Bank First (BFC) 10-Q 2024 Q1 Quarterly report

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number: 001-38676

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

WISCONSIN	39-1435359
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

402 North 8th Street, Manitowoc, Wisconsin	54220
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(920) 652-3100

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ⌧    No  ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  ⌧    No  ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ⌧	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name on each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	BFC	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

The number of shares of the issuer’s common stock, par value $0.01, outstanding as of May 9, 2024 was 10,081,430 shares.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page Number
Part I. Financial Information		3
ITEM 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets – March 31, 2024 (unaudited) and December 31, 2023	3
	Consolidated Statements of Income – Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity – Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023  (unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	7
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	9
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	51
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	53
Part II. Other Information		53
ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	53
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	53
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	54
ITEM 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	54
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	54
ITEM 5.	Other Information	54
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	55
Signatures		56

2

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
		(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	36,059	$	69,973
Interest-bearing deposits		47,315		177,495
Cash and cash equivalents		83,374		247,468
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost ($110,867 and $103,626 fair value at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		111,732		103,324
Securities available for sale, at fair value ($151,360 and $154,318 amortized cost at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		138,420		142,197
Loans held for sale		1,293		3,012
Loans		3,383,395		3,342,974
Allowance for credit losses - loans ("ACL-Loans")		(44,378)		(43,609)
Loans, net		3,339,017		3,299,365
Premises and equipment, net		69,621		69,891
Goodwill		175,106		175,106
Other investments		21,290		21,366
Cash value of life insurance		61,697		61,292
Core deposit intangibles, net		25,496		26,996
Mortgage servicing rights ("MSR")		13,356		13,668
Other real estate owned (“OREO”)		2,674		2,573
Investment in Ansay and Associates, LLC ("Ansay")		33,372		32,926
Other assets		23,476		22,658
TOTAL ASSETS	$	4,099,924	$	4,221,842
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	2,425,550	$	2,382,185
Noninterest-bearing deposits		990,489		1,050,735
Total deposits		3,416,039		3,432,920
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		—		75,747
Notes payable		35,295		35,270
Subordinated notes		12,000		12,000
Junior subordinated debenture		—		4,124
Other liabilities		27,260		41,983
Total liabilities		3,490,594		3,602,044
Stockholders’ equity:
Serial preferred stock - $0.01 par value
Authorized - 5,000,000 shares		—		—
Common stock - $0.01 par value
Authorized - 20,000,000 shares
Issued - 11,515,130 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Outstanding - 10,129,190 and 10,365,131 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		115		115
Additional paid-in capital		332,224		333,815
Retained earnings		359,872		348,001
Treasury stock, at cost - 1,385,940 and 1,149,999 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		(73,470)		(53,387)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(9,411)		(8,746)
Total stockholders’ equity		609,330		619,798
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	4,099,924	$	4,221,842

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Income

(In thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest income:
Loans, including fees	$	44,875	$	38,091
Securities:
Taxable		2,887		2,076
Tax-exempt		245		303
Other		1,265		432
Total interest income		49,272		40,902
Interest expense:
Deposits		15,392		7,450
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		22		561
Borrowed funds		509		657
Total interest expense		15,923		8,668
Net interest income		33,349		32,234
Provision for credit losses		200		4,182
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		33,149		28,052
Noninterest income:
Service charges		1,634		1,599
Income from Ansay		979		1,071
Income from UFS, LLC (“UFS”)		—		890
Loan servicing income		726		636
Valuation adjustment on MSR		(312)		779
Net gain on sales of mortgage loans		219		140
Other		1,151		734
Total noninterest income		4,397		5,849
Noninterest expense:
Salaries, commissions, and employee benefits		10,893		9,912
Occupancy		1,584		1,591
Data processing		2,389		1,864
Postage, stationery, and supplies		238		380
Net gain on sales and valuations of OREO		(47)		—
Net loss on sale of securities		34		75
Advertising		95		81
Charitable contributions		176		223
Outside service fees		1,293		2,202
Amortization of intangibles		1,500		1,422
Other		2,169		1,914
Total noninterest expense		20,324		19,664
Income before provision for income taxes		17,222		14,237
Provision for income taxes		1,810		3,557
Net Income	$	15,412	$	10,680
Earnings per share - basic	$	1.51	$	1.09
Earnings per share - diluted	$	1.51	$	1.09

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements

4

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Net Income	$	15,412	$	10,680
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period		(853)		3,226
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income		34		75
Income tax benefit (expense)		154		(891)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		(665)		2,410
Comprehensive income	$	14,747	$	13,090

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited)

											Accumulated
	Serial				Additional						Other		Total
	Preferred		Common		Paid-in		Retained		Treasury		Comprehensive		Stockholders'
	Stock		Stock		Capital		Earnings		Stock		Income (loss)		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	—	$	101	$	218,263	$	295,496	$	(45,191)	$	(15,566)	$	453,103
Net income		—		—		—		10,680		—		—		10,680
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—		2,410		2,410
Purchase of treasury stock		—		—		—		—		(6,727)		—		(6,727)
Sale of treasury stock		—		—		—		—		37		—		37
Cash dividends ($0.25 per share)		—		—		—		(2,616)		—		—		(2,616)
Amortization of stock-based compensation		—		—		456		—		—		—		456
Vesting of restricted stock awards		—		—		(1,585)		—		1,585		—		—
Adoption of new accounting pronouncement		—		—		—		(10,050)		—		—		(10,050)
Shares issued in the acquisition of Hometown Bancorp, Ltd. (1,450,272 shares)		—		14		115,065		—		—		—		115,079
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	—	$	115	$	332,199	$	293,510	$	(50,296)	$	(13,156)	$	562,372
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	—	$	115	$	333,815	$	348,001	$	(53,387)	$	(8,746)	$	619,798
Net income		—		—		—		15,412		—		—		15,412
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(665)		(665)
Purchase of treasury stock		—		—		—		—		(22,283)		—		(22,283)
Sale of treasury stock		—		—		—		—		55		—		55
Cash dividends ($0.35 per share)		—		—		—		(3,541)		—		—		(3,541)
Amortization of stock-based compensation		—		—		554		—		—		—		554
Vesting of restricted stock awards		—		—		(2,145)		—		2,145		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	—	$	115	$	332,224	$	359,872	$	(73,470)	$	(9,411)	$	609,330

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	15,412	$	10,680
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		200		4,182
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment		564		494
Amortization of intangibles		1,500		1,422
Net accretion of securities		(1,090)		(400)
Amortization of stock-based compensation		554		456
Accretion of purchase accounting valuations		(1,170)		(2,078)
Net change in deferred loan fees and costs		(133)		(150)
Change in fair value of MSR and other investments		388		(1,024)
Loss from sale and disposal of premises and equipment		170		—
Net gain on sale of OREO and valuation allowance		(47)		—
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans		18,516		9,478
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale		(16,578)		(11,033)
Gain on sales of mortgage loans		(219)		(140)
Realized loss on sale of securities		34		75
Undistributed income of UFS joint venture		—		(890)
Undistributed income of Ansay joint venture		(979)		(1,071)
Net earnings on life insurance		(405)		(346)
Increase in other assets		(664)		(3,444)
Decrease in other liabilities		(14,724)		(2,097)
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,329		4,114
Cash flows from investing activities, net of effects of business combination:
Activity in securities available for sale and held to maturity:
Sales		10,206		34,197
Maturities, prepayments, and calls		79,087		111,476
Purchases		(93,687)		—
Net increase in loans		(38,551)		(24,789)
Dividends received from UFS		—		597
Dividends received from Ansay		533		495
Proceeds from sale of OREO		261		—
Net sales of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock		—		262
Net purchases of Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock		—		(3,925)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(778)		(2,704)
Net cash received in business combination		—		89,959
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(42,929)		205,568

7

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from financing activities, net of effects of business combination:
Net decrease in deposits	$	(16,854)	$	(129,442)
Net decrease in securities sold under repurchase agreements		(75,747)		(50,560)
Proceeds from advances of notes payable		—		121,700
Repayment of notes payable		—		(91,734)
Repayment of junior subordinated debentures		(4,124)		—
Dividends paid		(3,541)		(2,616)
Proceeds from sales of common stock		55		37
Repurchase of common stock		(22,283)		(6,727)
Net cash used in financing activities		(122,494)		(159,342)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(164,094)		50,340
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		247,468		119,351
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	83,374	$	169,691
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	15,779	$	7,108
Supplemental schedule of noncash activities:
MSR resulting from sale of loans		189		129
Change in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities available for sale, net of tax		(665)		2,410
Acquisition:
Fair value of assets acquired	$	—	$	615,105
Fair value of liabilities assumed		—		549,564
Net assets acquired	$	—	$	65,541
Common stock issued in acquisition	$	—	$	115,079

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

8

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

NOTE 1 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Bank First Corporation (the “Company”) provides a variety of financial services to individual and corporate customers through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank First, N.A. (the “Bank”). The Bank operates as a full-service financial institution with a primary market area including, but not limited to, the counties in which the Bank’s branches are located. The Bank has twenty-six locations located in Manitowoc, Outagamie, Brown, Winnebago, Sheboygan, Shawano, Waupaca, Ozaukee, Monroe, Fond du Lac, Waushara, Dane, Columbia and Jefferson counties in Wisconsin. The Company and Bank are subject to the regulations of certain federal agencies and undergo periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures required by GAAP have been omitted or abbreviated. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“Annual Report”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to GAAP in the United States and general practices within the financial institution industry. To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates, assumptions and judgments based on available information. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements and, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions and judgments reflected in the financial statement. As disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the estimates, assumptions and judgments inherent in those policies, are critical in understanding our financial statements. These include accounting for business combinations (primarily related to core deposit intangibles and acquired loans), accounting for the ACL-Loans, and the valuation and recording of deferred tax assets and liabilities.

There have been no material changes or developments with respect to the assumptions or methodologies that the Company uses when applying what management believes are critical accounting policies and developing critical accounting estimates as previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report.

Recently Issued Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. It provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which defers the sunset date of the original guidance from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company has been diligent in responding to reference rate reform and does not anticipate a significant impact to its financial statements as a result.

9

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements. This ASU modifies the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. Certain of the amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the Security and Exchange Commission’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. If, by June 30, 2027, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. The Company does not anticipate a significant impact to its financial statement disclosures as a result of this ASU.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU is intended to improve the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring specific categories in the rate reconciliation table and disaggregation of taxes paid by jurisdiction. All public entities must also provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a specific quantitative threshold. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

NOTE 2 – ACQUISITIONS

On February 10, 2023, the Company completed a merger with Hometown Bancorp, Ltd. (“Hometown”), a bank holding company headquartered in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Bank Merger (“Merger Agreement”), dated as of July 25, 2022 by and among the Company and Hometown, whereby Hometown merged with and into the Company, and Hometown Bank, Hometown’s wholly-owned banking subsidiary, merged with and into the Bank. Hometown’s principal activity was the ownership and operation of Hometown Bank, a state-chartered banking institution that operated ten (10) branches in Wisconsin at the time of closing. The merger consideration totaled approximately $130.5 million.

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, Hometown shareholders could elect to receive either 0.3962 shares of the Company’s common stock or $29.16 in cash for each outstanding share of Hometown common stock, subject to a maximum of 30% cash consideration in total, with cash paid in lieu of any remaining fractional share. Company stock issued totaled 1,450,272 shares valued at approximately $115.1 million, with cash of $15.4 million comprising the remainder of merger consideration.

The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on February 10, 2023 was as follows:

	As Recorded by		Fair Value		As Recorded by
	Hometown		Adjustments		the Company
Cash, cash equivalents and securities	$	174,582	$	(1,010)	$	173,572
Other investments		1,195		—		1,195
Loans, net		406,168		(10,367)		395,801
Premises and equipment, net		7,577		(1,109)		6,468
Core deposit intangible		405		16,085		16,490
Other assets		28,011		(6,432)		21,579
Total assets acquired	$	617,938	$	(2,833)	$	615,105
Deposits	$	532,165	$	209	$	532,374
Other borrowings		5,000		(331)		4,669
Junior subordinated debentures		12,372		(1,464)		10,908
Other liabilities		469		1,144		1,613
Total liabilities assumed	$	550,006	$	(442)	$	549,564
Excess of assets acquired over liabilities assumed	$	67,932	$	(2,391)	$	65,541
Less: purchase price						130,452
Goodwill						64,911
Refinement to fair value estimates (1)						(30)
Goodwill (after refinement)					$	64,881

(1) Refinement consists of adjustments to the initial fair value estimates of other assets and liabilities.

10

The Company purchased loans through the acquisition of Hometown for which there was, at the date of acquisition, more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination (PCD Loans). The carrying amount of these loans at acquisition was as follows:

	February 10, 2023
Purchase price of PCD loans at acquisition	$	25,778
Non-credit discount on PCD loans at acquisition		4,498
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans at acquisition		5,534
Par value of PCD acquired loans at acquisition	$	35,810

The Company accounted for this transaction under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of Hometown prior to the consummation date was not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company determined the fair value of core deposit intangibles, securities, premises and equipment, loans, other assets and liabilities and deposits with the assistance of third-party valuations, appraisals and third-party advisors. The estimated fair values were subject to refinement for up to one year after deal consummation as additional information became available relative to the closing date fair values.

For more information concerning the Company’s acquisitions, see “Note 2 – Acquisition” in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report.

NOTE 3 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. There were no anti-dilutive stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

The following table presents the factors used in the earnings per share computations for the period indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Basic
Net income available to common shareholders	$	15,412	$	10,680
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities		(84)		(64)
Net income allocated to common shareholders	$	15,328	$	10,616
Weighted average common shares outstanding including participating securities		10,233,347		9,772,852
Less: Participating securities (1)		(55,415)		(58,668)
Average shares		10,177,932		9,714,184
Basic earnings per common shares	$	1.51	$	1.09
Diluted
Net income available to common shareholders	$	15,412	$	10,680
Weighted average common shares outstanding for basic earnings per common share		10,177,932		9,714,184
Add: Dilutive effects of stock based compensation awards		23,441		23,695
Average shares and dilutive potential common shares		10,201,373		9,737,879
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.51	$	1.09

(1) Participating securities are restricted stock awards whereby the stock certificates have been issued, are included in outstanding shares, receive dividends and can be voted, but have not vested.

