SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Qilian International, and its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. See Risks and Uncertainties disclosure for VIE structures in China. The carrying amounts of the assets, liabilities, the results of operations and cash flows of the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries included in the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE subsidiaries’ consolidated financial statements after the elimination of intercompany balances and transactions among the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, and the Company and its subsidiaries are as follows: September 30, September 30, 2023 2022 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,876,195 $ 10,027,168 Restricted cash — 659,779 Accounts receivable, net 1,975,422 815,022 Bank acceptance receivable 4,131,392 2,585,886 Inventories, net 4,991,435 8,879,486 Advances to suppliers, net 708,097 1,214,951 Other current assets 229,992 1,493,304 Total current assets 18,912,533 25,675,596 Property and equipment, net 9,873,502 9,361,862 Intangible assets, net 3,423,582 1,726,928 Long-term investment 606,005 617,570 Other long-term assets — 172,911 Operating lease right of use assets 59,300 86,584 Deferred tax assets 10,778 212,876 Total assets $ 32,885,700 $ 37,854,327 LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Bank loans $ 479,715 $ 140,578 Accounts payable 3,578,494 5,266,571 Advance from customers 1,028,318 556,418 Bank notes payable — 1,531,649 Deferred government grants - current 76,812 121,542 Taxes payable 225,683 825,301 Operating lease liabilities, current 73,560 23,859 Accrued expenses and other payables 1,207,536 701,263 Total current liabilities 6,670,118 9,167,181 Operating lease liabilities, long term 24,575 72,537 Deferred government grants - noncurrent 221,879 309,943 Total liabilities 6,916,574 9,549,661 For the year ended September 30, 2023 2022 2021 Net revenue $ 46,471,478 $ 64,468,807 $ 57,049,381 Income (loss) from operations $ (1,722,218) $ 2,502,014 $ 2,370,647 Net income (loss) $ (1,674,516) $ 2,752,212 $ 2,857,492 For the Year Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2021 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,203,386 $ 12,901,270 $ 2,122,539 Net cash used in investing activities (3,700,105) (1,153,972) (1,781,618) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (1,190,278) (5,937,529) 123,697 Effect of exchange rate on cash (123,754) (1,018,698) 343,759 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (3,810,751) $ 4,791,071 $ 808,377 Reclassification of Prior Year Presentation Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. The reclassification has no impact on the total assets and total liabilities as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 or on the total cash flows and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and change in shareholders' equity for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. Such estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ accounting estimates included, but are not limited to: allowance for estimated uncollectible receivables, inventory valuations, impairment of long-lived assets, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, fair value of investment in trading securities, impairment of intangible assets, realization of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax position, and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Risks and Uncertainties Risks of Operation in China The main operation of the Company, through the WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, is located in the PRC. Accordingly, the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ business, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced by political, economic, and legal environments in the PRC, as well as by the general state of the PRC economy. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ results may be adversely affected by changes in the political, regulatory and social conditions in the PRC. Although the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ have not experienced losses from these situations and believes that it is in compliance with existing laws and regulations including its organization and structure disclosed in Note 1, this may not be indicative of future results. Risks in relation to the VIE structure The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations, the Company conducts its operations in China through the variable interest entities, Gansu QLS and its subsidiaries. The Company receives the economic benefits of Gansu QLS and its subsidiaries’ business operation through a series of contractual arrangements, or the VIE Agreements, which have not been tested in court. As a result of the Company’s indirect ownership in the Qilian Chengdu and Hainan Trading and the VIE Agreements, the Company is regarded as the primary beneficiary of its VIE. The VIE structure is used to replicate foreign investment in Chinese-based companies where Chinese law prohibits direct foreign investment in the operating companies, and that investors may never directly hold equity interests in the Chinese operating entities. The Company relies on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its subsidiaries in China for the business operations, which may not be as effective in providing operational control or enabling the Company to derive economic benefits as through ownership of controlling equity interests, and the VIE’s shareholders may fail to perform their obligations under the contractual arrangements. If the PRC government deems that the VIE Agreements in relation to the VIE do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, the Company may have difficulty in enforcing any rights the Company may have under the VIE Agreements in PRC and the Company could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish the Company’s interests in those operations. Technology Innovation and Commodity Risks The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ business faces rapid technological change, and there is a possibility that the competitors may achieve regulatory approval and develop new product candidates before the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, which may harm the financial condition and the ability to successfully market or commercialize any of the product candidates. The development and commercialization of new pharmaceutical products and fertilizers is highly competitive, and both industries currently are characterized by rapidly changing technologies, significant competition and a strong emphasis on intellectual property. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries will face competition with respect to the current and future pharmaceutical and fertilizer product candidates from major pharmaceutical and chemical companies in China. The Heparin and sausage casing products are made from livestock products, which are subjected to significant risks of the market supply of the raw materials. Exchange Rate Risks The WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries operate in China, which may give rise to significant foreign currency risks from fluctuations and the degree of volatility of foreign exchange rates between the US$ and the RMB. As at September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, cash and restricted cash of $6,197,461 (RMB 45,216,675) and $10,277,243 (RMB 73,107,168), respectively, is denominated in RMB and is held in PRC. Currency Convertibility Risks Substantially all of the WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ operating activities are transacted in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the People’s Bank of China or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China. Approval of foreign currency payments by the People’s Bank of China or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with other information such as suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investment instruments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The cash and cash equivalent don’t have withdrawal restrictions. Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of cash equivalents used as collateral to secure short-term bank notes payable. The VIE is required to keep amounts equal to 30%-50% of the notes payable value on deposit that are subject to withdrawal restrictions. Upon the maturity of the bank acceptance notes, the VIE is required to deposit the remainder to the escrow account to settle the bank notes payable. The notes payable is generally short term in nature due to their short maturity period of three months to one year; thus, restricted cash is classified as a current asset. Short-term Investment The Company’s short-term investment include a time deposit which has maturity less than 12 months. Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at original invoiced amount less an estimated allowance for uncollectible accounts. The WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries usually grant credit to customers with good credit standing with a maximum of 90 days and determines the adequacy of reserves for doubtful accounts based on individual account analysis and historical collection trends. The Company evaluates the creditworthiness of its customers. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. Bank acceptance notes receivable Bank acceptance notes receivable generally due within six months and with specific payment terms and definitive due dates, are comprised of the notes issued by some customers to pay certain outstanding receivable balances to the Company. Bank acceptance notes do not bear interest. From time to time, the Company endorse bank notes receivable to its suppliers as the payment of material purchase. The bank notes receivable is considered sold and derecognized from balance sheets when they are transferred beyond the reach of the Company and its creditors, the purchaser has the right to pledge or exchange the note receivables, and the Company has surrendered control over the transferred note receivable. If the Company does not surrender control, the cash received from the purchaser is account for as a secured borrowing. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, bank acceptance notes receivable from customers were $4,131,392 and $2,585,886, respectively. There was $4,338,304 bank acceptance notes receivable endorsed by the companies to make payments that were unmatured as of September 30, 2023 and derecognized from balance sheet. Inventories, net Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Costs include the cost of raw materials, freight, direct labor and related production overhead. The cost of inventories is calculated using the weighted average method. Any excess of the cost over the net realizable value of each item of inventories is recognized as a provision for diminution in the value of inventories. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the normal course of business less any costs to complete and sell products. Allowances for obsolescence are also assessed based on expiration dates, as applicable, taking into consideration historical and expected future product sales. Property, Plant and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment charge. The straight-line depreciation method is used to compute depreciation over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows: Items Useful life Property and buildings 20–40 years Leasehold improvement Lesser of useful life and lease term Machinery and equipment 3–10 years Automobiles 3–5 years Office and electric equipment 3–5 years Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not materially extend the useful lives of the assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments which substantially extend the useful life of assets are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets retired or sold are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is recognized in the statements of operations in other income and expenses. Construction in Progress Construction in progress is comprised of costs related to the capital projects that are not completed and is not depreciated until such time as the subject asset is ready for its intended use. Construction in progress as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 represents costs of construction incurred for Chongqing’s new manufacturing facilities for heparin products. