Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business AAR CORP. is a diversified provider of services and products to the worldwide commercial aviation and government and defense markets. Services and products include: aviation supply chain and parts support programs; maintenance, repair and overhaul of airframes, landing gear, and certain other airframe components; design and manufacture of specialized pallets, shelters, and containers; airlift services; aircraft modifications and aircraft and engine sales and leasing. We serve commercial, defense and governmental aircraft fleet operators, original equipment manufacturers, and independent service providers around the world, and various other domestic and foreign military customers. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. The equity method of accounting is used for investments in other companies in which we have significant influence; generally this represents common stock ownership of at least 20% and not more than 50%. Revenue Recognition Sales and related cost of sales for product sales are generally recognized upon shipment of the product to the customer. Our standard terms and conditions provide that title passes to the customer when the product is shipped to the customer. Sales of certain defense products are recognized upon customer acceptance, which includes transfer of title. Sales from services and the related cost of services are generally recognized when customer-owned material is shipped back to the customer. We have adopted this accounting policy because at the time the customer-owned material is shipped back to the customer, all services related to that material are complete as our service agreements generally do not require us to provide services at customer sites. Furthermore, serviced units are typically shipped to the customer immediately upon completion of the related services. Sales and related cost of sales for certain large airframe maintenance contracts and performance-based logistics programs are recognized by the percentage of completion method, based on the relationship of costs incurred to date to the estimated total costs. Net favorable cumulative catch-up adjustments recognized during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $3.6 million, $8.5 million, and $3.7 million, respectively, resulting from changes to the estimated profitability of these contracts. Lease revenues are recognized as earned. Income from monthly or quarterly rental payments is recorded in the pertinent period according to the lease agreement. However, for leases that provide variable rents, we recognize lease income on a straight-line basis. In addition to a monthly lease rate, some engine leases require an additional rental amount based on the number of hours the engine is used in a particular month. Lease income associated with these contingent rentals is recorded in the period in which actual usage is reported to us by the lessee, which is normally the month following the actual usage. Certain supply chain management programs we provide to our customers contain multiple elements or deliverables, such as program and warehouse management, parts distribution, and maintenance and repair services. We recognize revenue for each element or deliverable that can be identified as a separate unit of accounting at the time of delivery based upon the relative fair value of the products and services. In June 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the new contract for the KC-10 Extender Contractor Logistics Support Program ("KC-10 Program") to a competitor. Our principal services under the prior contract for the KC-10 Program were completed in January 2017; however, we have provided limited services since that date. Sales for the KC-10 Program during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $29.1 million, $110.6 million, and $148.1 million, respectively. Gross profit for the KC-10 Program during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $4.8 million, $8.7 million, and $16.0 million, respectively. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect the expected uncollectibility of accounts receivable based on past collection history and specific risks identified among uncollected accounts. In determining the required allowance, we consider factors such as general and industry-specific economic conditions, customer credit history, and our customers' current and expected future financial performance. The majority of our customers are recurring customers with an established payment history. Certain customers are required to undergo an extensive credit check prior to delivery of products or services. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other , goodwill and other intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized, but are subject to annual impairment tests. We review and evaluate our goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets for potential impairment at a minimum annually, on May 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment is possible. Our annual goodwill impairment test over the last three years has used a combination of the qualitative approach and the two-step quantitative approach to evaluate goodwill for impairment. As of May 31, 2018, we have five reporting units with only four of the reporting units assigned goodwill. Our four reporting units with goodwill include two in our Aviation Services segment (Aviation Supply Chain and Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) and two in our Expeditionary Services segment (Airlift and Mobility). We utilized the qualitative assessment approach for all reporting units. We performed the annual qualitative analysis as of May 31, 2018 for the four reporting units with assigned goodwill and concluded it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, and thus no impairment charge was recorded. