Loans, Leases and Allowance | Loans, Leases and Allowance The following table shows the composition of the loan and lease portfolio at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: March 31, December 31, Commercial mortgage $ 321,314 $ 298,087 Commercial and industrial 97,880 100,420 Construction and development 125,521 139,923 Multi-family 132,407 124,914 Residential mortgage 152,376 146,129 Home equity lines of credit 10,923 11,010 Direct financing leases 143,281 133,469 Consumer 21,604 21,048 1,005,306 975,000 Less Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases 15,495 12,413 Deferred loan fees 694 896 $ 989,117 $ 961,691 The Company rates all loans and leases by credit quality using the following designations: Grade 1 – Exceptional Exceptional loans and leases are top-quality loans to individuals whose financial credentials are well known to the Company. These loans and leases have excellent sources of repayment, are well documented and/or virtually free of risk (i.e., CD secured loans). Grade 2 – Quality Loans and Leases These loans and leases have excellent sources of repayment with no identifiable risk of collection, and they conform in all respects to Company policy and Indiana Department of Financial Institutions (“IDFI”) and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) regulations. Documentation exceptions are minimal or are in the process of being corrected and are not of a type that could subsequently expose the Company to risk of loss. Grade 3 – Acceptable Loans This category is for “average” quality loans and leases. These loans and leases have adequate sources of repayment with little identifiable risk of collection and they conform to Company policy and IDFI/FDIC regulations. Grade 4 – Acceptable but Monitored Loans and leases in this category may have a greater than average risk due to financial weakness or uncertainty but do not appear to require classification as special mention or substandard loans. Loans and leases rated “4” need to be monitored on a regular basis to ascertain that the reasons for placing them in this category do not advance or worsen. Grade 5 – Special Mention Loans and leases in this category have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or lease or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special Mention loans and leases are not adversely classified and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. This special mention rating is designed to identify a specific level of risk and concern about an asset’s quality. Although a special mention loan or leases has a higher probability of default than a pass rated loan or lease, its default is not imminent. Grade 6 – Substandard Loans and leases in this category are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard loans and leases have a high probability of payment default, or they have other well-defined weaknesses. Such loans and leases have a distinct potential for loss; however, an individual loan’s or lease’s potential for loss does not have to be distinct for the loan or lease to be rated substandard. The following are examples of situations that might cause a loan or lease to be graded a “6”: • Cash flow deficiencies (losses) jeopardize future loan or lease payments. • Sale of non-collateral assets has become a primary source of loan or lease repayment. • The relationship has deteriorated to the point that sale of collateral is now the Company’s primary source of repayment, unless this was the original source of loan or lease repayment. • The borrower is bankrupt or for any other reason future repayment is dependent on court action. Grade 7 – Doubtful A loan or lease classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in one classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. A doubtful loan or lease has a high probability of total or substantial loss. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Because of high probability of loss, nonaccrual accounting treatment will be required for doubtful loans and leases. Grade 8 – Loss Loans and leases classified loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the loan or lease even though partial recovery may be effected in the future. No material changes have been made to the risk characteristics discussed above contained in the Company's 2022 Form 10-K. The following tables present the credit risk profile of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio based on rating category, payment activity, and origination year as of March 31, 2023 and rating category as of December 31, 2022: 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving loans amortized cost basis Total As of March 31, 2023: Commercial mortgage Pass $ 9,702 $ 74,237 $ 74,185 $ 30,209 $ 47,339 $ 70,727 $ 13,473 $ 319,872 Special Mention — — — — — 892 — 892 Substandard — — — — — 550 — 550 Total Commercial mortgage 9,702 74,237 74,185 30,209 47,339 72,169 13,473 321,314 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Commercial and industrial Pass 9,681 14,760 20,937 6,186 1,976 12,421 24,892 90,853 Special Mention — 29 125 — — 1,689 525 2,368 Substandard — — — 589 — 215 3,855 4,659 Total Commercial and industrial 9,681 14,789 21,062 6,775 1,976 14,325 29,272 97,880 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Construction and development Pass 7,171 44,858 25,365 11,453 564 976 30,234 120,621 Substandard — — — — 4,900 — — 4,900 Total Construction and development 7,171 44,858 25,365 11,453 5,464 976 30,234 125,521 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Multi-family Pass 2,052 37,528 34,853 6,761 7,485 18,841 24,887 132,407 Total Multi-family 2,052 37,528 34,853 6,761 