Registration No. 333-233709
• | Market Dislocations and Relative Value |
• | Event Driven |
• | Proprietary Sourcing |
• | Stressed Credits |
• | Structured Products |
• | Illiquidity Premium |
• | Asset-Based Finance |
• | Junior Debt pay-in-kind non-convertible equity—issued by companies in defensive sectors. |
• | Direct Lending |
Offering Price 1 | Maximum Sales Load | Proceeds to the Fund 2 | ||||
Class I Shares | Current NAV | None | $ amount invested at current NAV | |||
Class D Shares | Current NAV | None | $ amount invested at current NAV | |||
Class T Shares | Current NAV plus sales load | 2.00% | $ amount invested at current NAV | |||
Class U Shares | Current NAV | None | $ amount invested at current NAV | |||
Class PI Shares | Current NAV 3 | None | $ amount invested at current NAV | |||
Class PT Shares | Current NAV plus sales load 3 | 3.00% | $ amount invested at current NAV |
1 | Each class of Shares is continuously offered at a price equal to net asset value (“NAV”), and, in the case of Class T Shares and Class PT Shares, plus a maximum sales load of 2.00% and 3.00% of the offering price, respectively. Information in the table reflects the initial offering price. |
2 | Through February 28, 2025, the Adviser has agreed to waive its fees and/or reimburse expenses of the Fund so that certain of the Fund’s expenses (“Specified Expenses”) will not exceed 0.40% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (annualized). The Fund has agreed to repay these amounts, when and if requested by the Adviser, but only if and to the extent that Specified Expenses are less than 0.40% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (annualized) (or, if a lower expense limit is then in effect, such lower limit) within the 36-month period after the Adviser bears the expense. |
3 | The initial offering price of Class PI Shares and Class PT Shares will be $25.00 per share on the date of the commencement of the offering of Class PI Shares and Class PT Shares. Thereafter, Class PI Shares will be continuously offered at a price equal to NAV, and Class PT Shares will be continuously offered at a price equal to NAV plus a maximum sales load of 3.00% of the offering price. |
• | The Fund is suitable only for investors who can bear the risks associated with the limited liquidity of the Fund and should be viewed as a long-term investment. |
• | The Fund intends to accrue and declare distributions daily and distribute them on a monthly basis; however, the amount of distributions that the Fund may pay, if any, is uncertain. |
• | The Fund, from time to time, pays distributions in significant part from sources that may not be available in the future and that are unrelated to the Fund’s performance, such as a return of capital. |
• | An investor could be subject to a sales load of up to 2.00% for Class T Shares and a sales load of up to 3.00% for Class PT Shares. |
• | The Shares have no history of public trading, nor is it intended at this time that the Shares will be listed on a public exchange. No secondary market is expected to develop for the Shares, liquidity for the Shares will be provided only through repurchase offers at NAV and there is no guarantee that an investor will be able to sell all the Shares the investor desires to sell in a repurchase offer. Due to these restrictions, an investor should consider an investment in the Fund to be illiquid. Investing in Shares is speculative and involves a high degree of risk, including the risks associated with leverage. |
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The Fund | KKR Credit Opportunities Portfolio is a diversified, closed-end management investment company that continuously offers its shares (“Shares”) and is operated as an “interval fund.” Throughout the prospectus, we refer to KKR Credit Opportunities Portfolio as the “Fund” or as “we.” |
Investment Objective | The Fund’s investment objective is to seek to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns and high current income. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. The Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed by the Board of Trustees of the Fund (the “Board”) without Shareholder approval. |
Investment Strategies | The Fund invests in a select portfolio of the Fund’s investment adviser’s (the “Adviser”) publicly traded and private credit through exposure to two of its primary credit strategies: (a) Opportunistic Credit, a conviction-based approach investing in a portfolio consisting primarily of publicly traded high yield bonds (commonly referred to as “junk” bonds), first- and second-lien secured bank loans and structured credit (e.g., collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) mezzanine debt) and (b) Private Credit, which includes directly originated hard and financial asset-based lending, corporate mezzanine debt, as well as directly originated first-lien, second-lien and unitranche senior loans to upper middle-market companies. |
In pursuing its investment objective, the Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Managed Assets (defined below) in senior and subordinated corporate debt and debt related instruments. Debt related instruments include bonds, secured bank loans, convertible securities, structured products (such as CLOs), convertible debt securities, repurchase agreements and municipal securities. The debt and debt related instruments in which the Fund invests may include those of issuers from the United States and other countries, including emerging market countries. The Fund can invest without limit in below investment grade debt related instruments. When determining the attractiveness of anticipated return levels, the Adviser considers the risks inherent in the underlying investments. |
The Fund, under normal circumstances, invests 70-80% of its Managed Assets in the Opportunistic Credit strategy and20-30% of its Managed Assets in the Private Credit Strategy, though the Fund’s allocation in investments could vary from these guidelines at any time in the Fund’s discretion. On at least a quarterly basis, the Fund’s Investment Committee (the “Investment Committee”) meets to, among other things, review and establish the allocation percentage |
between the Opportunistic Credit Strategy and Private Credit Strategy for the ensuing period. The Investment Committee considers factors such as KKR’s (defined below) macro-economic and market outlooks, assessment of the relative risk and return of each strategy, and other factors in making its determination. “Managed Assets” means the total assets of the Fund (including any assets attributable to borrowings for investment purposes) minus the sum of the Fund’s accrued liabilities (other than liabilities representing borrowings for investment purposes). |
Opportunistic Credit Strategy |
The Opportunistic Credit Strategy’s investment objective is to provide an attractive risk-adjusted return through investment in a diversified portfolio of fixed income securities and financial instruments. To achieve the Fund’s investment objective, the Adviser utilizes a high conviction credit strategy with a broad mandate and flexibility to toggle among various asset classes including, but not limited to, junk bonds, first- and second-lien secured bank loans and structured credit (i.e., CLO mezzanine debt) and thematic approaches to investing depending on the credit market environment. Themes include (in order of expected weighting): |
• | Market Dislocations and Relative Value |
• | Event Driven |
• | Proprietary Sourcing |
• | Stressed Credits |
• | Structured Products |
• | Illiquidity Premium |
Private Credit Strategy |
The Private Credit Strategy’s investment objective is to deliver attractive returns primarily in the form of contractual interest or coupon payments with a focus on principal protection, diversification, and, to a lesser degree, potential capital appreciation. The strategy makes investments in directly originated and negotiated financing instruments in what we believe are underserved and/or mispriced asset classes resultant from the withdrawal of global financial institutions from the financing market place and seeks to earn a premium for originating and holding a loan or other instrument to maturity. Private Credit strategies can include: |
• | Asset-Based Finance |
• | Junior Debt pay-in-kind non-convertible equity—issued by companies in defensive sectors. |
• | Direct Lending |
KKR employs a holistic approach toward origination that is focused on partnering with high-quality borrowers and sponsors and serving as a solutions provider for their capital needs. We strive to understand the goals of borrowers and structure appropriate financing solutions that are tailored to meet their specific objectives. The breadth of our credit and capital markets platforms is crucial to exploring and creating these opportunities, as it enables us to provide a “one-stop” solution for a borrower’s entire capital structure. KKR’s credit team (the “KKR Credit Team”) seeks to conduct deep due diligence (including, among other things, an evaluation of the quality of cash flows of the underlying investment, strengths and weaknesses in a |
borrower’s cost structure, cost structure relative to competitors and quality of suppliers) on each investment, with a focus on investing in debt instruments of companies where it believes KKR has a competitive advantage or a differentiated view. The Fund can invest without limit in originated loans. The Fund can originate loans of any maturity or duration to borrowers located both within the United States and outside the United States. |
The Adviser, a subsidiary of KKR & Co. Inc. (together with the Adviser and its other affiliates, “KKR”), uses KKR’s global network of resources, due diligence skills, intellectual capital and experience in seeking to achieve the Fund’s investment objective. The Adviser employs a fundamentally-driven investment approach that is based on deep credit underwriting and rigorous financial analysis. Because KKR has deep experience in credit and private equity underwriting, the Adviser’s investment approach is designed to incorporate valuable characteristics of both. The Adviser seeks to reallocate the portfolio of the Fund to opportunistically emphasize those investments, categories of investments and geographic exposures believed to be best suited to contribute to the achievement of the Fund’s investment objective under the market conditions existing at the time of investment. |
The Fund seeks to leverage the diverse backgrounds and many years of experience in portfolio management, investing, finance and economics of the KKR Credit Team, as well as the global network and proprietary resources of KKR to source, diligence and execute attractive investment opportunities. |
The Fund relies on an exemptive order from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) that permits it to, among other things, co-invest with certain other persons, including certain affiliates of the Adviser and certain public or private funds managed by the Adviser and its affiliates, subject to certain terms and conditions. |
The Fund’s investment strategies are not fundamental and may be changed by the Board without Shareholder approval. |
The Offering | The Fund offers Institutional Class I Shares, Class D Shares, Class T Shares, Class U Shares, Class PI Shares and Class PT Shares. The Fund has been granted exemptive relief from the SEC that permits the Fund to issue multiple classes of Shares and to impose asset-based distribution fees and early-withdrawal fees. |
Class I Shares, Class D Shares, Class U Shares and Class PI Shares are offered on a continuous basis at net asset value (“NAV”) per Share. Class T Shares and Class PT Shares are offered on a continuous basis at NAV per Share, plus a maximum sales load of 2.00% and 3.00%, respectively. Proceeds from the offering will be held by the Fund’s Custodian (defined below). Class I Shares, |
Class D Shares, Class T Shares, Class U Shares, Class PI Shares and Class PT Shares have equal rights and privileges with each other. |
The Fund and the Distributor (defined below) reserve the right to reject a purchase order for any reason. Shareholders do not have the right to redeem their Shares. However, as described below, in order to provide some liquidity to Shareholders, the Fund conducts quarterly repurchase offers of 10% to 25% of its outstanding Shares at NAV. The Fund currently conducts quarterly repurchase offers for 10% of its outstanding Shares under ordinary circumstances. |
Minimum Investment | The minimum initial investment for Class D Shares, Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares is $10,000 per account, and the minimum initial investment for Class I Shares and Class PI Shares is $1,000,000 per account. The minimum subsequent investment in the Fund per account is $500. The minimum investment for each class of Shares can be modified or waived in the sole discretion of the Fund or the Distributor (defined below), including for certain financial firms that submit orders on behalf of their customers, the Trustees of the Fund and certain employees of KKR, including its affiliates, vehicles controlled by such employees and their extended family members. |
Periodic Repurchase Offers | The Fund has adopted a fundamental policy, which may only be changed with Shareholder approval, to provide liquidity to Shareholders by conducting quarterly repurchase offers of 10% to 25% of its outstanding Shares at NAV. The Fund currently conducts quarterly repurchase offers for 10% of its outstanding Shares under ordinary circumstances. |
Notification of each quarterly repurchase offer will be made available to Shareholders at least 21 calendar days before the repurchase request deadline (i.e., the date by which Shareholders must tender their Shares in response to a repurchase offer) (the “Repurchase Request Deadline”). |
The Fund has not listed and does not intend to list its Shares for trading on any securities exchange. There is currently no secondary market for its Shares and the Fund does not expect any secondary market to develop for its Shares. Accordingly, you may not be able to sell Shares when and/or in the amount that you desire. Thus, the Shares are appropriate only for long-term investors who can bear the risks associated with the limited liquidity of the Shares. Investors should consider their investment goals, time horizons and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. In addition, the Fund’s repurchase offers could subject the Fund and Shareholders to special risks. See “Risks—Repurchase Offers Risk.” |
Leverage | In pursuing the Fund’s investment objective, the Adviser seeks to enhance the Fund’s return by the use of leverage. The Fund is permitted to obtain leverage using any form or combination of |
financial leverage instruments, including through funds borrowed from banks or other financial institutions (i.e., a credit facility), margin facilities, the issuance of preferred shares or notes and leverage attributable to reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls or similar transactions in an aggregate amount up to 33 1/3% of its Managed Assets. The Fund, under normal circumstances, uses leverage in an aggregate amount equal to approximately 25-30% of its Managed Assets (which equates to approximately33-43% of its net assets). The Fund, from time to time, uses leverage opportunistically and chooses to increase or decrease its leverage, or use different types or combinations of leveraging instruments, from time to time based on the Fund’s assessment of market conditions and the investment environment. There can be no assurance that the Fund will use leverage or that its leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed. See “Risks—Leverage Risk.” |
Distributions | The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income to Shareholders in the form of dividends. The Fund intends to distribute its net investment income monthly. The Fund intends to accrue and declare distributions from net investment income daily and distribute them on a monthly basis. The amount of distributions that the Fund may pay, if any, is uncertain. |
If the Fund realizes a long-term capital gain, it will be required to allocate such gain between the Shares and any preferred shares issued by the Fund in proportion to the total distributions paid to each class for the year in which the income is realized. |
Various factors affect the level of the Fund’s income, including the asset mix, the average maturity of the Fund’s portfolio, the amount of leverage used by the Fund and the Fund’s use of hedging. To permit the Fund to maintain a more stable monthly distribution, the Fund will, from time to time, distribute less than the entire amount of income earned in a particular period. The undistributed income would be available to supplement future distributions. As a result, the distributions paid by the Fund for any particular monthly period could be more or less than the amount of income actually earned by the Fund during that period. Undistributed income will add to the Fund’s NAV (and indirectly benefit the Adviser and the Administrator (defined below) by increasing their fees) and, correspondingly, distributions from the Fund’s income will reduce the Fund’s NAV. |
In the event that for any calendar year the total distributions on the Fund’s preferred shares exceed the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits allocable to such shares, the excess distributions will generally be treated as a tax free return of capital (to the extent of the Shareholder’s tax basis in the shares). The amount treated as a tax-free return of capital will reduce a Shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in the preferred shares, thereby increasing the Shareholder’s potential taxable gain or reducing the potential taxable loss on the sale |
Adviser | The Adviser serves as the Fund’s investment adviser pursuant to the terms of an investment advisory agreement with the Fund. The Adviser, a subsidiary of KKR, is a leading manager of non-investment grade debt and public equities. The Adviser was formed as a limited liability company under the laws of the State of Delaware on June 24, 2004 and is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Adviser currently serves as an investment adviser of certain unregistered private investment companies and a registered investment company. The Adviser uses KKR’s global network of resources, due diligence skills, intellectual capital and experience in seeking to achieve the Fund’s investment objective. KKR is a leading global investment firm that operates an integrated global platform for sourcing and executing investments across multiple industries, asset classes and geographies. |
As of September 30, 2023, KKR had over $424 billion in assets under management. As of September 30, 2023, the Adviser had over $229 billion in assets under management. |
Administrator | U.S. Bank Global Fund Services, located at 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, serves as administrator to the Fund (the “Administrator”). Under the administration agreement, the Administrator is responsible for generally managing the administrative affairs of the Fund. |
The Administrator is entitled to receive a monthly fee based on the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets, subject to a minimum annual fee, plus out-of-pocket |
Custodian and Transfer Agent | U.S. Bank, N.A. serves as the Fund’s custodian (the “Custodian”). SS&C GIDS, Inc. serves as the Fund’s transfer agent. |
Distributor | KKR Capital Markets LLC (the “Distributor”) is the principal underwriter and distributor of the Shares and serves in that capacity on a best efforts basis, subject to various conditions. The Distributor has entered into a sub-distribution agreement (the “Sub-Distribution Agreement”) with Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Sub-Distributor”). |
Shares are offered through other brokers, dealers and other financial intermediaries (referred to as “selling agents”) that have entered into selling agreements with the Distributor or Sub-Distributor and that are authorized to receive purchase orders and repurchase requests on the |
Fund’s behalf. Such selling agents may designate other financial intermediaries to receive purchase orders and, if applicable, repurchase requests from investors on behalf of the Fund and its selling agents. Selling agents typically receive the sales load with respect to Class T Shares and Class PT Shares purchased by their clients. The Distributor does not retain any portion of the sales load. Class T Shares and Class PT Shares are sold subject to a maximum sales load of up to 2.00% and 3.00% of the offering price, respectively. However, purchases of Class T Shares and Class PT Shares may be eligible for a sales load discount. See “Purchase of Shares – Sales Loads.” The selling agents may, in their sole discretion, reduce or waive the sales load on a non-scheduled basis in individual cases. Class I Shares, Class D Shares, Class U Shares and Class PI Shares are each not subject to a sales load; however, investors could be required to pay brokerage commissions on purchases and sales of Class I Shares, Class D Shares, Class U Shares and Class PI Shares to their selling agents. Investors should consult with their selling agents about the sales load and any additional fees or charges their selling agents might impose on each class of Shares. |
The Fund pays the Distributor an ongoing fee (the “Shareholder Servicing Fee”) that is calculated and accrued monthly at an annualized rate of 0.25% of the net assets of the Fund attributable to Class D Shares, Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. The Shareholder Servicing Fee is for personal services provided to Shareholders and/or the maintenance of Shareholder accounts services and to reimburse the Distributor for related expenses incurred. The Distributor generally pays all or a portion of the Shareholder Servicing Fee to the selling agents that sell Class D Shares, Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. Payment of the Shareholder Servicing Fee is governed by the Fund’s Shareholder Servicing Plan and Agreement. |
In addition, the Fund pays the Distributor an ongoing distribution fee (the “Distribution Fee”) that is calculated and accrued monthly at an annualized rate of 0.50% of the net assets of the Fund attributable to Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. The Distribution Fee is for the sale and marketing of the Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares and to reimburse the Distributor for related expenses incurred. The Distributor generally pays all or a portion of the Distribution Fee to the selling agents that sell Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. Payment of the Distribution Fee is governed by the Fund’s Distribution and Service Plan. |
Class I Shares and Class PI Shares do not incur a Shareholder Servicing Fee or Distribution Fee, and Class D Shares do not incur a Distribution Fee. |
Under the terms of the Sub-Distribution Agreement, the Distributor is responsible for payingthe Sub-Distributor for its services. |
Expenses Limitation and Reimbursement | Pursuant to an Amended and Restated Expense Limitation and Reimbursement Agreement, through February 28, 2025, the Adviser has agreed to waive its fees and/or reimburse expenses of the Fund so that certain of the Fund’s expenses (“Specified Expenses”) will not exceed 0.40% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (annualized). The Fund has agreed to repay these amounts on a monthly basis, but only if and to the extent that Specified Expenses are less than 0.40% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (annualized) (or, if a lower expense limit is then in effect, such lower limit) within the 36-month period after the Adviser bears the expense. This arrangement cannot be terminated prior to February 28, 2025 without the Board’s consent. “Specified Expenses” is defined to include all expenses incurred in the business of the Fund, including organizational costs, with the exception of (i) the Management Fee, (ii) the Shareholder Servicing Fee, (iii) the Distribution Fee, (iv) brokerage costs, (v) dividend/interest payments (including any dividend payments, interest expenses, commitment fees, or other expenses related to any leverage incurred by the Fund), (vi) taxes, and (vii) extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser). |
Investor Suitability | An investment in the Fund involves a considerable amount of risk. It is possible that you will lose money. An investment in the Fund is suitable only for long-term investors who can bear the risks associated with the limited liquidity of the Shares. Before making your investment decision, you should (i) consider the suitability of this investment with respect to your investment objective and personal financial situation and (ii) consider factors such as your personal net worth, income, age, risk tolerance and liquidity needs. An investment in the Fund should not be viewed as a complete investment program. |
Risks | Investing in the Fund involves risks, including the risk that you may receive little or no return on your investment or that you may lose part or all of your investment. Below is a summary of the principal risks of investing in the Fund. You should consider carefully the following principal risks before investing in the Fund. |
Repurchase Offers Risk. |
the ability of the Fund to be fully invested or force the Fund to maintain a higher percentage of its assets in liquid investments, which could harm the Fund’s investment performance. Moreover, it is possible that diminution in the size of the Fund through repurchases will result in an increased expense ratio for Shareholders who do not tender their Shares for repurchase, will result in untimely sales of portfolio securities (with associated imputed transaction costs, which could be significant) and will limit the ability of the Fund to participate in new investment opportunities or to achieve its investment objective. The Fund will, from time to time, accumulate cash by holding back (i.e., not reinvesting) payments received in connection with the Fund’s investments and cash from the sale of Shares. The Fund believes that it can meet the maximum potential amount of the Fund’s repurchase obligations. If at any time cash and other liquid assets held by the Fund are not sufficient to meet the Fund’s repurchase obligations, the Fund intends, if necessary, to sell investments. In addition, if the Fund borrows to finance repurchases, interest on that borrowing will negatively affect Shareholders who do not tender their Shares by increasing the Fund’s expenses and reducing any net investment income. |
If a repurchase offer is oversubscribed, the Board has authority to increase the amount repurchased by up to 2% of the Fund’s outstanding Shares as of the date of the Repurchase Request Deadline, but is not obligated to do so. In the event that the Board determines not to repurchase more than the repurchase offer amount, or if Shareholders tender more than the repurchase offer amount plus 2% of the Fund’s outstanding Shares as of the date of the Repurchase Request Deadline, the Fund will repurchase the Shares tendered on a pro rata basis. In that case, Shareholders will have to wait until the next repurchase offer to make another repurchase request. As a result, Shareholders could be unable to liquidate all or a given percentage of their investment in the Fund during a particular repurchase offer. Some Shareholders, in anticipation of proration, may tender more Shares than they wish to have repurchased in a particular month, thereby increasing the likelihood that proration will occur. Between the Repurchase Request Deadline and the date on which the NAV for tendered Shares is determined, the Fund is subject to market and other risks and the NAV of Shares tendered in a repurchase offer could decline. In addition, the repurchase of Shares by the Fund is generally a taxable event to Shareholders. |
Investment and Market Risk. |
fluctuate, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably, and such investment is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount invested. At any point in time, an investment in the Fund’s shares could be worth less than the original amount invested, even after taking into account distributions paid by the Fund and the ability of the Shareholders to reinvest dividends. The Fund also uses leverage, which magnifies the Fund’s investment, market and certain other risks. |
The Fund is materially affected by market, economic and political conditions and events, such as natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics, globally and in the jurisdictions and sectors in which it invests or operates, including factors affecting interest rates, the availability of credit, currency exchange rates and trade barriers. For example, COVID-19 adversely impacted, and any future outbreaks could adversely impact, the markets and economy in general, including the companies in which the Fund invests, and could harm Fund performance. Epidemics and pandemics have and may further result in, among other things, travel restrictions, closure of international borders, certain businesses and securities markets, restrictions on securities trading activities, quarantines, supply chain disruptions and reduced consumer demand, as well as general concern and uncertainty. Market, economic and political conditions and events are outside the Adviser’s control and could adversely affect the liquidity and value of the Fund’s investments and reduce the ability of the Fund to make attractive new investments. |
Ongoing events in the subprime mortgage market and other areas of the fixed income markets have caused significant dislocations, illiquidity and volatility in the leveraged loan and bond markets, as well as in the wider global financial markets. To the extent portfolio companies and other issuers of the Fund’s portfolio investments participate in or have exposure to such markets, the results of their operations could be adversely affected. In addition, to the extent that such economic and market events and conditions reoccur, this would have a further adverse impact on the availability of credit to businesses generally. Global economic conditions could adversely impact the financial resources and credit quality of corporate and other borrowers in which the Fund invests and result in the inability of such borrowers to make principal and interest payments on, or refinance, outstanding debt when due. |
In the event of such defaults, the Fund could suffer a partial or total loss of their investment in such borrowers, which would, in turn, have an adverse effect on the Fund’s returns. Such economic and market events and conditions also could restrict the ability of the Fund to sell or liquidate investments at favorable times or for favorable prices (although such events and conditions would not necessarily foreclose the Fund’s ability to hold such investments until maturity). It is possible that the value of the Fund’s investments will not generate expected current proceeds or appreciate as anticipated and could suffer a loss. |
Trends and historical events do not imply, forecast or predict future events and past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There can be no assurance that the assumptions made or the beliefs and expectations currently held by the Adviser will prove correct, and actual events and circumstances can vary significantly. |
The Fund will, from time to time, be subject to risk arising from a default by one of several large institutions that are dependent on one another to meet their liquidity or operational needs, so that a default by one institution could cause a series of defaults by the other institutions. This is sometimes referred to as “systemic risk” and could adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and exchanges, with which the Fund interacts on a daily basis. |
Illiquid and Long-Term Investments Risk. |
