use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the items’ fair values. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available under the circumstances. Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, management has assigned the responsibility for estimating the fair value of these items to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. The Company’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is the Company’s specialized staff responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to the Company’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to the Company’s senior management valuation committee. The Company’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to the Company’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. The Company has assigned responsibility for developing the fair values of IRLCs to its Capital Markets Risk Management staff. The fair values developed by the Capital Markets Risk Management staff are reviewed by the Company’s Capital Markets Operations group. Valuation Techniques and Inputs Following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Loans Held for Sale Most of the Company’s loans held for sale at fair value are saleable into active markets and are therefore categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. The fair values of “Level 2” fair value loans are determined using their quoted market or contracted selling price or market price equivalent. Certain of the Company’s loans held for sale are not saleable into active markets and are therefore categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. Loans held for sale categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets include: · Certain delinquent government guaranteed or insured loans purchased by the Company from Ginnie Mae guaranteed pools in its loan servicing portfolio. The Company’s right to purchase delinquent government guaranteed or insured loans arises as the result of the borrower’s failure to make payments for at least three consecutive months preceding the month of repurchase by the Company and provides an alternative to the Company’s obligation to continue advancing principal and interest at the coupon rate of the related Ginnie Mae security. Such repurchased loans may be resold to investors and thereafter may be repurchased to the extent eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae guaranteed pool. Such eligibility occurs when the repurchased loans become current either through the borrower’s reperformance or through completion of a modification of the loan’s terms. · Certain of the Company’s loans held for sale that are non-saleable into active markets due to identification of a defect by the Company or to the repurchase by the Company of a loan with an identified defect. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of its “Level 3” fair value loans held for sale. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value loans held for sale are discount rates, home price projections, voluntary prepayment/resale speeds and total prepayment speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Following is a quantitative summary of key “Level 3” fair value inputs used in the valuation of loans held for sale: Key inputs (1) June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Discount rate: Range 3.3% – 9.2% 2.8% – 9.2% Weighted average 3.4% 2.9% Twelve-month projected housing price index change: Range 2.2% – 3.4% 2.2% – 5.0% Weighted average 2.6% 3.5% Voluntary prepayment / resale speed (2): Range 0.1% – 20.5% 0.1% – 21.8% Weighted average 16.4% 20.1% Total prepayment speed (3): Range 0.1% – 40.1% 0.1% – 40.5% Weighted average 30.8% 37.7% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the fair value of loans. (2) Voluntary prepayment/resale speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument specific credit risk are measured by reference to the change in the respective loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. Changes in fair value of loans held for sale are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets or liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the loans and the probability that the loan will fund or be purchased (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, could result in significant changes in the IRLCs’ fair value measurement. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component, which decreases in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value and may be allocated to Net loan servicing fees – Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities as an economic hedge of the fair value of MSRs in the consolidated statements of income when IRLCs are included as a component of the Company’s MSR hedging strategy. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs (1) June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Pull-through rate: Range 12.2% – 100% 16.6% – 100% Weighted average 83.4% 84.1% Mortgage servicing rights value expressed as: Servicing fee multiple: Range 1.1 – 5.9 1.5 – 5.5 Weighted average 3.8 3.8 Percentage of unpaid principal balance: Range 0.3% – 3.0% 0.4% – 3.2% Weighted average 1.6% 1.5% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Hedging Derivatives Fair value of exchange-traded hedging derivative financial instruments are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities. Fair value of hedging derivative financial instruments based on observable MBS prices or interest rate volatilities in the MBS market are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gains on loans acquired for sale at fair value, or Net mortgage loan servicing fees – Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities , as applicable, in the consolidated statements of income. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company has a master repurchase agreement that includes incentives for financing mortgage loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives are classified for financial reporting purposes as embedded derivatives and are separated for accounting purposes from the master repurchase agreement. The Company classifies these derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of these derivative assets are the discount rate and the Company’s expected approval rate of the mortgage loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The resulting ratio included in the Company’s fair value estimate was 98.5% and 97.0%, at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Mortgage Servicing Rights MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable pricing spread (discount rate), prepayment rates of the underlying loans, and annual per-loan cost to service the loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of MSRs are included in Net loan servicing fees — Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the consolidated statements of income. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs received by the Company when it retains the obligation to service the mortgage loans it sells: Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (Amount recognized and unpaid principal balance of underlying loans in thousands) MSR and pool characteristics: Amount recognized $ 183,331 $ 155,694 $ 299,082 $ 299,604 Unpaid principal balance of underlying loans $ 11,677,325 $ 11,142,743 $ 19,823,176 $ 21,305,059 Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 42 36 41 35 Key inputs (1): Pricing spread (2) Range 5.9% – 15.8% 7.3% – 13.8% 5.8% – 15.8% 7.3% – 14.1% Weighted average 8.7% 10.2% 8.8% 10.3% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.7% – 32.8% 4.0% – 61.8% 7.7% – 32.8% 3.9% – 61.8% Weighted average 13.8% 10.9% 14.4% 9.9% Life (in years) Range 2.6 – 7.8 1.1 – 11.5 2.6 – 7.8 1.1 – 11.6 Weighted average 6.1 7.3 6.0 7.7 Per-loan annual cost of servicing Range $78 – $100 $78 – $98 $78 – $100 $78 – $98 Weighted average $97 $90 $96 $90 (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)/swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation and assessment for the Company’s MSRs and the effect on the fair value from adverse changes in those inputs: June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 (Carrying value, unpaid principal balance of underlying loans and effect on fair value amounts in thousands) MSR and pool characteristics: Carrying value $2,720,335 $2,820,612 Unpaid principal balance of underlying loans $220,700,176 $201,054,144 Weighted average note interest rate 4.0% 4.0% Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 33 33 Key inputs (1): Pricing spread (2): Range 5.9% – 15.8% 5.8% – 16.1% Weighted average 8.6% 8.7% Effect on fair value of: 5% adverse change ($41,633) ($45,268) 10% adverse change ($81,948) ($89,073) 20% adverse change ($158,854) ($172,556) Prepayment speed (3): Range 9.3% – 33.0% 8.4% – 32.6% Weighted average 13.3% 9.9% Average life (in years): Range 1.5 – 7.4 1.5 – 7.9 Weighted average 6.0 7.2 Effect on fair value of: 5% adverse change ($60,349) ($47,687) 10% adverse change ($118,029) ($93,626) 20% adverse change ($226,021) ($180,623) Annual per-loan cost of servicing: Range $77 – $100 $78 – $99 Weighted average $96 $93 Effect on fair value of: 5% adverse change ($23,403) ($22,944) 10% adverse change ($46,806) ($45,888) 20% adverse change ($93,611) ($91,775) (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying loans. (2) The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar LIBOR/swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. The preceding sensitivity analyses are limited in that they were performed as of a particular date; only contemplate the movements in the indicated inputs; do not incorporate changes to other inputs; are subject to the accuracy of the models and inputs used; and do not incorporate other factors that would affect the Company’s overall financial performance in such events, including operational adjustments made by management to account for changing circumstances. For these reasons, the preceding estimates should not be viewed as earnings forecasts. Excess Servicing Spread Financing at Fair Value The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value liability. Because the ESS is a claim to a portion of the cash flows from MSRs, the fair value measurement of the ESS is similar to that of MSRs. The Company uses the same discounted cash flow approach to measuring the ESS as it uses to measure MSRs except that certain inputs relating to the cost to service the loans underlying the MSR and certain ancillary income are not included as these cash flows do not accrue to the holder of the ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of ESS fair value include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to either of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the fair value of ESS. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily di |