7,485 18,841 24,887 132,407 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage Pass 9,885 35,313 38,193 17,458 9,300 40,436 — 150,585 Substandard — — — — 150 1,641 — 1,791 Total Residential mortgage 9,885 35,313 38,193 17,458 9,450 42,077 — 152,376 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Home equity Pass 12 — 295 — — — 10,588 10,895 Substandard — — — — — — 28 28 Total Home equity lines of credit 12 — 295 — — — 10,616 10,923 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Direct financing leases Pass 24,622 54,890 36,552 17,619 7,199 2,237 — 143,119 Substandard — — 139 17 — — — 156 Doubtful — — — — 6 — — 6 Total Direct financing leases 24,622 54,890 36,691 17,636 7,205 2,237 — 143,281 Current period gross charge-offs — — 80 5 — — — 85 Consumer Pass 2,853 10,972 5,265 1,256 763 468 — 21,577 Substandard — 5 13 — 8 1 — 27 Total Consumer 2,853 10,977 5,278 1,256 771 469 — 21,604 Current period gross charge-offs 7 19 17 — 1 — — 44 Total Loans and Leases $ 65,978 $ 272,592 $ 235,922 $ 91,548 $ 79,690 $ 151,094 $ 108,482 $ 1,005,306 Total current period gross charge-offs $ 7 $ 19 $ 97 $ 5 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 129 For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not have any revolving loans convert to term loans. Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Loss Total As of December 31, 2022: Commercial mortgage $ 296,253 $ 1,277 $ 557 $ — $ — $ 298,087 Commercial and industrial 92,620 2,605 5,195 — — 100,420 Construction and development 135,023 — 4,900 — — 139,923 Multi-family 124,914 — — — — 124,914 Residential mortgage 144,190 — 1,939 — — 146,129 Home equity 10,958 — 52 — — 11,010 Direct financing leases 133,254 152 34 29 — 133,469 Consumer 21,015 — 33 — — 21,048 Total $ 958,227 $ 4,034 $ 12,710 $ 29 $ — $ 975,000 The following tables present the Company’s loan and lease portfolio aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans and leases as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: March 31, 2023 Delinquent Loans and Leases Current Total Total Loans 30-59 Days 60-89 Days 90 Days and Total Past Commercial mortgage $ 25 $ — $ — $ 25 $ 321,289 $ 321,314 $ — Commercial and industrial 5 147 3,120 3,272 94,608 97,880 1,284 Construction and development — — 4,900 4,900 120,621 125,521 — Multi-family — — — — 132,407 132,407 — Residential mortgage 148 37 1,791 1,976 150,400 152,376 1,679 Home equity 200 — 9 209 10,714 10,923 9 Direct financing leases 488 93 7 588 142,693 143,281 7 Consumer 116 104 27 247 21,357 21,604 27 Totals $ 982 $ 381 $ 9,854 $ 11,217 $ 994,089 $ 1,005,306 $ 3,006 December 31, 2022 Delinquent Loans and Leases Current Total Total Loans 30-59 Days 60-89 Days 90 Days and Total Past Commercial mortgage $ 26 $ — $ — $ 26 $ 298,061 $ 298,087 $ — Commercial and industrial — — 2,202 2,202 98,218 100,420 1,285 Construction and development — — 4,900 4,900 135,023 139,923 — Multi-family — — — — 124,914 124,914 — Residential mortgage 272 129 1,938 2,339 143,790 146,129 1,825 Home equity — — 30 30 10,980 11,010 30 Direct financing leases 204 25 — 229 133,240 133,469 — Consumer 171 59 33 263 20,785 21,048 33 Totals $ 673 $ 213 $ 9,103 $ 9,989 $ 965,011 $ 975,000 $ 3,173 The following table presents information on the Company’s nonaccrual loans and leases at and for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and at December 31, 2022: March 31, December 31, Nonaccrual loans and leases Nonaccrual loans and leases without an allowance for credit losses Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans and leases Nonaccrual loans and leases Commercial and industrial $ 594 $ — $ 1 $ 961 Construction 4,900 — — 4,900 Residential mortgage 112 112 — 113 Direct financing leases 6 6 — 29 Total nonaccrual loans and leases $ 5,612 $ 118 $ 1 $ 6,003 The following table presents the Company's amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually analyzed to determine expected credit losses: March 31, Amortized Cost Basis Allowance on Collateral Dependent Loans Commercial and industrial $ 594 $ 293 Construction 4,900 750 Residential mortgage 112 — Direct financing leases — — Total $ 5,606 $ 1,043 Loan Modification Disclosures under ASU 2022-02 In certain situations, the Company may modify the terms of a loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may include payment delays, term extensions, or interest-rate reductions. In some cases, combinations of modifications may be made to the same loan. If a determination is made that a modified loan has been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is charged-off, reducing the amortized cost basis of the loan and adjusting the allowance for credit losses. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company had no new modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There were no modified loans and leases that had a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) Disclosures Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02 During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no newly classified TDRs. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded no charge-offs related to TDRs. As of December 31, 2022, TDRs had a related allowance of $0. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within the first 12 months of the modification. Other Real Estate Owned At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balance of real estate owned included $367,000 and $57,000, respectively, of foreclosed residential real estate properties recorded as a result of obtaining physical possession of the property. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process was $431,000 and $1,071,000, respectively. Direct Financing Leases The following lists the components of the net investment in direct financing leases: March 31, December 31, Total minimum lease payments to be received $ 159,788 $ 147,520 Initial direct costs 8,937 8,058 168,725 155,578 Less: Unearned income (25,444) (22,109) Net investment in direct finance leases $ 143,281 $ 133,469 There were no leases serviced by the Company for the benefit of others at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Certain leases have been sold from time to time by the Company with partial recourse. The Company estimates and records its obligation based upon historical loss percentages. At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any recorded recourse obligations on leases sold. The following table summarizes the future minimum lease payments receivable subsequent to March 31, 2023: Remainder of 2023 $ 43,905 2024 48,708 2025 34,833 2026 21,351 2027 9,512 Thereafter 1,479 $ 159,788 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases The allowance for credit losses on loans and leases is established for current expected credit losses on the Company's loan and lease portfolios in accordance with ASC Topic 326. This requires significant judgement to estimate credit losses measured on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist, and for loans evaluated individually. The company estimates expected future losses for the loan's entire contractual term, taking into account expected payments when appropriate. The allowance is an estimation based on management's evaluation of expected losses related to the Company's financial assets measured at amortized cost. It considers relevant available information from internal and external sources relating to the historical loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts for the Company's outstanding loan and lease balances. The Company utilizes a cash flow analysis method of estimating expected losses, which relies on key inputs and assumptions. Significant factors affecting the calculation are the segmenting of loans based upon similar risk characteristics, applied loss rates based upon reasonable and supportable forecasts, and contractual term adjustments, including prepayment and curtailment adjustments. To ensure the allowance is maintained at an adequate level, a detailed analysis is performed on a quarterly basis, with an appropriate provision made to adjust the allowance. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the calculation of the allowance for credit losses, as it is the Company's policy to write off accrued interest in a timely manner as it is deemed uncollectible by reversing interest income. The Company categorizes its loan portfolios into eight segments based on similar risk characteristics. Loans within each segment are collectively evaluated using either a loss-rate methodology or remaining life methodology. The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Balances, December 31, 2022 Impact of adopting ASC 326 Balances, January 1, 2023 Post-ASC 326 adoption Provision (reversal) for credit losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balances, March 31, 2023 Commercial mortgage $ 4,776 $ (395) $ 4,381 $ 337 $ — $ 10 $ 4,728 Commercial and industrial 1,291 360 1,651 (125) — 12 1,538 Construction and development 2,855 784 3,639 (164) — — 3,475 Multi-family 1,955 (99) 1,856 111 — — 1,967 Residential mortgage 76 1,439 1,515 71 — 10 1,596 Home equity 23 89 112 — — — 112 Direct financing leases 1,196 422 1,618 68 (85) 164 1,765 Consumer 241 64 305 42 (44) 11 314 Total $ 12,413 $ 2,664 $ 15,077 $ 340 $ (129) $ 207 $ 15,495 Subsequent to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was driven by loan growth in multiple categories, including commercial mortgage, direct financing leases, and multi-family loans. The commercial mortgage portfolio increased due to commercial construction loans being completed and termed out to permanent financing. Correspondingly, as more commercial construction loans were completed, the total balance in this segment decreased. The balance in commercial and industrial loans increased slightly, but the decrease in the historical loss rate contributed to an overall decrease in the allowance within this segment. The remaining portfolio segments increased the allowance driven by loan growth within each category. • Commercial Mortgage – allowance increased due to loan balances increasing $16.6 million. • Commercial & Industrial – allowance decreased due to the historical loss rate decreasing 0.1285% in this segment even though loan balances increased $3.7 million. • Construction & Development – allowance decreased due to loan balances decreasing $13.7 million. • Multi-Family – allowance increased due to balances increasing $7.5 million. • Residential Mortgage – allowance increased due to balances increasing $6.0 million. • Home Equity – no change to the allowance. • Leases – allowance increased due to balances increasing $9.8 million. • Consumer – allowance increased slightly due to balances increasing $649,000. Economic Outlook Due to the future-focused nature of the calculation for the allowance for credit losses, management must make significant assumptions. Estimating an appropriate allowance requires management to use relevant forward-looking information drawn from reasonable and supportable forecasts. Economic factors are a consequential part of these forecasts, and as such are evaluated periodically for developments that may impact the Company's allowance for credit losses and loan and lease portfolio. As of March 31, 2023, the most significant economic factors affecting the Company's