11

NOTE 4 – SECURITIES

The following is a summary of available for sale securities:

			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
March 31, 2024
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	30,389	$	—	$	(3,344)	$	27,045
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		63,576		16		(6,026)		57,566
Mortgage-backed securities		36,733		1		(1,959)		34,775
Corporate notes		20,662		—		(1,628)		19,034
Total available for sale securities	$	151,360	$	17	$	(12,957)	$	138,420
December 31, 2023
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	31,453	$	4	$	(3,163)	$	28,294
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		63,929		77		(5,760)		58,246
Mortgage-backed securities		37,789		5		(1,664)		36,130
Corporate notes		20,657		—		(1,619)		19,038
Certificates of deposit		490		—		(1)		489
Total available for sale securities	$	154,318	$	86	$	(12,207)	$	142,197

The following is a summary of held to maturity securities:

			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
March 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities	$	107,871	$	671	$	(1,536)	$	107,006
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		3,861		—		—		3,861
Total held to maturity securities	$	111,732	$	671	$	(1,536)	$	110,867
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities	$	99,173	$	1,372	$	(1,070)	$	99,475
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		4,151		—		—		4,151
Total held to maturity securities	$	103,324	$	1,372	$	(1,070)	$	103,626

12

The following table shows the fair value and gross unrealized losses of securities with unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

	Less Than 12 Months				Greater Than 12 Months				Total
													Number
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		of
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Securities
March 31, 2024 - Available for Sale
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	8,519	$	(272)	$	18,526	$	(3,072)	$	27,045	$	(3,344)	27
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		8,919		(96)		43,014		(5,930)		51,933		(6,026)	70
Mortgage-backed securities		7,116		(202)		27,532		(1,757)		34,648		(1,959)	107
Corporate notes		4,962		(35)		12,940		(1,593)		17,902		(1,628)	10
Totals	$	29,516	$	(605)	$	102,012	$	(12,352)	$	131,528	$	(12,957)	214
March 31, 2024 - Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities	$	49,015	$	(527)	$	30,465	$	(1,009)	$	79,480	$	(1,536)	51
December 31, 2023 - Available for Sale
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	6,519	$	(173)	$	19,519	$	(2,990)	$	26,038	$	(3,163)	24
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		6,806		(71)		40,959		(5,689)		47,765		(5,760)	65
Mortgage-backed securities		5,751		(95)		28,693		(1,569)		34,444		(1,664)	104
Corporate notes		4,926		(68)		12,487		(1,551)		17,413		(1,619)	9
Certificate of deposits		—		—		489		(1)		489		(1)	2
Totals	$	24,002	$	(407)	$	102,147	$	(11,800)	$	126,149	$	(12,207)	204
December 31, 2023 - Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities	$	31,785	$	(99)	$	35,362	$	(971)	$	67,147	$	(1,070)	49
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—		—		220		—		220		—	1
Totals	$	31,785	$	(99)	$	35,582	$	(971)	$	67,367	$	(1,070)	50

As of March 31, 2024, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position as the Company does not believe any of the debt securities are credit impaired. This is based on the Company’s analysis of the risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to these securities. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. As of March 31, 2024, the Company did not intend to sell these securities and it was more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell the debt securities before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be at maturity. The unrealized losses have occurred as a result of changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration.

Furthermore, based on its analysis the Company has determined that held to maturity securities have zero expected credit losses. U.S. Treasury securities have the full faith and credit backing of the United States Government.

13

The following is a summary of amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2024. Contractual maturities will differ from expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalties.

	Available for Sale				Held to Maturity
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	7,300	$	7,260	$	21,171		20,949
Due after one year through 5 years		16,975		16,651		54,677		53,663
Due after 5 years through 10 years		39,030		35,338		35,884		36,255
Due after 10 years		51,322		44,396		—		—
Subtotal		114,627		103,645		111,732		110,867
Mortgage-backed securities		36,733		34,775		—		—
Total	$	151,360	$	138,420	$	111,732	$	110,867

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying values of securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and for other purposes required or permitted by law were approximately $203.8 million and $204.8 million, respectively.

Sales of securities available for sale produced $10.2 million in proceeds with immaterial gross losses for three months ended March 31, 2024. Sales of securities available for sale produced $34.2 million in proceeds, $0.1 million in gross gains and $0.2 million in gross losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

NOTE 5 – LOANS, ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, AND CREDIT QUALITY

The following table presents total loans by portfolio segment and class of loan as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	2024		2023
Commercial/industrial	$	510,930	$	488,498
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		892,994		893,977
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		502,569		473,829
Multi-family		323,248		332,959
Construction and development		208,807		201,823
Residential 1‑4 family		880,029		888,412
Consumer		52,086		50,741
Other		14,844		14,980
Subtotals		3,385,507		3,345,219
ACL - Loans		(44,378)		(43,609)
Loans, net of ACL - Loans		3,341,129		3,301,610
Deferred loan fees, net		(2,112)		(2,245)
Loans, net	$	3,339,017	$	3,299,365

14

The ACL - Loans is based on the Company’s evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers’ ability to repay a loan, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio and other relevant factors. More information regarding the Company’s methodology related to the ACL-Loans can be found in the Company’s Annual Report.

The Company utilized the high-end range of the Federal Reserve Bank Open Market Committee forecast for national unemployment and the low-end range for national GDP growth at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, the Company anticipates the national unemployment rate to rise during the forecast period and the national GDP growth rate to decline. Due to recent volatility in forecasts, the Company utilized long-term averages for the remaining loss drivers.

A summary of the activity in the ACL - Loans by loan type for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:

			Commercial		Commercial
			Real Estate -		Real Estate  -				Construction
	Commercial /		Owner		Non - Owner		Multi-		and		Residential
	Industrial		Occupied		Occupied		Family		Development		1-4 Family		Consumer		Other		Total
ACL - Loans - January 1, 2024	$	5,965	$	12,285	$	5,700	$	4,754	$	3,597	$	10,620	$	615	$	73	$	43,609
Charge-offs		(17)		(1)		—		—		—		(1)		(4)		(29)		(52)
Recoveries		2		611		—		—		—		3		—		5		621
Provision		(139)		547		381		(153)		(359)		(122)		(7)		52		200
ACL - Loans - March 31, 2024	$	5,811	$	13,442	$	6,081	$	4,601	$	3,238	$	10,500	$	604	$	101	$	44,378

A summary of the activity in the ACL – Loans by loan type for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:

			Commercial		Commercial
			Real Estate -		Real Estate -				Construction
	Commercial /		Owner		Non - Owner		Multi-		and		Residential
	Industrial		Occupied		Occupied		Family		Development		1-4 Family		Consumer		Other		Total
ACL - Loans - January 1, 2023	$	4,071	$	5,204	$	2,644	$	2,761	$	1,592	$	5,944	$	314	$	150	$	22,680
Adoption of CECL		1,859		1,982		1,161		753		2,063		2,567		620		(33)		10,972
ACL - Loans on PCD loans acquired		1,082		4,424		—		—		—		28		—		—		5,534
Charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(9)		(9)
Recoveries		1		16		—		—		—		27		1		2		47
Provision		211		1,023		795		532		(545)		1,978		71		27		4,092
ACL - Loans - March 31, 2023	$	7,224	$	12,649	$	4,600	$	4,046	$	3,110	$	10,544	$	1,006	$	137	$	43,316

In addition to the ACL-Loans, the Company has established an ACL-Unfunded Commitments, classified in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. This allowance is maintained to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments, and is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the ACL-Loans. The ACL - Unfunded Commitments was $3.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See Note 10 for further information on commitments.

The provision for credit losses is determined by the Company as the amount to be added to the ACL loss accounts for various types of financial instruments including loans, investment securities, and off-balance sheet credit exposures after net charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ACL to a level that, in management’s judgment, is necessary to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments. The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses.

	Three Months Ended				Year Ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2023
Provision for credit losses on:
Loans	$	200	$	4,092	$	4,292
Unfunded Commitments		—		90		390
Total provision for credit losses	$	200	$	4,182	$	4,682

15

The Company’s past due and non-accrual loans as of March 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:

			90 Days						Non-Accrual
	30-89 Days		or more						with no
	Past Due		Past Due		Non-				specifically
	Accruing		and Accruing		Accrual		Total		allocated ACL
Commercial/industrial	$	61	$	—	$	4,601	$	4,662	$	—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		179		1,560		2,754		4,493		14
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		13		—		—		13		—
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—
Construction and development		56		—		—		56		—
Residential 1‑4 family		1,552		703		244		2,499		244
Consumer		14		4		11		29		11
Other		—		—		—		—		—
	$	1,875	$	2,267	$	7,610	$	11,752	$	269

The Company’s past due and non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:

			90 Days						Non-Accrual
	30-89 Days		or more						with no
	Past Due		Past Due		Non-				specifically
	Accruing		and Accruing		Accrual		Total		allocated ACL
Commercial/industrial	$	4,303	$	106	$	1,344	$	5,753	$	365
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		180		252		3,877		4,309		343
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		14		—		—		14		—
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—
Construction and development		—		—		—		—		—
Residential 1‑4 family		871		507		429		1,807		394
Consumer		68		28		12		108		11
Other		—		—		—		—		—
	$	5,436	$	893	$	5,662	$	11,991	$	1,113

Interest recognized on non-accrual loans is considered immaterial to the consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management’s assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial

difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans, expected credit losses are based on the estimated fair value of the collateral at the balance sheet date, with consideration for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral.

16

The following tables present collateral dependent loans by portfolio segment and collateral type, including those loans with and without a related allowance allocation. A significant portion of the loan balances in these tables and essentially all of the allowance allocations relate to PCD loans which were acquired from Hometown. Real estate collateral primarily consists of operating facilities of the underlying borrowers. Other business assets collateral primarily consists of equipment, receivables and inventory of the underlying borrowers.

	Collateral Type
As of March 31, 2024			Other				Without an		With an		Allowance
	Real Estate		Business Assets		Total		Allowance		Allowance		Allocation
Commercial/industrial	$	—	$	4,624	$	4,624	$	—	$	4,624	$	872
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		9,344		—		9,344		—		9,344		4,321
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—		—		—
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—		—
Construction and development		707		—		707		707		—		—
Residential 1‑4 family		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—		—
Other		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Loans	$	10,051	$	4,624	$	14,675	$	707	$	13,968	$	5,193

	Collateral Type
As of December 31, 2023			Other				Without an		With an		Allowance
	Real Estate		Business Assets		Total		Allowance		Allowance		Allocation
Commercial/industrial	$	—	$	5,320	$	5,320	$	47	$	5,273	$	1,089
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		8,131		—		8,131		794		7,337		3,156
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—		—		—
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—		—
Construction and development		—		—		—		—		—		—
Residential 1‑4 family		35		—		35		35		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—		—
Other		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Loans	$	8,166	$	5,320	$	13,486	$	876	$	12,610	$	4,245

The Company utilizes a numerical risk rating system for commercial relationships. All other types of relationships (ex: residential, consumer, other) are assigned a “Pass” rating, unless they have fallen 90 days past due or more, at which time they receive a rating of 7. The Company uses split ratings for government guaranties on loans. The portion of a loan that is supported by a government guaranty is included with other Pass credits.

The determination of a commercial loan risk rating begins with completion of a matrix, which assigns scores based on the strength of the borrower’s debt service coverage, collateral coverage, balance sheet leverage, industry outlook, and customer concentration. A weighted average is taken of these individual scores to arrive at the overall rating. This rating is subject to adjustment by the loan officer based on facts and circumstances pertaining to the borrower. Risk ratings are subject to independent review.

Commercial borrowers with ratings between 1 and 5 are considered Pass credits, with 1 being most acceptable and 5 being just above the minimum level of acceptance. Commercial borrowers rated 6 have potential weaknesses which may jeopardize repayment ability. Borrowers rated 7 have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as the inability to demonstrate significant cash flow for debt service based on analysis of the company’s financial information. These loans remain on accrual status provided full collection of principal and interest is reasonably expected. Otherwise they are deemed impaired and placed on nonaccrual status. Borrowers rated 8 are the same as 7 rated credits with one exception: collection or liquidation in full is not probable.

17

The following tables present total loans by risk ratings and year of origination. Loans acquired from other previously acquired institutions have been included in the table based upon the actual origination date.

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
As of March 31, 2024																Revolving
		2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving		to Term		Total
Commercial/industrial
Grades 1-4	$	18,760	$	59,266	$	127,515	$	58,432	$	49,594	$	27,040	$	91,935	$	-	$	432,542
Grade 5		4,163		8,763		5,146		11,897		4,729		3,334		23,382		-		61,414
Grade 6		-		848		88		628		135		240		1,639		-		3,578
Grade 7		9		345		251		5,068		1,998		1,511		4,214		-		13,396
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	22,932	$	69,222	$	133,000	$	76,025	$	56,456	$	32,125	$	121,170	$	-	$	510,930
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	15	$	-	$	2	$	-	$	-	$	17
Commercial real estate - owner occupied
Grades 1-4	$	3,042	$	62,423	$	105,056	$	165,290	$	105,647	$	214,671	$	57,259	$	-	$	713,388
Grade 5		950		7,991		22,074		24,820		12,739		32,669		12,510		-		113,753
Grade 6		-		-		2,128		2,811		1,032		8,696		967		-		15,634
Grade 7		-		3,108		7,471		7,629		1,307		28,047		2,657		-		50,219
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	3,992	$	73,522	$	136,729	$	200,550	$	120,725	$	284,083	$	73,393	$	-	$	892,994
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1	$	-	$	-	$	1
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied
Grades 1-4	$	5,547	$	54,765	$	71,752	$	143,488	$	52,556	$	121,594	$	10,326	$	-	$	460,028
Grade 5		12,427		935		3,690		2,769		2,928		15,794		-		-		38,543
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		187		-		-		187
Grade 7		-		-		124		64		362		3,261		-		-		3,811
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	17,974	$	55,700	$	75,566	$	146,321	$	55,846	$	140,836	$	10,326	$	-	$	502,569
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Multi-family
Grades 1-4	$	1,288	$	25,227	$	26,948	$	101,366	$	73,615	$	84,680	$	2,257	$	-	$	315,381
Grade 5		786		884		1,893		4,278		-		26		-		-		7,867
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	2,074	$	26,111	$	28,841	$	105,644	$	73,615	$	84,706	$	2,257	$	-	$	323,248
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Construction and development
Grades 1-4	$	3,900	$	81,137	$	72,161	$	12,663	$	4,869	$	6,514	$	392	$	-	$	181,636
Grade 5		224		18,527		1,190		3,844		716		214		798		-		25,513
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		707		-		-		169		782		-		-		1,658
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	4,124	$	100,371	$	73,351	$	16,507	$	5,754	$	7,510	$	1,190	$	-	$	208,807
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Residential 1‑4 family
Grades 1-4	$	9,928	$	102,344	$	192,776	$	195,856	$	155,273	$	116,910	$	82,525	$	-	$	855,612
Grade 5		1,351		3,916		6,489		3,015		222		2,797		319		-		18,109
Grade 6		-		156		317		-		-		180		-		-		653
Grade 7		-		314		322		1,066		1,010		2,775		168		-		5,655
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	11,279	$	106,730	$	199,904	$	199,937	$	156,505	$	122,662	$	83,012	$	-	$	880,029
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1	$	-	$	-	$	1
Consumer
Grades 1-4	$	9,851	$	18,017	$	11,363	$	5,868	$	4,089	$	2,286	$	593	$	-	$	52,067
Grade 5		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		-		-		-		19		-		-		19
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	9,851	$	18,017	$	11,363	$	5,868	$	4,089	$	2,305	$	593	$	-	$	52,086
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4	$	-	$	-	$	4
Other
Grades 1-4	$	855	$	192	$	651	$	543	$	832	$	9,630	$	2,055	$	-	$	14,758
Grade 5		-		-		-		-		-		-		86		-		86
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	855	$	192	$	651	$	543	$	832	$	9,630	$	2,141	$	-	$	14,844
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	29	$	-	$	29
Total Loans	$	73,081	$	449,865	$	659,405	$	751,395	$	473,822	$	683,857	$	294,082	$	-	$	3,385,507
Total current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	15	$	-	$	8	$	29	$	-	$	52

