Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | 3. Lo ans and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets consisted of the following: (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 470,222 $ 520,822 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 611,617 586,626 Residential 339,558 342,589 Construction, development & other 825,302 693,553 Farmland 35,650 30,396 Commercial & industrial 1,499,302 1,263,077 Consumer 2,002 2,555 Municipal and other 106,178 199,170 3,889,831 3,638,788 Allowance for credit losses ( 39,683 ) ( 37,022 ) Loans, net $ 3,850,148 $ 3,601,766 Total loans are presented net of unaccreted discounts and net deferred fees to taling $ 16.0 million and $ 11.8 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Non-accrual and Past Due Loans Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. As mentioned in Note 1, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when there is a clear indication that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, which is generally when a loan is 90 days past due. Non-accrual loans, non-accrual loans without a specific ACL, and accruing loans past due more than 90 days segregated by class of loans were as follows: September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Non-accrual Non-accrual loans without a specific ACL Accruing loans Non-accrual Non-accrual loans without a specific ACL Accruing loans Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 9,696 $ 8,236 $ — $ 1,211 $ 305 $ — Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 68 68 — 1,235 246 — Residential 2,664 2,664 250 2,938 2,938 — Construction, development & other 1 1 — 247 247 — Commercial & industrial 11,093 148 272 11,018 5,097 670 $ 23,522 $ 11,117 $ 522 $ 16,649 $ 8,833 $ 670 Based on management's evaluation of the value of the collateral securing the non-accrual loans, $ 11.1 million and $ 8.8 million of the non-accrual loans did not have a specific allowance for credit loss at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of income that would have been accrued for loans on non-accrual was approximately $ 1.3 million and $ 575,000 , respectively. An age analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans, was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) 30-59 60-89 Over 90 Total Total Total September 30, 2024 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 592 $ 770 $ 9,696 $ 11,058 $ 459,164 $ 470,222 Non-farm non-residential — — 68 68 611,549 611,617 Residential 1,103 2,690 2,914 6,707 332,851 339,558 Construction, 611 401 1 1,013 824,289 825,302 Farmland — — — — 35,650 35,650 Commercial & industrial 2,159 4,121 11,365 17,645 1,481,657 1,499,302 Consumer — — — — 2,002 2,002 Municipal and other 32 23 — 55 106,123 106,178 $ 4,497 $ 8,005 $ 24,044 $ 36,546 $ 3,853,285 $ 3,889,831 December 31, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ — $ — $ 1,211 $ 1,211 $ 519,611 $ 520,822 Non-farm non-residential — 212 1,235 1,447 585,179 586,626 Residential 312 495 2,938 3,745 338,844 342,589 Construction, 428 177 247 852 692,701 693,553 Farmland — — — — 30,396 30,396 Commercial & industrial 4,467 659 11,688 16,814 1,246,263 1,263,077 Consumer 2 — — 2 2,553 2,555 Municipal and other 88 — — 88 199,082 199,170 $ 5,297 $ 1,543 $ 17,319 $ 24,159 $ 3,614,629 $ 3,638,788 Restructured Loans and Loan Modifications Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023 , the Company prospectively discontinued the recognition and measurement of TDRs. This guidance eliminated TDR accounting for loans in which the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty and the creditor was granted a concession. A loan is now considered modified under ASU 2022-02 if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and the loan has been modified. Modifications may include interest rate reductions or below market interest rates, restructuring amortization schedules and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, no loans were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The table below presents the amortized cost basis of loans at period end that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2023, by class and type of modification. Loan modifications (Dollars in thousands) Number Post- Principal Forgiveness Adjusted Payment Combined December 31, 2023 Commercial & industrial 3 $ 6,970 $ — $ — $ 63 $ 63 On an ongoing basis, the performance of modified loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is monitored for subsequent payment default. Payment default is recognized when the borrower is 90 days or more past due. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no modified loans in the previous twelve-month period that were in default. Credit Quality Indicators Credit Quality Indicators. From a credit risk standpoint, the Company classifies its loans in one of six categories: (i) pass, (ii) special mention, (iii) substandard, (iv) purchased credit impaired, (v) doubtful, or (vi) loss. The classifications of loans reflect a judgment about the risks of default and loss associated with the loan. The Company reviews the ratings on credits monthly. Ratings are adjusted to reflect the degree of risk and loss that is felt to be inherent in each credit as of each monthly reporting period. The Company’s methodology is structured so that specific allocations are increased in accordance with deterioration in credit quality (and a corresponding increase in risk and loss) or decreased in accordance with improvement in credit quality (and a corresponding decrease in risk and loss). (i) The Company has several pass credit grades that are assigned to loans based on varying levels of credits, ranging from credits that are secured by cash or marketable securities, to watch credits that have all the characteristics of an acceptable credit risk but warrant more than the normal level of supervision. (ii) Special mention loans are loans that still show sufficient cash flow to service their debt but show a declining financial trend with potential cash flow shortages if trends continue. This category should be treated as a temporary grade. If cash flow deteriorates further to become negative, then a substandard grade should be given. If cash flow trends begin to improve then an upgrade back to pass would be justified. Nonfinancial reasons for rating a credit special mention include management problems, pending litigation, an ineffective loan agreement or other material structure weakness. (iii) A substandard loan has material weakness in the primary repayment source such as insufficient cash flow from operations to service the debt. However, other weaknesses such as limited paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged could justify a substandard grade. Substandard loans must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. (iv) Credits purchased from third parties are recorded at their estimated fair value at the acquisition date and are classified as PCI loans if the loans reflect credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at acquisition that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments (see Note 1 – Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Certain Acquired Loans). (v) A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses of a substandard loan with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. A doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Because of high probability of loss, non-accrual status is required on doubtful loans. (vi) Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as banking assets are not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. With loans classified as loss, the underlying borrowers are often in bankruptcy, have formally suspended debt repayments, or have otherwise ceased normal business operations. Once an asset is classified as loss, there is little prospect of collecting either its principal or interest. When access to collateral, rather than the value of the collateral, is a problem, a less severe classification may be appropriate. However, the Company does not maintain an asset on the balance sheet if realizing its value would require long-term litigation or other lengthy recovery efforts. Losses are to be recorded in the period an obligation becomes uncollectible. The following tables summarize the Company’s internal ratings of its loans at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: (Dollars in thousands) Pass Special Substandard Doubtful Total September 30, 2024 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 443,952 $ 9,471 $ 16,799 $ — $ 470,222 Non-farm non-residential 611,549 — 68 — 611,617 Residential 336,196 523 2,839 — 339,558 