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for fiscal 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Aviation Expeditionary Total Balance as of May 31, 2016 $ $ $ Foreign currency translation adjustments ) — ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of May 31, 2017 Acquisition — Foreign currency translation adjustments — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of May 31, 2018 $ $ $ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets, other than goodwill, are comprised of the following: May 31, 2018 Gross Accumulated Net Amortizable intangible assets: Customer relationships $ $ ) $ Developed technology ) Lease agreements ) FAA certificate ) Trademarks — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ) Unamortized intangible assets: Trademarks — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ $ ) $ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ May 31, 2017 Gross Accumulated Net Amortizable intangible assets: Customer relationships $ $ ) $ Developed technology ) Lease agreements ) FAA certificate ) Trademarks — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ) Unamortized intangible assets: Trademarks — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ $ ) $ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Customer relationships are being amortized over 10-20 years, developed technology is being amortized over 7-15 years, lease agreements are being amortized over 5-18 years, and the FAA certificate is being amortized over 20 years. Amortization expense recorded during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $4.7 million, $4.2 million, and $4.4 million, respectively. The estimated aggregate amount of amortization expense for intangible assets in each of the next five fiscal years is $4.1 million in 2019, $3.7 million in 2020, $3.7 million in 2021, $2.9 million in 2022 and $2.3 million in 2023. Foreign Currency Our foreign subsidiaries utilize the local currency as their functional currency. All balance sheet accounts of foreign subsidiaries transacting business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated at year-end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year. Translation adjustments are excluded from the results of operations and are recorded in stockholders' equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until such subsidiaries are liquidated. Cash Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid instruments which have original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Restricted cash represents cash on hand required to be set aside by a contractual agreement related to receivable securitization arrangements. Generally, the restrictions related to the receivable securitization arrangements lapse at the time we remit the customer payments collected by us as servicer of previously sold customer receivables to the purchaser. Financial Instruments and Concentrations of Market or Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of market or credit risk consist principally of trade receivables. While our trade receivables are diverse and represent a number of entities and geographic regions, the majority are with the U.S. government and its contractors and entities in the aviation industry. Accounts receivable due from the U.S. government were $33.0 million and $29.4 million at May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We perform regular evaluations of customer payment experience, current financial condition, and risk analysis. We may require collateral in the form of security interests in assets, letters of credit, and/or obligation guarantees from financial institutions for transactions executed on other than normal trade terms. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts and trade notes payable approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt bearing a variable interest rate approximates fair value. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market (estimated net realizable value). Cost is determined by the specific identification, average cost, or first-in, first-out methods. From time-to-time, we purchase aircraft and engines for disassembly to individual parts and components. Costs are assigned to these individual parts and components utilizing list prices from original equipment manufacturers and recent sales history. The following is a summary of inventories: May 31, 2018 2017 Aircraft and engine parts, components and finished goods $ $ Raw materials and parts Work-in-process ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ $ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Rotable Assets and Equipment under Leases Lease revenue is recognized as earned. The cost of the asset under lease is the original purchase price plus overhaul costs. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated service life of the equipment. The balance sheet classification of equipment under lease is generally based on lease term, with fixed-term leases less than twelve months generally classified as short-term and all others generally classified as long-term. Equipment on short-term lease includes aircraft engines and parts on or available for lease to satisfy customers' immediate short-term requirements. The leases are renewable with fixed terms, which generally vary from one to twelve months. Future rent due to us under non-cancelable leases during each of the next five fiscal years is $26.2 million in 2019, $25.7 million in 2020, $25.0 million in 2021, $24.5 million in 2022, and $24.5 million in 2023. Rotable Assets Supporting Long-Term Programs Rotable assets supporting long-term programs consists of rotable component parts used to support long-term supply chain programs. The assets are being depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Property, Plant and Equipment We record property, plant and equipment at cost. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over useful lives of 10-40 years for buildings and improvements and 3-10 years for equipment, furniture and fixtures, and capitalized software. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the applicable lease. Repair and maintenance expenditures are expensed as incurred. Upon sale or disposal, cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and related gains and losses are included in results of operations. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment , we are required to test for impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows. We utilize certain assumptions to estimate future undiscounted cash flows, including demand for our services, future market conditions and trends, business development pipeline of opportunities, current and future lease rates, lease terms, and residual values. Income Taxes We are subject to income taxes in the U.S., state, and several foreign jurisdictions. In the ordinary course of business, there can be transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns in accordance with applicable accounting guidance for accounting for income taxes, using currently enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We record a valuation allowance when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Both positive and negative evidence are considered in forming our judgment as to whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, and more weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. Valuation allowances are reassessed whenever there are changes in circumstances that may cause a change in judgment. The accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Where necessary, we record a liability for the difference between the benefit recognized for financial statement purposes and the tax position taken or expected to be taken on our tax return. To the extent that our assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. Supplemental Information on Cash Flows Supplemental information on cash flows is