18

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
As of December 31, 2023																Revolving
		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving		to Term		Total
Commercial/industrial
Grades 1-4	$	59,526	$	133,469	$	62,894	$	54,552	$	10,380	$	20,575	$	78,439	$	-	$	419,835
Grade 5		6,127		5,367		11,641		4,208		1,180		3,039		21,420		-		52,982
Grade 6		671		93		61		206		-		-		627		-		1,658
Grade 7		365		271		5,756		2,351		30		1,687		3,563		-		14,023
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	66,689	$	139,200	$	80,352	$	61,317	$	11,590	$	25,301	$	104,049	$	-	$	488,498
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial real estate - owner occupied
Grades 1-4	$	55,239	$	105,187	$	167,124	$	108,680	$	47,115	$	178,586	$	33,220	$	-	$	695,151
Grade 5		7,586		24,734		24,890		12,955		11,168		26,179		21,519		-		129,031
Grade 6		-		1,161		1,694		110		867		6,552		699		-		11,083
Grade 7		3,143		9,988		10,061		2,313		14,775		15,777		2,655		-		58,712
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	65,968	$	141,070	$	203,769	$	124,058	$	73,925	$	227,094	$	58,093	$	-	$	893,977
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied
Grades 1-4	$	54,774	$	72,336	$	127,450	$	53,341	$	45,898	$	84,129	$	9,870	$	-	$	447,798
Grade 5		944		4,819		2,872		3,516		97		10,081		-		-		22,329
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		64		366		2,722		550		-		-		3,702
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	55,718	$	77,155	$	130,386	$	57,223	$	48,717	$	94,760	$	9,870	$	-	$	473,829
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial real estate - multi-family
Grades 1-4	$	25,099	$	28,144	$	103,804	$	74,083	$	25,640	$	61,589	$	2,149	$	-	$	320,508
Grade 5		672		1,092		10,660		-		-		27		-		-		12,451
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	25,771	$	29,236	$	114,464	$	74,083	$	25,640	$	61,616	$	2,149	$	-	$	332,959
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Construction and development
Grades 1-4	$	65,134	$	67,396	$	35,017	$	5,013	$	1,853	$	4,281	$	779	$	-	$	179,473
Grade 5		11,796		1,190		6,060		743		-		84		808		-		20,681
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		707		-		-		172		-		790		-		-		1,669
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	77,637	$	68,586	$	41,077	$	5,928	$	1,853	$	5,155	$	1,587	$	-	$	201,823
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Residential 1‑4 family
Grades 1-4	$	102,529	$	199,295	$	197,713	$	160,489	$	44,411	$	77,644	$	80,659	$	-	$	862,740
Grade 5		3,816		4,819		6,269		119		612		2,465		604		-		18,704
Grade 6		158		319		810		-		-		180		249		-		1,716
Grade 7		316		366		29		1,022		400		2,947		172		-		5,252
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	106,819	$	204,799	$	204,821	$	161,630	$	45,423	$	83,236	$	81,684	$	-	$	888,412
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Consumer
Grades 1-4	$	23,711	$	12,497	$	6,570	$	4,498	$	1,194	$	1,326	$	925	$	-	$	50,721
Grade 5		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		-		-		-		20		-		-		20
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	23,711	$	12,497	$	6,570	$	4,498	$	1,194	$	1,346	$	925	$	-	$	50,741
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4	$	-	$	4
Other
Grades 1-4	$	347	$	663	$	551	$	1,076	$	38	$	9,697	$	2,520	$	-	$	14,892
Grade 5		-		-		-		-		-		-		88		-		88
Grade 6		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 7		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Grade 8		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	347	$	663	$	551	$	1,076	$	38	$	9,697	$	2,608	$	-	$	14,980
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	84	$	-	$	84
Total Loans	$	422,660	$	673,206	$	781,990	$	489,813	$	208,380	$	508,205	$	260,965	$	-	$	3,345,219
Total current-period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	88	$	-	$	88

Loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, were insignificant to these consolidated financial statements.

19

NOTE 6 – MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. MSRs are recognized as separate assets when loans sold in the secondary market are sold with servicing retained. The Company utilizes a third-party consulting firm to assist with determining an accurate assessment of the MSRs fair value. The third-party firm collects relevant data points from numerous sources. Some of these data points relate directly to the pricing level or relative value of the mortgage servicing while other data points relate to the assumptions used to derive fair value. In addition, the valuation evaluates specific collateral types, and current and historical performance of the collateral in question. The valuation process focuses on the non-distressed secondary servicing market, common industry practices and current regulatory standards. The primary determinants of the fair value of MSRs are servicing fee percentage, ancillary income, expected loan life or prepayment speeds, discount rates, costs to service, delinquency rates, foreclosure losses and recourse obligations. The valuation data also contains interest rate shock analyses for monitoring fair value changes in differing interest rate environments.

Following is an analysis of activity in the MSR asset:

	Three Months Ended		Year Ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Fair value at beginning of period	$	13,668	$	9,582
Servicing asset additions		189		879
Loan payments and payoffs		(363)		(1,624)
Changes in valuation inputs and assumptions used in the valuation model		(138)		1,140
Amount recognized through earnings		(312)		395
MSR asset acquired		—		3,691
Fair value at end of period	$	13,356	$	13,668
Unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others	$	1,170,466	$	1,175,709
Mortgage servicing rights as a percent of loans serviced for others		1.14		1.16

The primary economic assumptions utilized by the Company in measuring the value of MSRs were constant prepayment speeds of 8.0 and 7.5 months as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and discount rates of 10.19% as of each of those periods. The constant prepayment speeds are obtained from publicly available sources for each of the loan programs the Company originates under.

NOTE 7 – NOTES PAYABLE

The Company utilizes FHLB advances to fund liquidity. The Company had outstanding balances borrowed from the FHLB of $35.5 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The advances, rate, and maturities of FHLB advances were as follows:

			March 31,		December 31,
	Maturity	Rate	2024		2023
Fixed rate, fixed term	03/23/2026	4.02%	$	10,000	$	10,000
Fixed rate, fixed term	05/26/2026	1.95%		5,000		5,000
Fixed rate, fixed term	03/23/2027	3.91%		10,000		10,000
Fixed rate, fixed term	03/23/2028	3.85%		10,000		10,000
Fixed rate, fixed term	04/22/2030	0.00%		508		508
				35,508		35,508
Adjustment due to purchase accounting				(213)		(238)
			$	35,295	$	35,270

20

Future maturities of borrowings were as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
1 year or less	$	—	$	—
1 to 2 years		10,000		—
2 to 3 years		15,000		15,000
3 to 4 years		10,000		10,000
4 to 5 years		—		10,000
Over 5 years		508		508
	$	35,508	$	35,508

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had borrowing availability at the FHLB totaling $805.7 million in addition to the existing borrowings noted in the tables above.

The Company maintains a $7.5 million line of credit with a commercial bank, which was entered into on May 15, 2022. There were no outstanding balances on this note at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. Any future borrowings will require monthly payments of interest at a variable rate, and will be due in full on May 15, 2024.

NOTE 8 – SUBORDINATED NOTES AND JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES

During July 2020, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with two separate commercial banks. The Company had through December 31, 2020, to borrow funds up to a maximum availability of $6.0 million under each agreement, or $12.0 million total. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, carry interest at a fixed rate of 5.0% through June 30, 2025, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after January 1, 2026 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. The Company had outstanding balances of $6.0 million under these agreements at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

During August 2022, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with an individual. The Company had outstanding balances of $6.0 million under these agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, carry interest at a fixed rate of 5.25% through August 6, 2027, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after August 6, 2027 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

As a result of the acquisition of Hometown during February 2023, the Company acquired all of the common securities of Hometown’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Hometown Bancorp, Ltd. Capital Trust I (“Trust I”) and Hometown Bancorp, Ltd. Capital Trust II (“Trust II”). The Company also assumed adjustable rate junior subordinated debentures issued to these trusts. The junior subordinated debentures issued to Trust I and Trust II totaled $4.1 million and $8.2 million, respectively, carried interest at floating rates resetting on each quarterly payment date, and were due on January 7, 2034 and December 15, 2036, respectively. Applicable discounts originally totaling $1.5 million were recorded to carry the assumed debentures at their then estimated fair value and were being accreted to interest expense over the remaining life of the debentures. Both junior subordinated debentures were redeemable by the Company, subject to prior approval by the Federal Reserve Bank, on any quarterly payment date. The junior subordinated debentures represented the sole asset of Trust I and Trust II. The trusts were not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The net effect of all agreements assumed with respect to Trust I and Trust II is that the Company, through payments on its debentures, was liable for the distributions and other payments required on the trusts’ preferred securities. Trust I and Trust II also provided the Company with $12.0 million in Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes. The Company redeemed the junior subordinated debenture related to Trust II during December 2023 and the junior subordinated debenture related to Trust I during January 2024, resulting in the trusts’ dissolution. As a result of the redemption of the junior subordinated debenture related to Trust II and notification of the Company’s intent to redeem the junior subordinated debenture of Trust I prior to December 31, 2023, the Company amortized the remaining original fair value discounts into interest expense during December 2023.

21

NOTE 9 – REGULATORY MATTERS

Banks and certain bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.

Under regulatory guidance for non-advanced approaches institutions, the Bank and Company are required to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of common equity Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets, including an additional conservation buffer determined by banking regulators. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, this buffer was 2.5%. The Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented below at period-end:

													To Be Well
									Minimum Capital				Capitalized Under
					For Capital				Adequacy with				Prompt Corrective
	Actual				Adequacy Purposes				Capital Buffer				Action Provisions
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
March 31, 2024
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets):
Company	$	473,440	13.49	%	$	280,722	8.00	%	$	368,447	10.50	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	429,412	12.24	%	$	280,562	8.00	%	$	368,237	10.50	%	$	350,702	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets):
Company	$	423,164	12.06	%	$	210,541	6.00	%	$	298,267	8.50	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	391,136	11.15	%	$	210,421	6.00	%	$	298,097	8.50	%	$	280,562	8.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets):
Company	$	423,164	12.06	%	$	157,906	4.50	%	$	245,632	7.00	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	391,136	11.15	%	$	157,816	4.50	%	$	245,491	7.00	%	$	227,956	6.50	%
Tier 1 capital (to average assets):
Company	$	423,164	10.73	%	$	157,788	4.00	%	$	157,788	4.00	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	391,136	9.91	%	$	157,946	4.00	%	$	157,946	4.00	%	$	197,433	5.00	%
December 31, 2023
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets):
Company	$	484,398	13.99	%	$	276,904	8.00	%	$	363,437	10.50	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	446,634	12.91	%	$	276,726	8.00	%	$	363,202	10.50	%	$	345,907	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets):
Company	$	437,979	12.65	%	$	207,678	6.00	%	$	294,211	8.50	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	412,215	11.92	%	$	207,544	6.00	%	$	294,021	8.50	%	$	276,726	8.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets):
Company	$	433,979	12.54	%	$	155,759	4.50	%	$	242,291	7.00	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	412,215	11.92	%	$	155,658	4.50	%	$	242,135	7.00	%	$	224,840	6.50	%
Tier 1 capital (to average assets):
Company	$	437,979	11.05	%	$	158,581	4.00	%	$	158,581	4.00	%		NA	NA
Bank	$	412,215	10.40	%	$	158,585	4.00	%	$	158,585	4.00	%	$	198,231	5.00	%

22

NOTE 10 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company enters into commitments to originate loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (rate-lock commitments). Rate-lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold are considered to be derivatives. Accordingly, such commitments, along with any related fees received from potential borrowers, are recorded at fair value in derivative assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in the net gain or loss on sale of mortgage loans. Fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and for fixed rate commitments also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and committed rates. The notional amount of rate-lock commitments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was approximately $7.4 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual or notional amount of these commitments. The Company follows the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon and some of the commitments may not be drawn upon to the total extent of the commitment, the notional amount of these commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The following commitments were outstanding:

	Notional Amount
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commitments to extend credit:
Fixed	$	70,444	$	92,113
Variable		726,486		707,285
Credit card arrangements		21,807		21,213
Letters of credit		10,951		9,785

NOTE 11 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value.

Level 1:        Quoted prices (unadjusted) or identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2:        Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3:        Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

23

Information regarding the fair value of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows:

	Instruments		Markets		Other		Significant
	Measured		for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
	At Fair		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
March 31, 2024
Assets
Securities available for sale
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	27,045	$	—	$	27,045	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		57,566		—		57,566		—
Mortgage-backed securities		34,775		—		34,775		—
Corporate notes		19,034		—		19,034		—
Mortgage servicing rights		13,356		—		13,356		—
December 31, 2023
Assets
Securities available for sale
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	28,294	$	—	$	28,294	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		58,246		—		58,246		—
Mortgage-backed securities		36,130		—		36,130		—
Corporate notes		19,038		—		19,038		—
Certificates of deposit		489		—		489		—
Mortgage servicing rights		13,668		—		13,668		—

There were no assets measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during these periods. Furthermore, there were no liabilities measured on a recurring basis during the periods.

Information regarding the fair value of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is as follows:

			Quoted Prices
			In Active		Significant
	Assets		Markets		Other		Significant
	Measured		for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
	At Fair		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
March 31, 2024
OREO	$	2,674	$	—	$	—	$	2,674
Loans individually evaluated, net of reserve		9,482		—		—		9,482
	$	12,156	$	—	$	—	$	12,156
December 31, 2023
OREO	$	2,573	$	—	$	—	$	2,573
Loans individually evaluated, net of reserve		9,242		—		—		9,242
	$	11,815	$	—	$	—	$	11,815

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company for the items noted in the table above, including the general classification of such instruments in the fair value hierarchy. For loans individually evaluated, the amount of reserve is based upon the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, or the estimated liquidity of the note. For OREO, the fair value is based upon the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral adjusted for the expected costs to sell.

24

The following table shows significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 assets:

					Weighted
		Unobservable	Range of		Average
	Valuation Technique	Inputs	Discounts		Discount
As of March 31, 2024
Other real estate owned	Third party appraisals, sales contracts or brokered price options	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	3% - 61	%	42	%
Loans individually evaluated	Third party appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts and discount rates	18% - 38	%	35	%
As of December 31, 2023
Other real estate owned	Third party appraisals, sales contracts or brokered price options	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	3% - 71	%	38	%
Loans individually evaluated	Third party appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts and discount rates	0% - 53	%	31	%

The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Carrying
March 31, 2024	amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	83,374	$	83,374	$	—	$	—	$	83,374
Securities held to maturity		111,732		107,006		3,861		—		110,867
Loans held for sale		1,293		—		—		1,293		1,293
Loans, net		3,339,017		—		—		3,190,622		3,190,622
Other investments		21,290		—		—		21,290		21,290
Mortgage servicing rights		13,356		—		13,356		—		13,356
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	3,416,039	$	—	$	—	$	3,138,967	$	3,138,967
Notes payable		35,295		—		35,295		—		35,295
Subordinated notes		12,000		—		12,000		—		12,000

	Carrying
December 31, 2023	amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	247,468	$	247,468	$	—	$	—	$	247,468
Securities held to maturity		103,324		99,475		4,151		—		103,626
Loans held for sale		3,012		—		—		3,012		3,012
Loans, net		3,299,365		—		—		3,168,749		3,168,749
Other investments		21,366		—		—		21,366		21,366
Mortgage servicing rights		13,668		—		13,668		—		13,668
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	3,432,920		—		—		3,153,512		3,153,512
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		75,747		—		75,747		—		75,747
Notes payable		35,270		—		35,270		—		35,270
Subordinated notes		12,000		—		12,000		—		12,000
Junior subordinated debentures		4,124		—		4,124		—		4,124

25

The fair value of a financial instrument is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument. Consequently, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters that could affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.