Construction, 820,901 4,000 401 — 825,302 Farmland 35,650 — — — 35,650 Commercial & industrial 1,429,685 53,178 14,939 1,500 1,499,302 Consumer 2,002 — — — 2,002 Municipal and other 106,178 — — — 106,178 $ 3,786,113 $ 67,172 $ 35,046 $ 1,500 $ 3,889,831 December 31, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 510,811 $ 5,517 $ 4,494 $ — $ 520,822 Non-farm non-residential 580,981 4,409 1,236 — 586,626 Residential 338,619 538 3,432 — 342,589 Construction, 692,098 1,208 247 — 693,553 Farmland 29,547 — 849 — 30,396 Commercial & industrial 1,213,303 35,672 13,780 322 1,263,077 Consumer 2,555 — — — 2,555 Municipal and other 199,170 — — — 199,170 $ 3,567,084 $ 47,344 $ 24,038 $ 322 $ 3,638,788 The following tables summarize the Company's loans by risk grades, loan class and vintage, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans Amortized (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Years Cost Basis Total September 30, 2024 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential Pass $ 47,964 $ 37,117 $ 135,128 $ 112,867 $ 57,080 $ 50,114 $ 3,682 $ 443,952 Special Mention 162 94 6,912 2,303 — — — 9,471 Substandard 130 2,895 18 4,345 5,654 2,536 1,221 16,799 Total Non-Farm non-residential owner-occupied $ 48,256 $ 40,106 $ 142,058 $ 119,515 $ 62,734 $ 52,650 $ 4,903 $ 470,222 Non-farm non-residential Pass $ 66,687 $ 111,037 $ 172,169 $ 201,296 $ 20,894 $ 34,767 $ 4,699 $ 611,549 Substandard — — 68 — — — — 68 Total Non-Farm non-residential non owner-occupied $ 66,687 $ 111,037 $ 172,237 $ 201,296 $ 20,894 $ 34,767 $ 4,699 $ 611,617 Residential Pass $ 42,245 $ 88,745 $ 99,981 $ 72,073 $ 17,509 $ 11,221 $ 4,422 $ 336,196 Special Mention — 90 — — 433 — — 523 Substandard 2,191 25 237 384 — 2 — 2,839 Total Residential $ 44,436 $ 88,860 $ 100,218 $ 72,457 $ 17,942 $ 11,223 $ 4,422 $ 339,558 Construction, Pass $ 83,057 $ 151,239 $ 90,405 $ 56,614 $ 762 $ 508 $ 438,316 $ 820,901 Special Mention 4,000 — — — — — — 4,000 Substandard 401 — — — — — — 401 Total Construction, development & other $ 87,458 $ 151,239 $ 90,405 $ 56,614 $ 762 $ 508 $ 438,316 $ 825,302 Farmland Pass $ 4,244 $ 9,703 $ 11,223 $ 1,960 $ — $ 4,224 $ 4,296 $ 35,650 Total Farmland $ 4,244 $ 9,703 $ 11,223 $ 1,960 $ — $ 4,224 $ 4,296 $ 35,650 Commercial & industrial Pass $ 166,396 $ 156,677 $ 139,170 $ 48,641 $ 10,223 $ 9,392 $ 899,186 $ 1,429,685 Special Mention 4,999 2,672 1,203 21,025 — — 23,279 53,178 Substandard 3,603 131 1,928 393 — 1,284 7,600 14,939 Doubtful — — 1,500 — — — — 1,500 Total Commercial & industrial $ 174,998 $ 159,480 $ 143,801 $ 70,059 $ 10,223 $ 10,676 $ 930,065 $ 1,499,302 Consumer Pass $ 68 $ 844 $ 468 $ 83 $ 94 $ 108 $ 337 $ 2,002 Total Consumer $ 68 $ 844 $ 468 $ 83 $ 94 $ 108 $ 337 $ 2,002 Municipal and other Pass $ 1,596 $ 24,626 $ 9,278 $ 30,888 $ 1,830 $ 216 $ 37,744 $ 106,178 Total Municipal and other $ 1,596 $ 24,626 $ 9,278 $ 30,888 $ 1,830 $ 216 $ 37,744 $ 106,178 Total Loans $ 427,743 $ 585,895 $ 669,688 $ 552,872 $ 114,479 $ 114,372 $ 1,424,782 $ 3,889,831 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans Amortized (Dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Years Cost Basis Total December 31, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential Pass $ 55,172 $ 179,776 $ 127,020 $ 70,984 $ 33,439 $ 37,433 $ 6,987 $ 510,811 Special Mention 535 2,350 2,632 — — — — 5,517 Substandard 157 41 984 — 2,190 659 463 4,494 Total Non-Farm non-residential owner-occupied $ 55,864 $ 182,167 $ 130,636 $ 70,984 $ 35,629 $ 38,092 $ 7,450 $ 520,822 Non-farm non-residential Pass $ 105,084 $ 180,054 $ 212,484 $ 26,559 $ 23,112 $ 25,486 $ 8,202 $ 580,981 Special Mention 4,197 — — 212 — — — 4,409 Substandard — 88 — — — 1,148 — 1,236 Total Non-Farm non-residential non owner-occupied $ 109,281 $ 180,142 $ 212,484 $ 26,771 $ 23,112 $ 26,634 $ 8,202 $ 586,626 Residential Pass $ 97,867 $ 112,138 $ 86,117 $ 19,178 $ 10,027 $ 7,275 $ 6,017 $ 338,619 Special Mention 94 — — 444 — — — 538 Substandard 2,734 253 437 — — 8 — 3,432 Total Residential $ 100,695 $ 112,391 $ 86,554 $ 19,622 $ 10,027 $ 7,283 $ 6,017 $ 342,589 Construction, Pass $ 136,888 $ 110,486 $ 55,938 $ 785 $ 86 $ 529 $ 387,386 $ 692,098 Special Mention — — 1,208 — — — — 1,208 Substandard 244 — — — — 3 — 247 Total Construction, development & other $ 137,132 $ 110,486 $ 57,146 $ 785 $ 86 $ 532 $ 387,386 $ 693,553 