Although investments by the Fund are expected to generate current income, the return of capital and the realization of gains, if any, from an investment generally will occur only upon the partial or complete repayment or disposition of such investment, as to which there can be no certainty. The Fund’s investments are speculative in nature and, particularly where leverage is used by the Fund, there can be no assurance that current income received by the Fund will be sufficient to service the Fund’s debt or that any investor will receive a return of his or her invested capital or any distribution from the Fund. While an investment can be sold or repaid at any time, this will occur typically a number of years after the investment is made, and investors should expect that they will not receive a return of their capital for a long period of time even if the Fund’s investments prove successful. |
Certain investments by the Fund could be in securities that are or become publicly traded and are therefore subject to the risks inherent in investing in public companies (including new issues of securities). These factors are outside the Adviser’s control and could adversely affect the liquidity and value of the Fund’s investments and reduce the ability of the Fund to make attractive new investments. In addition, in some cases the Fund could be prohibited by contract or other limitations from selling such securities for a period of time so that the Fund is unable to take advantage of favorable market prices. The Fund will likely not have the same access to information in connection with investments in public companies, either when investigating a potential investment or after making an investment, as with investments in private companies. Furthermore, it can be expected from time to time that the Fund will be limited in its ability to make investments, and to sell existing investments, in public or private companies because KKR could be deemed to have material, non-public information regarding the issuers of those securities or as a result of other internal policies. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to make investments in public companies that the Adviser otherwise deems appropriate or, if it does, as to the amount it will so invest. Moreover, the inability to sell investments in public or private companies in these circumstances could materially adversely affect the investment results of the Fund. The Fund also invests in 144A securities, which investment is likely to raise many of the same issues and risks discussed above. It is possible that the Adviser, in its sole discretion, will decline to receive material nonpublic information in respect of a public company in which the Fund has invested that would otherwise be available to it to avoid being restricted from trading in securities issued by such public company or to avoid the Adviser or its affiliates being so restricted on behalf of other funds, vehicles or accounts sponsored, managed or advised by KKR or any of its affiliates. See “Conflicts of Interest”. |
Fixed-Income Instruments Risk. |
From time to time, the obligor of a fixed-income instrument will not be able or willing to pay interest or to repay principal when due in accordance with the terms of the associated agreement. An obligor’s |
willingness and ability to pay interest or to repay principal due in a timely manner will be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow. Commercial bank lenders could be able to contest payments to the holders of other debt obligations of the same obligor in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements. |
Interest Rate Risk . non-U.S. financial markets. The Fund expects that it will periodically experience imbalances in the interest rate sensitivities of its assets and liabilities and the relationships of various interest rates to each other. In a changing interest rate environment, the Adviser might not be able to manage this risk effectively. If the Adviser is unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, the Fund’s performance could be adversely affected. |
Senior Loans Risk. |
Senior Loans usually include restrictive covenants, which must be maintained by the borrower. The Fund will, from time to time, have an obligation with respect to certain senior secured term loan investments to make additional loans upon demand by the borrower. Such instruments, unlike certain bonds, usually do not have call protection. This means that such interests, although having a stated term, can be prepaid, often without penalty. The rate of such prepayments will be affected by, among other things, general business and economic conditions, as well as the financial status of the borrower. Prepayment would cause the actual duration of a Senior Loan to be shorter than its stated maturity. |
Senior Loans typically are secured by pledges of collateral from the borrower in the form of tangible and intangible assets. In some instances, the Fund invests in Senior Loans that are secured only by stock of the borrower or its subsidiaries or affiliates. The value of the collateral could decline below the principal amount of the senior secured term loans subsequent to an investment by the Fund. |
Senior Loans generally are not registered with the SEC, or any state securities commission and are not listed on any national securities exchange. There is less readily available or reliable information about most Senior Loans than is the case for many other types of securities, including securities issued in transactions registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). No active trading market exists for some Senior Loans, and some Senior Loans are subject to restrictions on resale. A secondary market could be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods, which could impair the Fund’s ability to realize full value and thus cause a material decline in the Fund’s NAV. In addition, at times, the Fund will not be able to readily dispose of its Senior Loans at prices that approximate those at which the Fund could sell such loans if they were more widely traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, the Fund will, from time to time, have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations. During periods of limited supply and liquidity of Senior Loans, the Fund’s yield could be lower. See “Risks—Below Investment Grade Instruments Risk.” |
If legislation or government regulations impose additional requirements or restrictions on the ability of financial institutions to make loans, the availability of Senior Loans for investment by the Fund will be adversely affected. In addition, such requirements or restrictions could reduce or eliminate sources of financing for certain Borrowers. This would increase the risk of default. See “Investment Objectives and Investment Strategies—Portfolio Composition—Senior Loans” and “Risks—Senior Loans Risk.” |
Credit Risk. non-payment of scheduled interest or principal by the borrowers with respect to such investments. Suchnon-payment would likely result in a reduction of income to the Fund and a reduction in the value of the debt investments experiencingnon-payment. |
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in investments that the Adviser believes are secured by specific collateral, the value of which exceeds the principal amount of the investments at the time of initial investment. There can be no assurance, though, that the liquidation of any such collateral would satisfy the borrower’s obligation in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal payments |
with respect to such investment or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In addition, in the event of bankruptcy of a borrower, the Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of the collateral securing an investment. Under certain circumstances, collateral securing an investment will be released without the consent of the Fund. The Fund, from time to time, also invests in high yield instruments and other unsecured investments, each of which involves a higher degree of risk than Senior Loans. The Fund’s right to payment and its security interest, if any, could be subordinated to the payment rights and security interests of more senior creditors. Certain of these investments will have an interest-only payment schedule, with the principal amount remaining outstanding and at risk until the maturity of the investment. In this case, a portfolio company’s ability to repay the principal of an investment could be dependent upon a liquidity event or the long-term success of the company, the occurrence of which is uncertain. |
Companies in which the Fund invests could deteriorate as a result of, among other factors, an adverse development in their business, a change in the competitive environment or an economic downturn. As a result, companies that the Fund expected to be stable could operate, or expect to operate, at a loss or have significant variations in operating results, could require substantial additional capital to support their operations or maintain their competitive position or could otherwise have a weak financial condition or be experiencing financial distress. |
Leverage Risk. |
The 1940 Act generally limits the extent to which the Fund is able to use borrowings, together with any other senior securities representing indebtedness, to 33 and 1/3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets at the time used. |
The SEC rule related to the use of derivatives, reverse repurchase agreements and certain other transactions by registered investment companies requires that if the Fund trades derivatives and other transactions that create future payment or delivery obligations (except reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions), it |
must do so subject to value-at-risk non-standard settlement cycle, and the transaction will be deemed not to involve a senior security, provided that (i) the Fund intends to physically settle the transaction and (ii) the transaction will settle within 35 days of its trade date (the “Delayed-Settlement Securities Provision”). The Fund may otherwise engage in such transactions that do not meet the conditions of the Delayed-Settlement Securities Provision so long as the Fund treats any such transaction as a “derivatives transaction” for purposes of compliance with the rule. Furthermore, under the rule, the Fund will be permitted to enter into an unfunded commitment agreement, and such unfunded commitment agreement will not be subject to the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act, if the Fund reasonably believes, at the time it enters into such agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all such agreements as they come due. These requirements may limit the ability of the Fund to use derivatives and reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions as part of its investment strategies. These requirements may increase the cost of the Fund’s investments and cost of doing business. |
Use of leverage creates an opportunity for increased income and return for Shareholders but, at the same time, creates risks, including the likelihood of greater volatility in the NAV and market price of, and distributions on, the shares. Increases and decreases in the value of the Fund’s portfolio will be magnified if the Fund uses leverage. In particular, leverage can magnify interest rate risk, which is the risk that the prices of portfolio securities will fall (or rise) if market interest rates for those types of securities rise (or fall). As a result, leverage can cause greater changes in the Fund’s NAV, which will be borne entirely by the Shareholders. There can be no assurance that the Fund will use leverage or that its leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed. The Fund will, from time to time, be subject to investment restrictions of one or more |
NRSROs and/or credit facility lenders as a result of its use of financial leverage. These restrictions could impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed on the Fund by the 1940 Act. It is not anticipated that these covenants or portfolio requirements will significantly impede the Adviser in managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with its investment objectives and policies. Nonetheless, if these covenants or guidelines are more restrictive than those imposed by the 1940 Act, the Fund will not be able to use as much leverage as it otherwise could have, which could reduce the Fund’s investment returns. In addition, the Fund expects that any notes it issues or credit facility it enters into would contain covenants that, among other things, impose geographic exposure limitations, credit quality minimums, liquidity minimums, concentration limitations and currency hedging requirements on the Fund. These covenants would also likely limit the Fund’s ability to pay distributions in certain circumstances, incur additional debt, change fundamental investment policies and engage in certain transactions, including mergers and consolidations. Such restrictions could cause the Adviser to make different investment decisions than if there were no such restrictions and could limit the ability of the Board and Shareholders to change fundamental investment policies. |
The costs of a financial leverage program (including the costs of offering preferred shares and notes) will be borne entirely by Shareholders and consequently will result in a reduction of the NAV of the shares. During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid by the Fund for investment advisory services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the investment advisory fees paid will be calculated on the basis of the Fund’s Managed Assets, which includes proceeds from (and assets subject to) any credit facility, margin facility, any issuance of preferred shares or notes, any reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls or similar transactions. This will create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and Shareholders, on the other hand. To seek to monitor this potential conflict, the Board intends to periodically review the Fund’s use of leverage, including its impact on Fund performance and on the Adviser’s fees. |
The Fund can also offset derivative positions against one another or against other assets to manage the effective market exposure resulting from derivatives in its portfolio. In addition, to the extent that any offsetting positions do not behave in relation to one another as expected, the Fund could perform as if it were leveraged. The Fund’s use of leverage could create the opportunity for a higher return for Shareholders but would also result in special risks for Shareholders and can magnify the effect of any losses. If the income and gains earned on the securities and investments purchased with leverage proceeds are greater than the cost of the leverage, the return on the shares will be greater than if leverage had not been used. Conversely, |
if the income and gains from the securities and investments purchased with such proceeds do not cover the cost of leverage, the return on the shares will be less than if leverage had not been used. There is no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful. |
Subordinated and Unsecured or Partially Secured Loans Risk. |
Mezzanine Securities Risk. (iv) so-called “lender liability” claims by the issuer of the obligations; and (v) environmental liabilities that arise with respect to collateral securing the obligations. |
Below Investment Grade Instruments Risk. over-the-counter |
traded equity securities, making it more difficult to hedge the risks associated with such investments. The Fund’s investments in high yield instruments expose it to a substantial degree of credit risk and interest rate risk. The market values of certain of these lower-rated and unrated debt investments could reflect individual corporate developments to a greater extent and tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than those of higher-rated investments, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Companies that issue such securities are often highly leveraged and might not have available to them more traditional methods of financing. General economic recession or a major decline in the demand for products and services in which the borrower operates would likely have a materially adverse impact on the value of such securities and the ability of the issuers of such securities to repay principal and interest thereon, thereby increasing the incidence of default of such securities. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, could also decrease the value and liquidity of these high yield debt investments. |
Stressed and Distressed Investments Risk. |
Risk of Investments in Highly Leveraged Companies. |
contracts that adversely impact the Fund’s investments. This leverage could result in more serious adverse consequences to such companies |
Risk of Investments in Companies in Regulated Industries. |
problems additionally could bring scrutiny and attention to the Fund |
Risk of Investments in the Airline Industry. COVID-19 outbreak and related travel restrictions. Additionally, the airline industry is highly sensitive to general economic trends, and any |
Risk of Investments in the Shipping Industry. non-U.S. “Risks—Non-U.S. Securities Risks”); (iii) labor-relatedCOVID-19 outbreak. |
Energy-Related Investments Risk. |
environmental regulators, statutory and regulatory requirements include those imposed by energy, zoning, land use, safety, labor and other regulatory |
Ordinary operation or the occurrence of an accident, with respect to an energy asset, could cause major environmental damage, which could result in significant financial distress to such asset. Certain environmental laws and regulations require that an owner or operator of an energy asset address prior environmental contamination, which could involve substantial cost. As a result, certain of the Fund’s investments in the energy sector could be exposed to substantial risk of loss from environmental claims. Furthermore, changes in environmental laws or regulations or the environmental condition of an energy investment could create liabilities that did not exist at the time of the investment by the Fund and that could not have been foreseen. Community and environmental groups might protest about the development or operation of energy assets, which could induce government action to the detriment of the Fund. New and more stringent environmental or health and safety laws, regulations and permit requirements, or stricter interpretations of current laws, regulations or requirements, could impose substantial additional costs on the issuer of a portfolio investment. Some of the most onerous environmental requirements regulate air emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases; these requirements particularly affect companies in the power and energy industry. |
Additionally, for example, the COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting slowdown in economic activity reduced the demand for various natural resources, including oil, and increased the price volatility of natural resources and companies within the energy industry. Companies in the energy industry were adversely impacted by the reduced demand and by price competition among key oil producing countries. |
Real Estate Investments Risk. |
Real estate assets generally will be subject to the risks incident to the ownership and operation of real estate and real estate-related assets and/or risks incident to the making of nonrecourse mortgage loans secured by real estate, including risks associated with both the domestic and international general economic climates; local real estate conditions; risks due to dependence on cash flow; risks and operating problems arising out of the absence of certain construction materials; changes in supply of, or demand for, competing properties in an area (as a result, for instance, of overbuilding); the financial condition of tenants, buyers and sellers of properties; changes in availability of debt financing; energy and supply shortages; changes in the tax, real estate, environmental and zoning laws and regulations; various uninsured or uninsurable risks; natural disasters; and the ability of the Fund or third-party borrowers to manage the real properties. The Fund could incur the burdens of ownership of real property, which include the paying of expenses and taxes, maintaining such property and any improvements thereon, and ultimately disposing of such property. |
The Fund invests in a real estate asset on a passive basis, giving a third-party operating partner and/or property manager a large degree of authority and responsibility for daily management of the assets and, therefore, will, in large part, be dependent on the ability of third parties to successfully operate the underlying real estate assets. There is no assurance that there will be a ready market for resale of investments because investments in real estate generally are not liquid; holding periods accordingly are difficult to predict, particularly as business plans can be revised to adapt to changing economic, business and financial conditions. |
Significant expenditures associated with real estate assets, such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the assets. |
The insurance coverage applicable to real estate assets contains policy specifications and insured limits customarily carried for similar properties, business activities and markets. There could be certain losses, including losses from floods and losses from earthquakes, acts of war, acts of terrorism or riots, that are not generally insured against or that are not generally fully insured against because it is not deemed to be economically feasible or prudent to do so. If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs with respect to a real estate asset, the Fund could experience a significant loss and could potentially remain obligated under any recourse debt associated with the property. |
Under various U.S., state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner, developer or operator of real estate could be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous |
or toxic substances at, on, under or in its property. The costs of removal or remediation of such substances could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such hazardous substances. The Fund attempts to assess such risks as part of their due diligence activities, but cannot give any assurance that such conditions do not exist or might not arise in the future. The presence of such substances on the real estate assets could adversely affect the ability to sell such investments or to borrow using such assets as collateral. |
Certain loans acquired or made by the Fund could be secured by real estate. To the extent the Fund needs to foreclose on such loans, the Fund could, directly or indirectly, own such real estate and would be subject to the risks incident to the ownership and operation of real estate. |
From time to time, real estate loans or participation interests therein acquired by the Fund will at the time of their acquisition be, or may become after acquisition, non-performing for a wide variety of reasons. Suchnon-performing real estate loans could require a substantial amount of workout negotiations and/or restructuring, which could entail, among other things, a substantial reduction in the interest rate and a substantial write down of the principal of such loans. However, even if a restructuring were successfully accomplished, a risk exists that upon maturity of such real estate loan, replacement “takeout” financing will not be available. Purchases of participations in real estate loans raise many of the same risks as investments in real estate loans and also carry risks of illiquidity and lack of control. |
The foreclosure process varies jurisdiction by jurisdiction and can be lengthy and expensive. Borrowers often resist foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against the holder of a real estate loan including, without limitation, lender liability claims and defenses, even when such assertions have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action. In some jurisdictions, foreclosure actions can take up to several years or more to conclude. During the foreclosure proceedings, a borrower could have the ability to file for bankruptcy, potentially staying the foreclosure action and further delaying the foreclosure process. Foreclosure litigation tends to create a negative public image of the collateral property and could result in disrupting ongoing leasing and management of the property. |
Short Selling Risk. |
loss. It is possible that the Fund will not be able to borrow a security that it needs to deliver, or it will not be able to close out a short position at an acceptable price and could have to sell related long positions earlier than it had expected. Thus, the Fund might not be able to successfully implement its short sale strategy due to limited availability of desired securities or for other reasons. Also, there is the risk that the counterparty to a short sale could fail to honor its contractual terms, causing a loss to the Fund. |
Until the Fund replaces a security borrowed in connection with a short sale, it could be required to post cash or liquid assets with a broker. Generally, securities posted with a broker cannot be sold. The Fund’s ability to access the pledged collateral might also be impaired in the event the broker becomes bankrupt, insolvent or otherwise fails to comply with the terms of the contract. In such instances, the Fund will not be able to substitute or sell the pledged collateral and could experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. It is likely that the Fund could obtain only a limited recovery or could obtain no recovery in these circumstances. |
Because losses on short sales arise from increases in the value of the security sold short, such losses are theoretically unlimited. By contrast, a loss on a long position arises from decreases in the value of the security and is limited by the fact that a security’s value cannot decrease below zero. In addition, engaging in short selling could limit the Fund’s ability to fully benefit from increases in the fixed-income markets. |
By investing the proceeds received from selling securities short, the Fund could be deemed to be employing a form of leverage, which creates special risks. The use of leverage would increase the Fund’s exposure to long securities positions and make any change in the Fund’s NAV greater than it would be without the use of leverage. This could result in increased volatility of returns. There is no guarantee that any leveraging strategy the Fund employs will be successful during any period in which it is employed. See “Risks—Leverage Risk.” |
In times of unusual or adverse market, economic, regulatory or political conditions, the Fund might not be able, fully or partially, to implement its short selling strategy. |
Prepayment Risk. |
quickly than anticipated, reducing the yield to maturity and the average life of the relevant investment. Moreover, when the Fund reinvests the proceeds of a prepayment in these circumstances, it will likely receive a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on the security that was prepaid. To the extent that the Fund purchases the relevant investment at a premium, prepayments could result in a loss to the extent of the premium paid. If the Fund buys such investments at a discount, both scheduled payments and unscheduled prepayments will increase current and total returns and unscheduled prepayments will also accelerate the recognition of income which could be taxable as ordinary income to Shareholders. In a period of rising interest rates, prepayments of investments could occur at a slower than expected rate, creating maturity extension risk. This particular risk could effectively change an investment that was considered short- or intermediate-term at the time of purchase into a longer-term investment. Because the value of longer-term investments generally fluctuates more widely in response to changes in interest rates than shorter-term investments, maturity extension risk could increase the volatility of the Fund. When interest rates decline, the value of an investment with prepayment features might not increase as much as that of other fixed-income instruments, and, as noted above, changes in market rates of interest could accelerate or delay prepayments and thus affect maturities. |
Credit Derivatives Risk. |
Derivatives Risk. |
gain in the value of the underlying asset, rate or index in the Fund’s portfolio; the loss of principal, including the potential loss of amounts greater than the initial amount invested in the derivative instrument; the possible default of the other party to the transaction; illiquidity of the derivative investments; risks arising from margin and settlement obligations; and risks arising from mispricing or valuation complexity. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund could experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding or may not recover at all. In addition, in the event of the insolvency of a counterparty to a derivative transaction, the derivative contract would typically be terminated at its fair market value. If the Fund is owed this fair market value in the termination of the derivative contract and its claim is unsecured, the Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. Certain derivatives may give rise to a form of leverage, which magnifies the potential for gain and the risk of loss. |
The counterparty risk for cleared derivative transactions is generally lower than for uncleared OTC derivatives because generally a clearing organization becomes substituted for each counterparty to a cleared derivative contract and, in effect, guarantees the parties’ performance under the contract as each party to a trade looks only to the clearing house for performance of financial obligations. However, there can be no assurance that the clearing house, or its members, will satisfy its obligations to the Fund. Exchange trading will generally increase market transparency and liquidity but could cause the Fund to incur increased expenses. In addition, depending on the size of the Fund and other factors, the margin required under the rules of a clearing house and by a clearing member could be in excess of the collateral required to be posted by the Fund to support its obligations under a similar OTC derivative transaction. However, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and other applicable regulators have adopted rules imposing certain margin requirements, including minimums, on uncleared OTC derivative transactions which could result in the Fund and its counterparties posting higher margin amounts for uncleared OTC derivative transactions. |
Certain of the derivative investments in which the Fund invests will, in certain circumstances, give rise to a form of financial leverage, which may magnify the risk of owning such instruments. The ability to successfully use derivative investments depends on the ability of the Adviser to predict pertinent market movements, which cannot be assured. In addition, amounts paid by the Fund as premiums and cash or other assets held in margin accounts with respect to the Fund’s derivative investments would not be available to the Fund for other investment purposes, which could result in lost opportunities for gain. |
OTC derivatives generally are more difficult to purchase, sell or value than other investments. Although both OTC and exchange-traded derivatives markets can experience a lack of liquidity, OTC non-standardized derivative transactions are generally less liquid than exchange-traded instruments. The illiquidity of the derivatives markets can be due to various factors, including congestion, disorderly markets, limitations on deliverable supplies, the participation of speculators, government regulation and intervention, and technical and operational or system failures. In addition, the liquidity of a secondary market in an exchange-traded derivative contract could be adversely affected by “daily price fluctuation limits” established by the exchanges which limit the amount of fluctuation in an exchange-traded contract price during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in the contract, no trades may be entered into at a price beyond the limit, thus preventing the liquidation of open positions. Prices have in the past moved beyond the daily limit on a number of consecutive trading days. If it is not possible to close an open derivative position entered into by the Fund, the Fund would continue to be required to make cash payments of variation (ormark-to-market) |