Deposits with no stated maturities are defined as having a fair value equivalent to the amount payable on demand. This prohibits adjusting fair value derived from retaining those deposits for an expected future period of time. This component, commonly referred to as a deposit base intangible, is neither considered in the above amounts nor is it recorded as an intangible asset on the consolidated balance sheet. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets and liabilities include premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

NOTE 12 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

The Company has made restricted share grants pursuant to the Bank First Corporation 2011 Equity Plan and the Bank First Corporation 2020 Equity Plan, which replaced the 2011 Plan. The purpose of the Plan is to provide financial incentives for selected employees and for the non-employee Directors of the Company, thereby promoting the long-term growth and financial success of the Company. The number of shares of Company stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2020 Plan shall not exceed, in the aggregate, 700,000. As of March 31, 2024, 100,954 shares of Company stock have been awarded under the 2020 Plan. Compensation expense for restricted stock is based on the fair value of the awards of Bank First Corporation common stock at the time of grant. The value of restricted stock grants that are expected to vest is amortized into expense over the vesting periods. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, compensation expense of $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, was recognized related to restricted stock awards.

As of March 31, 2024, there was $3.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock awards granted under the plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.91 years. The aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024, was approximately $2.1 million.

	For the period ended			For the period ended
	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
		Weighted-			Weighted-
		Average Grant-			Average Grant-
	Shares	Date Fair Value		Shares	Date Fair Value
Restricted Stock
Outstanding at beginning of period	58,196	$	72.28	59,272	$	65.85
Granted	24,581		85.85	25,375		80.17
Vested	(30,143)		71.14	(25,762)		62.05
Forfeited or cancelled	—		—	(820)		65.09
Outstanding at end of period	52,634	$	79.27	58,065	$	71.41

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NOTE 13 – LEASES

Accounting standards require lessees to recognize leases on-balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements, establishing a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU lease asset and liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement.

Lessee Leases

The Company’s lessee leases are operating leases, and consist of leased real estate for branches. Options to extend and renew leases are generally exercised under normal circumstances. Advance notification is required prior to termination, and any noticing period is often limited to the months prior to renewal. Rent escalations are generally specified by a payment schedule, or are subject to a defined formula. The Company also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all leases, the majority of which consist of real estate common area maintenance expenses. Generally, leases do not include guaranteed residual values, but instead typically specify that the leased premises are to be returned in satisfactory condition with the Company liable for damages.

For operating leases, the lease liability and ROU asset (before adjustments) are recorded at the present value of future lease payments. Accounting standards require the use of the lease interest rate; however, this rate is typically not known. As an alternative, the use of an entity’s fully secured incremental borrowing rate is permitted. The Company is electing to utilize the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate on the date of lease commencement.

	Three Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Amortization of ROU Assets - Operating Leases	$	—		$	(1)
Interest on Lease Liabilities - Operating Leases		22			22
Operating Lease Cost (Cost resulting from lease payments)		21			21
Weighted Average Lease Term (Years) - Operating Leases		29.75			30.75
Weighted Average Discount Rate - Operating Leases		5.50	%		5.50	%

A maturity analysis of operating lease liabilities and reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to the total operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 is as follows:

	March 31, 2024
Operating lease payments due:
Within one year	$	85
After one but within two years		88
After two but within three years		94
After three but within four years		94
After four years but within five years		94
After five years		3,020
Total undiscounted cash flows		3,475
Discount on cash flows		(1,891)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	1,584

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in our Annual Report and with our unaudited condensed accompanying notes set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period March 31, 2024.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this report are forward-looking statements within the meaning of and subject to the safe harbor protections of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements relating to the Company’s assets, business, cash flows, condition (financial or otherwise), credit quality, financial performance, liquidity, short and long-term performance goals, prospects, results of operations, strategic initiatives, potential future acquisitions, disposition and other growth opportunities. These statements, which are based upon certain assumptions and estimates and describe the Company’s future plans, results, strategies and expectations, can generally be identified by the use of the words and phrases “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “goal,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “target,” “aim,” “predict,” “continue,” “seek,” “projection” and other variations of such words and phrases and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based upon current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond the Company’s control. The inclusion of these forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by the Company or any other person that such expectations, estimates and projections will be achieved. Accordingly, the Company cautions investors that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict and that are beyond the Company’s control. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this report, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statement in this report including, without limitation, the risks and other factors set forth in the Company’s Registration Statements under the captions “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk factors.” Many of these factors are beyond the Company’s ability to control or predict. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the Company’s underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements speaks only as of the date of this report, and the Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law. New risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for the Company to predict their occurrence or how they will affect the Company.

We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

OVERVIEW

Bank First Corporation is a Wisconsin corporation that was organized primarily to serve as the holding company for Bank First, N.A. Bank First, N.A., which was incorporated in 1894, is a nationally-chartered bank headquartered in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. It is a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”), and is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). Including its headquarters in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, the Bank has twenty-six banking locations in Manitowoc, Outagamie, Brown, Winnebago, Sheboygan, Shawano, Waupaca, Ozaukee, Monroe, Fond du Lac, Waushara, Dane, Columbia and Jefferson counties in Wisconsin. The Bank offers loan, deposit and treasury management products at each of its banking locations.

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As with most community banks, the Bank derives a significant portion of its income from interest received on loans and investments. The Bank’s primary source of funding is deposits, both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing. In order to maximize the Bank’s net interest income, or the difference between the income on interest-earning assets and the expense of interest-bearing liabilities, the Bank must not only manage the volume of these balance sheet items, but also the yields earned on interest-earning assets and the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. To account for credit risk inherent in all loans, the Bank maintains an ACL - Loans to absorb possible losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The Bank establishes and maintains this allowance by charging a provision for loan losses against operating earnings. Beyond its net interest income, the Bank further receives income through the net gain on sale of loans held for sale as well as servicing income which is retained on those sold loans. In order to maintain its operations and bank locations, the Bank incurs various operating expenses which are further described within the “Results of Operations” later in this section.

On February 10, 2023, the Company consummated its merger with Hometown pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Bank Merger, dated as of July 25, 2022, by and among the Company and Hometown, whereby Hometown was merged with and into the Company, and Hometown Bank, Hometown’s wholly owned banking subsidiary, was merged with and into the Bank. The system integration was completed, and six branches of Hometown Bank opened on February 13, 2023 as branches of the Bank, expanding the Bank’s presence in Fond du Lac, Columbia, Dane and Waushara County.

The Company accounted for this transaction under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of Hometown prior to the consummation date are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The acquisition method of accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company determines the fair value of core deposit intangibles, securities, premises and equipment, loans, other assets and liabilities, deposits and borrowings with the assistance of third-party valuations, appraisals, and third-party advisors. The estimated fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the consummation as additional information becomes available relative to the closing date fair values.

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SELECTED HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following tables present certain selected historical consolidated financial data as of the dates or for the period indicated:

	At or for the Three Months Ended
(In thousands, except per share data)	3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023		3/31/2023
Results of Operations:
Interest income	$	49,272	$	48,663	$	46,989	$	45,929	$	40,902
Interest expense		15,923		15,747		12,931		11,657		8,668
Net interest income		33,349		32,916		34,058		34,272		32,234
Provision for credit losses		200		500		—		—		4,182
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		33,149		32,416		34,058		34,272		28,052
Noninterest income		4,397		42,458		5,254		4,554		5,849
Noninterest expense		20,324		28,862		19,647		19,946		19,664
Income before income tax expense		17,222		46,012		19,665		18,880		14,237
Income tax expense		1,810		11,114		4,861		4,748		3,557
Net income	$	15,412	$	34,898	$	14,804	$	14,132	$	10,680
Earnings per common share - basic	$	1.51	$	3.39	$	1.43	$	1.37	$	1.09
Earnings per common share - diluted		1.51		3.39		1.43		1.37		1.09
Common Shares:
Basic weighted average		10,177,932		10,308,275		10,330,779		10,331,725		9,714,184
Diluted weighted average		10,201,373		10,338,715		10,353,621		10,346,575		9,737,879
Outstanding		10,129,190		10,365,131		10,379,071		10,389,240		10,407,114
Noninterest income / noninterest expense:
Service charges	$	1,634	$	1,847	$	1,821	$	1,766	$	1,599
Income from Ansay		979		110		791		950		1,071
Income from UFS		—		(179)		784		770		890
Loan servicing income		726		741		734		749		636
Valuation adjustment on mortgage servicing rights		(312)		(65)		229		(548)		779
Net gain on sales of mortgage loans		219		273		248		236		140
Gain on sale of UFS		—		38,904		—		—		—
Other noninterest income		1,151		827		647		631		734
Total noninterest income	$	4,397	$	42,458	$	5,254	$	4,554	$	5,849
Personnel expense	$	10,893	$	10,357	$	10,216	$	9,870	$	9,912
Occupancy, equipment and office		1,584		1,307		1,455		1,317		1,591
Data processing		2,389		1,900		2,153		2,094		1,864
Postage, stationery and supplies		238		236		244		224		380
Net gain (loss) on sales and valuations of other real estate owned		(47)		1,591		53		489		—
Net loss on sales of securities		34		7,826		—		—		75
Advertising		95		99		60		85		81
Charitable contributions		176		264		229		228		223
Outside service fees		1,293		1,363		1,438		1,347		2,202
Amortization of intangibles		1,500		1,604		1,626		1,672		1,422
Other noninterest expense		2,169		2,315		2,173		2,620		1,914
Total noninterest expense	$	20,324	$	28,862	$	19,647	$	19,946	$	19,664
Period-end balances:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	83,374	$	247,468	$	75,776	$	111,326	$	169,691
Investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value		138,420		142,197		179,046		191,303		197,895
Investment securities held-to-maturity, at cost		111,732		103,324		77,154		77,708		78,032
Loans		3,383,395		3,342,974		3,355,549		3,314,481		3,323,296
Allowance for credit losses - loans		(44,378)		(43,609)		(43,404)		(43,409)		(43,316)
Premises and equipment		69,621		69,891		70,994		66,958		63,736
Goodwill and other intangibles, net		200,602		202,102		203,705		205,329		207,022
Mortgage Servicing Rights		13,356		13,668		13,733		13,504		14,052
Other Assets		143,802		143,827		154,966		154,871		156,820
Total assets		4,099,924		4,221,842		4,087,519		4,092,071		4,167,228
Deposits		3,416,039		3,432,920		3,398,293		3,405,736		3,463,235
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		—		75,747		17,191		23,802		46,636
Borrowings		47,295		51,394		70,319		70,269		70,994
Other liabilities		27,260		41,983		24,387		21,392		23,991
Total liabilities		3,490,594		3,602,044		3,510,190		3,521,199		3,604,856
Stockholders’ equity		609,330		619,798		577,329		570,872		562,372
Book value per common share		60.16		59.80		55.62		54.95		54.04
Tangible book value per common share (1)		40.35		40.30		36.00		35.18		34.14

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Average balances:
Loans	$	3,355,142		$	3,330,511		$	3,324,729		$	3,312,353		$	3,135,438
Interest-earning assets		3,741,498			3,738,589			3,671,620			3,683,143			3,524,672
Total assets		4,144,896			4,147,859			4,092,565			4,100,549			3,901,713
Deposits		3,479,493			3,431,894			3,423,760			3,407,650			3,269,838
Interest-bearing liabilities		2,512,304			2,426,870			2,411,062			2,437,034			2,334,956
Goodwill and other intangibles, net		201,408			202,933			204,556			206,209			160,156
Stockholders’ equity		613,190			613,244			576,315			567,531			520,212
Financial ratios (2):
Return on average assets		1.50	%		3.34	%		1.44	%		1.38	%		1.11	%
Return on average common equity		10.11	%		22.58	%		10.19	%		9.99	%		8.33	%
Average equity to average assets		14.79	%		14.78	%		14.08	%		13.84	%		13.33	%
Stockholders’ equity to assets		14.86	%		14.68	%		14.12	%		13.95	%		13.50	%
Tangible equity to tangible assets (1)		10.48	%		10.39	%		9.62	%		9.40	%		8.97	%
Loan yield		5.41	%		5.33	%		5.23	%		5.20	%		4.96	%
Earning asset yield		5.33	%		5.20	%		5.11	%		5.04	%		4.74	%
Cost of funds		2.55	%		2.57	%		2.13	%		1.92	%		1.51	%
Net interest margin, taxable equivalent		3.62	%		3.53	%		3.71	%		3.77	%		3.74	%
Net loan charge-offs to average loans		(0.07)	%		—	%		—	%		(0.01)	%		0.00	%
Nonperforming loans to total loans		0.29	%		0.20	%		0.10	%		0.15	%		0.14	%
Nonperforming assets to total assets		0.31	%		0.21	%		0.13	%		0.18	%		0.22	%
Allowance for credit losses - loans to total loans		1.31	%		1.30	%		1.29	%		1.31	%		1.30	%

(1) These measures are not measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, and are therefore considered to be non-GAAP financial measures. See “GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures” for a reconciliation of these measures to their most comparable GAAP measures.

(2) Income statement-related ratios for partial year periods are annualized.

GAAP RECONCILIATION AND MANAGEMENT EXPLANATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We identify certain financial measures discussed in the Report as being “non-GAAP financial measures.” The non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Report are tangible book value per common share and tangible equity to tangible assets.

In accordance with the SEC’s rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, that are included or excluded, as the case may be, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP as in effect from time to time in the United States in our statements of income, balance sheets or statements of cash flows.

The non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this Report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the manner in which we calculate the non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in our selected historical consolidated financial data may differ from that of other companies reporting measures with similar names. You should understand how such other banking organizations calculate their financial measures similar or with names similar to the non-GAAP financial measures we have presented in our selected historical consolidated financial data when comparing such non-GAAP financial measures. The following discussion and reconciliations provide a more detailed analysis of these non-GAAP financial measures.

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Tangible book value per common share and tangible equity to tangible assets are non-GAAP measures that exclude the impact of goodwill and other intangibles used by the Company’s management to evaluate capital adequacy. Because intangible assets such as goodwill and other intangibles vary extensively from company to company, we believe that the presentation of this information allows investors to more easily compare the Company’s capital position to other companies. The most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP are book value per common share, return on average common equity and stockholders’ equity to total assets.