Farmland Pass $ 11,030 $ 11,328 $ 2,070 $ 96 $ 3,619 $ 818 $ 586 $ 29,547 Substandard — 849 — — — — — 849 Total Farmland $ 11,030 $ 12,177 $ 2,070 $ 96 $ 3,619 $ 818 $ 586 $ 30,396 Commercial & industrial Pass $ 221,392 $ 49,536 $ 79,690 $ 16,843 $ 14,576 $ 1,321 $ 829,945 $ 1,213,303 Special Mention 4,284 4,068 23,916 467 21 55 2,861 35,672 Substandard 483 3,783 4,461 1,276 1,377 82 2,318 13,780 Doubtful — — — — 322 — — 322 Total Commercial & industrial $ 226,159 $ 57,387 $ 108,067 $ 18,586 $ 16,296 $ 1,458 $ 835,124 $ 1,263,077 Consumer Pass $ 1,061 $ 670 $ 147 $ 183 $ 121 $ 33 $ 340 $ 2,555 Total Consumer $ 1,061 $ 670 $ 147 $ 183 $ 121 $ 33 $ 340 $ 2,555 Municipal and other Pass $ 86,998 $ 15,406 $ 33,060 $ 3,812 $ 1,011 $ 14 $ 58,869 $ 199,170 Total Municipal and other $ 86,998 $ 15,406 $ 33,060 $ 3,812 $ 1,011 $ 14 $ 58,869 $ 199,170 Total Loans $ 728,220 $ 670,826 $ 630,164 $ 140,839 $ 89,901 $ 74,864 $ 1,303,974 $ 3,638,788 The following tables summarize the Company's gross charge-offs by origination year and loan class for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023. Gross Charge-offs by Origination Year (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Years Total September 30, 2024: Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ ( 598 ) $ ( 598 ) Commercial & industrial — — ( 233 ) ( 104 ) ( 1,198 ) ( 1,243 ) ( 2,778 ) Municipal and other — ( 12 ) ( 17 ) ( 15 ) — — ( 44 ) Total Charge-Offs $ — $ ( 12 ) $ ( 250 ) $ ( 119 ) $ ( 1,198 ) $ ( 1,841 ) $ ( 3,420 ) Gross Charge-offs by Origination Year (Dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Years Total December 31, 2023: Commercial & industrial $ — $ — $ — $ ( 181 ) $ ( 1,523 ) $ ( 120 ) $ ( 1,824 ) Consumer — — — — — ( 19 ) ( 19 ) Municipal and other ( 10 ) ( 6 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) — — ( 20 ) Total Charge-Offs $ ( 10 ) $ ( 6 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 183 ) $ ( 1,523 ) $ ( 139 ) $ ( 1,863 ) Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses on loans is a contra-asset valuation account, calculated in accordance with ASC 326, that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected. The amount of the allowance represents management's best estimate of current expected credit losses on loans considering available information, from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing collectability over the loans' contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless (i) management has a reasonable expectation that a loan to an individual borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty will be modified or (ii) such extension or renewal options are not unconditionally cancellable by us and, in such cases, the borrower is likely to meet applicable conditions and likely to request extension or renewal. Relevant available information includes historical credit loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts, including U.S. Unemployment, GDP and Case-Shiller U.S National Home Price Index. While historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current portfolio-specific risk characteristics, environmental conditions or other relevant factors. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for portfolios of loans when similar risk characteristics exist. Credit loss expense related to loans reflects the totality of actions taken on all loans for a particular period including any necessary increases or decreases in the allowance related to changes in credit loss expectations associated with specific loans or pools of loans. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate appropriateness of the allowance is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control, including the performance of our loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classifications. In calculating the allowance for credit losses, most loans are segmented into pools based upon similar characteristics and risk profiles. Common characteristics and risk profiles include the type/purpose of loan, underlying collateral, geographical similarity and historical/expected credit loss patterns. In developing these loan pools for the purposes of modeling expected credit losses, we also analyzed the degree of correlation in how loans within each portfolio respond when subjected to varying economic conditions and