Derivatives transactions also are subject to operational risk, including from documentation issues, settlement issues, system failures, inadequate controls, and human error, and legal risk, including risk of insufficient documentation, insufficient capacity or authority of a counterparty, or legality or enforceability of a contract. |
The derivatives markets have become subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. In particular, in the United States the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) regulates the OTC derivatives market by, among other things, requiring many derivative |
transactions to be cleared and traded on an exchange, expanding entity registration requirements, imposing business conduct requirements on dealers and requiring banks to move some derivatives trading units to a non-guaranteed affiliate separate from the deposit-taking bank or divest them altogether. Rulemaking proposed or implemented under the Dodd-Frank Act could potentially limit or completely restrict the ability of the Fund to use these instruments as a part of its investment strategy, increase the costs of using these instruments or make them less effective. Limits or restrictions applicable to the counterparties with which the Fund engages in derivative transactions could also prevent the Fund from using these instruments or affect the pricing or other factors relating to these instruments, or could change availability of certain investments. |
Regulation of the derivatives market presents additional risks to the Fund and may limit the ability of the Fund to use, and the availability or performance of such instruments. For instance, under Rule 18f-4, a fund’s derivatives exposure is limited through avalue-at-risk 18f-4. Rule18f-4 could limit the Fund’s ability to engage in certain derivatives and other transactions and/or increase the costs of the Fund’s investments and cost of doing business. |
The Fund’s investments in regulated derivatives instruments, such as swaps, futures and options, will be subject to maximum position limits established by the CFTC and U.S. and foreign futures exchanges. Under the exchange rules all accounts owned or managed by advisers, such as the Adviser, their principals and affiliates would be combined for position limit purposes. In order to comply with the position limits established by the CFTC and the relevant exchanges, the Adviser could in the future reduce the size of positions that would otherwise be taken for the Fund or not trade in certain markets on behalf of the Fund in order to avoid exceeding such limits. A violation of position limits by the Adviser could lead to regulatory action resulting in mandatory liquidation of certain positions held by the Adviser on behalf of the Fund. There can be no assurance that the Adviser will liquidate positions held on behalf of all the Adviser’s accounts in a proportionate manner or at favorable prices, which could result in substantial losses to the Fund. Such policies could affect the nature and extent of derivatives use by the Fund. |
Structured Products Risk. |
Products”). Holders of Structured Products bear risks of the underlying investments, index or reference obligation and are subject to counterparty risk. |
Structured Products are subject to the normal interest rate, default and other risks associated with fixed-income securities and asset-backed securities. Additionally, the risks of an investment in a Structured Product depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the Structured Product or other asset-backed security in which the Fund invests. The Fund generally has the right to receive payments only from the Structured Product, and generally does not have direct rights against the issuer or the entity that sold the underlying collateral assets. Such collateral could be insufficient to meet payment obligations and the quality of the collateral might decline in value or default. Also, the class of the Structured Product could be subordinate to other classes, values could be volatile, and disputes with the issuer could produce unexpected investment results. While certain Structured Products enable the investor to acquire interests in a pool of securities without the brokerage and other expenses associated with directly holding the same securities, investors in Structured Products generally pay their share of the Structured Product’s administrative and other expenses. Although it is difficult to predict whether the prices of indices and securities underlying Structured Products will rise or fall, these prices (and, therefore, the prices of Structured Products) will be influenced by the same types of political and economic events that affect issuers of securities and capital markets generally. If the issuer of a Structured Product uses shorter-term financing to purchase longer term securities, the issuer could be forced to sell its securities at below market prices if it experiences difficulty in obtaining short-term financing, which could adversely affect the value of the Structured Products owned by the Fund. |
Structured Products issue classes or “tranches” that offer various maturity, risk and yield characteristics. Losses caused by defaults on underlying assets are borne first by the holders of subordinate tranches. If there are defaults or the Structured Product’s collateral otherwise underperforms, scheduled payments to more senior tranches take precedence over those of subordinate tranches. The riskiest portion is the “equity” tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the collateral and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a Structured Product typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities and could be investment grade. Despite the protection from the subordinate tranches, more senior tranches of structured products can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, downgrades of the underlying collateral by rating agencies, forced liquidation of the collateral pool due to a failure of coverage tests, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and |
disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults as well as investor aversion to Structured Product securities as a class. |
In addition to the general risks associated with debt securities discussed herein, Structured Products carry additional risks, including, but not limited to the risk that: (i) distributions from collateral securities might not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the collateral could default or decline in value or be downgraded, if rated by a NRSRO; (iii) the Fund is likely to invest in tranches of Structured Products that are subordinate to other tranches; (iv) the structure and complexity of the transaction and the legal documents could lead to disputes among investors regarding the characterization of proceeds; (v) the investment return achieved by the Fund could be significantly different than those predicted by financial models; (vi) there will be no readily available secondary market for Structured Products; (vii) technical defaults, such as coverage test failures, could result in forced liquidation of the collateral pool; and (viii) the Structured Product’s manager could perform poorly. |
Typically, Structured Products are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws and can be thinly traded or have a limited trading market. As a result, investments in Structured Products could be characterized as illiquid investments and could have limited independent pricing transparency. However, an active dealer market could exist for Structured Products that qualify under the Rule 144A “safe harbor” from the registration requirements of the Securities Act for resales of certain securities to qualified institutional buyers, and such Structured Products could be characterized by the Fund as liquid investments. |
PIK Risk. |
Preferred Securities Risk. |
receipt of cash). Therefore, the Fund may be required to pay out as an income distribution in any such tax year an amount greater than the total amount of cash income the Fund actually received, and to sell portfolio securities, including at potentially disadvantageous times or prices, to obtain cash needed for these income distributions. Preferred securities often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred securities are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred securities may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities. |
Asset-Backed Securities Risk. |
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. |
Mortgage-backed securities can be issued by governments or their agencies and instrumentalities, such as, in the United States, Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. They can also be issued by private issuers but represent an interest in or are collateralized by pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by a government or one of its agencies or instrumentalities. In addition, mortgage-backed |
securities can be issued by private issuers and collateralized by securities without a government guarantee. Such securities usually have some form of private credit enhancement. |
Pools created by private issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments. Notwithstanding that such pools could be supported by various forms of private insurance or guarantees, there can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors will be able to meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. From time to time, the Fund invests in private mortgage pass-through securities without such insurance or guarantees. Any mortgage-backed securities that are issued by private issuers are likely to have some exposure to subprime loans as well as to the mortgage and credit markets generally. In addition, such securities are not subject to the underwriting requirements for the underlying mortgages that would generally apply to securities that have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee, thereby increasing their credit risk. The risk of non-payment is greater for mortgage-related securities that are backed by mortgage pools that contain subprime loans, but a level of risk exists for all loans. Market factors adversely affecting mortgage loan repayments include a general economic downturn, high unemployment, a general slowdown in the real estate market, a drop in the market prices of real estate or an increase in interest rates resulting in higher mortgage payments by holders of adjustable rate mortgages. |
Repurchase Agreements Risk. |
costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. |
Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Dollar Rolls Risk. |
Swap Risk. |
The Dodd-Frank Act and related regulatory developments ultimately will require the clearing and exchange-trading of many OTC derivative instruments that the CFTC and SEC defined as “swaps.” Mandatory exchange-trading and clearing will occur on a phased-in basis based on the type of market participant and CFTC determination of contracts for central clearing. The Adviser will continue to monitor these developments, particularly to the extent regulatory changes affect the Fund’s ability to enter into swap agreements. |
The swap market has matured in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As a result, the swap market has become relatively liquid; however there is no guarantee that the swap market will continue to provide liquidity, and it could be subject to liquidity risk, which exists when a particular swap is difficult to purchase or sell. The absence of liquidity could also make it more difficult for the Fund to ascertain a market value for such instruments. The inability to close derivative positions also could have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to effectively hedge its portfolio. If the Adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, interest rates or currency exchange rates, the investment performance of the Fund would be less favorable than it would have been if these investment techniques were not used. In a total return swap, the Fund pays the counterparty a floating short-term interest rate and receives in exchange the total return of underlying loans or debt securities. The Fund bears the risk of default on the underlying loans or debt securities, based on the notional amount of the swap and, therefore, incurs a form of leverage. The Fund would typically have to post collateral to cover this potential obligation. |
Options and Futures Risk. so-called “synthetic” options or other derivatives written by broker-dealers or other permissible financial intermediaries. Options transactions can be effected on securities exchanges or in the OTC market. When options are purchased OTC, the Fund’s portfolio bears the risk that the counterparty that wrote the option will be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the option contract. Options can also be illiquid and, in such cases, the Fund could have difficulty closing out its position. OTC options can also include options on baskets of specific securities. Options and futures also are subject to derivatives risks more generally. See “Risks—Derivatives Risk.” |
The Fund will, from time to time, purchase call and put options on specific securities and write and sell covered or uncovered call and put options for hedging purposes in pursuing its investment objective. A put option gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell, and obligates the writer to buy, the underlying security at a stated exercise price, typically at any time prior to the expiration of the option for American options or only at expiration for European options. A call option gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and obligates the writer to sell, the underlying security at a stated exercise price, typically at any time prior to the expiration of the option. A covered call option is a call option with respect to which the seller of the option owns the underlying security. The sale of such an option exposes the seller during the term of the option to possible loss of opportunity to realize appreciation in the market price of the underlying security or to possible continued holding of a security that might otherwise have been sold to protect against depreciation in the market price of the security. |
The Fund might close out a position when writing options by purchasing an option on the same underlying security with the same exercise price and expiration date as the option that it has previously written on the security. In such a case, the Fund will realize a profit or loss if the amount paid to purchase an option is less or more than the amount received from the sale of the option. |
Engaging in transactions in futures contracts and options involves risk of loss to the Fund. No assurance can be given that a liquid market will exist for any particular futures contract or option at any particular time. Many futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond that limit or trading can be suspended for specified periods during the trading day. Futures contract prices could move to the limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, preventing prompt liquidation of futures positions and potentially subjecting the Fund to substantial losses. |
A market could become unavailable if one or more exchanges were to stop trading options or it could become unavailable with respect to options on a particular underlying security if the exchanges stopped trading options on that security. In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if unusual events (e.g., volume exceeds clearing capability) were to interrupt normal exchange operations. If an options market were to become illiquid or otherwise unavailable, an option holder would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by exercising and an options seller or writer would remain obligated until it is assigned an exercise or until the option expires. |
If trading is interrupted in an underlying security, the trading of options on that security is usually halted as well. Holders and writers of options will then be unable to close out their positions until options trading resumes, and they could be faced with considerable losses if the security reopens at a substantially different price. Even if options trading is halted, holders of options will generally be able to exercise them. However, if trading has also been halted in the underlying security, option holders face the risk of exercising options without knowing the security’s current market value. If exercises do occur when trading of the underlying security is halted, the party required to deliver the underlying security could be unable to obtain it, which could necessitate a postponed settlement and/or the fixing of cash settlement prices. |
Investment Companies Risk. closed-end funds. Investments in ETFs andclosed-end funds are subject to a variety of risks, including all of the risks of a direct investment in the underlying securities that the ETF orclosed-end fund holds. ETFs are also subject to certain additional risks, including, without limitation, |
the risk that their prices might not correlate perfectly with changes in the prices of the underlying securities they are designed to track, and the risk of trading in an ETF halting due to market conditions or other reasons, based on the policies of the exchange upon which the ETF trades. Shares of ETFs and closed-end funds at times trade at a premium or discount to their NAV because the supply and demand in the market for their shares at any point in time might not be identical to the supply and demand in the market for their underlying securities. Some ETFs andclosed-end funds are highly leveraged and therefore would subject the Fund to the additional risks associated with leverage. See “Risks—Leverage Risk.” In addition, the Fund will bear, along with other Shareholders of an investment company, its pro rata portion of the investment company’s expenses, including management fees. Accordingly, in addition to bearing their proportionate share of the Fund’s expenses, Shareholders also indirectly bear similar expenses of an investment company. |
Counterparty and Prime Brokerage Risk. sub-prime mortgages and other lower quality credit investments that have experienced recent defaults or otherwise suffered extreme credit deterioration. As a result, such hardships have reduced such entities’ capital and called into question their continued ability to perform their obligations under such transactions. By using derivatives, swaps or other transactions, the Fund assumes the risk that its counterparties could experience similar financial hardships. |
The Fund is subject to the risk of loss of Fund assets on deposit or being settled or cleared with a broker in the event of the broker’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy of any clearing broker through which the broker executes and clears transactions on behalf of the Fund, the bankruptcy of an exchange clearing house or the bankruptcy of any other counterparty. If a prime broker or counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund could experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding; if the Fund’s claim is unsecured, the Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such prime broker or counterparty and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. In the case of any such bankruptcy, the Fund might recover, even in respect of |
property specifically traceable to the Fund, only a pro rata share of all property available for distribution to all of the counterparty’s customers and counterparties. Such an amount could be less than the amounts owed to the Fund. It is possible that the Fund will obtain only a limited recovery or no recovery in such circumstances. Such events would have an adverse effect on the NAV of the Fund. Certain counterparties have general custody of, or title to, the Fund’s assets. The failure of any such counterparty could result in adverse consequences to the NAV of the Fund. |
Lender Liability Risk. |
In addition, under common law principles that in some cases form the basis for lender liability claims, if a lender or bondholder (i) intentionally takes an action that results in the undercapitalization of a Borrower to the detriment of other creditors of such Borrower; (ii) engages in other inequitable conduct to the detriment of such other creditors; (iii) engages in fraud with respect to, or makes misrepresentations to, such other creditors; or (iv) uses its influence as a stockholder to dominate or control a Borrower to the detriment of other creditors of such Borrower, a court might elect to subordinate the claim of the offending lender or bondholder to the claims of the disadvantaged creditor or creditors, a remedy called “equitable subordination.” |
Because affiliates of, or persons related to, the Adviser will, at times, hold equity or other interests in obligors of the Fund, the Fund could be exposed to claims for equitable subordination or lender liability or both based on such equity or other holdings. |
Borrower Fraud; Covenant-Lite Loans; Breach of Covenant. |
covenants whatsoever. Investments in covenant-lite loans will be particularly sensitive to the risks associated with loan investments. The Fund can invest without limit in covenant-lite loans. Of paramount concern in originating or acquiring the financing contemplated by the Fund is the possibility of material misrepresentation or omission on the part of borrower or other credit support providers or breach of covenant by such parties. Such inaccuracy or incompleteness or breach of covenants could adversely affect the valuation of the collateral underlying the loans or the ability of the Fund to perfect or effectuate a lien on the collateral securing the loan or otherwise realize on the investment. The Fund relies upon the accuracy and completeness of representations made by borrowers to the extent reasonable, but cannot guarantee such accuracy or completeness. |
Distressed Debt, Litigation, Bankruptcy and Other Proceedings. |
From time to time, the Adviser will make investments for the Fund in companies involved in bankruptcy proceedings. There are a number of significant risks when investing in companies involved in bankruptcy proceedings, and many events in a bankruptcy are the product of contested matters and adversary proceedings which are beyond the control of the creditors. A bankruptcy filing could have adverse and permanent effects on a company. Further, if the proceeding is converted to a liquidation, the liquidation value of the company might not equal the liquidation value that was believed to exist at the time of the investment. In addition, the duration of a bankruptcy proceeding is difficult to predict. A creditor’s return on investment can be impacted adversely by delays while the plan of reorganization is being negotiated, approved by the creditors and confirmed by the bankruptcy court, and until it ultimately becomes effective. Certain claims, such as claims for taxes, wages and certain trade claims, could have priority by law over the claims of certain creditors and administrative costs in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding are frequently high and will be paid out of the debtor’s estate prior to any return to creditors. |
Certain investments of the Fund could be subject to federal bankruptcy law and state fraudulent transfer laws, which vary from state to state, if the debt obligations relating to such investments were issued with the intent of hindering, delaying or defrauding creditors or, in certain circumstances, if the issuer receives less than reasonably |
equivalent value or fair consideration in return for issuing such debt obligations. If the debt is used for a buyout of Shareholders, this risk is greater than if the debt proceeds are used for day-to-day |
Under certain circumstances, payments to the Fund could be reclaimed if any such payment or distribution is later determined to have been a fraudulent conveyance, preferential payment or similar transaction under applicable bankruptcy and insolvency laws. Furthermore, investments in restructurings could be adversely affected by statutes relating to, among other things, fraudulent conveyances, voidable preferences, lender liability and the court’s discretionary power to disallow, subordinate or disenfranchise particular claims or recharacterize investments made in the form of debt as equity contributions. |
Under Title 11 of the United States Code, as amended (the “Bankruptcy Code”), a lender that has inappropriately exercised control of the management and policies of a company that is a debtor under the Bankruptcy Code could have its claims against the company subordinated or disallowed or could be found liable for damages suffered by parties as a result of such actions. Such claims could also be disallowed or subordinated to the claims of other creditors if the lender (e.g., the Fund) (i) is found to have engaged in other inequitable conduct resulting in harm to other parties, (ii) intentionally takes action that results in the undercapitalization of a borrower, (iii) engages in fraud with respect to, or makes misrepresentations to other creditors, or (iv) uses its influence as a Shareholder to dominate or control a borrower to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower. The lender’s investment could also be recharacterized or treated as equity if it is deemed to be a contribution to capital, or if the lender attempts to control the outcome of the business affairs of a company prior to its filing under the Bankruptcy Code. While the Fund attempts to avoid taking the types of action that would lead to the subordination, disallowance and liability described above, there can be no assurance that such claims will not be asserted or that the Fund will be able successfully to defend against them. |
From time to time, the Fund seeks to place its representatives on the boards of certain companies in which the Fund has invested. The |
Fund could also invest in companies in which KKR and/or other KKR clients or accounts will have representatives on the boards of such companies. While such representation could enable the Fund to enhance the sale value of its debt investments in a company, such involvement (and/or an equity stake by the Fund, KKR or other KKR clients or accounts in such company) could also prevent the Fund from freely disposing of its debt investments and could subject the Fund to additional liability or result in recharacterization of the Fund’s debt investments as equity. The Fund attempts to balance the advantages and disadvantages of such representation when deciding whether and how to exercise its rights with respect to such companies, but the exercise of such rights could produce adverse consequences in particular situations. |
Insofar as the Fund’s portfolio includes obligations of non-U.S. obligors, the laws of certain foreign jurisdictions could provide for avoidance remedies under factual circumstances similar to those described above or under different circumstances, with consequences that might or might not be analogous to those described above under U.S. federal or state laws. Changes in bankruptcy laws (including U.S. federal and state laws and applicablenon-U.S. laws) could adversely impact the Fund’s securities. |
Convertible Securities Risk. non-convertible securities; (ii) are less subject to fluctuation in value than the underlying common stock due to their fixed-income characteristics; and (iii) provide the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases. |
The value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also could have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the |
underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed-income instrument. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. Although under normal market conditions longer-term convertible debt securities have greater yields than do shorter-term convertible debt securities of similar quality, they are subject to greater price fluctuations. |
When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments. |
Non-Controlling Equity Investments; Investments in Equity Securities; Investments and Joint Ventures with Third Parties.non-controlling equity investments and investments in equity and equity-linked securities. The value of equity securities, including common stock, preferred stock and convertible stock, will fluctuate in response to factors affecting the particular company, as well as broader market and economic conditions. Prices of equity securities fluctuate for many reasons, including changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, or when political or economic events affecting the issuer occur. Moreover, in the event of a company’s bankruptcy, claims of certain creditors, including bondholders, will have priority over claims of common stock holders and are likely to have varying types of priority |
over holders of preferred and convertible stock. These risks could increase fluctuations in the Fund’s NAV. If the Fund’s investments in equity securities are incidental to the Fund’s investments in loans or fixed-income instruments, the Fund frequently could possess material non-public information about a Borrower or issuer as a result of its ownership of a loan or fixed-income instrument of a Borrower or issuer. Because of prohibitions on trading in securities while in possession of materialnon-public information, the Fund might be unable to enter into a transaction in a security of the Borrower or issuer when it would otherwise be advantageous to do so. |
The Fund also could be exposed to risks that issuers will not fulfill contractual obligations such as, in the case of convertible instruments or private placements, delivering marketable common stock upon conversions of convertible instruments and registering restricted securities for public resale. With respect to non-controlling equity investments, the Fund could have a limited ability to protect its position in such investments. |
From time to time, the Fund will also co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, thereby acquiring jointly-controlled ornon-controlling interests in certain investments in conjunction with participation by one or more third parties in such investment. As aco-investor, the Fund could have interests or objectives that are inconsistent with those of the third-party partners orco-venturers. Although the Fund might not have full control over these investments and, therefore, could have a limited ability to protect its position therein, the Adviser expects that appropriate rights will be negotiated to protect the Fund’s interests. Nevertheless, such investments can involve risks not present in investments where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that a third-party partner orco-venturer could have financial difficulties resulting in a negative impact on such investment, could have economic or business interests or goals which are inconsistent with those of the Fund, or could be in a position to take (or block) action in a manner contrary to the Fund’s investment objective or the increased possibility of default by, diminished liquidity or insolvency of, the third party, due to a sustained or general economic downturn. Third-party partners orco-venturers could opt to liquidate an investment at a time during which such liquidation is not optimal for the Fund. In addition, the Fund could in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of its third-party partners orco-venturers. In those circumstances where such third parties involve a management group, such third parties could receive compensation arrangements relating to such investments, including incentive compensation arrangements. |
U.S. Government Debt Securities Risk. |