loan portfolio are persistent inflation, higher interest rates, a weakened economic growth and unemployment outlook, and increased geopolitical risk. These key factors are impacting and will continue to adversely impact the Company’s loan portfolio. Also, recent market liquidity events have added additional unpredictability into the economic environment and the potential for tighter credit conditions could impact economic conditions in the future. For several years, the Company has targeted loan opportunities in three growth market regions, Columbus, Ohio, Dayton/Springfield, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana. These market regions specialize in commercial real estate loans, and their respective forecasts are described below: • Columbus, Ohio – The market region is forecasting estimated job growth to be considerably lower in 2023. However, the forecasted unemployment rate is slightly below the national unemployment rate estimate as of February 2023. • Dayton/Springfield, Ohio – The economic outlook for this region is positive, though concerns are present about a potential recession occurring in the last half of 2023. The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the state, just above the Columbus market region. • Indianapolis, Indiana – The market region is forecasting a material economic growth rate decrease in 2023. The forecast estimates have been lowered primarily due to inflation and rising interest rates, which have dampened demand and are impacting economic growth. The Company’s assumption of future economic slowdown could potentially have an adverse impact on the loan and lease portfolio and the allowance for credit losses in the near future; however, there are numerous potential outcomes, and the variances could be significant and volatile. As a result, the Company’s future estimates may vary for the remainder of 2023. Allowance for Loan Losses under prior GAAP ("Incurred Loss Method") Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2023, the Company maintained an allowance for loan and lease losses in accordance with the Incurred Loss Method. The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for loan and lease losses under the Incurred Loss Method by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022: Balance, beginning of period Provision (reversal) for losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Three Months Ended March 31, 2022: Commercial mortgage $ 4,742 $ (19) $ — $ 7 $ 4,730 Commercial and industrial 1,639 (97) — 15 1,557 Construction and development 2,286 148 — — 2,434 Multi-family 1,875 157 — — 2,032 Residential mortgage 263 (6) — 6 263 Home equity 29 6 — — 35 Leases 1,079 (15) (10) 10 1,064 Consumer 195 26 (24) 5 202 Total $ 12,108 $ 200 $ (34) $ 43 $ 12,317 The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan and lease losses and the recorded investment in loans and leases based on portfolio segment and impairment method under the incurred loss method as of December 31, 2022: Allowance for loan and lease losses: Loans and leases: Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Balance, December 31 Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Balance, December 31 As of December 31, 2022: Commercial mortgage $ — $ 4,776 $ 4,776 $ — $ 298,087 $ 298,087 Commercial and industrial 281 1,010 1,291 961 99,459 100,420 Construction and development 750 2,105 2,855 4,900 135,023 139,923 Multi-family — 1,955 1,955 — 124,914 124,914 Residential mortgage — 76 76 113 146,016 146,129 Home equity — 23 23 — 11,010 11,010 Leases — 1,196 1,196 — 133,469 133,469 Consumer — 241 241 — 21,048 21,048 Total $ 1,031 $ 11,382 $ 12,413 $ 5,974 $ 969,026 $ 975,000 The following table presents the Company’s impaired loans and specific valuation allowance at December 31, 2022 under the Incurred Loss Method: December 31, 2022 Recorded Unpaid Specific Impaired loans without a specific valuation allowance Commercial mortgage $ — $ 59 $ — Commercial and industrial 366 567 — Residential mortgage 113 241 — $ 479 $ 867 $ — Impaired loans with a specific valuation allowance Commercial and industrial $ 595 $ 643 $ 281 Construction and development 4,900 4,900 750 $ 5,495 $ 5,543 $ 1,031 Total impaired loans Commercial mortgage $ — $ 59 $ — Commercial and industrial 961 1,210 281 Construction and development 4,900 4,900 750 Residential mortgage 113 241 — Total impaired loans $ 5,974 $ 6,410 $ 1,031 The following table presents the Company’s average investment in impaired loans and leases, and interest income recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022 under the incurred loss method: Average Interest Three Months Ended March 31, 2022: Total impaired loans Commercial mortgage $ 122 $ 12 Commercial and industrial 987 7 Construction and development 4,900 — Residential mortgage 118 1 Total impaired loans and leases $ 6,127 $ 20 Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Commitments The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments is included in other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimate of expected losses on off-balance sheet commitments is calculated based on the loss rate for the loan segment which the loan commitments would be classified if funded, adjusted for the estimate of funding probability. Additional provisions applied to the allowance are recognized in the provision for credit losses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments during the three months ended March 31, 2023: Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Balance, December 31, 2022 $ — Impact of adopting ASC 326 2,374 Provision for credit losses (170) Balance, March 31, 2023 $ 2,204 |