as follows: For the Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Interest paid $ $ $ Income taxes paid Income tax refunds and interest received During fiscal 2018, treasury stock increased $0.9 million reflecting the repurchase of common shares of $13.1 million, restricted stock activity of $1.0 million and the re-issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy statutory tax obligations, of $11.2 million. During fiscal 2017, treasury stock increased $12.2 million reflecting the repurchase of common shares of $19.8 million, restricted stock grants of $1.3 million and the re-issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy statutory tax obligations, of $8.9 million. During fiscal 2016, treasury stock increased $21.3 million reflecting the repurchase of common shares of $18.8 million, restricted stock grants of $4.8 million and the re-issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy statutory tax obligations, of $2.3 million. Use of Estimates We have made estimates and utilized certain assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent liabilities to prepare these Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Actual results could differ from those estimates. New Accounting Pronouncements Revenue from Contracts with Customers In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which provides guidance for revenue recognition. This ASU affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of non-financial assets. This ASU will supersede the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition , and most industry-specific guidance. This ASU will also supersede certain cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, Revenue Recognition-Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts . In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14 which deferred the effective date of the new standard by one year so that it will be effective for us beginning June 1, 2018. We will adopt this ASU using the modified retrospective transition method in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Under this method, we will be required to recognize the cumulative effect of adopting this ASU as of June 1, 2018. We have substantially completed our assessment of the new ASU and are finalizing the quantification of our adoption adjustments as well as preparing the new required disclosures for the first quarter of fiscal 2019. We have identified three areas where the new ASU will impact our revenue recognition. First, we have certain contracts under which we manufacture products with no alternative use and the Company has an enforceable right to payment from the customer. As a result, the Company will be required to record revenue for these contracts over time as opposed to at the time of shipment which is our current policy today. Second, we have contracts under which we perform repair services on customer-owned assets which will also transition to an over time approach compared to our current policy of recognizing revenue at the time of shipment. Third, we have certain contracts in which revenue is recognized using the percentage of completion method over the expected term of the contract. The new ASU will result in the reduction of the contract term used for revenue recognition as certain contracts include unexercised customer option years or include customer rights to terminate the contract without significant penalty. We expect the cumulative effect for the adoption of the new ASU will result in a decrease to retained earnings of approximately $20 million as of June 1, 2018. We will establish new Contract asset and Contract liability balance sheet accounts and will reclassify certain amounts from Accounts receivable, Inventories, Other non-current assets, and Other liabilities and deferred income into these new accounts. Other New Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases . This ASU amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets, including those classified as operating leases under the current accounting guidance. In addition, this ASU will require new qualitative and quantitative disclosures about the Company's leasing activities. This new standard will be effective for us beginning June 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. This ASU requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. We are in the preliminary phases of assessing the effect of this ASU on our portfolio of leases. While this assessment continues, we have not yet selected a transition date nor have we determined the effect of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting , which amends ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation . This ASU requires excess tax benefits or deficiencies for share-based payments to be recorded in the period shares vest as income tax expense or benefit, rather than within equity. Cash flows related to excess tax benefits are now included in operating activities and are no longer classified as a financing activity. We adopted this ASU on June 1, 2017 and recognized excess tax benefits of $2.9 million as an income tax benefit in fiscal 2018. We have also presented the excess tax benefits within operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows for fiscal 2018. As permitted, we adopted the statement of cash flow presentation guidance on a prospective basis with no adjustments to the previously reported amounts. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . This ASU requires restricted cash to be included within beginning and ending total cash amounts reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows as well as increased disclosure requirements. As permitted, we have early adopted this ASU in fiscal 2018. The ASU is required to be adopted on a retroactive basis; however, we did not have restricted cash in our prior periods reported. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income . This ASU permits the reclassification of tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Reform Act"). This new standard will be effective for us beginning June 1, 2019 with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost . This ASU requires an employer to report the service cost component of net periodic pension benefit cost in the same line item as other compensation costs for those related employees. Other components of net pension cost, including interest, expected return on plan assets, and actuarial gains and losses are to be presented outside of operating income. This new standard requires retrospective treatment for the classification of pension costs and will be effective for us beginning June 1, 2018. With the majority of our pension plans frozen and total service cost, including administrative expenses, of $2.4 million and $2.5 million in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively, this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. |