Summary of significant accounting policies | 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation 10-01 S-X. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 included herein was derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, but does not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. As such, the information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q Use of Estimates Principles of Consolidation Revenue Recognition Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Company derives its revenue from the sale of consumer products. The Company sells its products directly to consumers through online retail channels and through wholesale channels. For direct to consumer sales, the Company considers customer order confirmations to be a contract with the customer. Customer confirmations are executed at the time an order is placed through third party online channels. For wholesale sales, the Company considers the customer purchase order to be the contract. For all of the Company’s sales and distribution channels, revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer (i.e., when the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied), which typically occurs at shipment date. As a result, the Company has a present and unconditional right to payment and record the amount due from the customer in accounts receivable. Revenue from consumer product sales is recorded at the net sales price (transaction price), which includes an estimate of future returns based on historical return rates. There is judgment in utilizing historical trends for estimating future returns. The Company’s refund liability for sales returns was $0.3 million and $0.5 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively, which is included in accrued liabilities and represents the expected value of the refunds that will be due to its customers. The Company evaluated principal versus agent considerations to determine whether it is appropriate to record platform fees paid to Amazon as an expense or as a reduction of revenue. Platform fees are recorded as sales and distribution expense and are not recorded as a reduction of revenue because the Company owns and controls all the goods before they are transferred to the customer. The Company can, at any time, direct Amazon and similarly with other third party logistics providers (“Logistics Providers”) to return the Company’s inventory to any location specified by the Company. Any returns made by customers directly to Logistics Providers are the responsibility of the Company to make customers whole and the Company retains the back-end Performance Obligations For consumer product sales, the Company has elected to treat shipping and handling as fulfillment activities, and not a separate performance obligation. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue for its single performance obligation related to product sales at the time control of the merchandise passes to the customer, which is generally at the time of shipment. The Company bills customers for charges for shipping and handling on certain sales and such charges are recorded as part of net revenue. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, the Company had no shipping and handling revenue. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, shipping and handling revenue was less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. For each contract, the Company considers the promise to transfer products to be the only identified performance obligation. In determining the transaction price, the Company evaluates whether the price is subject to refund or adjustment to determine the net consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. All of the Company’s revenues as reflected on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are recognized at a point in time. Sales taxes Net Revenue by Category Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Direct Wholesale Managed SaaS Total North America $ 24,343 $ 136 $ 116 $ 24,595 Other 77 — — 77 Total net revenue $ 24,420 $ 136 $ 116 $ 24,672 Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Direct Wholesale Managed SaaS Total North America $ 40,007 $ 259 $ 318 $ 40,584 Other 19 — — 19 Total net revenue $ 40,026 $ 259 $ 318 $ 40,603 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Direct Wholesale Managed SaaS Total North America $ 49,498 $ 3,668 $ 184 $ 53,350 Other 164 62 — 226 Total net revenue $ 49,662 $ 3,730 $ 184 $ 53,576 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Direct Wholesale Managed SaaS Total North America $ 86,312 $ 1,171 $ 1,248 $ 88,731 Other 86 — — 86 Total net revenue $ 86,398 $ 1,171 $ 1,248 $ 88,817 Net Revenue by Product Categories Three Months Ended 2018 2019 (in thousands) Environmental appliances (i.e., dehumidifiers and air conditioners) $ 16,329 $ 27,083 Small home appliances 3,669 8,100 Cosmetics, skincare, and heath supplements 80 2,569 Cookware, kitchen tools and gadgets 2,954 1,320 Hair appliances and accessories 935 732 Portable projectors, speakers and headphones 62 30 All others 527 451 Total net product revenue 24,556 40,285 Managed SaaS 116 318 Total net revenue $ 24,672 $ 40,603 Nine Months Ended 2018 2019 (in thousands) Environmental appliances (i.e., dehumidifiers and air conditioners) $ 27,601 $ 52,757 Small home appliances 10,776 17,426 Cosmetics, skincare, and heath supplements 84 8,346 Cookware, kitchen tools and gadgets 9,463 5,279 Hair appliances and accessories 2,991 2,590 Portable projectors, speakers and headphones 567 160 All others 1,910 1,011 Total net product revenue 53,392 87,569 Managed SaaS 184 1,248 Total net revenue $ 53,576 $ 88,817 Fair Value of Financial Instruments Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Goodwill tax-deductible The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, the Company may elect to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test even if no indications of a potential impairment exist. Recent Accounting Pronouncements The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 permits an emerging growth company to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period until it is no longer an emerging growth company or until it affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period. As a result, the Company’s financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. Adopted Accounting Standards In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash (Topic 230) 2016-18”). 