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist primarily of land use rights, software and license for drug manufacturing (See Note 7). Under the PRC law, all land in the PRC is owned by the government and cannot be sold to an individual or company. The government grants individuals and companies the right to use parcels of land for specified periods of time. Land use rights are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method with the following estimated useful lives: Items Useful life Land use rights 50 years Software 10 years License for drug manufacturing 10 years Leases On October 1, 2019 the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02. For all leases that were entered into prior to the effective date of ASC 842, we elected to apply the package of practical expedients Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date, adjusted by the deferred rent liabilities at the adoption date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made. The Company’s terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have made an accounting policy election to not include leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the balance sheets and the short term lease expense recognized for the years presented are immaterial. Investment in Securities The Company entered into an investment with a iFactors SPC related to shares participating in the Golden Bridge Global Income Opportunities SP (the Fund), an exempted segregated Portfolio Company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and managed by Golden Bridge Capital Management Limited. The Fund primarily invests in bonds offered by private entities (debt securities), globally and also invests in convertible debt securities, publicly traded debt and stock, and governmental fixed income securities. The redemption of such shares for cash can be made with ninety days advance written notice (such written notice period can be extended by the investment manager), except during the lock up period which is initially 24 months and then extended to 36 months, from the initial investment date. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in debt and equity securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity when the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded as either short term or long term on the Balance Sheet, based on contractual maturity date and are stated at amortized cost. Investment securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value. Investment securities not classified as trading securities or as held-to-maturity securities shall be classified as available-for-sale securities. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the investment consisted of 20,000 units of the Fund. Such securities have been classified as trading securities. The private equity fund is measured at fair value with gains and losses recognized in earnings. For the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, as a practical expedient, the Company uses Net Asset Value (“NAV”) or its equivalent to measure the fair value of the Fund. NAV is primarily determined based on information provided by external fund administrators. As of September 30, 2023, the management had intention to redeem the investment and it is probable that the investment will be redeemed for an amount different from the NAV. Thus, the fair value of the investment was measured using discounted cash flow method. The fair value of the Fund was $13,943,019 and $19,470,400 as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Fair Value of Financial Instruments disclosure in this footnote. Long-Term Investment Investments in entity in which the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries can exercise significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or control are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries initially record its investment at cost. The Company’s share of investee earnings or losses is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Operations within Other income (expense). The Company’s interest in the net assets of the investees is included in the equity method investment on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries evaluate the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized in earnings when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries subsequently adjust the carrying amount of the investment to recognize their proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income or loss into earnings after the date of investment, the adjustment of basis difference initially recognized and the other comprehensive income allocated to the Company from the investees. Impairment of Long-lived Assets The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are below the asset’s carrying value, then the asset is deemed to be impaired and written down to its fair value. There were no indicators of impairment of long-lived assets as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. Transactions with Non-controlling Interests of Subsidiaries The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries account for a change in ownership interests in its subsidiaries that does not result in a change of control of the subsidiary under the provisions of ASC 810-10-45-23, Consolidation – Other Presentation Matters, which prescribes the accounting for changes in ownership interest that do not result in a change in control of the subsidiary, as defined by GAAP, before and after the transaction. Under this guidance, changes in a controlling shareholder’s ownership interest that do not result in a change of control, as defined by GAAP, in the subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions. Accordingly, if the controlling shareholder retains control, no gain or loss is recognized in the statements of operations of the controlling shareholder. Similarly, the controlling shareholder will not record any additional acquisition adjustments to reflect its subsequent purchases of additional shares in the subsidiary if there is no change of control. Only a proportional and immediate transfer of carrying value between the controlling and the noncontrolling shareholders occurs based on the respective ownership percentages. For the year ended September 30, 2021, the VIE, Gansu QLS acquired 7.76% of equity interest in Chengdu QLS and its subsidiaries from its shareholders. The equity interest Gansu QLS has in Chengdu QLS increased from 71.75% as of September 30, 2020 to 79.51% as of September 30, 2021. In the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company made 200,000 RMB (equivalent to $28,356) additional investment to acquire 0.2% ownership of Gansu QLS from third party shareholders and the Company’s ownership in VIE increased to 79.71% as of September 30, 2023. Non-controlling Interests Non-controlling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of their equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company as the controlling shareholder. For the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, non-controlling