yields available from U.S. government debt securities are generally lower than the yields available from other securities. Like other debt securities, however, the values of U.S. government securities change as interest rates fluctuate. Fluctuations in the value of portfolio securities will not affect interest income on existing portfolio securities but will be reflected in the Fund’s NAV. Since the magnitude of these fluctuations will generally be greater at times when the Fund’s average maturity is longer, under certain market conditions the Fund will for temporary defensive purposes, accept lower current income from short-term investments rather than investing in higher yielding long-term securities. In 2008, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) placed the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) into conservatorship. As conservator, FHFA succeeded to all rights, titles, powers and privileges of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and of any stockholder, officer or director of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the assets of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are continuing to operate as going concerns while in conservatorship and each remains liable for all of its respective obligations, including guaranty obligations, associated with its mortgage-backed securities. There is no assurance that the obligations of such entities will be satisfied in full, or that such obligations will not lose value or default. Any Fund investments issued by Federal Home Loan Banks and Fannie Mae could ultimately lose value. |
Non-U.S. Securities Risk.non-U.S. issuers or Borrowers. Such investments involve certain factors not typically associated with investing in the United States or other developed countries, including risks relating to: (i) differences between U.S. andnon-U.S. securities markets, including potential price volatility in and relative illiquidity of somenon-U.S. securities markets; the absence of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices, and disclosure requirements; and less government supervision and regulation; (ii) other differences in law and regulation, including fewer investor protections, less stringent fiduciary duties, less developed bankruptcy laws and difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations; (iii) certain economic and political risks, including potential economic, political or social instability; exchange control regulations; restrictions on foreign investment and repatriation of capital (possibly requiring government approval); expropriation or confiscatory taxation; higher rates of inflation; and reliance on a more limited number of commodity inputs, service providers, and/or distribution mechanisms; and (iv) the possible imposition of foreign taxes on income and gains recognized with respect to securities and other assets. Economic sanctions and other similar governmental actions or developments could, among other things, restrict or eliminate the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell certainnon-U.S. securities or other instruments, and the Fund may be |
forced to sell or otherwise dispose of non-U.S. securities or other instruments at inopportune times or prices. Becausenon-U.S. securities could trade on days when the Fund’s shares are not priced, the Fund’s NAV could change at times when shares cannot be sold. |
Emerging Markets Risk. |
Foreign Currency Risk. non-U.S. currencies. However, the books of the Fund are maintained in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, changes in currency values could adversely affect the |
U.S. dollar value of portfolio investments, interest and other revenue streams received by the Fund, gains and losses realized on the sale of portfolio investments, and the amount of distributions, if any, made by the Fund. In addition, the Fund will incur costs in converting investment proceeds from one currency to another. The Fund will, from time to time, enter into derivative transactions designed to reduce such currency risks. Furthermore, the portfolio companies in which the Fund invests are subject to risks relating to changes in currency values, as described above. If a portfolio company suffers adverse consequences as a result of such changes, the Fund could also be adversely affected as a result. |
Eurozone Risk. |
On January 31, 2020, the UK officially withdrew from the EU. On December 24, 2020, the UK and EU announced a preliminary trade agreement and security deal, which took effect on January 1, 2021. Brexit could impact the Fund and its investments (and their underlying issuers) in a variety of ways, not all of which are currently readily apparent. The UK, EU and broader global economy may experience substantial volatility in foreign exchange markets and a sustained weakness in the British pound’s exchange rate against the United States dollar, the euro and other currencies, which may impact Fund returns. The Fund will, from time to time, invest in portfolio companies and other issuers with significant operations and/or assets in the UK, any of which could be adversely impacted by any new legal, tax and regulatory environment, whether by increased costs or impediments to the implementation of their business plan. Such |
events could result from, among other things, increased uncertainty and volatility in financial markets; fluctuations in asset values; fluctuations in exchange rates; decreased liquidity of investments located, traded or listed within the UK, the EU or elsewhere; and/or changes in legal and regulatory regimes to which Fund investments are or become subject. There is still significant uncertainty regarding the potential consequences of Brexit. |
Brexit also may cause additional member states to contemplate departing from the EU, which would likely perpetuate political and economic instability in the region and cause additional market disruption in global financial markets. The effects on the UK, European and global economies of the exit of the UK (and/or other EU members) from the EU, or the exit of other EU members from the European monetary area and/or the redenomination of financial instruments from the Euro to a different currency, are difficult to predict and to protect fully against. Many of the foregoing risks are outside of the control of the Fund and the Adviser. These risks could affect the Fund, the Adviser and other service providers given economic, political and regulatory uncertainty created by Brexit. |
LIBOR Replacement and Floating Rate Benchmark Risk. non-representative basis, all such synthetic LIBOR settings are expected to be discontinued by September 30, 2024. When publication of applicable synthetic LIBOR settings ceases, any still outstanding loans, notes, derivatives and other instruments or investments using such setting of synthetic LIBOR are expected to transition to alternative floating rate benchmarks. Regulated entities have generally ceased entering into new LIBOR contracts in connection with regulatory guidance or prohibitions. As a result of legislative mechanisms and industry-wide efforts to replace LIBOR with alternative floating-rate benchmarks, LIBOR has been replaced in many loans, notes, derivatives and other instruments or investments. Certain instruments in which the Fund invests may continue to pay interest at floating rates based on the synthetic LIBOR or are subject to interest caps or floors based on synthetic LIBOR. The Fund and/or certain issuers of instruments in which the Fund invests may have also obtained financing at floating rates which continue to be based on synthetic LIBOR. Certain derivative instruments utilized by the Fund and/or issuers of instruments in which the Fund invests may also continue to reference synthetic LIBOR. It is possible that the Fund will also utilize leverage or borrowings primarily based on LIBOR. As a result, synthetic LIBOR may be relevant to, and directly affect, the Fund’s performance. |
While some instruments contemplated a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate setting methodology, not all instruments had such provisions. Instruments that included robust fallback provisions to facilitate the transition from LIBOR to an alternative floating rate benchmark may have also included adjustments that do not adequately compensate the holder for the different characteristics of the alternative reference rate. The result may be that the fallback provision resulted in a value transfer from one party to the instrument to the counterparty. Additionally, because such provisions may differ across instruments (e.g., hedges versus cash positions hedged), LIBOR’s replacement may give rise to basis risk and render hedges less effective. In many cases, in the event that an instrument falls back to an alternative floating rate benchmark, including the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or any reference rate based on SOFR, the alternative reference rate will not perform the same as LIBOR because the alternative reference rates do not include a credit sensitive component in the calculation of the rate. SOFR is based on a secured lending markets in U.S. government securities and does not reflect credit risk in the inter-bank lending market in the way that LIBOR did. |
Although the transition process away from LIBOR has become generally well-defined, there remains uncertainty regarding the nature of alternative floating rate benchmarks, the continued utilization of synthetic LIBOR and the remaining work to be done in connection with the LIBOR transition. LIBOR’s replacement could lead to significant short-term and long-term uncertainty and market instability. Developments around LIBOR’s replacement or the adoption of alternative floating rate benchmarks, including SOFR and reference rates based on SOFR, could negatively impact financial markets in general and present heightened risks, including with respect to the Fund’s investments. No single alternative floating rate benchmark has replaced LIBOR and neither synthetic LIBOR nor any alternative floating rate benchmarks (including SOFR and reference rates based on SOFR) perform in the same way that LIBOR did, which may further impact the Fund’s investments. As a result of this uncertainty and developments relating to the transition process, the Fund and its investments may be adversely affected. |
Legal and Regulatory Risk. non-U.S. securities and futures markets and investment funds such as the Fund has undergone substantial change in recent years, and such change could continue. |
It is unknown in what form, when and in what order significant regulatory initiatives will be implemented or the impact any such implemented regulations will have on the Fund, the markets or instruments in which the Fund invests or the counterparties with which the Fund conducts business. The effect of regulatory change on |
the Fund, while impossible to predict, could be substantial, adverse and potentially limit or completely restrict the ability of the Fund to implement its investment strategy or increase the costs of using certain instruments or make them less effective. In addition, the practice of short selling has been the subject of numerous temporary restrictions, and similar restrictions could be promulgated at any time. Such restrictions could adversely affect the returns of the Fund. |
Event Driven Investing. |
Valuation Risk. |
Liquidity Risk. |
Illiquid and restricted securities can be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when the Fund believes it is desirable to do so. The market price of illiquid and restricted securities generally is more volatile than that of more liquid securities, which could adversely affect the price that the Fund pays for or recovers upon the sale of such securities. Illiquid and restricted securities are also more difficult to value, especially in challenging markets, and the Adviser’s judgment will play a greater role in the valuation process. Investment of the Fund’s assets in illiquid and restricted securities could restrict the Fund’s ability to take advantage of market opportunities. In order to dispose of an unregistered security, the Fund, where it has contractual rights to do so, could have to cause such security to be registered. A considerable period could elapse between the time the decision is made to sell the security and the time the security is registered, thereby enabling the Fund to sell it. Contractual restrictions on the resale of securities vary in length and scope and are generally the result of a negotiation between the issuer and acquiror of the securities. In either case, the Fund would bear market risks during that period. |
Some loans and fixed-income instruments are not readily marketable and could be subject to restrictions on resale. Loans and fixed-income instruments might not be listed on any national securities exchange and no active trading market might exist for certain of the loans and fixed-income instruments in which the Fund invests. Where a secondary market exists, the market for some loans and fixed-income instruments could be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. In addition, events occurring subsequent to an investment by the Fund, including, for example, withdrawals, changes in market, political or other relevant circumstances, could cause some loans and fixed-income instruments that were liquid at the time of acquisition to become illiquid or otherwise cause the Fund’s concentration in illiquid investments to increase. |
Inflation/Deflation Risk. |
Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time—the opposite of inflation. Deflation could have an adverse effect on the creditworthiness of issuers and could make issuer defaults more likely, which could result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio. |
Conflicts of Interest Risk. |
In addition, the Adviser’s investment professionals will, from time to time, acquire confidential or material, non-public information concerning an entity in which the Fund has invested, or propose to invest, and the possession of such information generally will limit the Adviser’s ability to buy or sell particular securities of such entity on behalf of the Fund, thereby limiting the investment opportunities or exit strategies available to the Fund. In addition, holdings in the securities of an issuer by the Adviser or its affiliates will affect the ability of the Fund to make certain acquisitions of, or enter into certain transactions with, such issuer. From time to time, broker-dealers and investment advisers affiliated with the Adviser will also acquire confidential or materialnon-public information concerning entities in which the Fund has invested or proposes to invest, which could restrict the Adviser’s ability to buy or sell (or otherwise transact in) securities of such entities, thus limiting investment opportunities or exit strategies available to the Fund. See “Conflicts of Interest.” |
Uncertain Tax Treatment. |
Complex Transactions/Contingent Liabilities/Guarantees and Indemnities. |
consuming to finance and execute; it can be more difficult to manage or realize value from the assets acquired in such transactions; and such transactions sometimes entail a higher level of regulatory scrutiny or a greater risk of contingent liabilities. Additionally, in connection with certain transactions, the Fund is required to make representations about the business and financial affairs of a portfolio company, provide guarantees in respect of payments by portfolio companies and other third parties and provide indemnities against losses caused by portfolio companies and other third parties. The Fund will, from time to time, also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations are inaccurate. These arrangements could result in the incurrence of contingent liabilities by the Fund, even after the disposition of an investment and ultimately in material losses. |
Availability of Investment Opportunities; Competition. |
The Fund competes for investment opportunities with other investment companies and private investment vehicles, as well as the public debt markets, individuals and financial institutions, including investment banks, commercial banks and insurance companies, business development companies, strategic industry acquirers, hedge funds and other institutional investors, investing directly or through affiliates. Over the past several years, a number of such investment vehicles have been formed (and many such existing entities have grown in size). Additional entities with similar investment objectives could be formed in the future by other unrelated parties. It is possible that competition for appropriate investment opportunities could increase, thus reducing the number of opportunities available to the Fund. Such supply-side competition could adversely affect the terms upon which investments can be made by the Fund. Moreover, transaction sponsors unaffiliated with the Fund or KKR could be reluctant to present investment opportunities to the Fund because of its affiliation with KKR. There can be no assurance that the Adviser will be able to locate and complete investments which satisfy the Fund’s primary investment objective or to realize upon their values. |
Dependence on Key Personnel Risk |
The Adviser’s principals and other key personnel possess substantial experience and expertise and have strong business relationships with members of the business community. The loss of these personnel could jeopardize the Adviser’s relationships with members of the business community and could result in fewer investment opportunities for the Fund. For example, if any of the Adviser’s principals were to join or form a competing firm, the Fund’s results and financial condition could suffer. |
Material Risks of Significant Methods of Analysis. |
Market Developments. |
For example, certain Borrowers could, due to macroeconomic conditions, be unable to repay secured loans. A Borrower’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of the secured loans and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize the Borrower’s ability to meet |
its obligations under its debt securities. The Fund will, from time to time, incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting Borrower. In addition, if one of the Borrowers were to commence bankruptcy proceedings, even though the Fund will have structured its interest as senior debt, depending on the facts and circumstances, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize the Fund’s debt holding and subordinate all or a portion of its claim to that of other creditors. Adverse economic conditions also could decrease the value of collateral securing some of the Fund’s loans and the value of its equity investments. A recession could lead to financial losses in our portfolio and a decrease in revenues, net income and the value of the Fund’s assets. |
These developments could increase the volatility of the value of securities owned by the Fund. These developments also could make it more difficult for the Fund to accurately value its securities or to sell its securities on a timely basis. These developments could adversely affect the ability of the Fund to use leverage for investment purposes and increase the cost of such leverage, which would reduce returns to the holders of shares. These developments also could adversely affect the broader economy, which in turn could adversely affect the ability of issuers of securities owned by the Fund to make payments of principal and interest when due, leading to lower credit ratings of the issuer and increased defaults by the issuer. Such developments could, in turn, reduce the value of securities owned by the Fund and adversely affect the NAV and market price of the Fund’s shares. |
Market Disruptions from Natural Disasters or Geopolitical Risks. |
Government Intervention in the Financial Markets. COVID-19 outbreak. Federal, state, and other governments, their regulatory agencies or self-regulatory organizations could take additional actions that affect the regulation of the securities or Structured Products in which the Fund invests, or |
the issuers of such securities or Structured Products, in ways that are unforeseeable. Borrowers under secured loans held by the Fund could seek protection under the bankruptcy laws. Legislation or regulation could also change the way in which the Fund itself is regulated. Such legislation or regulation could limit or preclude the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. The Adviser monitors developments and seeks to manage the Fund’s portfolio in a manner consistent with achieving the Fund’s investment objective, but there can be no assurance that it will be successful in doing so. |
Portfolio Turnover Risk. |
Anti-Takeover Provisions. open-end status. These provisions could deprive the holders of shares of opportunities to sell their shares at a premium over the then current market price of the shares or at NAV. See “Description of Capital Structure—Anti-Takeover and Certain Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust.” |
Duration Risk. |
Risks Relating to Fund ’ s RIC Status. source-of-income, |
from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income derived with respect to its business of investing in stock or other securities and currencies. The Fund must also meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each quarter of each of its taxable years. Failure to meet these diversification requirements on the last day of a quarter could result in the Fund having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to prevent the loss of RIC status. Any such dispositions could be made at disadvantageous prices or times and could result in substantial losses to the Fund. In addition, in order to be eligible for the special tax treatment accorded RICs, the Fund must meet the annual distribution requirement, requiring it to distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its “investment company taxable income” (generally its taxable ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any) and its net tax-exempt income (if any) to its Shareholders. If the Fund fails to qualify as a RIC for any reason and becomes subject to corporate tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce its net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of its distributions. Such a failure would have a material adverse effect on the Fund and its Shareholders. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions in order tore-qualify as a RIC. |
RIC-Related Risks of Investments GeneratingNon-Cash Taxable Income. |
Cybersecurity . |
operational and security risks. Targeted cyber-attacks or accidental events can lead to breaches in computer and data systems security, and subsequent unauthorized access to sensitive transactional and personal information held or maintained by KKR, its affiliates, and third-party service providers or counterparties. Any breaches that occur could result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to investors and the beneficial owners of investors, and could lead to theft, data corruption, or overall disruption in operational systems. Criminals could use data taken in breaches in identity theft, obtaining loans or payments under false identities and other crimes that have the potential to affect the value of assets in which the Fund invests. These risks have the potential to disrupt KKR’s ability to engage in transactions, cause direct financial loss and reputational damage or lead to violations of applicable laws related to data and privacy protection and consumer protection. Cybersecurity risks also necessitate ongoing prevention and compliance costs. |
Private and Middle Market Companies. |
• | these companies could have limited financial resources and limited access to additional financing, which could increase the risk of their defaulting on their obligations, leaving creditors dependent on any guarantees or collateral they have obtained; |
• | these companies frequently have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which render them more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns; |
• | there will not be as much information publicly available about these companies as would be available for public companies and such information might not be of the same quality; |
• | these companies are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; as a result, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on these companies’ ability to meet their obligations; and |
• | the frequency and volume of the trading of these companies generally is substantially less than is typical of larger companies and as such it could be more difficult for the Fund to exit the investment in the company at its then fair value. |
Risks Arising from Purchases of Debt on a Secondary Basis. |
negotiate the terms of such debt as part of its acquisition and, as a result, these investments might not include some of the covenants and protections the Fund would generally seek. Even if such covenants and protections are included in the investments held by the Fund, the terms of the investments could provide portfolio companies substantial flexibility in determining compliance with such covenants. In addition, the terms on which debt is traded on the secondary market could represent a combination of the general state of the market for such investments and either favorable or unfavorable assessments of particular investments by the sellers thereof. |
Class I Shares | Class D Shares | Class T Shares | Class U Shares | Class PI Shares | Class PT Shares | |||||||||||||||||||
Shareholder Transaction Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum Sales Load (as a percentage of the offering price) 1 | None | 2 | None | 2 | 2.00 | % | None | 2 | None | 2 | 3.00 | % | ||||||||||||
Maximum Deferred Sales Load (as a percentage of the offering price or repurchase proceeds, whichever is lower) | None | None | 1.00 | % 3 | None | None | None |
Annual Expenses (Percentage of Net Assets Attributable to Shares) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Management Fee 4 | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | ||||||||||||
Shareholder Servicing Fee 5 | None | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | None | 0.25 | % | ||||||||||||||
Distribution Fee 6 | None | None | 0.50 | % | 0.50 | % | None | 0.50 | % | |||||||||||||||
Interest Payments on Borrowed Funds 7 | 2.42 | % | 2.42 | % | 2.42 | % | 2.42 | % | 2.42 | % | 2.42 | % | ||||||||||||
Other Expenses 8 | 0.56 | % | 0.56 | % | 0.56 | % | 0.56 | % | 0.56 | % | 0.56 | % | ||||||||||||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 4.73 | % | 4.98 | % | 5.48 | % | 5.48 | % | 4.73 | % | 5.48 | % | ||||||||||||
Expenses Reimbursed 9 | (0.16 | )% | (0.16 | )% | (0.16 | )% | (0.16 | )% | (0.16 | )% | (0.16 | )% | ||||||||||||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Expense Reimbursement | 4.57 | % | 4.82 | % | 5.32 | % | 5.32 | % | 4.57 | % | 5.32 | % | ||||||||||||
1 | The Distributor is the principal underwriter and distributor of the Shares and serves in that capaci ty on a best efforts basis, subject to various conditions. The Distributor has entered intoa Sub-Distribution Agreement with theSub-Distributor. Shares may be offered through selling agents that have entered into selling agreements with the Distributor orSub-Distributor and that are authorized to receive purchase orders and repurchase requests on the Fund’s behalf. Such selling agents may designate other financial intermediaries to receive purchase orders and, if applicable, repurcha se requests from investors on behalf of the Fund and its selling agents. Selling agents typically receive the sales load with respect to Class T Shares and Class PT Shares purchased by their clients. The Distributor does not retain any portion of the sales load. Class T Shares and Class PT Shares are sold subject to a maximum sales load of up to 2.00% and 3.00% of the offering price, respectively. However, purchases of Class T Shares and Class PT Shares may be eligible for a sales load discount. See “Purchase of Shares—Sales Loads.” The selling agents may, in their sole discretion, reduce or waive the sales load on anon-scheduled basis in individual cases. |
2 | While neither the Fund nor the Distributor impose an initial sales charge, if you buy Class I Shares, Class D Shares, Class U Shares or Class PI Shares through certain financial firms, they may directly charge you transaction or other fees in such amounts as they may determine. Any such fees will be in addition to an investor’s investment in the Fund and not deducted therefrom. Please consult your financial firm for additional information. |
3 | A contingent deferred sales charge of 1.00% may be assessed on Class T Shares investments over $250,000 without a sales charge if they are repurchased before the first day of the month of the one-year anniversary of the purchase. |
4 | Pursuant to an investment advisory agreement, the Adviser receives an annual fee, payable monthly by the Fund, in an amount equal to 1.30% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. The Management Fee percentage calculation assumes the use of leverage by the Fund. To derive the annual Management Fee as a percentage of the Fund’s net assets (which are the Fund’s total assets less all of the Fund’s liabilities), the Fund’s Managed Assets were multiplied by the annual Management Fee rate and then divided by the Fund’s net assets. |
5 | The Fund pays the Distributor a Shareholder Servicing Fee that is calculated monthly and accrued daily at an annualized rate of 0.25% of the net assets of the Fund attributable to Class D Shares, Class T Shares, |
Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. The Shareholder Servicing Fee is for personal services provided to Share hol ders and/or the maintenance of Shareholder accounts and to reimburse the Distributor for related expenses incurred. The Distributor generally will pay all or a portion of the Shareholder Servicing Fee to the selling agents that sell Class D Shares, Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. The Shareholder Servicing Fee is governed by the Fund’s Shareholder Servicing Plan and Agreement. |
6 | The Fund pays the Distributor a Distribution Fee that is calculated monthly and accrued daily at an annualized rate of 0.50% of the net assets of the Fund attributable to Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. The Distribution Fee is for the sale and marketing of the Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares and to reimburse the Distributor for related expenses incurred. The Distributor generally will pay all or a portion of the Distribution Fee to the selling agents that sell Class T Shares, Class U Shares and Class PT Shares. Payment of the Distribution Fee is governed by the Fund’s Distribution and Service Plan. |
7 | The table assumes the use of leverage in an amount equal to 25.8% of the Fund’s Managed Assets (after the leverage is incurred), which equates to 34.8% of the Fund’s net assets, and assumes the annual interest rate on borrowings is 6.97%. The Fund’s actual interest costs associated with leverage may differ from the estimates above. |
8 | “Other Expenses” are estimated based on anticipated expenses for the Fund’s current fiscal year. “Other Expenses” include professional fees and other expenses, including, without limitation, filing fees, printing fees, administration fees, investor servicing fees, custody fees, trustee fees and insurance costs. |
9 | Pursuant to an Amended and Restated Expense Limitation and Reimbursement Agreement, through February 28, 2025, the Adviser has agreed to waive its fees and/or reimburse expenses of the Fund so that certain of the Fund’s expenses (“Specified Expenses”) will not exceed 0.40% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (annualized). The Fund has agreed to repay these amounts on a monthly basis, but only if and to the extent that Specified Expenses are less than 0.40% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (annualized) (or, if a lower expense limit is then in effect, such lower limit) within the 36-month period after the Adviser bears the expense. This arrangement cannot be terminated prior to February 28, 2025 without the Board’s consent. “Specified Expenses” is defined to include all expenses incurred in the business of the Fund, including organizational costs, with the exception of (i) the Management Fee, (ii) the Shareholder Servicing Fee, (iii) the Distribution Fee, (iv) brokerage costs, (v) dividend/interest payments (including any dividend payments, interest expenses, commitment fees, or other expenses related to any leverage incurred by the Fund), (vi) taxes, and (vii) extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser). |