scenarios as well as other portfolio stress factors. For modeling purposes, we use loan call report codes to identify the pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. We periodically reassess each pool to ensure the loans within the pool continue to share similar characteristics and risk profiles and to determine whether further segmentation is necessary. We have elected to use the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method for estimating accumulated credit losses for all loans except for consumer loans and leases. The DCF method allows for an effective incorporation of reasonable and supportable forecasts that can be applied in a consistent and objective manner. The method also aligns well with other calculations outside the accumulated credit loss estimations which mitigate model risk in other areas such as fair value or exit price notion calculations, interest rate risk calculations, profitability analysis, asset-liability management, and other forms of cash flow analysis. We have elected to use the weighted-average remaining maturity (“WARM”) method for consumer loans and leases. The long-term average loss rate is calculated and applied on a quarterly basis for the remaining life of the pool. Adjustments for economic expectations are made in the qualitative portion of the calculation. The long-term average loss rate is derived using peer data derived from the call report. There may be certain financial assets for which the expectation of credit loss is zero after evaluating historical loss information, making necessary adjustments for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts, and considering any collateral or guarantee arrangements that are not free-standing contracts. A loan that is fully secured by cash or cash equivalents, such as certificates of deposit issued by the lending institution, would likely have zero credit loss expectations. Similarly, the guaranteed portion of a SBA loan or security purchased on the secondary market through the SBA’s fiscal and transfer agent would likely have zero credit loss expectations because these financial assets are unconditionally guaranteed by the U.S. government. Currently, the Company deducts the SBA guaranteed portion of financial assets from the individual asset balance. Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These qualitative factors (“Q-Factor”) and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries, (ii) actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the loan pools, (iii) changes in the nature and volume of the loan pools and in the terms of the underlying loans, (iv) changes in the experience, ability, and depth of our lending management and staff, (v) changes in volume and severity of past due financial assets, the volume of non-accrual assets, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded assets, (vi) changes in the quality of our credit review function, (vii) changes in the value of the underlying collateral for loans that are non-collateral dependent, (viii) the existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit and (ix) other factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; and events such as natural disasters or health pandemics. In some cases, management may determine that an individual loan exhibits unique risk characteristics which differentiate the loan from other loans within our loan pools. In such cases, the loans are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. Specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses are determined by analyzing the borrower’s ability to repay amounts owed, collateral deficiencies, the relative risk grade of the loan and economic conditions affecting the borrower’s industry, among other things. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In such cases, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date, adjusted for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. We reevaluate the fair value of collateral supporting collateral dependent loans on a quarterly basis. The fair value of real estate collateral supporting collateral dependent loans is evaluated using a methodology that is consistent with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. The fair value of collateral supporting collateral dependent construction loans is based on an “as is” valuation. The following table presents details of the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio segment as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: (Dollars in thousands) Non-Farm Non-Residential Non-Farm Non-Residential Residential Construction, Development & Other Farmland Commercial & Industrial Consumer Municipal and Other Total September 30, 2024: Modeled expected credit losses $ 2,273 $ 2,913 $ 1,523 $ 6,895 $ 177 $ 9,821 $ 7 $ 375 $ 23,984 Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments 855 1,345 494 7,268 34 3,316 3 142 13,457 Specific allocations 175 — — — — 2,067 — — 2,242 $ 3,303 $ 4,258 $ 2,017 $ 14,163 $ 211 $ 15,204 $ 10 $ 517 $ 39,683 December 31, 2023: Modeled expected credit losses $ 2,324 $ 2,569 $ 1,474 $ 3,557 $ 166 $ 6,400 $ 8 $ 596 $ 17,094 Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments 1,952 2,321 867 2,296 78 7,507 6 505 15,532 Specific allocations 35 651 — — — 3,710 — — 4,396 $ 4,311 $ 5,541 $ 2,341 $ 5,853 $ 244 $ 17,617 $ 14 $ 1,101 $ 37,022 Management believes the allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover expected credit losses on loans at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The following tables detail the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: (Dollars in thousands) Beginning Provision for Credit Losses on Loans Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 4,311 $ ( 1,008 ) $ — $ — $ 3,303 Non-farm non-residential 5,541 ( 685 ) ( 598 ) — 4,258 Residential 2,341 ( 324 ) — — 2,017 Construction, development & other 5,853 8,310 — — 14,163 Farmland 244 ( 33 ) — — 211 Commercial & industrial 17,617 ( 529 ) ( 2,778 ) 894 15,204 Consumer 14 ( 5 ) — 1 10 Municipal and other 1,101 ( 551 ) ( 44 ) 11 517 $ 37,022 $ 5,175 $ ( 3,420 ) $ 906 $ 39,683 (Dollars in thousands) Beginning CECL Adoption Adjustment Provision for Credit Losses on Loans Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 3,773 $ 1,324 $ ( 243 ) $ — $ — $ 4,854 Non-farm non-residential 5,741 2,610 1,062 — — 9,413 Residential 1,064 996 5 — — 2,065 Construction, development & other 3,053 1,608 ( 478 ) — — 4,183 Farmland 82 12 18 — — 112 Commercial & industrial 16,269 ( 2,903 ) 3,031 ( 329 ) 620 16,688 Consumer 6 4 16 ( 19 ) — 7 Municipal and other 363 349 37 ( 4 ) — 745 $ 30,351 $ 4,000 $ 3,448 $ ( 352 ) $ 620 $ 38,067 The following tables detail the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: (Dollars in thousands) Beginning Provision for Credit Losses on Loans Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 4,712 $ ( 1,409 ) $ — $ — $ 3,303 Non-farm non-residential 5,257 ( 999 ) — — 4,258 Residential 2,490 ( 473 ) — — 2,017 Construction, development & other 6,436 7,727 — — 14,163 Farmland 237 ( 26 ) — — 211 Commercial & industrial 18,286 ( 3,139 ) ( 299 ) 356 15,204 Consumer 14 ( 4 ) — — 10 Municipal and other 779 ( 262 ) — — 517 $ 38,211 $ 1,415 $ ( 299 ) $ 356 $ 39,683 Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 5,223 $ ( 369 ) $ — $ — $ 4,854 Non-farm non-residential 8,775 638 — — 9,413 Residential 2,142 ( 77 ) — — 2,065 Construction, development & other 4,312 ( 129 ) — — 4,183 Farmland 97 15 — — 112 Commercial & industrial 15,722 988 ( 28 ) 6 16,688 Consumer 10 ( 3 ) — — 7 Municipal and other 962 ( 215 ) ( 2 ) — 745 $ 37,243 $ 848 $ ( 30 ) $ 6 $ 38,067 A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In such cases, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date, adjusted for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, with and without specific reserves, which have been assessed individually for credit losses: (Dollars in thousands) Real Estate Business Assets Other Total September 30, 2024 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 9,566 $ — $ — $ 9,566 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 130 — — 130 Residential 2,664 — — 2,664 Construction, development & other — — — — Commercial & industrial — 13,532 80 13,612 $ 12,360 $ 13,532 $ 80 $ 25,972 (Dollars in thousands) Real Estate Business Assets Other Total December 31, 2023 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 1,054 $ — $ — $ 1,054 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 1,393 — — 1,393 Residential 2,940 — — 2,940 Construction, development & other 247 — — 247 Commercial & industrial 212 12,439 689 13,340 $ 5,846 $ 12,439 $ 689 $ 18,974 |