interests represent a minority shareholder’s 49% ownership interest in Zhongqiao E Commerce Limited (“Zhongqiao”), as well as 0.786% ownership interest in Gansu QLS, 20.29% ownership interest in Chengdu QLS and in subsidiaries including Rugao and Chongqing. The following table summarizes the shareholders’ equity for the non-controlling interest from each subsidiary that is not 100% owned by the Company: As of September 30, September 30, 2023 2022 Gansu QLS $ 169,574 $ 237,397 Chengdu QLS and subsidiaries 1,332,983 1,673,997 Zhongqiao 56,711 — Total $ 1,559,268 $ 1,911,394 Non-controlling interest in the equity of a subsidiary is reported in equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Net income and losses attributable to the non-controlling interest is reported as described above in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Revenue Recognition The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries recognize revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To perform revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries perform the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in ASC 606. The majority of the WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ contracts have one single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and are, therefore, not distinct. The revenue streams are recognized at a point in time when title and risk of loss passes and the customer accepts the goods, which generally occurs at delivery. The WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ products are sold with no right of return and the WFOE, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries do not provide other credits or sales incentives, which would be accounted for as variable consideration. Sales taxes invoiced to customers and remitted to government authorities are excluded from net sales. The contract liabilities of the Company consist of advance payments from customers. The contract liabilities are reported in a net position on a customer-by-customer basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract liabilities were recognized when the Company receives prepayment from customers resulting from sales contracts. Contract liabilities will be recognized as revenue when the products are delivered. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company record advance from customers of $1,028,318 and $556,418, respectively, which will be recognized as revenue upon delivery of the products sold. For the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the beginning balance of contract liabilities of $531,140 and $2,467,296 were recognized as revenue when the products are delivered. Refer to Note 15 for disaggregated revenue information. Government Grants Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is net against the expense and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income over the period necessary to match the grant on a systematic basis to the related costs. Where the grant relates to an asset acquisition, it is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income in proportion to the useful life of the related assets. Government grants received for the year ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $66,177, $137,754, and $152,265, respectively. Grant income recognized for the year ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $192,375, $413,717 and $559,828, respectively, included in other income within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the deferred government grants were $298,691 and $431,485, respectively. The weighted average remaining periods for the government grant to be recognized were 6.61 years and 6.33 years, respectively. Selling, General and Administrative, Research and Development Expenses Selling, general and administrative, research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for employees, shipping expense, utilities, maintenance and repairs expenses, insurance expense, depreciation and amortization expenses, research and development expense, selling and marketing expenses, professional fees, and other operating expenses. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries expense all internal research costs as incurred, which primarily comprise employee costs, internal and external costs related to execution of studies, including manufacturing costs, facility costs of the research center, and amortization, depreciation of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment used in the research and development activities. For the year ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, total selling, general and administrative, research and development expense were as follows: For the Year Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2021 Selling expense $ 961,679 $ 751,428 $ 979,925 General and administrative expense 2,831,444 2,149,522 2,262,560 Research and development expense 568,470 1,224,344 8,000 Total $ 4,361,593 $ 4,125,294 $ 3,250,485 Advertising Cost Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are included in selling, general and administrative, research and development expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred $145,916, $166,064 and $118,020 of advertising costs during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Advertising costs consist primarily of online marketing costs, such as advertising on social networking sites and e-mail marketing campaigns. Income Taxes The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries determine deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries determine that they would be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, they would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. The Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries record uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The Company does not believe that there were any uncertain tax positions at September 30, 2023 and 2022. Earnings per Share The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share” (“ASC 260”). ASC 260 requires companies with complex capital structures to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of potential common shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS. For the year ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, 300,000 underwriter warrants were considered in the diluted EPS calculation using treasury stock method. There were no diluted shares for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the years ended September |