	At or for the Three Months Ended
(In thousands, except per share data)	3/31/2024			12/31/2023			9/30/2023			6/30/2023			3/31/2023
Tangible Assets
Total assets	$	4,099,924		$	4,221,842		$	4,087,519		$	4,092,071		$	4,167,228
Adjustments:
Goodwill		(175,106)			(175,106)			(175,106)			(175,104)			(175,125)
Core deposit intangible, net of amortization		(25,496)			(26,996)			(28,599)			(30,225)			(31,897)
Tangible assets	$	3,899,322		$	4,019,740		$	3,883,814		$	3,886,742		$	3,960,206
Tangible Common Equity
Total stockholders’ equity	$	609,330		$	619,798		$	577,329		$	570,872		$	562,372
Adjustments:
Goodwill		(175,106)			(175,106)			(175,106)			(175,104)			(175,125)
Core deposit intangible, net of amortization		(25,496)			(26,996)			(28,599)			(30,225)			(31,897)
Tangible common equity	$	408,728		$	417,696		$	373,624		$	365,543		$	355,350
Book value per common share	$	60.16		$	59.80		$	55.62		$	54.95		$	54.04
Tangible book value per common share		40.35			40.30			36.00			35.18			34.14
Total stockholders’ equity to total assets		14.86	%		14.68	%		14.12	%		13.95	%		13.50	%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets		10.48	%		10.39	%		9.62	%		9.40	%		8.97	%

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023

General. Net income increased $4.7 million to $15.4 million for three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $10.7 million for the same period in 2023. This increase was partially due to the added scale of operations resulting from the Hometown acquisition during the first quarter of 2023. The first quarter of 2023 was also negatively impacted by $1.3 million in acquisition related expenses and a $3.6 million provision for credit losses related to the acquired loans from Hometown.

Net Interest Income. The management of interest income and expense is fundamental to our financial performance. Net interest income, the difference between interest income and interest expense, is the largest component of the Company’s total revenue. Management closely monitors both total net interest income and the net interest margin (net interest income divided by average earning assets). We seek to maximize net interest income without exposing the Company to an excessive level of interest rate risk through our asset and liability policies. Interest rate risk is managed by monitoring the pricing, maturity and repricing options of all classes of interest-bearing assets and liabilities. Our net interest margin can also be adversely impacted by the reversal of interest on nonaccrual loans and the reinvestment of loan payoffs into lower yielding investment securities and other short-term investments.

Net interest and dividend income increased by $1.1 million to $33.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $32.2 million for three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to growth in interest earning assets over the last twelve months. Total average interest-earning assets were $3.74 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024, up from $3.52 billion for the same period in 2023. Net interest margin and net interest income are influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include balance sheet changes on both volume and mix and pricing decisions, and external factors include changes in market interest rates, competition and the shape of the interest rate yield curve.

Interest Income. Total interest income increased $8.4 million, or 20.5%, to $49.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $40.9 million for the same period in 2023. The increase in total interest income was primarily due to the aforementioned growth in interest earnings assets over the last twelve months along with an increase in the average interest rate earned on these assets. The average balance of interest-earning assets increased by $216.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 and the average interest rate earned on these assets increased by 0.59% in the year-over-year first quarters.

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Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $7.2 million, or 83.7%, to $15.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $8.7 million for the same period in 2023. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to elevated interest-bearing liabilities and higher crediting interest rates on those liabilities.

Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased by $7.9 million to $15.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $7.5 million for the same period in 2023. The average balance and cost of interest-bearing deposits was $2.46 billion and 2.51% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $2.24 billion and 1.35% for the same period in 2023.

Provision for Credit Losses. Credit risk is inherent in the business of making loans. We establish an allowance for credit losses through charges to earnings, which are shown in the statements of operations as the provision for credit losses. The provision for credit losses and level of allowance for each period are dependent upon many factors, including loan growth, net charge-offs, changes in the composition of the loan portfolio, delinquencies, management’s assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio, the valuation of problem loans and the general economic conditions in our market area. The determination of the amount is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity.

We recorded a provision of $0.2 million for credit loss during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to a provision of $4.2 million for the same period in 2023. A $3.6 million provision for credit losses related to the acquired loans from Hometown was the primary cause for the elevated expense during the first quarter of 2023. Economic forecasts, primarily US gross domestic product and unemployment projections, were little changed during the first quarter of 2024 resulting in consistent economic and qualitative factors in the CECL methodology. We recorded net recoveries of $0.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to minimal net recoveries during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Metrics regarding the credit quality of the Bank’s loan portfolio continue to show very little in terms of stress. The ACL - Loans was $44.4 million, or 1.31% of total loans, at March 31, 2024 compared to $43.3 million, or 1.30% of total loans at March 31, 2023.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income is an important component of our total revenues. A significant portion of our noninterest income has historically been associated with service charges and income from the Bank’s unconsolidated subsidiaries, Ansay and UFS. Other sources of noninterest income include loan servicing fees and gains on sales of mortgage loans.

Noninterest income decreased $1.4 million to $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $5.8 million for the same period in 2023. Due to the sale of 100% of the Bank’s member interest in UFS on October 1, 2023, no income from UFS was recorded in the first quarter of 2024, compared to income of $0.9 million during the first quarter of 2023. Negative valuation adjustments to the Bank’s MSRs totaling $0.3 million during the first quarter of 2024 also compared unfavorably to $0.8 million in positive valuation adjustments during the first quarter of 2023.

The major components of our noninterest income are listed below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(In thousands)
Noninterest Income
Service charges	$	1,634	$	1,599	$	35		2	%
Income from Ansay		979		1,071		(92)		(9)	%
Income from UFS		—		890		(890)		(100)	%
Loan servicing income		726		636		90		14	%
Valuation adjustment on MSR		(312)		779		(1,091)		NM
Net gain on sales of mortgage loans		219		140		79		56	%
Other		1,151		734		417		57	%
Total noninterest income	$	4,397	$	5,849	$	(1,452)		(25)	%

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Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $0.7 million to $20.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $19.7 million for the same period in 2023. Salaries, commissions, and employee benefits expenses, data processing and other noninterest expenses all increased year-over-year in the first quarter as a result of added operational scale from the acquisition of Hometown, which impacted slightly over half of the first quarter of 2023 compared to all of the first quarter of 2024. Postage, stationary, and supplies expense as well as outside service fees were elevated during the first quarter of 2023 as a result of one-time expenses from the Hometown acquisition and saw a decline in comparable balances in the first quarter of 2024 due to no similar acquisitions occurring.

The major components of our noninterest expense are listed below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(In thousands)
Noninterest Expense
Salaries, commissions, and employee benefits	$	10,893	$	9,912	$	981	10	%
Occupancy		1,584		1,591		(7)	(0)	%
Data processing		2,389		1,864		525	28	%
Postage, stationary, and supplies		238		380		(142)	(37)	%
Net loss on sales and valuations of other real estate owned		(47)		—		(47)	NM
Net loss on sales of securities		34		75		(41)	(55)	%
Advertising		95		81		14	17	%
Charitable contributions		176		223		(47)	(21)	%
Outside service fees		1,293		2,202		(909)	(41)	%
Amortization of intangibles		1,500		1,422		78	5	%
Other		2,169		1,914		255	13	%
Total noninterest expenses	$	20,324	$	19,664	$	660	3	%

Income Tax Expense. We recorded a provision for income taxes of $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to a provision of $3.6 million for the same period during 2023, reflecting effective tax rates of 10.5% and 25.0%, respectively. On July 5, 2023, Wisconsin passed its 2023 state budget which included a provision exempting income earned from certain commercial loans of $5.0 million or less from state taxability. As a result of this legislation, income from a significant portion of the Company’s loans will no longer be subject to taxation in its home state. Final rules relating to qualifying loans under this legislation were not published until the first quarter of 2024. Based on these final rules, the Company was able to further reduce its estimated tax liability from 2023 by $1.3 million, resulting in the lower provision for income taxes and effective tax rate during the first quarter of 2024. The effective tax rates were further reduced from the statutory federal and state income tax rates during both periods as a result of tax-exempt interest income produced by certain qualifying loans and investments in the Bank’s portfolios.

NET INTEREST MARGIN

Net interest income represents the difference between interest earned, primarily on loans and investments, and interest paid on funding sources, primarily deposits and borrowings. Interest rate spread is the difference between the average rate earned on total interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on total interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is the amount of net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The average rate earned on earning assets is the amount of annualized taxable-equivalent interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities is equal to annualized interest expense as a percentage of average interest-bearing liabilities.

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The following tables set forth the distribution of our average assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity, and average rates earned or paid on a fully taxable equivalent basis for each of the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024						March 31, 2023
			Interest						Interest
	Average		Income/		Rate Earned/ Paid		Average		Income/		Rate Earned/ Paid
	Balance		Expenses (1)		(1)		Balance		Expenses (1)		(1)
	(dollars in thousands)
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets
Loans (2)
Taxable	$	3,246,962	$	176,655	5.44	%	$	3,035,477	$	150,922	4.97	%
Tax-exempt		108,180		4,852	4.49	%		99,961		4,504	4.51	%
Securities
Taxable (available for sale)		162,353		7,423	4.57	%		239,857		6,428	2.68	%
Tax-exempt (available for sale)		33,931		1,141	3.36	%		45,941		1,420	3.09	%
Taxable (held to maturity)		106,349		4,250	4.00	%		54,201		1,989	3.67	%
Tax-exempt (held to maturity)		4,136		107	2.59	%		5,186		134	2.58	%
Cash and due from banks		79,587		5,024	6.31	%		44,049		1,754	3.98	%
Total interest-earning assets		3,741,498		199,452	5.33	%		3,524,672		167,151	4.74	%
Non interest-earning assets		447,093						413,645
Allowance for credit losses - loans		(43,695)						(36,604)
Total assets	$	4,144,896					$	3,901,713
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing deposits
Checking accounts	$	421,776	$	11,513	2.73	%	$	295,153	$	4,382	1.48	%
Savings accounts		812,947		11,879	1.46	%		822,362		7,186	0.87	%
Money market accounts		637,454		15,156	2.38	%		665,471		9,580	1.44	%
Certificates of deposit		590,116		23,344	3.96	%		450,666		8,868	1.97	%
Brokered deposits		748		17	2.27	%		6,716		198	2.95	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		2,463,041		61,909	2.51	%		2,240,368		30,214	1.35	%
Other borrowed funds		49,263		2,135	4.33	%		94,588		4,942	5.22	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,512,304		64,044	2.55	%		2,334,956		35,156	1.51	%
Non-interest bearing liabilities
Demand deposits		1,016,452						1,029,470
Other liabilities		2,950						17,075
Total liabilities		3,531,706						3,381,501
Shareholders’ equity		613,190						520,212
Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity	$	4,144,896					$	3,901,713
Net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis				135,408						131,995
Less taxable equivalent adjustment				(1,281)						(1,272)
Net interest income			$	134,127					$	130,723
Net interest spread (3)					2.78	%					3.24	%
Net interest margin (4)					3.62	%					3.74	%

(1). Annualized on a fully taxable equivalent basis calculated using a federal tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

(2). Nonaccrual loans are included in average amounts outstanding.

(3). Interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(4). Net interest margin represents net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following tables describe the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected our interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) changes attributable to changes in volumes (changes in average balance multiplied by prior year average rate) and (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (change in average interest rate multiplied by prior year average balance), while (iii) changes attributable to the combined impact of volumes and rates have been allocated proportionately to separate volume and rate categories.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Compared with
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Increase/(Decrease) Due to Change in
	Volume		Rate		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest income
Loans
Taxable	$	10,936	$	14,797	$	25,733
Tax-exempt		369		(21)		348
Securities
Taxable (AFS)		(2,537)		3,532		995
Tax-exempt (AFS)		(396)		117		(279)
Taxable (HTM)		2,070		191		2,261
Tax-exempt (HTM)		(27)		—		(27)
Cash and due from banks		1,895		1,375		3,270
Total interest income		12,310		19,991		32,301
Interest expense
Deposits
Checking accounts	$	2,413	$	4,718	$	7,131
Savings accounts		(83)		4,776		4,693
Money market accounts		(419)		5,995		5,576
Certificates of deposit		3,394		11,082		14,476
Brokered Deposits		(144)		(37)		(181)
Total interest bearing deposits		5,161		26,534		31,695
Other borrowed funds		(2,070)		(737)		(2,807)
Total interest expense		3,091		25,797		28,888
Change in net interest income	$	9,219	$	(5,806)	$	3,413

CHANGES IN FINANCIAL CONDITION

Total Assets. Total assets decreased $121.9 million, or 2.9%, to $4.10 billion at March 31, 2024, from $4.22 billion at December 31, 2023.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents decreased by $164.1 million to $83.4 million at March 31, 2024, from $247.5 million at December 31, 2023. This decline was primarily the result of funds being invested in growth in the loan portfolio as well as a reduction in securities sold under repurchase agreements. Securities sold under repurchase agreements reported in prior periods related to one customer who discontinued this arrangement during the first quarter of 2024.

Investment Securities. The carrying value of total investment securities increased by $4.6 million to $250.2 million at March 31, 2024, from $245.5 million at December 31, 2023.

Loans. Net loans increased by $39.6 million, totaling $3.34 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to $3.30 billion at December 31, 2023.

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Deposits. Deposits decreased $16.9 million, or 0.5%, to $3.42 billion at March 31, 2024 from $3.43 billion at December 31, 2023. Deposits have historically seen seasonal declines during prior year first quarter’s when not influenced by acquisitions.

Borrowings. At March 31, 2024, borrowings consisted of advances from the FHLB of Chicago and subordinated debt to other banks and an individual. FHLB borrowings and subordinated debt remained stable at $35.3 million and $12.0 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. A junior subordinated debenture totaling $4.1 million, which was part of the acquisition of Hometown, was repaid in full during the first quarter of 2024.

Stockholders’ Equity. Total stockholders’ equity decreased $10.5 million, or 1.7%, to $609.3 million at March 31, 2024, from $619.8 million at December 31, 2023. Repurchases of the Company’s common stock totaling $22.3 million and dividends declared totaling $3.5 million offset the positive impact of earnings totaling $15.4 million during the quarter.

LOANS

Our lending activities are principally conducted in the state of Wisconsin. The Bank makes commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction and development loans, residential real estate loans, and a variety of consumer loans and other loans. Much of the loans made by the Bank are secured by real estate collateral. The Bank’s commercial business loans are primarily made based on the cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower, with liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral typically being viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans are also often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of default is often an insufficient source of repayment. Repayment of the Bank’s residential loans are generally dependent on the health of the employment market in the borrowers’ geographic areas and that of the general economy with liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral being typically viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default.

Our loan portfolio is our most significant earning asset, comprising 82.5% and 79.2% of our total assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our strategy is to grow our loan portfolio by originating quality commercial and consumer loans that comply with our credit policies and that produce revenues consistent with our financial objectives. We believe our loan portfolio is well-balanced, which provides us with the opportunity to grow while monitoring our loan concentrations.