2016-18 beginning-of-period end-of-period ASU 2016-18 ASU 2016-18, In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) 2016-02”), 2016-02 right-to-use In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) 2018-02”). ASU 2018-02 addresses On August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting | 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation Use of Estimates Principles of Consolidation Fair Value of Financial Instruments Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Restricted Cash non-current non-current Accounts Receivable on-going Concentration of Credit Risk The Company’s accounts receivables are derived from sales contracts with a large number of customers. The Company maintains reserves for potential credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary. Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total net revenue or gross accounts receivable balance at the balance sheet date. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company had no customer that accounted for 10% or more of total net revenue. In addition, as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company has no customer that accounted for 10% or more of gross accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, approximately 90% and 79%, respectively, of its accounts receivable is held by the Company’s sales platform vendor Amazon, which collects money on the Company’s behalf from its customers. The Company’s business is reliant on one key vendor which currently provides the Company with its sales platform, logistics and fulfillment operations, including certain warehousing for the Company’s net goods, and invoicing and collection of its revenue from the Company’s end customers. In 2017, approximately 98% of the Company’s revenue was through or with the Amazon sales platform and in 2018, 95% of its net revenue was through or with the Amazon sales platform. Property and Equipment The estimated useful lives for significant property and equipment categories are as follows: Computer equipment and software 3 years Furniture, fixtures, and equipment 3-5 Leasehold improvements and capital leases Shorter of remaining lease term or estimated useful life Income Taxes Revenue Recognition The Company derives its revenue from the sale of consumer products. The Company sells its products directly to consumers through online retail channels and through wholesale channels. For direct to consumer sales, the Company considers customer order confirmations to be a contract with the customer. Customer confirmations are executed at the time an order is placed through third party online channels. For wholesale sales, the Company considers the customer purchase order to be the contract. For all of the Company’s sales and distribution channels, revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer (i.e., when the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied), which typically occurs at shipment date. As a result, the Company has a present and unconditional right to payment and record the amount due from the customer in accounts receivable. Revenue from consumer product sales is recorded at the net sales price (transaction price), which includes an estimate of future returns based on historical return rates. There is judgment in utilizing historical trends for estimating future returns. The Company’s refund liability for sales returns was $0.2 million and $0.3 million at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which is included in accrued liabilities and represents the expected value of the refund that will be due to its customers. The Company evaluated principal versus agent considerations to determine whether it is appropriate to record platform fees paid to Amazon as an expense or as a reduction of revenue. Platform fees are recorded as sales and distribution expense and are not recorded as a reduction of revenue because it owns and controls all the goods before they are transferred to the customer. The Company can, at any time, direct Amazon and similarly with other 3rd party logistics providers (“Logistics Providers”), to return the Company’s inventory to any location specified by the Company. Any returns made by customers directly to Logistic Providers is the responsibility of the Company to make customers whole and the Company retains the back-end Performance Obligations For consumer product sales, the Company has elected to treat shipping and handling as fulfillment activities, and not a separate performance obligation. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue for its single performance obligation related to product sales at the time control of the merchandise passes to the customer, which is generally at the time of shipment. The Company bills customers for charges for shipping and handling on certain sales and such charges are recorded as part of net revenue. Shipping and handling revenue for year-end For each contract, the Company considers the promise to transfer products to be the only identified performance obligation. In determining the transaction price, the Company evaluates whether the price is subject to refund or adjustment to determine the net consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. All of the Company’s revenues as reflected on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 are recognized at a point in time. Sales taxes Net Revenue by Category Direct Year-Ended Wholesale Managed SaaS Total North America $ 35,356 $ 491 $ — $ 35,847 Other 612 — — 612 Total net revenue $ 35,968 $ 491 $ — $ 36,459 Direct Year-Ended Wholesale Managed SaaS Total North America $ 68,884 $ 3,666 $ 496 $ 73,046 Other 171 62 — 233 Total net revenue $ 69,055 $ 3,728 $ 496 $ 73,279 Net Revenue by Product Categories Year-ended 2017 2018 Cookware, kitchen tools and gadgets $ 12,057 $ 11,463 Environmental appliances (i.e., dehumidifiers and air conditioners) 7,815 34,017 Hair appliances and accessories 6,196 6,510 Small home appliances 4,242 14,800 Portable projectors, speakers and headphones 2,327 438 Batteries, chargers and other related accessories 1,208 1,760 Cosmetics, skincare, and heath supplements — 2,464 All others 2,614 1,331 Total net product revenue 36,459 72,783 Managed SaaS — 496 Total net revenue $ 36,459 $ 73,279 Inventory and cost of goods sold first-in first-out The “Cost of goods sold” line item in the consolidated statements of operations is comprised of the book value of inventory sold to customers during the reporting period. When circumstances dictate that the Company use net realizable value as the basis for recording inventory, it bases its estimates on expected future selling prices less expected disposal costs. Sales and Distribution— e-commerce Research and Development General and Administrative Stock-Based Compensation— The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the fair value of the Company’s underlying common stock, the expected term of stock options, the expected volatility of the price of its common stock, risk-free interest rates and the expected dividend yield of its common stock. The assumptions used in the Company’s option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. If factors change and different assumptions are used, the Company’s stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. These assumptions are estimated as follows: • Fair Value of Common Stock • Risk-Free Interest Rate zero-coupon • Expected Term • Expected Volatility • Expected Dividend Yield If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model changes significantly, stock-based compensation for future awards may differ materially compared with the awards granted previously. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur, which results in a reduction in compensation expense at the time of forfeiture. Common Stock Valuation Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation • contemporaneous third-party valuations of the Company’s common stock; • the Company’s operating and financial performance; • current business conditions and projections; • the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event for the shares of common stock underlying these stock options, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company, given prevailing market conditions; • the lack of marketability of the Company’s common stock; • the market performance of comparable publicly-traded e-commerce • the U.S. and global economic and capital market conditions and outlook. In determining the fair value of the Company’s common stock, it estimated the enterprise value of its business using the market approach and the income approach. Under the income approach, forecast cash flows are discounted to the present value at a risk-adjusted discount rate. The valuation analyses determine discrete free cash flows over several years based on forecast financial information provided by the Company’s management and a terminal value for the residual period beyond the discrete forecast, which are discounted at its estimated weighted-average cost of capital to estimate its enterprise value. Under the market approach, a group of guideline publicly-traded companies with similar financial and operating characteristics as the Company is selected, and valuation multiples based on the guideline public companies’ financial information and market data are calculated. Based on the observed valuation multiples, an appropriate multiple was selected to apply to the Company’s historical and forecasted revenue results. The estimated enterprise value is then allocated to the common stock using the Option Pricing Method (OPM), and the Probability Weighted Expected Return Method (PWERM), or the hybrid method. The hybrid method applied the PWERM utilizing the probability of an exit scenario, and the OPM was used in the remaining private scenario. For options granted prior to October 2018, the Company has used a hybrid method to determine the fair value of its common stock. Under the hybrid method, multiple valuation approaches were used and then combined into a single probability weighted valuation using a PWERM. The Company’s approach for options granted starting in October 1, 2018 included the use of an initial public offering scenario and a scenario assuming continued operation as a private entity. Following the closing of the Company’s initial public offering, the fair value per share of its common stock for purposes of determining stock-based compensation will be the closing price of its common stock as reported on the applicable grant date. Deferred offering costs Foreign Currency Net Loss Per Share Segment Information Recent Accounting Pronouncements The JOBS Act permits an emerging growth company to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period until it is no longer an emerging growth company or until it affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period. As a result, the Company’s financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. Adopted Accounting Standards In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, —Stock Compensation In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash (Topic 230) 2016-18. 2016-18 beginning-of-period end-of-period 2016-18 2016-18, Pending Accounting Standards In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, 2016-02, 2016-02 right-to-use In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income 2018-02”). ASU 2018-02 addresses On August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, |