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
Total Expenses Incurred | $ | 46 | $ | 141 | $ | 237 | $ | 479 |
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
Total Expenses Incurred | $ | 48 | $ | 148 | $ | 248 | $ | 498 |
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
Total Expenses Incurred | $ | 72 | $ | 179 | $ | 284 | $ | 544 |
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
Total Expenses Incurred | $ | 53 | $ | 162 | $ | 270 | $ | 534 |
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
Total Expenses Incurred | $ | 46 | $ | 141 | $ | 237 | $ | 479 |
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
Total Expenses Incurred | $ | 82 | $ | 187 | $ | 291 | $ | 548 |
1 | The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those shown. |
Year Ended October 31, 2023 | Period from Commencement of Operations to October 31, 2022*** | |||||||
Class D | ||||||||
Per share operating performance | ||||||||
Net asset value, beginning of period | $ | 20.09 | $ | 25.00 | ||||
Income (loss) from investment operations | ||||||||
Net investment income (1) | 1.78 | 1.28 | ||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 1.09 | (4.66 | ) | |||||
Total from investment operations | 2.87 | (3.38 | ) | |||||
Distributions from | ||||||||
Net investment income | (1.79 | ) | (1.50 | ) | ||||
Realized gains | — | (0.03 | ) | |||||
Total distributions | (1.79 | ) | (1.53 | ) | ||||
Net Asset Value, end of period | $ | 21.17 | $ | 20.09 | ||||
Total return † (2) | 14.72 | % | (14.09 | )% | ||||
Ratios to average net assets | ||||||||
Expenses, before reimbursement | 5.30 | % | 3.60 | %** | ||||
Expenses, after reimbursement | 5.10 | % | 3.52 | %** | ||||
Net investment income, before reimbursement | 8.31 | % | 7.65 | %** | ||||
Net investment income, after reimbursement | 8.51 | % | 7.74 | %** | ||||
Supplemental data | ||||||||
Net assets, end of period (000’s) | $ | 2,629 | $ | 3,313 | ||||
Portfolio turnover rate* | 39 | % | 25 | % (2) |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares. |
(2) | Total return and Portfolio turnover rate are for the period indicated and have not been annualized. |
† | Total return assumes a purchase of common stock at the net asset value on the first day and a sale at the net asset value on the last day of each period reported on the table. Total return assumes reinvestment of dividends and distributions at prices obtained pursuant to the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. |
* | Portfolio turnover is calculated on the basis of the Fund as a whole. |
** | Annualized. |
*** | The date of commencement of operations for Class D Shares was January 31, 2022. |
Year Ended October 31, | Period from Commencement of Operations to October 31, 2020*** | |||||||||||||||
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Class I | ||||||||||||||||
Per share operating performance | ||||||||||||||||
Net asset value, beginning of period | $ | 21.66 | $ | 27.42 | $ | 26.08 | $ | 25.00 | ||||||||
Income (loss) from investment operations | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income (1) | 1.99 | 1.90 | 1.67 | 1.01 | ||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 1.15 | (5.52 | ) | 1.69 | 1.10 | |||||||||||
Total from investment operations | 3.14 | (3.62 | ) | 3.36 | 2.11 | |||||||||||
Distributions from | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | (1.99 | ) | (2.11 | ) | (1.66 | ) | (1.03 | ) | ||||||||
Realized gains | — | (0.03 | ) | (0.36 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Total distributions | (1.99 | ) | (2.14 | ) | (2.02 | ) | (1.03 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value, end of period | $ | 22.81 | $ | 21.66 | $ | 27.42 | $ | 26.08 | ||||||||
Total return † (2) | 14.88 | % | (13.72 | )% | 12.81 | % | 8.71 | % | ||||||||
Ratios to average net assets | ||||||||||||||||
Expenses, before reimbursement | 5.07 | % | 3.14 | % | 2.32 | % | 3.84 | %** | ||||||||
Expenses, after reimbursement | 4.86 | % | 3.09 | % | 2.02 | % | 1.68 | %** | ||||||||
Net investment income, before reimbursement | 8.55 | % | 7.60 | % | 5.73 | % | 3.91 | %** | ||||||||
Net investment income, after reimbursement | 8.77 | % | 7.65 | % | 6.03 | % | 6.06 | %** | ||||||||
Supplemental data | ||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period (000’s) | $ | 232,290 | $ | 216,971 | $ | 211,181 | $ | 106,962 | ||||||||
Portfolio turnover rate* | 39 | % | 25 | % | 78 | % | 66 | % (2) |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares. |
(2) | Total return and Portfolio turnover rate are for the period indicated and have not been annualized. |
† | Total return assumes a purchase of common stock at the net asset value on the first day and a sale at the net asset value on the last day of each period reported on the table. Total return assumes reinvestment of dividends and distributions at prices obtained pursuant to the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. |
* | Portfolio turnover is calculated on the basis of the Fund as a whole. |
** | Annualized. |
*** | The date of commencement of operations for Class I Shares was February 28, 2020. |
Year Ended October 31, | Period from Commencement of Operations to October 31, 2020*** | |||||||||||||||
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Class T | ||||||||||||||||
Per share operating performance | ||||||||||||||||
Net asset value, beginning of period | $ | 21.46 | $ | 27.17 | $ | 25.83 | $ | 25.00 | ||||||||
Income (loss) from investment operations | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income (1) | 1.80 | 1.69 | 1.45 | 0.61 | ||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 1.14 | (5.47 | ) | 1.68 | 0.83 | |||||||||||
Total from investment operations | 2.94 | (3.78 | ) | 3.13 | 1.44 | |||||||||||
Distributions from | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | (1.81 | ) | (1.90 | ) | (1.43 | ) | (0.61 | ) | ||||||||
Realized gains | — | (0.03 | ) | (0.36 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Total distributions | (1.81 | ) | (1.93 | ) | (1.79 | ) | (0.61 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value, end of period | $ | 22.59 | $ | 21.46 | $ | 27.17 | $ | 25.83 | ||||||||
Total return † (2) | 14.08 | % | (14.40 | )% | 12.03 | % | 6.65 | % | ||||||||
Ratios to average net assets | ||||||||||||||||
Expenses, before reimbursement | 5.82 | % | 3.86 | % | 3.04 | % | 3.54 | %** | ||||||||
Expenses, after reimbursement | 5.61 | % | 3.82 | % | 2.78 | % | 2.49 | %** | ||||||||
Net investment income, before reimbursement | 7.81 | % | 6.82 | % | 5.00 | % | 4.65 | %** | ||||||||
Net investment income, after reimbursement | 8.02 | % | 6.86 | % | 5.27 | % | 5.70 | %** | ||||||||
Supplemental data | ||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period (000’s) | $ | 25,295 | $ | 24,724 | $ | 26,121 | $ | 8,243 | ||||||||
Portfolio turnover rate* | 39 | % | 25 | % | 78 | % | 66 | (2) |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares. |
(2) | Total return and Portfolio turnover rate are for the period indicated and have not been annualized. |
† | Total return assumes a purchase of common stock at the net asset value on the first day and a sale at the net asset value on the last day of each period reported on the table. Total return assumes reinvestment of dividends and distributions at prices obtained pursuant to the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. |
* | Portfolio turnover is calculated on the basis of the Fund as a whole. |
** | Annualized. |
*** | The date of commencement of operations for Class T Shares was June 1, 2020. |
Year Ended October 31, | Period from Commencement of Operations to October 31, 2020*** | |||||||||||||||
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Class U | ||||||||||||||||
Per share operating performance | ||||||||||||||||
Net asset value, beginning of period | $ | 20.65 | $ | 26.18 | $ | 25.00 | $ | 25.00 | ||||||||
Income (loss) from investment operations | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income (1) | 1.74 | 1.64 | 1.44 | — | ||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 1.09 | (5.27 | ) | 1.52 | — | |||||||||||
Total from investment operations | 2.83 | (3.63 | ) | 2.96 | — | |||||||||||
Distributions from | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | (1.74 | ) | (1.87 | ) | (1.42 | ) | — | |||||||||
Realized gains | — | (0.03 | ) | (0.36 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Total distributions | (1.74 | ) | (1.90 | ) | (1.78 | ) | — | |||||||||
Net Asset Value, end of period | $ | 21.74 | $ | 20.65 | $ | 26.18 | $ | 25.00 | ||||||||
Total return † (2) | 14.10 | % | (14.48 | )% | 11.69 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||
Ratios to average net assets | ||||||||||||||||
Expenses, before reimbursement | 5.83 | % | 3.92 | % | 3.01 | % | 0.00 | %** | ||||||||
Expenses, after reimbursement | 5.62 | % | 3.86 | % | 2.87 | % | 0.00 | %** | ||||||||
Net investment income, before reimbursement | 7.80 | % | 6.89 | % | 5.29 | % | 0.00 | %** | ||||||||
Net investment income, after reimbursement | 8.01 | % | 6.94 | % | 5.43 | % | 0.00 | %** | ||||||||
Supplemental data | ||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period (000’s) | $ | 378,213 | $ | 259,440 | $ | 208,262 | $ | 7,421 | ||||||||
Portfolio turnover rate* | 39 | % | 25 | % | 78 | % | 66 | % (2) |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares. |
(2) | Total return and portfolio turnover rate are for the period indicated and have not been annualized. |
† | Total return assumes a purchase of common stock at the net asset value on the first day and a sale at the net asset value on the last day of each period reported on the table. Total return assumes reinvestment of dividends and distributions at prices obtained pursuant to the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. |
* | Portfolio turnover is calculated on the basis of the Fund as a whole. |
** | Annualized. |
*** | The date of commencement of operations for Class U Shares was September 1, 2020. |
Fiscal Year Ended | Total Amount Outstanding | Asset Coverage Per $1,000 (1) | ||||||
October 31, 2020 | $ | 5,538,241 | $ | 23,142 | ||||
October 31, 2021 | $ | 148,684,939 | $ | 3,997 | ||||
October 31, 2022 | $ | 222,594,402 | $ | 3,266 | ||||
October 31, 2023 | $ | 221,898,946 | $ | 3,877 |
1 | Asset coverage per $1,000 of debt is calculated by subtracting the Fund’s liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities from the Fund’s total assets, dividing the result by the aggregate amount of the Fund’s senior securities representing indebtedness then outstanding, and multiplying the result by 1,000. |
• | Market Dislocations and Relative Value |
• | Event Driven |
• | Proprietary Sourcing |
• | Stressed Credits |
• | Structured Products |
• | Illiquidity Premium |
• | Asset-Based Finance |
• | Junior Debt pay-in-kind non-convertible equity—issued by companies in defensive sectors. |
• | Direct Lending |
• | a “One-Firm” approach to investing, which integrates KKR’s resources across regions and asset classes and KKR’s history of investing across more than three decades of economic cycles and market fluctuations; |
• | a global presence, where KKR is “local” in major markets in North America, Europe and Asia, enhancing the Adviser’s ability to identify market dislocations early, move capital to the most attractive regions and efficiently and effectively execute on corresponding investment opportunities; |
• | Access to approximately 551 non-credit investment professionals from across the broader KKR global platform responsible for private equity, infrastructure, and real estate investing, among others; |
• | a stressed and distressed investments team housed within the Adviser, located in San Francisco, New York and London, that has extensive experience in identifying, evaluating and structuring investments up and down the capital structure from secured debt to equity and bespoke structured credits; |
• | a global macro and asset allocation team, which provides the Adviser with research and outlooks on the changing dynamics in the global economy. This capability augments research conducted by its investment professionals and helps the Adviser to quickly develop formal macro views in its due diligence, whether around broad macro themes or specific regional, country or market opportunities; |
• | dynamic trading ability, which allows the Adviser to move quickly into liquid credit and equity markets and take advantage of real-time market movements and dislocations with a view to creating incremental value for the Fund; |
• | stakeholder management capabilities, including a dedicated Public Affairs team, which the Adviser believes provides it with an advantage in conducting due diligence, proactively managing its portfolio through governmental, regulatory, labor or environmental issues and sourcing new investments; |
• | a network of Senior Advisors, who have held leading executive roles in major global corporations and provide KKR with operational and strategic insights and help it evaluate individual investment opportunities; and |
• | a “One-Firm” compensation and incentive structure and approach to investing, which allows KKR to act as a single team focused on finding the best investments and creating the best returns for its investors. |
• | Leading Market Positions. The Adviser seeks to invest in companies with more defensible market positions, stronger franchises and operations and better credit characteristics than their peers. The Adviser focuses on the quality of product, employees, managers, facilities, systems and processes. |
• | Strong Cash Flow. The Adviser seeks to invest in companies that generate free cash flow, and that benefit from material investments from well-known equity investors. The ability of a company to meet interest obligations, repay debt and deleverage over time generally is a function of its ability to generate free cash flow. An ability to generate stable and predictable cash flows is an indicator of long-term financial health. |
• | Experienced Management Teams. The Adviser intends to prioritize companies with strong, existing management teams that it believes have a clear strategic vision, long-standing experience in their industry and a successful operating track record. The Adviser expects to favor companies in which management’s incentives appear to be closely aligned with major capital providers. |
• | Stage of Business Life Cycle. The Adviser intends to seek mature, public and privately owned businesses that have long track records of stable, positive cash flow. The Adviser does not intend to invest instart-up companies or companies with speculative business plans. |
• | Attractive Industries. While the Adviser considers opportunities within all industries, it prioritizes industries having, in its view, favorable characteristics from a lending perspective. For example, the Adviser seeks companies in established industries with stable competitive and regulatory frameworks, where the main participants enjoy predictable, low volatility earnings. The Adviser gives less emphasis to industries that are frequently characterized by less predictable and more volatile earnings. |
• | Environmental, Social and Governance ( “ ESG ” ) and Sustainability Risks . In 2020, KKR published a Responsible Investment Policy that describes its approach to consideringESG-related issues across KKR’s businesses, including the Adviser. KKR will assess ESG risks on aninvestment-by-investment |
• | Distressed Investments and Stressed Investments. The Adviser, from time to time, also invests in companies that are under stress and do not meet the above criteria. In such circumstances, the Adviser invests based on the Adviser’s view of strong risk-adjusted return. These opportunities can present an attractive risk-reward profile for the Fund based on the Adviser’s due diligence process. The Adviser considers distressed investments in corporate debt or equity issued by companies that have defaulted on their debt obligations, have filed for insolvency or are selling at sufficiently discounted prices where the Adviser believes that if the companies do not default, such investments will yield attractive risk-adjusted returns. From time to time, the Adviser will also acquire “dislocated” fixed-income instruments of companies that are rated below investment grade and selling at a discount to par or yield greater than what the Adviser believes is typical for companies in similar situations. Market inefficiencies in these circumstances could, for example, be due to a lack of financial market following, a misunderstanding in the market of particular industries or companies or industries that are out of favor with the investor community. In times of particular dislocation and irrational market behavior, the Adviser could attempt to trade around specific portfolio positions opportunistically to capture excess returns based on its fundamental research-driven process. |
Assumed Portfolio Total Return (net of expenses) | (10.00 | )% | (5.00 | )% | 0.00 | % | 5.00 | % | 10.00 | % | ||||||||||
Share Total Return | (18.49 | )% | (10.99 | )% | (3.49 | )% | 4.02 | % | 11.52 | % |
• | these companies could have limited financial resources and limited access to additional financing, which could increase the risk of their defaulting on their obligations, leaving creditors dependent on any guarantees or collateral they have obtained; |
• | these companies frequently have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which render them more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns; |
• | there will not be as much information publicly available about these companies as would be available for public companies and such information might not be of the same quality; |
• | these companies are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; as a result, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on these companies’ ability to meet their obligations; and |
• | the frequency and volume of the trading of these companies generally is substantially less than is typical of larger companies and as such it could be more difficult for the Fund to exit the investment in the company at its then fair value. |
• | The members, officers and other personnel of the Adviser allocate their time, resources and other services between the Fund and other investment and business activities in which they are involved, including other funds, investment vehicles and accounts managed by KKR. The Adviser intends to devote such time as shall be necessary to conduct the Fund’s business affairs in an appropriate manner. However, the Adviser will continue to devote the time, resources and other services necessary to managing its other investment and business activities, and the Adviser is not precluded from conducting activities unrelated to the Fund. Substantial time will be spent by such members, officers and personnel monitoring the investments of other funds, investment vehicles and accounts managed by KKR. |
• | The Adviser will, at times, compete with certain of its affiliates, including other entities it manages, for investments for the Fund, subjecting the Adviser to certain conflicts of interest in evaluating the suitability of investment opportunities and making or recommending acquisitions on the Fund’s behalf. The Adviser will receive advisory and other fees from the other entities it manages, and due to fee-offset provisions contained in the management agreements for such entities, the fees, at times, will not be proportionate to such entities’ investment accounts for any given transaction and the Adviser will have an incentive to favor entities from which it receives higher fees. |
• | The Fund has adopted the Adviser’s allocation policy, which is designed to fairly and equitably distribute investment opportunities over time among funds or pools of capital managed by the Adviser, which may include proprietary accounts, including investment or co-investment vehicles established for personnel of KKR or its affiliates. The Adviser’s allocation policy provides that once an investment has been approved and is deemed to be in the Fund’s best interest, the Fund will receive a pro rata share of the investment based on capital available for investment in the asse t class being allocated. |
Determinations as to the amount of capital available for investment are based on such factors as: the amount of cash on-hand, existing commitments and reserves, the targeted leverage level, the targeted asset mix and diversification requirements, other investment policies and restrictions and limitations imposed by applicable laws, rules, regulations or interpretations. The outcome of this determination will result in the allocation of all, some or none of an investment opportunity to the Fund. In addition, subject to applicable law, affiliates of the Adviser will, from time to time, invest in one of the Fund’s portfolio companies and hold a different class of securities than the Fund. To the extent that an affiliate of the Adviser holds a different class of securities than the Fund, its interests might not be aligned with the Fund’s. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser will act in the best interest of the Fund in accordance with its fiduciary duty to the Fund. |
• | The appropriate allocation among the Fund and other KKR funds and accounts of expenses and fees generated in the course of evaluating and making investments often will not be clear, especially where more than one KKR fund or account participates. The Adviser will determine, in its sole discretion, the appropriate allocation of investment-related expenses, including broken deal expenses incurred in respect of unconsummated investments and expenses more generally relating to a particular investment strategy, among the funds and accounts participating or that would have participated in such investments or that otherwise participate in the relevant investment strategy, as applicable, which could result in the Fund bearing more or less of these expenses than other participants or potential participants in the relevant investments. |
• | The compensation payable by the Fund to the Adviser will be approved by the Board consistent with the exercise of the requisite standard of care applicable to trustees under state law. Such compensation is payable, in most cases, regardless of the quality of the assets acquired, the services provided to the Fund or whether the Fund makes distributions to Shareholders. |
• | The Adviser and its affiliates will, at times, provide a broad range of financial services to companies in which the Fund invests, in compliance with applicable law, and will generally be paid fees for such services. In addition, affiliates of the Adviser could act as an underwriter or placement agent in connection with an offering of securities by one of the companies in the Fund’s portfolio. Any compensation received by the Adviser and its affiliates for providing these services will not be shared with the Fund and could be received before the Fund realizes a return on its investment. The Adviser will face conflicts of interest with respect to services performed for these companies, on the one hand, and investments recommended to the Fund, on the other hand. |
• | KKR engages in a broad range of business activities and invests in portfolio companies and other issuers whose operations could be substantially similar to the issuers of the Fund’s portfolio investments. The performance and operation of such competing businesses could conflict with and adversely affect the performance and operation of the issuers of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could adversely affect the prices and availability of business opportunities or transactions available to these issuers. |
• | From time to time, to the extent consistent with the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, or with exemptive relief the Fund receives from the SEC, if any, the Fund and other clients for which the Adviser provides investment management services or carries on investment activities (including, among others, clients that are employee benefit plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and related regulations) will make investments at different levels of an investment entity’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s securities. These investments inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities held by the Fund and such other clients, including in the case of financial distress of the investment entity. |
• | KKR and the Adviser sponsor and advise, and expect in the future to sponsor and advise, a broad range of investment funds, vehicles and other accounts, including proprietary vehicles, that make investments worldwide. KKR will, from time to time, also make investments for its own account, including, for |
example, through investment and co-investment vehicles established for KKR personnel and associates. The Adviser and its affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships (including, among others, relationships with clients that are employee benefit plans subject to ERISA and related regulations) or from engaging in other business activities, even to the extent such activities are in competition with the Fund and/or involve substantial time and resources of the Adviser. For example, the Adviser could invest, on behalf of an affiliated fund, in a company that is a competitor of one of the Fund’s portfolio companies or that is a service provider, supplier, customer or other counterparty with respect to one of the Fund’s portfolio companies or the Adviser could, on behalf of other entities it manages, acquire assets originated by, or provide financing to, portfolio companies and other issuers in which the Fund invests. In providing advice and recommendations to, or with respect to, such investments and in dealing in such investments on behalf of such other affiliated fund, to the extent permitted by law, the Adviser or its affiliates will not take into consideration the interests of the Fund and its portfolio investments and issuers thereof. Accordingly, such advice, recommendations and dealings will result in conflicts of interest for the Adviser. In addition, the Adviser’s ability to effectively implement the Fund’s investment strategies will be limited to the extent that contractual obligations relating to these permitted activities restrict the Adviser’s ability to engage in transactions that it would otherwise be interested in pursuing. Affiliates of the Adviser, whose primary business includes the origination of investments, engage in investment advisory business with accounts that compete with the Fund. |
• | The Adviser and its affiliates will, from time to time, give advice and recommend securities to other clients that differs from, or is contrary to, advice given to or securities recommended or bought for the Fund even though their investment objectives are similar to the Fund’s. |
• | To the extent not restricted by confidentiality requirements or applicable law, the Adviser will, from time to time, apply experience and information gained in providing services to the Fund’s portfolio companies in providing services to competing companies invested in by affiliates’ other clients, which could have adverse consequences for the Fund or its portfolio investments. In addition, in providing services in respect of such portfolio companies and other issuers of portfolio investments, the Adviser or its affiliates will, from time to time, come into possession of information that it is prohibited from acting on (including on behalf of the Fund) or disclosing as a result of applicable confidentiality requirements or applicable law, even though such action or disclosure would be in the interests of the Fund. |
• | As a registered investment company, the Fund is limited in its ability to make investments in issuers in which the Adviser or its affiliates’ other clients have an investment. The Fund is limited in its ability to co-invest with the Adviser or one or more of its affiliates without an exemptive order from the SEC. On January 5, 2021, the SEC issued an exemptive order granting exemptive relief that expanded the Fund’s ability toco-invest with certain of its affiliates in privately negotiated transactions subject to the conditions specified in the exemptive order. |
• | On February 1, 2021, KKR acquired control of Global Atlantic Financial Group Limited (“Global Atlantic”), a retirement and life insurance company. KKR, including the Adviser, will serve as Global Atlantic’s investment manager. KKR, including the Adviser, generally expects to treat any Global Atlantic account as a client account for the purposes of allocating investment opportunities and related fees and expenses. Certain Global Atlantic accounts may co-invest alongside the Fund in some or all investments in the Fund’s Private Credit Strategy. Due to the limited nature of many Private Credit investment opportunities, we expect that participation by Global Atlantic accounts inco-investment transactions will generally reduce the allocations otherwise available to otherco-investing accounts, including the Fund. The establishment of Global Atlantic accounts investing directly in the Private Credit Strategy investments will create a conflict of interest in that KKR will be incentivized to allocate more attractive investments and scarce investment opportunities to these proprietary entities and accounts rather than to the Fund. To mitigate this conflict, KKR will allocate investment opportunities in a manner that is consistent with an allocation methodology established by KKR and its affiliates |
(including the Adviser), as described above, in a manner designed to ensure allocations of such opportunities are made on a fair and equitable basis over time. |
• | The Fund depends to a significant extent on the Adviser’s access to the investment professionals and senior management of KKR and the information and deal flow generated by the KKR investment professionals and senior management during the normal course of their investment and portfolio management activities. The senior management and the investment professionals of the Adviser source, evaluate, analyze and monitor the Fund’s investments. The Fund’s future success will depend on the continued service of the senior management team and investment professionals of the Adviser. |