Loans increased $40.4 million, or 1.2%, to $3.38 billion as of March 31, 2024 as compared to $3.34 billion as of December 31, 2023. This increase during the first three months of 2024 was primarily driven by solid demand for new credit from our existing customer relationships. This growth was comprised of an increase of $22.5 million or 4.6% in commercial and industrial loans, an decrease of $2.3 million or 0.3% in owner occupied commercial real estate loans, an increase of $30.1 million or 6.4% in non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, a decrease of $9.7 million or 2.9% in multi-family loans an increase of $7.0 million or 3.5% in construction and development loans, a decrease of $8.4 million or 0.9% in residential 1-4 family loans and an increase of $1.2 million in consumer and other loans.

The following table presents the balance and associated percentage of each major category in our loan portfolio:

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023				March 31, 2023
	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial & industrial	$	510,396	15	%	$	487,893	15	%	$	547,843	17	%
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		892,275	26	%		894,596	27	%		915,799	28	%
Non-owner occupied		502,429	15	%		472,321	14	%		440,518	13	%
Multi-family		323,047	10	%		332,757	10	%		326,772	10	%
Construction & development		207,866	6	%		200,835	6	%		175,210	5	%
Residential 1-4 family		880,241	26	%		888,639	27	%		853,224	26	%
Consumer		52,296	2	%		50,950	1	%		48,021	1	%
Other loans		14,845	—	%		14,983	—	%		15,908	—	%
Total Loans	$	3,383,395	100	%	$	3,342,974	100	%	$	3,323,295	100	%

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Our directors and officers and their associates are customers of, and have other transactions with, the Bank in the normal course of business. All loans and commitments included in such transactions were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and do not involve more than normal risk of collection or present other unfavorable features. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total loans outstanding to such directors and officers and their associates were $62.1 million and $63.9 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, $3.2 million of additions and $5.0 million of repayments were made to these loans. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of the loans to directors and officers were performing according to their original terms.

Loan categories

The principal categories of our loan portfolio are discussed below:

Commercial and Industrial (C&I). Our C&I portfolio totaled $510.4 million and $487.9 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and represented 15% of our total loans at both of those dates.

Our C&I loan customers represent various small and middle-market established businesses involved in professional services, accommodation and food services, health care, financial services, wholesale trade, manufacturing, distribution, retailing and non-profits. Most clients are privately owned with markets that range from local to national in scope. Many of the loans to this segment are secured by liens on corporate assets and the personal guarantees of the principals. The regional economic strength or weakness impacts the relative risks in this loan category. There is little concentration in any one business sector, and loan risks are generally diversified among many borrowers.

Commercial Real Estate (CRE). Our CRE loan portfolio totaled $1.72 billion and $1.70 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and represented 51% of our total loans at both of those dates.

Our CRE loans are secured by a variety of property types including multifamily dwellings, retail facilities, office buildings, commercial mixed use, lodging and industrial and warehouse properties. We do not have any specific industry or customer concentrations in our CRE portfolio. Our commercial real estate loans are generally for terms up to ten years, with loan-to-values that generally do not exceed 80%. Amortization schedules are long term and thus a balloon payment is generally due at maturity. Under most circumstances, the Bank will offer to rewrite or otherwise extend the loan at prevailing interest rates.

Construction and Development (C&D). Our C&D loan portfolio totaled $207.9 million and $200.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and represented 6% of our total loans at both of those dates.

Our C&D loans are generally for the purpose of creating value out of real estate through construction and development work, and also include loans used to purchase recreational use land. Borrowers typically provide a copy of a construction or development contract which is subject to bank acceptance prior to loan approval. Disbursements are handled by a title company. Borrowers are required to inject their own equity into the project prior to any note proceeds being disbursed. These loans are, by their nature, intended to be short term and are refinanced into other loan types at the end of the construction and development period.

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Residential 1 – 4 Family. Residential 1 – 4 family loans held in portfolio amounted to $880.2 million and $888.6 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and represented 26% and 27% of our total loans at those dates. The reduction in residential 1 – 4 family loans during the quarter was the result of scheduled amortizing loan payments.

We offer fixed and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans with maturities up to 30 years. One-to-four family residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten according to Fannie Mae guidelines, and we refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” We generally originate both fixed and adjustable-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which is generally $726,200 for one-unit properties. In addition, we also offer loans above conforming lending limits typically referred to as “jumbo” loans. These loans are typically underwritten to the same guidelines as conforming loans; however, we may choose to hold a jumbo loan within its portfolio with underwriting criteria that does not exactly match conforming guidelines.

We do not offer reverse mortgages nor do we offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on his loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We also do not offer “subprime loans” (loans that are made with low down payments to borrowers with weakened credit histories typically characterized by payment delinquencies, previous charge-offs, judgments, bankruptcies, or borrowers with questionable repayment capacity as evidenced by low credit scores or high debt-burden ratios) or Alt-A loans (defined as loans having less than full documentation).

Residential real estate loans are originated both for sale to the secondary market as well as for retention in the Bank’s loan portfolio. The decision to sell a loan to the secondary market or retain within the portfolio is determined based on a variety of factors including but not limited to our asset/liability position, the current interest rate environment, and customer preference. Servicing rights are retained on all loans sold to the secondary market.

We were servicing mortgage loans sold to others without recourse of approximately $1.17 billion at March 31, 2024 and $1.18 billion at December 31, 2023.

Loans sold with the retention of servicing assets result in the capitalization of servicing rights. Loan servicing rights are carried at fair value. The net balance of capitalized servicing rights amounted to $13.4 million and $13.7 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Consumer Loans. Our consumer loan portfolio totaled $52.3 million and $51.0 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and represented 2% and 1% of our total loans at those dates. Consumer loans include secured and unsecured loans, lines of credit and personal installment loans.

Consumer loans generally have greater risk compared to longer-term loans secured by improved, owner-occupied real estate, particularly consumer loans that are secured by rapidly depreciable assets. In these cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. As a result, consumer loan repayments are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy.

Other Loans. Our other loans totaled $14.8 million and $15.0 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are immaterial to the overall loan portfolio. The other loans category consists primarily of over-drafted depository accounts, loans utilized to purchase or carry securities and loans to nonprofit organizations.

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Loan Portfolio Maturities.

The following tables summarize the dollar amount of loans maturing in our portfolio based on their loan type, fixed or variable rate of interest, and contractual terms to maturity at March 31, 2024. The tables do not include any estimate of prepayments, which can significantly shorten the average life of all loans and may cause our actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less.

	One Year or		One to Five		Five to Fifteen		Over Fifteen
	Less		Years		Years		Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial & industrial	$	143,957	$	241,164	$	122,090	$	3,185	$	510,396
Commercial real estate
Owner Occupied		107,193		398,916		310,416		75,750		892,275
Non-owner Occupied		47,584		268,558		178,114		8,173		502,429
Multi-family		8,715		124,000		189,981		351		323,047
Construction & Development		25,515		43,830		79,437		59,084		207,866
Residential 1-4 family		15,033		102,128		230,465		532,615		880,241
Consumer and other		5,694		38,613		17,662		5,172		67,141
Total	$	353,691	$	1,217,209	$	1,128,165	$	684,330	$	3,383,395
Fixed Rate Loans:
Commercial & industrial	$	33,631	$	204,679	$	80,745	$	3,156	$	322,211
Commercial real estate
Owner Occupied		60,453		314,683		128,642		20,890		524,668
Non-owner Occupied		34,487		254,908		51,141		—		340,536
Multi-family		8,680		118,611		134,945		—		262,236
Construction & Development		15,475		39,092		50,935		35,411		140,913
Residential 1-4 family		9,046		82,006		185,430		274,930		551,412
Consumer and other		5,433		37,751		16,515		5,172		64,871
Total	$	167,205	$	1,051,730	$	648,353	$	339,559	$	2,206,847
Floating Rate Loans:
Commercial & industrial	$	110,326	$	36,485	$	41,345	$	29	$	188,185
Commercial real estate
Owner Occupied		46,740		84,233		181,774		54,860		367,607
Non-owner Occupied		13,097		13,650		126,973		8,173		161,893
Multi-family		35		5,389		55,036		351		60,811
Construction & Development		10,040		4,738		28,502		23,673		66,953
Residential 1-4 family		5,987		20,122		45,035		257,685		328,829
Consumer and other		261		862		1,147		—		2,270
Total	$	186,486	$	165,479	$	479,812	$	344,771	$	1,176,548

NONPERFORMING ASSETS

In order to operate with a sound risk profile, we focus on originating loans that we believe to be of high quality. We have established loan approval policies and procedures to assist us in maintaining the overall quality of our loan portfolio. When delinquencies in our loans exist, we rigorously monitor the levels of such delinquencies for any negative or adverse trends. From time to time, we may modify loans to extend the term or make other concessions to help a borrower with a deteriorating financial condition stay current on their loan and to avoid foreclosure. We generally do not forgive principal or interest on loans or modify the interest rates on loans to rates that are below market rates. Furthermore, we are committed to collecting on all of our loans and, as a result, at times have lower net charge-offs compared to many of our peer banks. We believe that our commitment to collecting on all of our loans results in higher loan recoveries.

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Our nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans and foreclosed real estate. Nonperforming loans are those on which the accrual of interest has stopped, as well as loans that are contractually 90 days past due on which interest continues to accrue. The composition of our nonperforming assets is as follows:

	As of March 31,			As of December 31,			As of March 31,
	2024			2023			2023
	(dollars in thousands)
Nonperforming loans
Nonaccrual loans
Commercial & industrial	$	4,601		$	1,344		$	643
Commercial real estate
Owner Occupied		2,754			3,877			3,518
Non-owner Occupied		—			—			—
Multi-family		—			—			—
Construction & Development		—			—			—
Residential 1-4 family		244			429			488
Consumer and other		11			12			14
Total nonaccrual loans		7,610			5,662			4,663
Loans past due > 90 days, but still accruing
Commercial & industrial		—			106			65
Commercial real estate
Owner Occupied		1,560			252			262
Non-owner Occupied		—			—			—
Multi-family		—			—			—
Construction & Development		—			—			—
Residential 1-4 family		703			507			208
Consumer and other		4			28			4
Total loans past due > 90 days, but still accruing		2,267			893			539
Total nonperforming loans	$	9,877		$	6,555		$	5,202
OREO
Commercial real estate owned	$	—		$	—		$	—
Residential real estate owned		—			—			—
Acquired bank property real estate owned		2,674			2,573			3,910
Total OREO	$	2,674		$	2,573		$	3,910
Total nonperforming assets ("NPAs")	$	12,551		$	9,128		$	9,112
Accruing modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (1)	$	20		$	21		$	22
Ratios
Nonaccrual loans to total loans		0.22	%		0.17	%		0.14	%
NPAs to total loans plus OREO		0.37	%		0.27	%		0.27	%
NPAs to total assets		0.31	%		0.21	%		0.22	%
ACL - Loans to nonaccrual loans		583	%		770	%		929	%
ACL - Loans to total loans		1.31	%		1.30	%		1.30	%

Nonaccrual Loans

Loans are typically placed on nonaccrual status when any payment of principal and/or interest is 90 days or more past due, unless the collateral is sufficient to cover both principal and interest and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, that the principal or interest will not be collectible in the normal course of business. We monitor closely the performance of our loan portfolio. In addition to the monitoring and review of loan performance internally, we have also contracted with an independent organization to review our commercial and retail loan portfolios. The status of delinquent loans, as well as situations identified as potential problems, is reviewed on a regular basis by senior management. The increase in nonaccrual loans during the first quarter of 2024 primarily related to one customer relationship, acquired as part of the Hometown acquisition, that was moved from accrual status during the quarter.

41

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - LOANS

The Company assesses the adequacy of its ACL - Loans at the end of each calendar quarter. The level of ACL - Loans is based on the Company’s evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers’ ability to repay a loan, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio and other relevant factors. The ACL - Loans is increased by a provision for credit losses, which is charged to expense, when the analysis shows that an increase is warranted. The ACL – Loans is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries, when they occur. The ACL is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses to be recognized over the contractual life of the loans in the portfolio.

For further details on the Company’s ACL – Loans, refer to the footnotes pretend along with the consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this report.

At March 31, 2024, the ACL - Loans was $44.4 million (representing 1.31% of period end loans). The ACL – Loans has remained consistent over recent quarters as economic conditions and the Company’s overall asset quality remain strong. The Company recorded net recoveries totaling $0.6 million during the first quarter of 2024.

The following table summarizes the changes in our ACL - Loans for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended			Year ended			Three months ended
	March 31,			December 31,			March 31,
	2024			2023			2023
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance of ACL - Loans at the beginning of period	$	43,609		$	22,680		$	22,680
Adoption of CECL		—			10,972			10,972
ACL - Loans on PCD loans acquired		—			5,534			5,534
Net loans charged-off (recovered):
Commercial & industrial		15			(22)			(1)
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		(610)			(70)			(16)
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—			—			—
Commercial real estate - multi-family		—			—			—
Construction & Development		—			—			—
Residential 1-4 family		(2)			(106)			(27)
Consumer		4			—			(1)
Other Loans		24			67			7
Total net loans recovered		(569)			(131)			(38)
Provision charged to operating expense		200			4,292			4,092
Balance of ACL - Loans at end of period	$	44,378		$	43,609		$	43,316
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans by loan composition
Commercial & industrial		—	%		—	%		—	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		(0.07)	%		(0.01)	%		—	%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—	%		—	%		—	%
Commercial real estate - multi-family		—	%		—	%		—	%
Construction & Development		—	%		—	%		—	%
Residential 1-4 family		—	%		(0.01)	%		—	%
Consumer		0.01	%		—	%		—	%
Other Loans		0.16	%		0.36	%		0.04	%
Total net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans		(0.02)	%		—	%		—	%

42

The following table summarizes an allocation of the ACL - Loans and the related percentage of loans outstanding in each category for the periods below.

	March 31,				December 31,				March 31,
	2024				2023				2023
			% of				% of				% of
(in thousands, except %)	Amount		Loans		Amount		Loans		Amount		Loans
Loan Type:
Commercial & industrial	$	5,811	15	%	$	5,965	15	%	$	7,224	17	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		13,442	26	%		12,285	27	%		12,649	28	%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		6,081	15	%		5,700	14	%		4,600	13	%
Commercial real estate - multi-family		4,601	10	%		4,754	10	%		4,046	10	%
Construction & development		3,238	6	%		3,597	6	%		3,110	5	%
Residential 1-4 family		10,500	26	%		10,620	27	%		10,544	26	%
Consumer		604	2	%		615	1	%		1,006	1	%
Other loans		101	—	%		73	—	%		137	—	%
Total allowance	$	44,378	100	%	$	43,609	100	%	$	43,316	100	%

SOURCES OF FUNDS

General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for our investment and lending activities. We also borrow from the FHLB of Chicago to supplement cash needs, to lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk management purposes and to manage our cost of funds. Our additional sources of funds are scheduled payments and prepayments of principal and interest on loans and investment securities and fee income and proceeds from the sales of loans and securities.

Deposits. Our current deposit products include non-interest bearing and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, and certificate of deposits. As of March 31, 2024, deposit liabilities accounted for approximately 83.3% of our total liabilities and equity. We accept deposits primarily from customers in the communities in which our branches and offices are located, as well as from small businesses and other customers throughout our lending area. We rely on our competitive pricing and products, quality customer service, and convenient locations and hours to attract and retain deposits. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current business strategies, market interest rates, liquidity requirements and our deposit growth goals.