• | The Adviser’s relationship with other advisory clients and with KKR could create a conflict of interest to the extent the Adviser becomes aware of inside information concerning investments or potential investment targets. KKR has adopted information-sharing policies and procedures which address both (i) the handling of confidential information and (ii) the information barrier that exists between the public and private sides of KKR. KKR has compliance functions to administer KKR’s information-sharing policies and procedures and monitor potential conflicts of interest. The Fund cannot assure its investors, however, that these procedures and practices will be effective. Although the Fund plans to leverage KKR’s firm-wide resources to help source, conduct due diligence on, structure, syndicate and create value for the Fund’s investments (to the extent permitted by applicable law), KKR’s information-sharing policies and procedures referenced above, as well as certain legal, contractual and tax constraints, could significantly limit KKR’s ability to do so. For example, from time to time KKR’s personnel will be in possession of material non-public information with respect to the Fund’s investments or potential investments, and as a result, such professionals will be restricted by KKR’s information-sharing policies or by law or contract, from sharing such information with the KKR professionals responsible for making the Fund’s investment decisions, even where the disclosure of such information would be in the best interest of the Fund or would otherwise influence the decisions taken by such investment professionals with respect to such investment or potential investment. In addition, this conflict and these procedures and practices could limit the freedom of the Adviser to enter into or exit from potentially profitable investments for the Fund which could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s results of operations. Conversely, the Adviser could pursue investments for the Fund without obtaining access to confidential information otherwise in its or KKR’s possession, which information, if reviewed, might otherwise impact the Adviser’s judgment with respect to such investments. Accordingly, as a result of such restrictions, the investment activities of KKR’s other businesses will differ from, or be inconsistent with, the interests of and activities that are undertaken for the Fund and there can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to fully leverage all of the available resources and industry expertise of KKR’s other businesses. Additionally, there will be circumstances in which one or more individuals associated with the Adviser will be precluded from providing services to the Fund because of certain confidential information available to those individuals or to other parts of KKR. |
• | The nature of the Adviser’s businesses and the participation by its employees in creditors’ committees, steering committees or boards of directors of portfolio companies will, from time to time, result in the Adviser receiving material non-public information from time to time with respect to publicly held companies or otherwise becoming an “insider” with respect to such companies. With limited exceptions, KKR does not establish information barriers between its internal investment teams. Trading by KKR on the basis of such information, or improperly disclosing such information, could be restricted pursuant to applicable law and/or internal policies and procedures adopted by KKR to promote compliance with applicable law. Accordingly, the possession of “inside information” or “insider” status with respect to such an issuer by KKR or KKR personnel could, including where an appropriate information barrier does not exist between the relevant investment professionals or has been “crossed” by such professionals, significantly restrict the ability of the Adviser to deal in the securities of that issuer on behalf of the Fund, which could adversely impact the Fund, including by preventing the execution of an otherwise advisable purchase or sale transaction in a particular security |
until such information ceases to be regarded as material non-public information, which could have an adverse effect on the overall performance of such investment. In addition, affiliates of KKR in possession of such information could be prevented from disclosing such information to the Adviser, even where the disclosure of such information would be in the interests of the Fund. From time to time, the Adviser will also be subject to contractual “stand-still” obligations and/or confidentiality obligations that restrict its ability to trade in certain securities on behalf of the Fund. In certain circumstances, the Fund or the Adviser will engage an independent agent to dispose of securities of issuers in which KKR could be deemed to have materialnon-public information on behalf of the Fund. Such independent agent could dispose of the relevant securities for a price that is lower than the Adviser’s valuation of such securities which could take into account the materialnon-public information known to KKR in respect of the relevant issuer |
• | The Adviser could develop new businesses such as providing investment banking, advisory and other services to corporations, financial sponsors, management or other persons. Such services could relate to transactions that could give rise to investment opportunities that are suitable for the Fund. In such case, the Adviser’s client would typically require the Adviser to act exclusively on its behalf, thereby precluding the Fund from participating in such investment opportunities. The Adviser would not be obligated to decline any such engagements in order to make an investment opportunity available to the Fund. In addition, the Adviser could come into the possession of information through these new businesses that limits the Fund’s ability to engage in potential transactions. |
• | The 1940 Act limits the Fund’s ability to invest in, or hold securities of, companies that are controlled by funds managed by KKR. Any such investments could create conflicts of interest between the Fund, the Adviser and KKR. The Adviser will also have, or enter into, advisory relationships with other advisory clients (including, among others, employee benefit plans subject to ERISA and related regulations) that could lead to circumstances in which a conflict of interest between the Adviser’s advisory clients could exist or develop. In addition, to the extent that another client of the Adviser or KKR holds a different class of securities than the Fund, the interest of such client and the Fund might not be aligned. As a result of these conflicts and restrictions, the Adviser could be unable to implement the Fund’s investment strategies as effectively as it could have in the absence of such conflicts or restrictions. In order to avoid these conflicts and restrictions, the Adviser could choose to exit these investments prematurely and, as a result, the Fund would forgo any future positive returns associated with such investments. |
• | Certain other KKR client accounts or proprietary accounts have investment objectives, programs, strategies and positions that are similar to, or conflict with, those of the Fund, or compete with, or have interests adverse to, the Fund. This type of conflict could affect the prices and availability of the securities or interests in which the Fund invests. KKR will, from time to time, give advice or take action with respect to the investments held by, and transactions of, other KKR client accounts or proprietary accounts that could be different from or otherwise inconsistent with the advice given or timing or nature of any action taken with respect to the investments held by, and timing or nature of any action taken with respect to the investments held by, and transactions of, the Fund. Such different advice and/or inconsistent actions could be due to a variety of reasons, including, without limitation, the differences between the investment objective, program, strategy and tax treatment of the other KKR client accounts or proprietary accounts and the Fund or the regulatory status of other KKR client accounts and any related restrictions or obligations imposed on KKR as a fiduciary thereof. Such advice and actions could adversely impact the Fund. |
• | KKR, for its own account or for the account of other KKR clients, could enter into real estate-related transactions with Fund portfolio companies. Such transactions could include, for example, buying or selling real estate assets, acquiring or entering into leasing arrangements or amending such arrangements or transferring options or rights of first refusal to acquire real estate assets. Such transactions, which do not involve securities, are not governed by restrictions on principal transactions and cross transactions but are subject to specific policies and procedures established by KKR to manage related conflicts. |
• | The 1940 Act prohibits the Fund from participating in certain transactions with certain of its affiliates including an Adviser-affiliated broker-dealer. The Fund generally is prohibited, for example, from buying or selling any securities from or to another client of the Adviser or of KKR. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of the Fund’s affiliates, which in certain circumstances could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times to the extent the transaction involves jointness) or transactions in which a broker-dealer affiliated with the Adviser participates as principal with the Fund. If a person acquires more than 25% of the Fund’s voting securities, the Fund will generally be prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such person or certain of that person’s affiliates, or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons. Similar restrictions limit the Fund’s ability to transact business with its officers or trustees or their affiliates. The SEC has interpreted the 1940 Act rules governing transactions with affiliates to prohibit certain “joint transactions” involving entities that share a common investment adviser. As a result of these restrictions, the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to the Fund will be limited. These investment opportunities will generally be made available to other funds, vehicles and accounts advised by the Adviser that are not subject to similar restrictions under the 1940 Act. |
• | Shareholders of the Fund are based in a wide variety of jurisdictions and take a wide variety of forms. Accordingly, they could have conflicting regulatory, legal, investment, tax and other interests with respect to their investments in the Fund. The conflicting interests of individual Shareholders relate to or arise from, among other things, the nature of investments made by the Fund, the selection, structuring, acquisition and management of investments, the timing of disposition of investments, internal investment policies of the Shareholders and their target risk/return profiles. As a consequence, conflicts of interest could arise in connection with decisions made by the Adviser, including with respect to the nature or structuring of investments, which could be more beneficial for one Shareholder than for another Shareholder, especially with respect to Shareholders’ individual tax situations. In addition, the Fund could make investments that have a negative impact on related investments made by the Fund in separate transactions. In selecting and structuring investments appropriate for the Fund, the Adviser will consider the investment and tax objectives of the Fund and its Shareholders as a whole, not the investment, tax or other objectives of any Shareholder individually. |
Regular Mail KKR Credit Opportunities Portfolio c/o SS&C GIDS, Inc. PO Box 219302 Kansas City, MO 64121-9302 | Overnight or Express Mail KKR Credit Opportunities Portfolio c/o SS&C GIDS, Inc. 430 W. 7th Street, Suite 219302 Kansas City, Missouri 64105 |
• | If ownership is being changed on your account; |
• | When redemption proceeds are payable or sent to any person, address, or bank account not on record; |
• | When a redemption request is received by the Transfer Agent and the account address has changed within the last 15 calendar days |
• | For all redemptions in excess of $100,000 where proceeds are requested to be sent by check |
Your Investment | As a % of the offering price | As a % of net amount invested | Dealer’s concession as % of the offering price | |||||||||
Up to $100,000 | 2.00 | % | 2.04 | % | None | |||||||
$100,000 to $249,999 | 1.00 | % | 1.01 | % | None | |||||||
$250,000 and over | None | 0.00 | % | 1.00 | % |
Your Investment | As a % of the offering price | As a % of net amount invested | Dealer’s concession as % of the offering price | |||||||||
Up to $100,000 | 3.00 | % | 3.09 | % | None | |||||||
$100,000 to $249,999 | 2.50 | % | 2.56 | % | None | |||||||
$250,000 to $499,999 | 2.00 | % | 2.04 | % | None | |||||||
$500,000 and over | 1.50 | % | 1.52 | % | None |
1. | Shares acquired by reinvestment of dividends and capital gain distributions (always free of a CDSC); |
2. | Shares held for one year or more; and |
3. | Shares held before the first anniversary of their purchase. |
• | Which Share classes are available to you; |
• | The amount you intend to invest; |
• | How long you expect to own the Shares; and |
• | Total costs and expenses associated with a particular Share class. |
Title of Class | Amount Authorized | Amount Held by the Fund for its Own Account | Amount Outstanding | |||||||
Class I Shares | Unlimited | None | 10,408,051 | |||||||
Class D Shares | Unlimited | None | 124,165 | |||||||
Class T Shares | Unlimited | None | 1,150,858 | |||||||
Class U Shares | Unlimited | None | 18,033,596 | |||||||
Class PI Shares | Unlimited | None | 0 | |||||||
Class PT Shares | Unlimited | None | 0 |
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
Registration No. 333-233709
KKR CREDIT OPPORTUNITIES PORTFOLIO
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
KKR Credit Opportunities Portfolio (the “Fund”) is a diversified, closed-end management investment company that continuously offers its shares (the “Shares”) and is operated as an “interval fund.” This Statement of Additional Information does not constitute a prospectus but should be read in conjunction with the prospectus relating thereto dated January 26, 2024, as supplemented to date. This Statement of Additional Information does not include all information that a prospective investor should consider before purchasing Shares, and investors should obtain and read the prospectus prior to purchasing such Shares. A copy of the prospectus may be obtained without charge by calling toll-free (855) 844-8655. You may also obtain a copy of the prospectus on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) website (http://www.sec.gov). Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Statement of Additional Information have the meanings ascribed to them in the prospectus.
This Statement of Additional Information is dated January 26, 2024, as supplemented August 26, 2024.
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A-1 |
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE
The Fund’s investment objective is to seek to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns and high current income. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
Fundamental Restrictions
The following are fundamental investment restrictions of the Fund and may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities (which for this purpose and under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), means the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s voting securities present at a meeting at which more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities are present or represented by proxy or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities). Except as otherwise noted, all percentage limitations set forth below apply immediately after a purchase and any subsequent change in any applicable percentage resulting from market fluctuations does not require any action. With respect to the limitations on the issuance of senior securities and in the case of borrowings, the percentage limitations apply at the time of issuance and on an ongoing basis. The Fund’s fundamental policies are as follows:
1. | Borrowing Money. The Fund will not borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
2. | Senior Securities. The Fund will not issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
3. | Underwriting. The Fund will not act as an underwriter of securities within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
4. | Concentration. The Fund will not “concentrate” its investments in an industry, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
5. | Real Estate. The Fund will not purchase or sell real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
6. | Commodities. The Fund will not purchase or sell commodities, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
7. | Loans. The Fund will not make loans to other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time. |
The following are interpretations of the fundamental investment policies of the Funds and may be revised without approval of the Fund’s shareholders (“Shareholders”), consistent with current laws and regulations as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time:
Borrowing Money. Under current law as interpreted by the SEC and its staff, the Fund may borrow from: (a) a bank, provided that immediately after such borrowing there is an asset coverage of 300% for all borrowings of
1
the Fund; or (b) a bank or other persons for temporary purposes only, provided that such temporary borrowings are in an amount not exceeding 5% of the Fund’s total assets at the time when the borrowing is made. This limitation does not preclude the Fund from entering into reverse repurchase transactions, provided that the Fund has an asset coverage of 300% for all borrowings and repurchase commitments of the Fund pursuant to reverse repurchase transactions.
Senior Securities. Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by an investment company evidencing indebtedness. The Fund’s limitation with respect to issuing senior securities is not applicable to activities that may be deemed to involve the issuance or sale of a senior security by the Fund, provided that the Fund’s engagement in such activities is consistent with or permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder or interpretations of the SEC or its staff.
Underwriting. Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities generally involves an investment company purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. The Fund’s limitation with respect to underwriting securities is not applicable to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities (including restricted securities), the Fund may be deemed an underwriter under certain federal securities laws.
Concentration. Under current SEC and SEC staff interpretation, the Fund would “concentrate” its investments if more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry. For purposes of this limitation, there is no limit on: (1) investments in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government and its agencies and instrumentalities or securities of state and municipal governments or their political subdivisions, in repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government securities, or in tax-exempt securities issued by the states, territories, or possessions of the United States (“municipal securities”), excluding private activity municipal securities whose principal and interest payments are derived principally from the assets and revenues of a non-governmental entity (which will be subject to restriction 4); (2) investments in issuers domiciled in a single jurisdiction provided that the Fund does not invest greater than 25% in a particular industry; or (3) certain asset-backed securities that are backed by a pool of loans issued to companies in a wide variety of industries unrelated to each other such that the economic characteristics of such a security are not predominantly related to a single industry to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the Fund may invest in one or more investment companies; provided that, except to the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies pursuant to Section 12(d)(1)(A) or (F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund treats the assets of the investment companies in which it invests as its own for purposes of this policy.
Real Estate. The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments. The Fund’s limitation with respect to investing in real estate is not applicable to investments in securities or mortgages or loans that are secured by or represent interests in real estate. This limitation does not preclude the Fund from purchasing or selling mortgage-related securities or securities of companies engaged in the real estate business or that have a significant portion of their assets in real estate (including real estate investment trusts).
Commodities. The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments. The Fund may hold commodities acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other investments. This limitation does not preclude the Fund from purchasing or selling options or futures contracts, from investing in securities or other instruments backed by commodities or from investing in companies that are engaged in a commodities business or have a significant portion of their assets in commodities.
Loans. Under current law as interpreted by the SEC and its staff, the Fund may not lend any security or make any other loan if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties (this restriction does not apply to purchases of debt securities or repurchase agreements). Subject to this limitation, the Fund may
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make loans, for example: (a) by loaning portfolio securities; (b) by engaging in repurchase agreements; (c) by making loans secured by real estate; (d) by making loans to affiliated funds as permitted by the SEC; or (e) by purchasing non-publicly offered debt securities. For purposes of this limitation, the term “loans” shall not include the purchase of a portion of an issue of publicly distributed bonds, debentures or other securities.
Portions of the Fund’s fundamental investment restrictions (i.e., the references to “except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, as such may be interpreted or modified by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction, from time to time”) provide the Fund with flexibility to change its limitations in connection with changes in applicable law, rules, regulations or exemptive relief. The language used in these restrictions provides the necessary flexibility to allow the Board of Trustees of the Fund (the “Board”) to respond efficiently to these kinds of developments without the delay and expense of a Shareholder meeting.
Repurchase Offer Fundamental Policy
The Board has adopted a repurchase offer fundamental policy resolution setting forth the Fund’s fundamental policy that it will conduct quarterly repurchase offers. This fundamental policy may be changed only with the approval of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities, including a majority of any holders of preferred shares voting separately as a class. The Fund is required to offer to repurchase between 10% and 25% of its outstanding Shares with each repurchase offer.
Non-Fundamental Restrictions
The Fund’s investment objective and investment strategies are not fundamental and may be changed by the Board without Shareholder approval. The Fund will provide Shareholders with at least 60 days’ notice prior to changing the policy to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Managed Assets in credit-related instruments. “Managed Assets” means the total assets of the Fund (including any assets attributable to borrowings for investment purposes) minus the sum of the Fund’s accrued liabilities (other than liabilities representing borrowings for investment purposes).
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INVESTMENT POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES
The following information supplements the discussion of the Fund’s investment policies and techniques in the prospectus and does not, by itself, present a complete or accurate explanation of the matters disclosed.
Bank Loans and Participations
The Fund’s investment program will, from time to time, include significant amounts of bank loans and participations. These obligations are subject to unique risks, including (i) the possible avoidance of an investment transaction as a “preferential transfer,” “fraudulent conveyance” or “fraudulent transfer,” among other avoidance actions, under relevant bankruptcy, insolvency and/or creditors’ rights laws, (ii) so-called “lender liability” claims by the issuer of the obligations, (iii) environmental liabilities that may arise with respect to collateral securing the obligations, (iv) limitations on the ability of the Fund to directly enforce its rights with respect to participations and (v) the contractual nature of participations where the Fund takes on the credit risk of the agent bank rather than the actual borrower.
The Fund will, from time to time, acquire interests in loans either directly (by way of assignment) or indirectly (by way of participation). The purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations of the assigning institution and becomes a contracting party under the loan agreement with respect to the loan; however, its rights can be more restricted than those of the assigning institution. Participations in a portion of a loan typically result in a contractual relationship only with the institution participating out the interest and not with the obligor. The Fund would, in such a case, have the right to receive payments of principal and interest to which it is entitled only from the institution selling the participation, and not directly from the obligor, and only upon receipt by such institution of such payments from the obligor. As the owner of a participation, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the obligor with the terms of the loan agreement or to vote on amendments to the loan agreement, nor any rights of set-off against the obligor, and the Fund will not, from time to time, directly benefit from collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. In addition, in the event of the insolvency of the selling institution, the Fund will, from time to time, be treated as a general creditor of such selling institution, and will not, from time to time, have any exclusive or senior claim with respect to the selling institution’s interest in, or the collateral with respect to, the applicable loan. Consequently, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the obligor and the institution selling the participation to the Fund. As a result, concentrations of participations from any one selling institution subject the Fund to an additional degree of risk with respect to defaults by such selling institution.
Senior Loans
Senior secured floating rate and fixed-rate loans (“Senior Loans”) are typically originated, negotiated and structured by a U.S. or foreign commercial bank, insurance company, finance company or other financial institution (the “Agent”) for a group of loan investors (“Loan Investors”). The Agent typically administers and enforces the Senior Loan on behalf of the other Loan Investors in the syndicate. In addition, an institution, typically but not always the Agent, holds any collateral on behalf of the Loan Investors.
Senior Loans primarily include senior floating rate loans to corporations and secondarily institutionally traded senior floating rate debt obligations issued by an asset-backed pool and interests therein. Loan interests primarily take the form of assignments purchased in the primary or secondary market. Loan interests may also take the form of participation interests in a Senior Loan. Such loan interests may be acquired from U.S. or foreign commercial banks, insurance companies, finance companies or other financial institutions who have made loans or are Loan Investors or from other investors in loan interests.
The Fund will, from time to time, purchase “assignments” from the Agent or other Loan Investors. The purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations under the Loan Agreement (as defined herein) of the assigning Loan Investor and becomes a Loan Investor under the Loan Agreement with the same
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rights and obligations as the assigning Loan Investor. Assignments may, however, be arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, and the rights and obligations acquired by the purchaser of an assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning Loan Investor.
The Fund also will, from time to time, invest in “participations.” Participations by the Fund in a Loan Investor’s portion of a Senior Loan typically will result in the Fund having a contractual relationship only with such Loan Investor, not with the borrower. As a result, the Fund will, from time to time, have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the Loan Investor selling the participation and only upon receipt by such Loan Investor of such payments from the borrower. In connection with purchasing participations, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the Loan Agreement, nor any rights with respect to any funds acquired by other Loan Investors through set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the Senior Loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the Loan Investor selling the participation. In the event of the insolvency of the Loan Investor selling a participation, the Fund will, from time to time, be treated as a general creditor of such Loan Investor. The selling Loan Investors and other persons interpositioned between such Loan Investors and the Fund with respect to such participations will likely conduct their principal business activities in the banking, finance and financial services industries. Persons engaged in such industries may be more susceptible to, among other things, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in the Federal Open Market Committee’s monetary policy, governmental regulations concerning such industries and concerning capital raising activities generally and fluctuations in the financial markets generally.
The Fund will only acquire participations if the Loan Investor selling the participation, and any other persons interpositioned between the Fund and the Loan Investor, at the time of investment has outstanding debt or deposit obligations rated investment grade (Baa3 or higher by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or BBB- or higher by Standard & Poor’s Corporation Rating Group (“S&P”) or Fitch Ratings, Inc. (“Fitch”), or comparably rated by another nationally recognized rating agency) if determined by KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC (the “Adviser”) to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. The effect of industry characteristics and market compositions may be more pronounced. Indebtedness of companies whose creditworthiness is poor involves substantially greater risks and may be highly speculative. Some companies may never pay off their indebtedness or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Consequently, when investing in indebtedness of companies with poor credit, the Fund bears a substantial risk of losing the entire amount invested.
In order to borrow money pursuant to a Senior Loan, a borrower will for the term of the Senior Loan, pledge collateral, including but not limited to, (i) working capital assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory; (ii) tangible fixed assets, such as real property, buildings and equipment; (iii) intangible assets, such as trademarks and patent rights (but excluding goodwill); and (iv) security interests in shares of stock of subsidiaries or affiliates. In the case of Senior Loans made to non-public companies, the company’s shareholders or owners may provide collateral in the form of secured guarantees and/or security interests in assets that they own. In many instances, a Senior Loan may be secured only by stock in the borrower or its subsidiaries. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of such assets would satisfy fully a borrower’s obligations under a Senior Loan.
In the process of buying, selling and holding Senior Loans, the Fund will, from time to time, receive and/or pay certain fees. These fees are in addition to interest payments received and may include facility fees, commitment fees, amendment fees, commissions and prepayment penalty fees. When the Fund buys a Senior Loan, it could receive a facility fee and when it sells a Senior Loan it may pay a facility fee. On an ongoing basis, the Fund could receive a commitment fee based on the undrawn portion of the underlying line of credit portion of a Senior Loan. In certain circumstances, the Fund will receive a prepayment penalty fee upon the prepayment of a Senior Loan by a borrower. Other fees received by the Fund will, from time to time, include covenant waiver fees, covenant modification fees or other amendment fees.
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A borrower must comply with various restrictive covenants contained in a loan agreement or note purchase agreement between the borrower and the holders of the Senior Loan (the “Loan Agreement”). Such covenants, in addition to requiring the scheduled payment of interest and principal, may include restrictions on dividend payments and other distributions to shareholders, provisions requiring the borrower to maintain specific minimum financial ratios and limits on total debt. In addition, the Loan Agreement may contain a covenant requiring the borrower to prepay the Loan with any free cash flow. Free cash flow is generally defined as net cash flow after scheduled debt service payments and permitted capital expenditures and includes the proceeds from asset dispositions or sales of securities. A breach of a covenant which is not waived by the Agent, or by the Loan Investors directly, as the case may be, is normally an event of acceleration; i.e., the Agent, or the Loan Investors directly, as the case may be, has the right to call the outstanding Senior Loan. The typical practice of an Agent or a Loan Investor in relying exclusively or primarily on reports from the borrower to monitor the borrower’s compliance with covenants may involve a risk of fraud by the borrower. In the case of a Senior Loan in the form of a participation, the agreement between the buyer and seller may limit the rights of the holder to vote on certain changes which may be made to the Loan Agreement, such as waiving a breach of a covenant. However, the holder of the participation will, in almost all cases, have the right to vote on certain fundamental issues such as changes in principal amount, payment dates and interest rate.
In a typical Senior Loan, the Agent administers the terms of the Loan Agreement. In such cases, the Agent is normally responsible for the collection of principal and interest payments from the borrower and the apportionment of these payments to the credit of all institutions which are parties to the Loan Agreement. The Fund will generally rely upon the Agent or an intermediate participant to receive and forward to the Fund its portion of the principal and interest payments on the Senior Loan. Furthermore, unless under the terms of a participation agreement the Fund has direct recourse against the borrower, the Fund will rely on the Agent and the other Loan Investors to use appropriate credit remedies against the borrower. The Agent is typically responsible for monitoring compliance with covenants contained in the Loan Agreement based upon reports prepared by the borrower. The seller of the Senior Loan usually does, but is often not obligated to, notify holders of Senior Loans of any failures of compliance. The Agent may monitor the value of the collateral and, if the value of the collateral declines, may accelerate the Senior Loan, may give the borrower an opportunity to provide additional collateral or may seek other protection for the benefit of the participants in the Senior Loan. The Agent is compensated by the borrower for providing these services under a Loan Agreement, and such compensation may include special fees paid upon structuring and funding the Senior Loan and other fees paid on a continuing basis. With respect to Senior Loans for which the Agent does not perform such administrative and enforcement functions, the Fund will perform such tasks on its own behalf, although a collateral bank will typically hold any collateral on behalf of the Fund and the other Loan Investors pursuant to the applicable Loan Agreement.
A financial institution’s appointment as Agent may usually be terminated in the event that it fails to observe the requisite standard of care or becomes insolvent, enters Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) receivership, or, if not FDIC insured, enters into bankruptcy proceedings. A successor Agent would generally be appointed to replace the terminated Agent, and assets held by the Agent under the Loan Agreement should remain available to holders of Senior Loans. However, if assets held by the Agent for the benefit of the Fund were determined to be subject to the claims of the Agent’s general creditors, the Fund might incur certain costs and delays in realizing payment on a Senior Loan, or suffer a loss of principal and/or interest. In situations involving intermediate participants, similar risks may arise.
Senior Loans will usually require, in addition to scheduled payments of interest and principal, the prepayment of the Senior Loan from free cash flow, as defined above. The degree to which borrowers prepay Senior Loans, whether as a contractual requirement or at their election, may be affected by general business conditions, the financial condition of the borrower and competitive conditions among Loan Investors, among others. As such, prepayments cannot be predicted with accuracy. Upon a prepayment, either in part or in full, the actual outstanding debt on which the Fund derives interest income will be reduced. However, the Fund will, from time to time, receive both a prepayment penalty fee from the prepaying borrower and a facility fee upon the purchase of a new Senior Loan with the proceeds from the prepayment of the former.
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The Adviser and its affiliates will, from time to time, borrow money from various banks in connection with their business activities. Such banks may also sell interests in Senior Loans to, or acquire them from, the Fund or may be intermediate participants with respect to Senior Loans in which the Fund owns interests. Such banks may also act as Agents for Senior Loans held by the Fund.
The Fund will, from time to time, acquire interests in Senior Loans that are designed to provide temporary or “bridge” financing to a borrower pending the sale of identified assets or the arrangement of longer-term loans or the issuance and sale of debt obligations. The Fund will, from time to time, also invest in Senior Loans of borrowers that have obtained bridge loans from other parties. A borrower’s use of bridge loans involves a risk that the borrower may be unable to locate permanent financing to replace the bridge loan, which may impair the borrower’s perceived creditworthiness.
The Fund will be subject to the risk that collateral securing a loan will decline in value or have no value. Such a decline, whether as a result of bankruptcy proceedings or otherwise, could cause the Senior Loan to be undercollateralized or unsecured. In most credit agreements there is no formal requirement to pledge additional collateral. In addition, the Fund will, from time to time, invest in Senior Loans guaranteed by, or secured by assets of, shareholders or owners, even if the Senior Loans are not otherwise collateralized by assets of the borrower; provided, however, that such guarantees are fully secured. There may be temporary periods when the principal asset held by a borrower is the stock of a related company, which may not legally be pledged to secure a Senior Loan. On occasions when such stock cannot be pledged, the Senior Loan will be temporarily unsecured until the stock can be pledged or is exchanged for or replaced by other assets, which will be pledged as security for the Senior Loan. However, the Borrower’s ability to dispose of such securities, other than in connection with such pledge or replacement, will be strictly limited for the protection of the holders of Senior Loans and, indirectly, Senior Loans themselves.
The failure to perfect a security interest due to faulty documentation or faulty official filings could lead to the invalidation of the Fund’s security interest in loan collateral. If the Fund’s security interest in loan collateral is invalidated or the Senior Loan is subordinated to other debt of a borrower in bankruptcy or other proceedings, the Fund would have substantially lower recovery, and perhaps no recovery, on the full amount of the principal and interest due on the Senior Loan.
The Fund will, from time to time, acquire warrants and other equity securities as part of a unit combining a Senior Loan and equity securities of a borrower or its affiliates. The acquisition of such equity securities will only be incidental to the Fund’s purchase of a Senior Loan. The Fund will, from time to time, also acquire equity securities or credit securities (including non-dollar denominated equity or credit securities) issued in exchange for a Senior Loan or issued in connection with the debt restructuring or reorganization of a borrower, or if such acquisition, in the judgment of the Adviser, may enhance the value of a Senior Loan or would otherwise be consistent with the Fund’s investment policies.
Subordinated Loans
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in subordinated loans, which have the same characteristics as Senior Loans except that such loans are subordinated in payment and/or in lien priority to first lien holders. Accordingly, the risks associated with subordinated loans are higher than the risk of loans with first priority over the collateral. In the event of default on a subordinated loan, the first priority lien holder has first claim to the underlying collateral of the loan. It is possible that no collateral value would remain for the second priority lien holder and therefore result in a loss of investment to the Fund.
Subordinated loans generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investments in Senior Loans. Because subordinated loans are subordinated and thus lower in priority of payment and/or in priority of lien to Senior Loans, they are subject to the additional risk that the cash flow of the borrower and property securing the loan or debt, if any, may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments after giving effect to the senior unsecured or
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senior secured obligations of the borrower. This risk is generally higher for subordinated unsecured loans or debt, which are not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral. Subordinated loans generally have greater price volatility than Senior Loans and may be less liquid. There is also a possibility that originators will not be able to sell participations in subordinated loans, which would create greater credit risk exposure for the holders of such loans. Subordinated loans share the same risks as other below investment grade securities.
Fixed-Income Instruments
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in fixed-income instruments, such as high-yield corporate debt securities, or bonds, or U.S. government securities. Corporate bonds and other fixed-income instruments are typically originated, negotiated and structured by a U.S. or foreign commercial bank, insurance company, finance company or other financial institution (the “underwriter”) for a group of investors (“Bond Investors”). The underwriter typically administers and enforces the fixed-income instrument on behalf of the other Bond Investors. In addition, in secured fixed-income instrument offerings, an institution, typically but not always the Agent, holds any collateral on behalf of the Bond Investors. The Fund will, from time to time, purchase assignments of fixed-income instruments either directly from the underwriter of from a Bond Investor.
An issuer of fixed-income instruments must typically comply with the terms contained in a note purchase agreement between the issuer and the holders of the instruments (the “Bond Agreement”). These Bond Agreements generally detail the schedule of payments and also place certain restrictive financial and other covenants on the issuer, similar to those in Loan Agreements. The underwriter typically administers the terms of the Bond Agreement on behalf of all holders of the instruments.
Fixed-income instruments are generally subject to many of the same risks that affect Senior Loans and subordinated loans. However, holders of fixed-income bonds would be subordinate to any existing secured lenders with higher priority in the issuer’s capital structure and thus have a lower priority in payment than lenders.
Debtor-in-Possession (“DIP”) Loans
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in or extend loans to companies that have filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. DIP financings allow the entity to continue its business operations while reorganizing under Chapter 11 and such financings must be approved by the bankruptcy court. These DIP loans are most often working-capital facilities put into place at the outset of a Chapter 11 case to provide the debtor with both immediate cash and the ongoing working capital that will be required during the reorganization process. DIP financings are typically fully secured by a lien on the debtor’s otherwise unencumbered assets or secured by a junior lien on the debtor’s encumbered assets (so long as the loan is fully secured based on the most recent current valuation or appraisal report of the debtor). DIP financings are often required to close with certainty and in a rapid manner in order to satisfy existing creditors and to enable the issuer to emerge from bankruptcy or to avoid a bankruptcy proceeding. There is a risk that the borrower will not emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings and be forced to liquidate its assets under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. In the event of liquidation, the Fund’s only recourse will be against the property securing the DIP financing.
Lender Liability
Under common law principles that in some cases form the basis for lender liability claims, if a lender (a) intentionally takes an action that results in the undercapitalization of a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer, (b) engages in other inequitable conduct to the detriment of such other creditors or (c) engages in fraud with respect to, or makes misrepresentations to, such other creditors, a court may elect to subordinate the claim of the offending lender or bondholder to the claims of the disadvantaged creditor or creditors (a remedy called “equitable subordination”). The Fund does not intend to engage in conduct that would
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form the basis for a successful cause of action based upon the equitable subordination doctrine; however, because of the nature of the debt obligations, the Fund will, from time to time, be subject to claims from creditors of an obligor that debt obligations of such obligor which are held by the issuer should be equitably subordinated.
Restricted and Illiquid Securities
At times, the Fund will not be able to readily dispose of illiquid securities at prices that approximate those at which the Fund could sell such securities if they were more widely traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, the Fund will, from time to time, have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations.
The Fund will, from time to time, purchase certain securities eligible for resale to qualified institutional buyers as contemplated by Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) (“Rule 144A Securities”). Rule 144A provides an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act for the resale of certain restricted securities to certain qualified institutional buyers. One effect of Rule 144A is that certain restricted securities may be considered liquid, though no assurance can be given that a liquid market for any particular issue of Rule 144A Securities will be maintained. However, where a substantial market of qualified institutional buyers has developed for certain unregistered securities purchased by the Fund pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, the Fund intends to treat such securities as liquid securities. To the extent that, for a period of time, qualified institutional buyers cease purchasing restricted securities pursuant to Rule 144A, the Fund’s investing in such securities may have the effect of increasing the level of illiquidity in its investment portfolio during such period.
Stressed and Distressed Investments
The Fund intends to invest in securities and other obligations of companies that are in significant financial or business distress, including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings. Although such investments may result in significant returns for the Fund, they involve a substantial degree of risk. The level of analytical sophistication, both financial and legal, necessary for successful investment in distressed assets is unusually high. There is no assurance that the Fund will correctly evaluate the value of the assets collateralizing the Fund’s investments or the prospects for a successful reorganization or similar action in respect of any company. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a company in which the Fund invests, the Fund may lose its entire investment, may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than the Fund’s original investment and/or may be required to accept payment over an extended period of time. Troubled company investments and other distressed asset-based investments require active monitoring.
Certain Bankruptcy and Insolvency Issues
Some of the companies in which the Fund invests may be involved in a complex bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding in the United States or elsewhere. There are a number of significant risks inherent in the bankruptcy or insolvency process. The Fund cannot guarantee the outcome of any bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding.
Under U.S. bankruptcy proceedings or other insolvency proceedings, the Fund will risk taking a loss on its investment and having its claim released or discharged against the debtor and third parties. For example, under a plan of reorganization, the Fund could receive a cash distribution for less than its initial investment or receive securities or other financial instruments in exchange for its claims, which then could be discharged and released against the debtor or other third parties. In addition, under U.S. bankruptcy proceedings, a debtor can effectuate a sale of assets with a purchaser acquiring such assets free and clear of any claims or liens underlying the Fund’s investment with the Fund having only potential recourse to the proceeds of the sale.
Under certain circumstances, payments to the Fund may be reclaimed, recharacterized or avoided if any such payment or distribution is later determined by the applicable court to have been a fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent
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transfer, a preferential payment or otherwise subject to avoidance under applicable law. In addition, especially in the case of investments made prior to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, creditors can lose their ranking and priority if they exercise “domination and control” of a debtor and other creditors can demonstrate that they have been harmed by such actions.
Many events in a bankruptcy are often beyond the control of the creditors. While creditors may be given an opportunity to object to or otherwise participate in significant actions, there can be no assurance that a court in the exercise of its broad powers or discretion would not approve actions that would be contrary to the interests of the Fund as a creditor.
The duration of a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding is difficult to predict. A creditor’s return on investment can be adversely impacted by delays while a plan of reorganization is being negotiated, approved by the creditors, confirmed by the bankruptcy court and until the plan ultimately becomes effective. Similar delays can occur while a court may be considering a sale or other restructuring transaction. In addition, the administrative costs in connection with a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding are frequently high and will be paid out of the debtor’s estate prior to any return to unsecured creditors or equity holders. If a proceeding involves protracted or difficult litigation, or turns into a liquidation, substantial assets may be devoted to administrative costs. Also, in the early stages of the bankruptcy process, it is often difficult to estimate the extent of, or even to identify, any contingent claims that might be made. Further, certain claims that have priority by law (for example, claims for taxes) may be quite substantial.
The effect of a bankruptcy filing on or by a portfolio company may adversely and permanently affect the portfolio company. The portfolio company may lose its market position, going concern value and key employees and otherwise become incapable of restoring itself as a viable entity. If for this or any other reason the proceeding is converted to a liquidation, the liquidation value of the portfolio company may not equal the liquidation value that was believed to exist at the time of the investment.
Equity Securities
In addition to common stocks, the Fund will, from time to time, invest in equity securities, including preferred stocks, convertible securities, warrants and depository receipts.
Preferred Stock. Preferred stock generally pays dividends at a defined rate and has a preference over common stock in liquidation (and generally dividends as well) but is subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer in all respects. As a general rule, the market value of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk, while the market price of convertible preferred stock generally also reflects some element of conversion value. Because preferred stock is junior to credit securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior credit security with similar stated yield characteristics. Unlike interest payments on debt securities, preferred stock dividends are payable only if declared by the issuer’s board of directors or equivalent body. Dividends on preferred stock may be cumulative, meaning that, in the event the issuer fails to make one or more dividend payments on the preferred stock, no dividends may be paid on the issuer’s common stock until all unpaid preferred stock dividends have been paid. Preferred stock also may be subject to optional or mandatory redemption provisions.
Convertible Securities. A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, preferred stock or other security that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity security of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or the dividend paid on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible income securities in that they ordinarily provide a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower yields
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than comparable nonconvertible securities. The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to comparable nonconvertible securities. Convertible securities may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument.
Warrants. Warrants are privileges issued by corporations enabling the owners to subscribe to and purchase a specified number of shares of the corporation at a specified price during a specified period of time. Subscription rights normally have a short life span to expiration. The purchase of warrants involves the risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a right or warrant if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants’ expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed security’s market price such as when there is no movement in the level of the underlying security.
Depository Receipts. The Fund will, from time to time, hold investments in sponsored and unsponsored American Depository Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depository Receipts (“EDRs”), Global Depository Receipts (“GDRs”) and other similar global instruments. ADRs typically are issued by a U.S. bank or trust company and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a non-U.S. corporation. EDRs, which are sometimes referred to as Continental Depository Receipts, are receipts issued in Europe, typically by non-U.S. banks and trust companies, that evidence ownership of either non-U.S. or domestic underlying securities. GDRs are depository receipts structured like global debt issued to facilitate trading on an international basis. Unsponsored ADR, EDR and GDR programs are organized independently and without the cooperation of the issuer of the underlying securities. As a result, available information concerning the issuer may not be as current as for sponsored ADRs, EDRs and GDRs, and the prices of unsponsored ADRs, EDRs and GDRs may be more volatile than if such instruments were sponsored by the issuer. Investments in ADRs, EDRs and GDRs present additional investment considerations of non-U.S. Securities.
Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Debt Securities
For temporary defensive purposes, the Fund will, from time to time, invest up to 100% of its Managed Assets in cash equivalents and short-term debt securities. Short-term debt investments having a remaining maturity of 60 days or less when purchased will be valued at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Short-term debt securities are defined to include, without limitation, the following:
(1) | U.S. government securities, including bills, notes and bonds differing as to maturity and rates of interest that are either issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury or by other U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities. U.S. government securities include securities issued by (a) the Federal Housing Administration, Farmers Home Administration, Export-Import Bank of the United States, Small Business Administration and Government National Mortgage Association, whose securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States; (b) the Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks and Tennessee Valley Authority, whose securities are supported by the right of the agency to borrow from the U.S. Treasury; (c) the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), whose securities are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the agency or instrumentality; and (d) the Student Loan Marketing Association, whose securities are supported only by its credit. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored agencies or instrumentalities, no assurance can be given that it always will do so since it is not so obligated by law. The U.S. government, its agencies and instrumentalities do not guarantee the market value of their securities. Consequently, the value of such securities may fluctuate. In 2008, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) placed FNMA and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) into conservatorship. As conservator, FHFA succeeded to all rights, titles, powers and privileges of FNMA and FHLMC and of any |
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stockholder, officer or director of FNMA and FHLMC and the assets of FNMA and FHLMC. FNMA and FHLMC are continuing to operate as going concerns while in conservatorship and each remains liable for all of its obligations, including its guaranty obligations, associated with its mortgage-backed securities. There is no assurance that the obligations of such entities will be satisfied in full, or that such obligations will lose value or default. See “Mortgage-Backed Securities—Mortgage Pass-Through Securities” below. The Adviser will monitor developments and seek to manage the Fund’s portfolio in a manner consistent with achieving the Fund’s investment objectives, but there can be no assurance that it will be successful in doing so; |
(2) | Certificates of deposit issued against funds deposited in a bank or a savings and loan association. Such certificates are for a definite period of time, earn a specified rate of return and are normally negotiable. The issuer of a certificate of deposit agrees to pay the amount deposited plus interest to the bearer of the certificate on the date specified thereon. Certificates of deposit purchased by the Fund may not be fully insured by the FDIC; |
(3) | Repurchase agreements, which involve purchases of debt securities. At the time the Fund purchases securities pursuant to a repurchase agreement, it simultaneously agrees to resell and redeliver such securities to the seller, who also simultaneously agrees to buy back the securities at a fixed price and time. This assures a predetermined yield for the Fund during its holding period, since the resale price is always greater than the purchase price and reflects an agreed-upon market rate. Such actions afford an opportunity for the Fund to invest temporarily available cash. The Fund will, from time to time, enter into repurchase agreements only with respect to obligations of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities; certificates of deposit; or bankers’ acceptances in which the Fund may invest. Repurchase agreements may be considered loans to the seller, collateralized by the underlying securities. The risk to the Fund is limited to the ability of the seller to pay the agreed-upon sum on the repurchase date; in the event of default, the repurchase agreement provides that the Fund is entitled to sell the underlying collateral. If the value of the collateral declines after the agreement is entered into, and if the seller defaults under a repurchase agreement when the value of the underlying collateral is less than the repurchase price, the Fund could incur a loss of both principal and interest. The Adviser monitors the value of the collateral at the time the action is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement. The Adviser does so in an effort to determine that the value of the collateral always equals or exceeds the agreed-upon repurchase price to be paid to the Fund. If the seller were to be subject to a federal bankruptcy proceeding, the ability of the Fund to liquidate the collateral could be delayed or impaired because of certain provisions of the bankruptcy laws; and |
(4) | Commercial paper, which consists of short-term unsecured promissory notes, including variable rate master demand notes issued by corporations to finance their current operations. Master demand notes are direct lending arrangements between the Fund and a corporation. There is no secondary market for such notes. However, they are redeemable by the Fund at any time. The Adviser will consider the financial condition of the corporation (e.g., earning power, cash flow and other liquidity ratios) and will continuously monitor the corporation’s ability to meet all of its financial obligations, because the Fund’s liquidity might be impaired if the corporation were unable to pay principal and interest on demand. Investments in commercial paper will be limited to commercial paper rated in the highest categories by a major rating agency and which mature within one year of the date of purchase or carry a variable or floating rate of interest. |
Conflicts of Interest
Because the Adviser manages assets for other investment companies, pooled investment vehicles and/or other accounts (including institutional clients, pension plans and certain high net worth individuals), certain conflicts of interest are present. For instance, the Adviser receives fees from certain accounts that are higher than the fees received from the Fund or receive a performance-based fee on certain accounts. In those instances, the portfolio managers have an incentive to favor the higher and/or performance-based fee accounts over the Fund. In
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addition, a conflict of interest exists to the extent the Adviser has proprietary investments in certain accounts, where the portfolio managers or other employees of the Adviser have personal investments in certain accounts or when certain accounts are investment options in the Adviser’s employee benefits plan. The Adviser has an incentive to favor these accounts over the Fund. Because the Adviser manages accounts that engage in short sales of (or otherwise take short positions in) securities or other instruments of the type in which the Fund invests, the Adviser could be seen as harming the performance of the Fund for the benefit of the accounts taking short positions, if such short positions cause the market value of the securities to fall. The Adviser has adopted trade allocation and other policies and procedures that it believes are reasonably designed to address these and other conflicts of interest. These policies and procedures will have the effect of foreclosing certain investment opportunities for the Fund from time to time. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser will act in the best interest of the Fund in accordance with its fiduciary duty to the Fund.
The Adviser manages assets for accounts other than the Fund, including private funds. The Fund will, from time to time, invest in the same credit obligations as other funds advised by the Adviser or its affiliates (for purposes of this section, “KKR Funds”), although their investments may include different obligations of the same issuer. For example, the Fund might invest in senior loans issued by a borrower and one or more KKR Funds might invest in the borrower’s junior debt. In addition, the Adviser manages certain accounts (including CLOs) that invest in certain types of credit obligations in which the Fund may also invest. Investment opportunities appropriate for both the Fund and another KKR Funds generally will be allocated between the Fund and the other KKR Fund in a manner that the Adviser believes to be fair and equitable under the circumstances, in accordance with the Adviser’s trade allocation policies.