Total deposits were $3.42 billion and $3.43 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were $990.5 million and $1.05 billion, respectively, while interest-bearing deposits were $2.43 billion and $2.38 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

At March 31, 2024, we had a total of $598.3 million in certificates of deposit, including $0.7 million of brokered deposits. Based on historical experience and our current pricing strategy, we believe we will retain a majority of these accounts upon maturity, although our long-term strategy is to minimize reliance on certificates of deposits by increasing relationship deposits in lower earning savings and demand deposit accounts.

The following tables set forth the average balances of our deposits for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended				Year ended				Three months ended
	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023				March 31, 2023
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
	(dollars in thousands)
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	$	1,016,452	29.2	%	$	1,078,468	31.9	%	$	1,029,470	31.5	%
Interest-bearing checking deposits		421,776	12.1	%		293,568	8.7	%		295,153	9.0	%
Savings deposits		812,947	23.4	%		833,360	24.6	%		822,362	25.1	%
Money market accounts		637,454	18.3	%		665,988	19.7	%		665,471	20.4	%
Certificates of deposit		590,116	17.0	%		509,273	15.0	%		450,666	13.8	%
Brokered deposits		748	—	%		3,184	0.1	%		6,716	0.2	%
Total	$	3,479,493	100	%	$	3,383,841	100	%	$	3,269,838	100	%

43

The following table provides information on maturities of certificates of deposits which exceed FDIC insurance limits of $250,000 as of March 31, 2024:

	Time Deposits over FDIC		Portion of Time Deposits in
	Insurance Limits		Excess of FDIC Insurance Limits
	(dollars in thousands)
3 months or less remaining	$	25,551	$	10,051
Over 3 to 6 months remaining		66,606		36,856
Over 6 to 12 months remaining		45,687		20,937
Over 12 months or more remaining		8,627		2,627
Total	$	146,471	$	70,471

Borrowings

Securities sold under repurchase agreements

The Company had securities sold under repurchase agreements which had contractual maturities up to one year from the transaction date with variable and fixed rate terms. The agreements to repurchase required that the Company (seller) repurchase identical securities as those that were sold. The securities underlying the agreements were under the Company’s control. The Company redeemed all securities sold under repurchase agreements during the first quarter of 2024.

The following table summarizes securities sold under repurchase agreements, and the weighted average interest rates paid:

	Three months ended			Year ended			Three months ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			March 31, 2023
Average daily amount of securities sold under repurchase agreements during the period	$	1,665		$	36,833		$	50,974
Weighted average interest rate on average daily securities sold under repurchase agreements		5.33	%		4.92	%		4.47	%
Maximum outstanding securities sold under repurchase agreements at any month-end	$	—		$	75,747		$	49,596
Securities sold under repurchase agreements at period end	$	—		$	75,747		$	46,636
Weighted average interest rate on securities sold under repurchase agreements at period end		NA			5.31	%		4.82	%

Borrowings

The Company’s borrowings have historically consisted primarily of FHLB of Chicago advances collateralized by a blanket pledge agreement on the Company’s FHLB capital stock and retail and commercial loans held in the Company’s portfolio. There were $35.3 million of advances outstanding from the FHLB at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The total loans pledged as collateral were $1.49 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There were no outstanding letters of credit from the FHLB at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes borrowings from the FHLB, and the weighted average interest rates paid:

	Three months ended			Year ended			Three months ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			March 31, 2023
Average daily amount of borrowings outstanding during the period	$	35,281		$	30,697		$	14,757
Weighted average interest rate on average daily borrowing		3.97	%		3.92	%		4.04	%
Maximum outstanding borrowings at any month-end	$	35,295		$	36,577		$	36,881
Borrowing outstanding at period end	$	35,295		$	35,270		$	36,881
Weighted average interest rate on borrowing at period end		3.59	%		3.59	%		3.55	%

44

Lines of credit and other borrowings.

We maintain a $7.5 million line of credit with another commercial bank, which was entered into on May 15, 2022. There were no outstanding balances on this note at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. Any future borrowings will required monthly payments of interest at a variable rate, and will be due in full on May 15, 2024.

During July 2020, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with two separate commercial banks. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, outstanding balances under these agreements totaled $6.0 million. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, will carry interest at a fixed rate of 5.0% through June 30, 2025, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after January 1, 2026 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

During August 2022, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with an individual. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, outstanding balances under these agreements totaled $6.0 million. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, will carry interest at a fixed rate of 5.25% through August 6, 2027, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after August 6, 2027 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

As a result of the acquisition of Hometown during February 2023, the Company acquired all of the common securities of Hometown’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Hometown Bancorp, Ltd. Capital Trust I (“Trust I”) and Hometown Bancorp, Ltd. Capital Trust II (“Trust II”). The Company also assumed adjustable rate junior subordinated debentures issued to these trusts. The junior subordinated debentures issued to Trust I and Trust II totaled $4.1 million and $8.2 million, respectively, carried interest at floating rates resetting on each quarterly payment date, and were due on January 7, 2034 and December 15, 2036, respectively. Applicable discounts originally totaling $1.5 million were recorded to carry the assumed debentures at their then estimated fair value and were being accreted to interest expense over the remaining life of the debentures. Both junior subordinated debentures were redeemable by the Company, subject to prior approval by the Federal Reserve Bank, on any quarterly payment date. The junior subordinated debentures represented the sole asset of Trust I and Trust II. The trusts were not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The net effect of all agreements assumed with respect to Trust I and Trust II is that the Company, through payments on its debentures, was liable for the distributions and other payments required on the trusts’ preferred securities. Trust I and Trust II also provided the Company with $12.0 million in Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes. The Company redeemed the junior subordinated debenture related to Trust II during December 2023 and Trust I during January 2024, resulting in these trusts’ dissolution. As a result of the redemption of the junior subordinated debenture related to Trust II and notification of the Company’s intent to redeem the junior subordinated debenture of Trust I prior to December 31, 2023, the Company amortized the remaining original fair value discounts into interest expense during 2023.

INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Our securities portfolio consists of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity. Securities are classified as held to maturity or available for sale at the time of purchase. Obligations of states and political subdivisions and mortgage-backed securities, all of which are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, make up the largest components of the securities portfolio. We manage our investment portfolio to provide an adequate level of liquidity as well as to maintain neutral interest rate-sensitive positions, while earning an adequate level of investment income without taking undue or excessive risk.

Securities available for sale consist of U.S. government sponsored agencies, obligations of states and political subdivision, mortgage-backed securities, and corporate notes. Securities classified as available for sale, which management has the intent and ability to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity, are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of related deferred income taxes, included in stockholders’ equity as a separate component of other comprehensive income. The fair value of securities available for sale totaled $138.4 million and included $17,000 gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses of $13.0 million at March 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of securities available for sale totaled $142.2 million and included gross unrealized gains of $86,000 and gross unrealized losses of $12.2 million.

Securities classified as held to maturity consist of U.S. treasury securities and obligations of states and political subdivisions. These securities, which management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity, are reported at amortized cost. Securities held to maturity totaled $111.7 million at March 31, 2024 and $103.3 million at December 31, 2023.

The Company had recognized net losses on sales of securities of $34,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company had recognized net losses on sales of securities of $75,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

45

The following tables set forth the composition and maturities of investment securities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

					After One, But				After Five, But
	Within One Year				Within Five Years				Within Ten Years				After Ten Years				Total
			Weighted				Weighted				Weighted				Weighted				Weighted
	Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average
At March 31, 2024	Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)
	(dollars in thousands)
Available for sale securities
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	1,963	5.1	%	$	495	4.9	%	$	15,827	2.2	%	$	12,104	2.3	%	$	30,389	2.5	%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		339	4.9	%		11,480	4.1	%		14,087	3.5	%		37,670	2.7	%		63,576	3.2	%
Mortgage-backed securities		3,557	2.6	%		11,649	3.4	%		8,126	4.3	%		13,401	3.7	%		36,733	3.6	%
Corporate notes		4,998	3.3	%		5,000	9.4	%		9,116	3.5	%		1,548	6.5	%		20,662	5.1	%
Total available for sale securities	$	10,857	3.4	%	$	28,624	4.8	%	$	47,156	3.2	%	$	64,723	2.9	%	$	151,360	3.4	%
Held to maturity securities
U.S. Treasury securities	$	19,704	3.6	%	$	52,283	3.7	%	$	35,884	4.4	%	$	—	—		$	107,871	3.9	%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		1,467	2.3	%		2,394	2.7	%		—	—	%		—	—	%		3,861	2.6	%
Total held to maturity securities	$	21,171	3.5	%	$	54,677	3.6	%	$	35,884	4.4	%	$	—	—	%	$	111,732	3.9	%
Total	$	32,028	3.5	%	$	83,301	4.0	%	$	83,040	1.8	%	$	64,723	2.9	%	$	263,092	3.6	%

					After One, But				After Five, But
	Within One Year				Within Five Years				Within Ten Years				After Ten Years				Total
			Weighted				Weighted				Weighted				Weighted				Weighted
	Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average		Amortized		Average
At December 31, 2023	Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)		Cost		Yield (1)
	(dollars in thousands)
Available for sale securities
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies	$	980	5.1	%	$	1,464	5.0	%	$	16,202	2.2	%	$	12,807	2.2	%	$	31,453	2.5	%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—	—	%		9,828	4.1	%		14,542	3.5	%		39,559	2.8	%		63,929	3.1	%
Mortgage-backed securities		3,579	2.6	%		8,649	3.3	%		11,788	4.1	%		13,773	3.7	%		37,789	3.6	%
Corporate notes		4,995	3.3	%		5,000	6.5	%		9,119	3.4	%		1,543	6.5	%		20,657	4.4	%
Certificates of deposit		490	1.3	%		—	—	%		—	—	%		—	—	%		490	1.3	%
Total available for sale securities	$	10,044	3.1	%	$	24,941	4.4	%	$	51,651	3.2	%	$	67,682	2.9	%	$	154,318	3.3	%
Held to maturity securities
U.S. Treasury securities	$	16,816	3.4	%	$	60,714	3.6	%	$	21,643	4.7	%	$	—	—	%		99,173	3.8	%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		956	2.7	%		2,324	2.5	%		871	3.0	%		—	—	%		4,151	2.6	%
Total held to maturity securities	$	17,772	3.4	%	$	63,038	3.6	%	$	22,514	4.6	%	$	—	—	%	$	103,324	3.8	%
Total	$	27,816	3.3	%	$	87,979	3.8	%	$	74,165	3.7	%	$	67,682	2.9	%	$	257,642	3.5	%

(1) Weighted Average Yield is shown on a fully taxable equivalent basis using a federal tax rate of 21%.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no allowance for credit losses on securities AFS was recognized. The Company does not consider its securities AFS with unrealized losses to be attributable to credit-related factors, as the unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in noncredit-related factors such as changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration. Furthermore, as of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have the intent to sell any of these securities AFS and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost.

Furthermore, the Company does not believe there are any expected credit losses in its HTM securities portfolio at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. All U.S. Treasury securities have the full faith and credit backing of the United States government and the amount of obligations of states and political subdivisions in an unrealized loss position is immaterial to the financial statements.

46

As of March 31, 2024, 214 debt securities had gross unrealized losses, with an aggregate depreciation of 5.3% from our amortized cost basis. The largest unrealized loss percentage of any single security was 24.4% (or $0.2 million) of its amortized cost. The largest unrealized dollar loss of any security was $1.0 million (or 16.6%).

As of December 31, 2023, 204 debt securities had gross unrealized losses, with an aggregate depreciation of 4.6% from our amortized cost basis. The largest unrealized loss percentage of any single security was 26.5% (or $0.5 million) of its amortized cost. The largest unrealized dollar loss of any single security was $1.0 million (or 16.1%).

The unrealized losses on these debt securities arose primarily due to changing interest rates and are considered to be temporary.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices. Our consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP generally requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without consideration of changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of our operations. Unlike industrial companies, our assets and liabilities are primarily monetary in nature. As a result, changes in market interest rates have a greater impact on our performance than they would on industrial companies.

Liquidity. Liquidity is defined as the Company’s ability to generate adequate cash to meet its needs for day-to-day operations and material long and short-term commitments. Liquidity is the risk of potential loss if we were unable to meet our funding requirements at a reasonable cost. We are expected to maintain adequate liquidity at the Bank to meet the cash flow requirements of customers who may be either depositors wishing to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. Our asset and liability management policy is intended to cause the Bank to maintain adequate liquidity and, therefore, enhance our ability to raise funds to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals and lending needs, maintain reserve requirements and otherwise sustain our operations.

We continuously monitor our liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all of our short-term and long-term cash requirements. We manage our liquidity based on demand and specific events and uncertainties to meet current and future financial obligations of a short-term nature. We also monitor our liquidity requirements in light of interest rate trends, changes in the economy and the scheduled maturity and interest rate sensitivity of the investment and loan portfolios and deposits. Our objective in managing liquidity is to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers as well as to increase earnings enhancement opportunities in a changing marketplace.

Our liquidity is maintained through our investment portfolio, deposits, borrowings from the FHLB, and lines available from correspondent banks. Our highest priority is placed on growing noninterest bearing deposits through strong community involvement in the markets that we serve. Borrowings and brokered deposits are considered short-term supplements to our overall liquidity but are not intended to be relied upon for long-term needs. The Company currently has $1.71 billion in availability between borrowings and brokered deposits for future funding if liquidity needs were to develop. We believe that our present position is adequate to meet our current and future liquidity needs, and management knows of no trend or event that will have a material impact on the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity at satisfactory levels.

Capital Adequacy. Total stockholders’ equity was $609.3 million at March 31, 2024 compared to $619.8 million at December 31, 2023.

Our capital management consists of providing adequate equity to support our current and future operations. The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve and the OCC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may prompt certain actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measure of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and the classifications are also subject to qualitative judgment by the regulator in regard to components, risk weighting and other factors.

47

The Bank is subject to the following risk-based capital ratios: a common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, which includes CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital, and a total capital ratio, which includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 is primarily comprised of the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus net of treasury stock, retained earnings, and certain qualifying minority interests, less certain adjustments and deductions, including with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, mortgage servicing assets and deferred tax assets subject to temporary timing differences. Additional Tier 1 capital is primarily comprised of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests and grandfathered trust preferred securities. Tier 2 capital consists of instruments disqualified from Tier 1 capital, including qualifying subordinated debt, other preferred stock and certain hybrid capital instruments, and a limited amount of loan loss reserves up to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, subject to certain eligibility criteria. The capital rules also define the risk-weights assigned to assets and off-balance sheet items to determine the risk-weighted asset components of the risk-based capital rules, including, for example, certain “high volatility” commercial real estate, past due assets, structured securities and equity holdings.

The leverage capital ratio, which serves as a minimum capital standard, is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to quarterly average assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. The required minimum leverage ratio for all banks is 4%.

Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on our operations or financial condition. For example, only a well-capitalized depository institution may accept brokered deposits without prior regulatory approval. Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications or other restrictions on its growth.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), among other things, requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” regarding depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five regulatory capital tiers: “well capitalized”, “adequately capitalized”, “undercapitalized”, “significantly undercapitalized”, and “critically undercapitalized”. A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. The FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive restraints on operations, management and capital distributions, depending on the category in which an institution is classified. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions may not accept brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC, are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans for regulatory approval. A depository institution’s holding company must guarantee any required capital restoration plan, up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5 percent of the depository institution’s assets at the time it becomes undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan. Federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized. All of the federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted regulations establishing relevant capital measures and relevant capital levels for federally insured depository institutions. The Bank was well capitalized at March 31, 2024, and brokered deposits are not restricted.

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To be well-capitalized, the Bank must maintain at least a 6.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio, a 10.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio, and a 5.0% leverage ratio.

The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were above the applicable well-capitalized standards and met the then-applicable capital conservation buffer. Based on current estimates, we believe that the Bank will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer in 2024.

As a result of the Economic Growth Act, the federal banking agencies were required to develop a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” (the ratio of a bank’s Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. A “qualifying community bank” that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under prompt corrective action statutes. The federal banking agencies may consider a financial institution’s risk profile when evaluation whether it qualifies as a community bank for purposes of the capital ratio requirement. The federal banking agencies set the minimum capital for the new Community Bank Leverage Ratio at 9%. The Bank does not intend to opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio Framework.

On December 21, 2018, federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to (i) address the upcoming implementation of CECL accounting standard under GAAP; (ii) provide an optional three-year phase-in period for the day-one adverse regulatory capital effects that banking organizations are expected to experience upon adopting CECL; and (iii) require the use of CECL in stress tests beginning with the 2020 capital planning and stress testing cycle for certain banking organizations. for more information regarding Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, which introduced CECL as the methodology to replace the current “incurred loss” methodology for financial assets measured at amortized cost, and changed the approaches for recognizing and recording credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased credit impaired financial assets, including the required implementation date for the Company, see the Company’s Annual Report.

Federal banking regulators have issued risk-based capital guidelines, which assign risk factors to asset categories and off-balance-sheet items. The following table reflects capital ratios computed utilizing the implemented Basel III regulatory capital framework discussed above:

										Minimum Capital Required				Minimum To Be Well-
						Minimum Capital				for Capital Adequacy Plus				Capitalized Under prompt
						Required for Capital				Capital Conservation Buffer				corrective Action
	Actual					Adequacy				Basel III Phase-In Schedule				Provisions
	Amount		Ratio			Amount	Ratio			Amount	Ratio			Amount	Ratio
	(dollars in thousands)
At March 31, 2024
Bank First Corporation:
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	473,440	13.5	%	$	280,722	8.0	%	$	368,447	10.5	%		N/A	N/A
Tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		423,164	12.1	%		210,541	6.0	%		298,267	8.5	%		N/A	N/A
Common equity tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		423,164	12.1	%		157,906	4.5	%		245,632	7.0	%		N/A	N/A
Tier I capital (to average assets)		423,164	10.7	%		157,788	4.0	%		157,946	4.0	%		N/A	N/A
Bank First, N.A:
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	429,412	12.2	%	$	280,562	8.0	%	$	368,237	10.5	%	$	350,702	10.0	%
Tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		391,136	11.2	%		210,421	6.0	%		298,097	8.5	%		280,562	8.0	%
Common equity tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		391,136	11.2	%		157,816	4.5	%		245,491	7.0	%		227,956	6.5	%
Tier I capital (to average assets)		391,136	9.9	%		157,946	4.0	%		157,946	4.0	%		197,433	5.0	%
At December 31, 2023
Bank First Corporation:
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	484,398	14.0	%	$	276,904	8.0	%	$	363,437	10.5	%		N/A	N/A
Tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		437,979	12.7	%		207,678	6.0	%		294,211	8.5	%		N/A	N/A
Common equity tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		433,979	12.5	%		155,759	4.5	%		242,291	7.0	%		N/A	N/A
Tier I capital (to average assets)		437,979	11.1	%		158,581	4.0	%		158,581	4.0	%		N/A	N/A
Bank First, N.A:
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	446,634	12.9	%	$	276,726	8.0	%	$	363,202	10.5	%	$	345,907	10.0	%
Tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		412,215	11.9	%		207,544	6.0	%		294,021	8.5	%		276,726	8.0	%
Common equity tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets)		412,215	11.9	%		155,658	4.5	%		242,135	7.0	%		224,840	6.5	%
Tier I capital (to average assets)		412,215	10.4	%		158,585	4.0	%		158,585	4.0	%		198,231	5.0	%

As previously mentioned, the Company carried $12.0 million of subordinated debt as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which qualifies as Tier II capital, and $4.0 million of junior subordinated debt as of December 31, 2023, which qualified as Tier I capital. These amounts are included in total capital for the Company in the tables above.

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FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK

We are party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments primarily include commitments to originate and sell loans, standby and direct pay letters of credit, unused lines of credit and unadvanced portions of construction and development loans. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheet. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in these particular classes of financial instruments.

Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for loan commitments, standby and direct pay letters of credit and unadvanced portions of construction and development loans is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. Our significant off-balance-sheet arrangements consist of the following:

● Unused lines of credit

● Standby and direct pay letters of credit

● Credit card arrangements

Off-balance sheet arrangement means any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement to which an entity unconsolidated with the registrant is a party, under which the registrant has (1) any obligation under a guarantee contract, (2) retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity or similar arrangement, (3) any obligation, including a contingent obligation, under a contract that would be accounted for as a derivative instrument, or (4) any obligation, including a contingent obligation, arising out of a variable interest.

Loan commitments are made to accommodate the financial needs of our customers. Standby and direct pay letters of credit commit us to make payments on behalf of customers when certain specified future events occur. Both arrangements have credit risk essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to clients and are subject to our normal credit policies. Collateral (e.g., securities, receivables, inventory, equipment, etc.) is obtained based on management’s credit assessment of the customer.

Loan commitments and standby and direct pay letters of credit do not necessarily represent our future cash requirements because while the borrower has the ability to draw upon these commitments at any time, these commitments often expire without being drawn upon. Our off-balance sheet arrangements at the dates indicated were as follows:

	Amounts of Commitments Expiring - By Period as of March 31, 2024
			Less Than One		One to Three		Three to Five
Other Commitments	Total		Year		Years		Years		After Five Years
	(dollars in thousands)
Unused lines of credit	$	796,930	$	369,303	$	145,983	$	54,310	$	227,334
Standby and direct pay letters of credit		10,951		9,369		767		632		183
Credit card arrangements		21,807		—		—		—		21,807
Total commitments	$	829,688	$	378,672	$	146,750	$	54,942	$	249,324

	Amounts of Commitments Expiring - By Period as of December 31, 2023
			Less Than		One to		Three to		After Five
Other Commitments	Total		One Year		Three Years		Five Years		Years
	(dollars in thousands)
Unused lines of credit	$	799,398	$	369,800	$	129,181	$	66,070	$	234,347
Standby and direct pay letters of credit		9,785		7,615		1,407		580		183
Credit card arrangements		21,213		—		—		—		21,213
Total commitments	$	830,396	$	377,415	$	130,588	$	66,650	$	255,743

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. Our market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investment and deposit-taking activities. To that end, management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure.

Our profitability is affected by fluctuations in interest rates. A sudden and substantial change in interest rates may adversely impact our earnings to the extent that the interest rates borne by assets and liabilities do not change at the same speed, to the same extent or on the same basis. We monitor the impact of changes in interest rates on its net interest income using several tools.

Our primary objective in managing interest rate risk is to minimize the adverse impact of changes in interest rates on our net interest income and capital, while configuring our asset-liability structure to obtain the maximum yield-cost spread on that structure. We rely primarily on our asset-liability structure to control interest rate risk.

Interest Rate Sensitivity. Interest rate risk is the risk to earnings and value arising from changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk arises from timing differences in the repricings and maturities of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities (repricing risk), changes in the expected maturities of assets and liabilities arising from embedded options, such as borrowers’ ability to prepay home mortgage loans at any time and depositors’ ability to redeem certificates of deposit before maturity (option risk), changes in the shape of the yield curve where interest rates increase or decrease in a nonparallel fashion (yield curve risk), and changes in spread relationships between different yield curves, such as U.S. Treasuries (basis risk).

An asset sensitive position refers to a balance sheet position in which an increase in short-term interest rates is expected to generate higher net interest income, as rates earned on our interest-earning assets would reprice upward more quickly than rates paid on our interest-bearing liabilities, thus expanding our net interest margin. Conversely, a liability sensitive position refers to a balance sheet position in which an increase in short-term interest rates is expected to generate lower net interest income, as rates paid on our interest-bearing liabilities would reprice upward more quickly than rates earned on our interest-earning assets, thus compressing our net interest margin.

The Company actively manages its interest rate sensitivity position. The objectives of interest rate risk management are to control exposure of net interest income to risks associated with interest rate movements and to achieve sustainable growth in net interest income. The Company’s ALCO, using policies and procedures approved by the Company’s board of directors, is responsible for the management of the Company’s interest rate sensitivity position. The Company manages interest rate sensitivity by changing the mix, pricing and re-pricing characteristics of its assets and liabilities, through the management of its investment portfolio, its offerings of loan and selected deposit terms and through wholesale funding. Wholesale funding consists of, but is not limited to, multiple sources including borrowings with the FHLB of Chicago, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago’s discount window and certificates of deposit from institutional brokers.

The Company uses several tools to manage its interest rate risk including interest rate sensitivity analysis, or gap analysis, market value of portfolio equity analysis, interest rate simulations under various rate scenarios and net interest margin reports. The results of these reports are compared to limits established by the Company’s ALCO policies and appropriate adjustments are made if the results are outside the established limits.

There are an infinite number of potential interest rate scenarios, each of which can be accompanied by differing economic/political/regulatory climates; can generate multiple differing behavior patterns by markets, borrowers, depositors, etc.; and, can last for varying degrees of time. Therefore, by definition, interest rate risk sensitivity cannot be predicted with certainty. Accordingly, the Company’s interest rate risk measurement philosophy focuses on maintaining an appropriate balance between theoretical and practical scenarios; especially given the primary objective of the Company’s overall asset/liability management process is to facilitate meaningful strategy development and implementation.

Therefore, we model a set of interest rate scenarios capturing the financial effects of a range of plausible rate scenarios; the collective impact of which will enable the Company to clearly understand the nature and extent of its sensitivity to interest rate changes. Doing so necessitates an assessment of rate changes over varying time horizons and of varying/sufficient degrees such that the impact of embedded options within the balance sheet are sufficiently examined.

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The following tables demonstrate the annualized result of an interest rate simulation and the estimated effect that a parallel interest rate shift, or “shock,” in the yield curve and subjective adjustments in deposit pricing might have on the Company’s projected net interest income over the next 12 months.

This simulation assumes that there is no growth in interest-earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities over the next 12 months. The changes to net interest income shown below are in compliance with the Company’s policy guidelines.

As of March 31, 2024:

Change in Interest Rates	Percentage Change in
(in Basis Points)	Net Interest Income
+400	0.4%
+300	0.7%
+200	0.4%
+100	0.3%
-100	-(3.0)%

As of December 31, 2023:

Change in Interest Rates	Percentage Change in
(in Basis Points)	Net Interest Income
+400	0.1%
+300	0.1%
+200	0.1%
+100	0.2%
-100	(0.1)%

The increased sensitivity to changes in interest rates noted at March 31, 2024 was the result of management’s reconsideration of interest rate betas for its loan and deposit products during the first quarter of 2024.

Economic Value of Equity Analysis. We also analyze the sensitivity of the Company’s financial condition to changes in interest rates through our economic value of equity model. This analysis measures the difference between estimated changes in the present value of the Company’s assets and estimated changes in the present value of the Company’s liabilities assuming various changes in current interest rates. The Company’s economic value of equity analysis as of March 31, 2024 estimated that, in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point increase in interest rates, the Company would experience a 4.61% increase in the economic value of equity. At the same date, our analysis estimated that, in the event of an instantaneous 100 basis point decrease in interest rates, the Company would experience a 3.79% decrease in the economic value of equity. The estimates of changes in the economic value of our equity require us to make certain assumptions including loan and mortgage-related investment prepayment speeds, reinvestment rates, and deposit maturities and decay rates. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, we cannot precisely predict the impact of changes in interest rates on the economic value of our equity. Although our economic value of equity analysis provides an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such estimates are not intended to, and do not, provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on the economic value of our equity and will differ from actual results.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), undertook an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report, and, based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report, in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting in a timely manner the information that the Company is required to disclose in its reports under the Exchange Act and in accumulating and communicating to the Company’s management, including the Company’s CEO and CFO, such information as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

No changes were made to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.       LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are a party to various litigation in the normal course of business. Management, after consulting with our legal counsel, believes that any liability resulting from litigation will not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS

Additional information regarding risk factors appears in “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Forward-Looking Statements” of this Form 10-Q and in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. There have been no material changes during the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024 to the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report.

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ITEM 2.       UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) None.

(b) None.

(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On February 21, 2024, the Company renewed its share repurchase program, pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to $30 million of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, for a period of one (1) year, ending on February 20, 2025. The program was announced in a Current Report on Form 8-K on February 21, 2024. The table below sets forth information regarding repurchases of our common stock during the first quarter of 2024 under that program as well as pursuant to the 2020 Equity Plan and other repurchases.
​

				Total Number	Maximum Number
				of Shares Repurchased as	of Shares
				Part of	that May Yet Be
	Total Number of Shares	Average Price Paid per		Publicly Announced	Purchased Under the
(in thousands, except per share data)	Repurchased	Share(1)		Plans or Programs	Plans or Programs(2)
January 2024	—	$	—	—	270,346
February 2024	223,863		85.54	223,863	332,312
March 2024	37,330		83.63	37,330	294,982
Total	261,193	$	85.27	261,193	294,982

(1) The average price paid per share is calculated on a trade date basis for all open market transactions and excludes commissions and other transaction expenses.

(2) Based on the closing per share price as of March 31, 2024 ($86.67).

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) created a new nondeductible 1% excise tax on repurchases of corporate stock by certain publicly traded corporations or their specified affiliates after December 31, 2022. The tax is imposed on the fair value of the stock of a covered corporation that is repurchased in a given year, less the fair market value of any stock issued in that year. The Company falls under the definition of a “covered corporation”. The excise tax applies to all of the stock of a covered corporation regardless of whether the corporation has profits or losses. The impact of the IRA on our consolidated financial statements will be dependent on the extent of stock repurchases made in current and future periods.

ITEM 3.       DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.       MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5.       OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

For the quarter ended March 31, 2024, there were no trading arrangements for the sale or purchases of Company securities adopted, terminated or for which the amount, pricing or timing provisions were modified by our directors and officers that was either (1) a contract, instruction or written plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) (a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement”) or (2) a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

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ITEM 6.       EXHIBITS

Exhibit Index

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer*
31.2	Rules 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer*
32.1	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer**
101 INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document)

*Filed herewith.

**Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		BANK FIRST CORPORATION
DATE:	May 9, 2024	BY:	/s/Kevin M. LeMahieu
			Kevin M. LeMahieu
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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