Conflicts of interest may arise where the Fund and other KKR Funds simultaneously hold securities representing different parts of the capital structure of a stressed or distressed issuer. In such circumstances, decisions made with respect to the securities held by one KKR Fund may cause (or have the potential to cause) harm to the different class of securities of the issuer held by other KKR Funds (including the Fund). For example, if such an issuer goes into bankruptcy or reorganization, becomes insolvent or otherwise experiences financial distress or is unable to meet its payment obligations or comply with covenants relating to credit obligations held by the Fund or by the other KKR Funds, such other KKR Funds may have an interest that conflicts with the interests of the Fund. If additional financing for such an issuer is necessary as a result of financial or other difficulties, it may not be in the best interests of the Fund to provide such additional financing, but if the other KKR Funds were to lose their respective investments as a result of such difficulties, the Adviser may have a conflict in recommending actions in the best interests of the Fund. In such situations, the Adviser will seek to act in the best interests of each of the KKR Funds (including the Fund) and will seek to resolve such conflicts in accordance with its compliance procedures.
In addition, the 1940 Act limits the Fund’s ability to enter into certain transactions with certain affiliates of the Adviser. As a result of these restrictions, the Fund will, from time to time, be prohibited from buying or selling any security directly from or to any portfolio company of a fund managed by the Adviser or one of its affiliates. Nonetheless, the Fund may under certain circumstances purchase any such portfolio company’s loans or securities in the secondary market, which could create a conflict for the Adviser between the interests of the Fund and the portfolio company, in that the ability of the Adviser to recommend actions in the best interest of the Fund might be impaired. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of the Fund’s affiliates (which may include other funds managed by the Adviser), which could be deemed to include certain types of investments, or certain types of restructurings of investments, in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times). These limitations may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to the Fund. The Board has approved various policies and procedures reasonably designed to monitor potential conflicts of interest. The Board will review these policies and procedures and any conflicts that may arise.
Although the professional staff of the Adviser will devote as much time to the management of the Fund as the Adviser deems appropriate to perform their duties in accordance with the investment advisory agreement and in
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accordance with reasonable commercial standards, the professional staff of the Adviser may have conflicts in allocating their time and services among the Fund and other KKR Funds. The Adviser and its affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with the Fund and/or may involve substantial time and resources of the Adviser and its professional staff. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time and effort of the members of the Adviser and its officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to the business of the Fund but will be allocated between the business of the Fund and the management of the assets of other clients of the Adviser.
The Adviser or its respective members, officers, directors, employees, principals or affiliates may come into possession of material, non-public information. The possession of such information may limit the ability of the Fund to buy or sell a security or otherwise to participate in an investment opportunity. Situations may occur where the Fund could be disadvantaged because of the investment activities conducted by the Adviser for other clients, and the Adviser will not employ information barriers with regard to its operations on behalf of its registered and private funds, or other accounts. In certain circumstances, employees of the Adviser may serve as board members or in other capacities for portfolio or potential portfolio companies, which could restrict the Fund’s ability to trade in the securities of such companies.
Other Portfolio Strategies
Asset-Backed Securities
Asset-backed securities (“ABSs”) represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as motor vehicle installment sales, installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property, receivables from revolving credit (credit card) agreements and other categories of receivables. Such assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose corporations. Payments or distributions of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for a certain time period by a letter of credit or a pool insurance policy issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the trust or corporation, or other credit enhancements may be present.
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in ABSs. The investment characteristics of ABSs differ from traditional debt securities. Among the major differences are that interest and principal payments are made more frequently, usually monthly, and that the principal may be prepaid at any time because the underlying loans or other assets generally may be prepaid at any time. ABSs are not secured by an interest in the related collateral. Credit card receivables, for example, are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of U.S. state and federal (and comparable non-U.S.) consumer loan laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. Most issuers of ABSs backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related ABSs. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the ABSs may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such ABSs. Therefore, there is a possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities. The risk of investing in ABSs is ultimately dependent upon payment of consumer loans by the debtor. Such securities are often subject to more rapid repayment than their stated maturity date would indicate as a result of the pass-through of prepayments of principal on the underlying loans. During periods of declining interest rates, prepayment of loans underlying ABSs can be expected to accelerate. Accordingly, the Fund’s ability to maintain positions in such securities will be affected by reductions in the principal amount of such securities resulting from prepayments, and its ability to reinvest the returns of principal at comparable yields is subject to generally prevailing interest rates at that time. To the extent that the Fund invests in ABSs, the values of the Fund’s portfolio securities will vary with changes in market interest rates generally and the differentials in yields among various kinds of ABSs.
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ABSs present certain additional risks because ABSs generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable to mortgage assets. The collateral supporting ABSs is of shorter maturity than certain other types of loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments. ABSs are often backed by pools of any variety of assets, including, for example, leases, mobile home loans and aircraft leases, which represent the obligations of a number of different parties and use credit enhancement techniques such as letters of credit, guarantees or preference rights. The value of an ABS is affected by changes in the market’s perception of the asset backing the security and the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the loan pool, the originator of the loans or the financial institution providing any credit enhancement, as well as by the expiration or removal of any credit enhancement. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles rather than residential real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the ABSs. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in the underlying automobiles. Therefore, if the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, the Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities.
In addition, investments in subordinated ABSs involve greater credit risk of default than the senior classes of the issue or series. Default risks are further pronounced in the case of ABSs secured by, or evidencing an interest in, a relatively small or less diverse pool of underlying loans. Certain subordinated securities absorb all losses from default before any other class of securities is at risk, particularly if such securities have been issued with little or no credit enhancement equity. Such securities, therefore, possess some of the attributes typically associated with equity investments.
Structured Products
Cash flows in collateralized debt obligations, collateralized bond obligations and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other similarly structured issuers (collectively, “Structured Products”) are split into two or more tranches, varying in risk and yield. The risks of an investment in a Structured Product depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CLO in which the Fund invests. Some Structured Products have credit ratings but are typically issued in various classes with various priorities. The riskiest portion is the “equity” tranche, which bears the first loss from defaults from the underlying pool of bonds and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default (though such protection is not complete). Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a Structured Product typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities and may be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the subordinate tranches, more senior tranches of structured products can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, downgrades of the underlying collateral by rating agencies, forced liquidation of the collateral pool due to a failure of coverage tests, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults as well as investor aversion to Structured Product securities as a class.
Mortgage-Backed Securities
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in a variety of mortgage-related and other ABSs issued by government agencies or other governmental entities or by private originators or issuers.
Mortgage-related securities include mortgage pass-through securities, collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBSs”), mortgage dollar rolls, CMO residuals,
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adjustable rate mortgage-backed securities (“ARMBSs”), stripped mortgage-backed securities (“SMBSs”) and other securities that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property.
Mortgage Pass-Through Securities. Interests in pools of mortgage-related securities differ from other forms of debt securities, which normally provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or specified call dates. Instead, these securities provide a monthly payment which consists of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their residential or commercial mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Additional payments are caused by repayments of principal resulting from the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, net of fees or costs that may be incurred. Some mortgage-related securities (such as securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”)) are described as “modified pass-through.” These securities entitle the holder to receive all interest and principal payments owed on the mortgage pool, net of certain fees, at the scheduled payment dates regardless of whether or not the mortgagor actually makes the payment.
The rate of pre-payments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of a mortgage-related security, and may have the effect of shortening or extending the effective duration of the security relative to what was anticipated at the time of purchase. To the extent that unanticipated rates of prepayment on underlying mortgages increase the effective duration of a mortgage-related security, the volatility of such security can be expected to increase. The mortgage market in the United States has experienced heightened difficulties over the past several years that may adversely affect the performance and market value of mortgage-related investments. Delinquencies and losses on residential and commercial mortgage loans (especially subprime and second-lien residential mortgage loans) generally have increased recently and may continue to increase, and a decline in or flattening of property values (as has recently been experienced and may continue to be experienced in many markets) may exacerbate such delinquencies and losses. Borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgage loans are more sensitive to changes in interest rates, which affect their monthly mortgage payments, and may be unable to secure replacement mortgages at comparably low interest rates. Also, a number of residential mortgage loan originators have recently experienced serious financial difficulties or bankruptcy. Owing largely to the foregoing, reduced investor demand for mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities and increased investor yield requirements have caused limited liquidity in the secondary market for mortgage-related securities, which can adversely affect the market value of mortgage-related securities. It is possible that such limited liquidity in such secondary markets could continue or worsen.
The principal U.S. governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities is GNMA. GNMA is a wholly owned U.S. Government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. GNMA is authorized to guarantee, with the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by GNMA (such as savings and loan institutions, commercial banks and mortgage bankers) and backed by pools of mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”), or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (the “VA”). Government-related guarantors (i.e., not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government) include FNMA and FHLMC. FNMA is a government-sponsored corporation the common stock of which is owned entirely by private stockholders. FNMA purchases conventional (i.e., not insured or guaranteed by any government agency) residential mortgages from a list of approved seller/servicers which include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Pass-through securities issued by FNMA are guaranteed as to timely payment of principal and interest by FNMA but are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. FHLMC was created by Congress in 1970 for the purpose of increasing the availability of mortgage credit for residential housing. It is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks but the common stock of which is now owned entirely by private stockholders. FHLMC issues Participation Certificates (“PCs”), which are pass-through securities, each representing an undivided interest in a pool of residential mortgages. FHLMC guarantees the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal, but PCs are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
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On September 6, 2008, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) placed FNMA and FHLMC into conservatorship. As the conservator, FHFA succeeded to all rights, titles, powers and privileges of FNMA and FHLMC and of any stockholder, officer or director of FNMA and FHLMC with respect to FNMA and FHLMC and the assets of FNMA and FHLMC. FNMA and FHLMC are continuing to operate as going concerns while in conservatorship and each remain liable for all of its obligations, including its guaranty obligations, associated with its mortgage-backed securities. The FHFA has indicated that the conservatorship of each enterprise will end when the director of FHFA determines that FHFA’s plan to restore the enterprise to a safe and solvent condition has been completed.
Under the Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of 2008 (the “Reform Act”), which was included as part of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, FHFA, as conservator or receiver, has the power to repudiate any contract entered into by FNMA or FHLMC prior to FHFA’s appointment as conservator or receiver, as applicable, if FHFA determines, in its sole discretion, that performance of the contract is burdensome and that repudiation of the contract promotes the orderly administration of FNMA’s or FHLMC’s affairs. The Reform Act requires FHFA to exercise its right to repudiate any contract within a reasonable period of time after its appointment as conservator or receiver. FHFA, in its capacity as conservator, has indicated that it has no intention to repudiate the guaranty obligations of FNMA or FHLMC because FHFA views repudiation as incompatible with the goals of the conservatorship. However, in the event that FHFA, as conservator or if it is later appointed as receiver for FNMA or FHLMC, were to repudiate any such guaranty obligation, the conservatorship or receivership estate, as applicable, would be liable for actual direct compensatory damages in accordance with the provisions of the Reform Act. Any such liability could be satisfied only to the extent of FNMA’s or FHLMC’s assets available therefor. In the event of repudiation, the payments of interest to holders of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities would be reduced if payments on the mortgage loans represented in the mortgage loan groups related to such mortgage-backed securities are not made by the borrowers or advanced by the servicer. Any actual direct compensatory damages for repudiating these guaranty obligations may not be sufficient to offset any shortfalls experienced by such mortgage-backed security holders. Further, in its capacity as conservator or receiver, FHFA has the right to transfer or sell any asset or liability of FNMA or FHLMC without any approval, assignment or consent. Although FHFA has stated that it has no present intention to do so, if FHFA, as conservator or receiver, were to transfer any such guaranty obligation to another party, holders of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities would have to rely on that party for satisfaction of the guaranty obligation and would be exposed to the credit risk of that party. In addition, certain rights provided to holders of mortgage-backed securities issued by FNMA and FHLMC under the operative documents related to such securities may not be enforced against FHFA, or enforcement of such rights may be delayed, during the conservatorship or any future receivership. The operative documents for FNMA and FHLMC mortgage-backed securities may provide (or with respect to securities issued prior to the date of the appointment of the conservator may have provided) that upon the occurrence of an event of default on the part of FNMA or FHLMC, in its capacity as guarantor, which includes the appointment of a conservator or receiver, holders of such mortgage-backed securities have the right to replace FNMA or FHLMC as trustee if the requisite percentage of mortgage-backed securities holders consent. The Reform Act prevents mortgage-backed security holders from enforcing such rights if the event of default arises solely because a conservator or receiver has been appointed. The Reform Act also provides that no person may exercise any right or power to terminate, accelerate or declare an event of default under certain contracts to which FNMA or FHLMC is a party, or obtain possession of or exercise control over any property of FNMA or FHLMC, or affect any contractual rights of FNMA or FHLMC, without the approval of FHFA, as conservator or receiver, for a period of 45 or 90 days following the appointment of FHFA as conservator or receiver, respectively.
Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may be the originators and/or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities. Pools created by such non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments in the former pools. However, timely payment of interest and principal of these
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pools may be supported by various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit, which may be issued by governmental entities or private insurers. Such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof will be considered in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets the Fund’s investment quality standards. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. The Fund may buy mortgage-related securities without insurance or guarantees if, through an examination of the loan experience and practices of the originators/servicers and poolers, the Advisers determine that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards. Securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations. A CMO is a debt obligation of a legal entity that is collateralized by mortgages and divided into classes. Similar to a bond, interest and prepaid principal is paid, in most cases, on a monthly basis. CMOs may be collateralized by whole mortgage loans or private mortgage bonds but are more typically collateralized by portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by GNMA, FHLMC or FNMA and their income streams. CMOs are structured into multiple classes, often referred to as “tranches,” with each class bearing a different stated maturity and entitled to a different schedule for payments of principal and interest, including prepayments. Actual maturity and average life will depend upon the pre-payment experience of the collateral. In the case of certain CMOs (known as “sequential pay” CMOs), payments of principal received from the pool of underlying mortgages, including prepayments, are applied to the classes of CMOs in the order of their respective final distribution dates. Thus, no payment of principal will be made to any class of sequential pay CMOs until all other classes having an earlier final distribution date have been paid in full. CMOs may be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgages or ABSs.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities. CMBSs include securities that reflect an interest in, and are secured by, mortgage loans on commercial real property. Many of the risks of investing in commercial mortgage-backed securities reflect the risks of investing in the real estate securing the underlying mortgage loans. These risks reflect the effects of local and other economic conditions on real estate markets, the ability of tenants to make loan payments and the ability of a property to attract and retain tenants. Commercial mortgage-backed securities may be less liquid and exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgages or ABSs.
CMO Residuals. CMO residuals are mortgage securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, homebuilders, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks and special purpose entities of the foregoing. The cash flow generated by the mortgage assets underlying a series of a CMO is applied first to make required payments of principal and interest on the CMO and second to pay the related administrative expenses and any management fee of the issuer. The residual in a CMO structure generally represents the interest in any excess cash flow remaining after making the foregoing payments. Each payment of such excess cash flow to a holder of the related CMO residual represents income and/or a return of capital. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characteristics of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the prepayment experience on the mortgage assets. In particular, the yield to maturity on CMO residuals is extremely sensitive to prepayments on the related underlying mortgage assets, in the same manner as an interest-only (“IO”) class of stripped mortgage-backed securities (described below). In addition, if a series of a CMO includes a class that bears interest at an adjustable rate, the yield to maturity on the related CMO residual will also be extremely sensitive to changes in the level of the index upon which interest rate adjustments are based. As described below with respect to stripped mortgage-backed securities, in certain circumstances the Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in a CMO residual. CMO residuals are generally purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers. CMO residuals may, or pursuant to an exemption therefrom, may not, have been registered under the Securities Act. CMO residuals, whether or not registered under the Securities Act, may be subject to certain restrictions on transferability.
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Adjustable Rate Mortgage-Backed Securities. ARMBSs have interest rates that reset at periodic intervals. Acquiring ARMBSs permits the Fund to participate in increases in prevailing current interest rates through periodic adjustments in the coupons of mortgages underlying the pool on which ARMBSs are based. Such ARMBSs generally have higher current yield and lower price fluctuations than is the case with more traditional fixed-income instruments of comparable rating and maturity. In addition, when prepayments of principal are made on the underlying mortgages during periods of rising interest rates, the Fund can reinvest the proceeds of such prepayments at rates higher than those at which they were previously invested. Mortgages underlying most ARMBSs, however, have limits on the allowable annual or lifetime increases that can be made in the interest rate that the mortgagor pays. Therefore, if current interest rates rise above such limits over the period of the limitation, the Fund, when holding an ARMBS, does not benefit from further increases in interest rates. Moreover, when interest rates are in excess of coupon rates (i.e., the rates being paid by mortgagors) of the mortgages, ARMBSs behave more like fixed-income instruments and less like adjustable-rate securities and are subject to the risks associated with fixed-income instruments. In addition, during periods of rising interest rates, increases in the coupon rate of adjustable-rate mortgages generally lag current market interest rates slightly, thereby creating the potential for capital depreciation on such securities.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. SMBSs are derivative multi-class mortgage securities. SMBSs may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks and special purpose entities of the foregoing. SMBSs are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (the “IO” class), while the other class will receive all of the principal (the principal-only or “PO” class). The yield to maturity on an IO class is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s yield to maturity from these securities. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund could fail to recoup some or all of its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories.
Dollar Rolls
The Fund will, from time to time, enter into “dollar rolls” in which the Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts with the same counterparty to repurchase similar, but not identical securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund loses the right to receive principal and interest paid on the securities sold. However, the Fund would benefit to the extent of any difference between the price received for the securities sold and the lower forward price for the future purchase or fee income plus the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the securities sold until the settlement date of the forward purchase. All cash proceeds will be invested in instruments that are permissible investments for the Fund.
For financial reporting and tax purposes, the Fund treats dollar rolls as two separate transactions; one involving the purchase of a security and a separate transaction involving a sale. The Fund does not currently intend to enter into dollar rolls for financing and does not treat them as borrowings.
Dollar rolls involve certain risks including the following: if the broker-dealer to whom the Fund sells the security becomes insolvent, the Fund’s right to purchase or repurchase the securities subject to the dollar roll may be restricted. Also, the instrument which the Fund is required to repurchase may be worth less than an instrument which the Fund originally held. Successful use of dollar rolls will depend upon the Adviser’s ability to manage the Fund’s interest rate and prepayments exposure. For these reasons, there is no assurance that dollar rolls can be successfully employed. The use of this technique may diminish the investment performance of the Fund compared with what such performance would have been without the use of dollar rolls.
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Derivatives
General Limitations on Futures and Options Transactions. The Adviser with respect to the Fund has filed a notice of eligibility with the National Futures Association for an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” under the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”). Therefore, the Adviser and the Fund are not subject to regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) as a commodity pool operator or commodity pool. If the Adviser or the Fund becomes subject to these requirements, as well as related NFA rules, the Fund may incur additional compliance and other expenses.
Regulatory Risk Related to Derivatives and Certain Other Instruments. The SEC rule under the 1940 Act related to the use of derivatives, reverse repurchase agreements and certain other transactions by registered investment companies requires the Fund to trade derivatives and other transactions that create future payment or delivery obligations (except reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions) subject to value-at-risk (“VaR”) leverage limits and derivatives risk management program and reporting requirements. Generally, these requirements apply unless the Fund satisfies a “limited derivatives users” exception. When the Fund trades reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions, including certain tender option bonds, it needs to aggregate the amount of indebtedness associated with the reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating the Fund’s asset coverage ratio or treat all such transactions as derivatives transactions. In addition, the Fund is permitted to invest in a security on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle, and the transaction will be deemed not to involve a senior security, provided that (i) the Fund intends to physically settle the transaction and (ii) the transaction will settle within 35 days of its trade date (the “Delayed-Settlement Securities Provision”). The Fund may otherwise engage in such transactions that do not meet the conditions of the Delayed-Settlement Securities Provision so long as the Fund treats any such transaction as a derivatives transaction for purposes of compliance with the rule. Furthermore, under the rule, the Fund will be permitted to enter into an unfunded commitment agreement, and such unfunded commitment agreement will not be subject to the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act, if the Fund reasonably believes, at the time it enters into such agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all such agreements as they come due. These requirements may limit the ability of the Fund to use derivatives and reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions as part of its investment strategies and may increase the cost of the Fund’s investments and cost of doing business, which could adversely affect investors.
The CFTC and various exchanges have rules limiting the maximum net long or short positions which any person or group may own, hold or control in any given futures contract or option on such futures contract. The Adviser must consider the effect of these limits in managing the Fund. In addition, the CFTC in October 2020 adopted amendments to its position limits rules that establish certain new and amended position limits for 25 specified physical commodity futures and related options contracts traded on exchanges, other futures contracts and related options directly or indirectly linked to such 25 specified contracts, and any OTC transactions that are economically equivalent to the 25 specified contracts. The Adviser will need to consider whether the exposure created under these contracts might exceed the new and amended limits, as relevant to the Fund’s strategy, in anticipation of the applicable compliance dates, and the limits may constrain the ability of the Fund to use such contracts.
Swap Agreements. The Fund will, from time to time, enter into swap agreements. A swap is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swaps are often individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, commodity prices, non-U.S. currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices, indexes or inflation rates.
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Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its Share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declines, the value of a swap agreement would likely decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have fixed maturity dates that are agreed upon by the parties to the swap. An agreement can be terminated before the maturity date only under limited circumstances, such as default by or insolvency of one of the parties and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund will, from time to time, be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, it is possible that the Fund will not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the contract.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses.
The Fund will monitor any swaps with a view towards ensuring that the Fund remains in compliance with all applicable regulatory investment and tax requirements.
Credit Derivatives. The Fund will, from time to time, engage in credit derivative transactions. There are two broad categories of credit derivatives: default price risk derivatives and market spread derivatives. Default price risk derivatives are linked to the price of reference securities or loans after a default by the issuer or Borrower, respectively. Market spread derivatives are based on the risk that changes in market factors, such as credit spreads, can cause a decline in the value of a security, loan or index. There are three basic transactional forms for credit derivatives: swaps, options and structured instruments. A credit default swap is an agreement between two counterparties that allows one counterparty (the “seller”) to sell protection under the swap and or be “long” on a third party’s credit risk and the other party (the “buyer”) to purchase protection under the swap and be “short” on the credit risk. In essence, an institution which owns corporate fixed-income instruments can purchase a limited form of default protection by entering into a credit default swap with another bank, broker-dealer or financial intermediary. Typically, the buyer agrees to make regular fixed payments to the seller with the same frequency as the underlying reference instrument. In exchange, the buyer typically has the right upon a credit event on the underlying instrument to deliver the instrument to the seller in exchange for the instrument’s par value plus interest. Credit default swaps can be used as a substitute for purchasing or selling a credit security and sometimes are preferable to purchasing the security. The Fund currently intends to invest primarily in credit default swaps as a buyer but could also act as a seller. As a buyer of credit default swaps, the Fund is able to express a negative credit view on a particular instrument; as a seller, the Fund can express a positive view on the credit quality of a company. The Fund does not intend to leverage its investments through the use of credit default swaps, but it could incur effective leverage to the extent it acts as a seller of a credit default swap. Among other risks, a party to a credit default swap is subject to counterparty risk. The Fund will monitor any such swaps or derivatives with a view towards ensuring that the Fund remains in compliance with all applicable regulatory investment policy and tax requirements.
Options. The Fund will, from time to time, purchase put and call options on currencies or securities. A put option embodies the right of its purchaser to compel the writer of the option to purchase from the option holder an underlying currency or security or its equivalent at a specified price at any time during the option period. In contrast, a call option gives the purchaser the right to buy the underlying currency or security covered by the option or its equivalent from the writer of the option at the stated exercise price.
As a holder of a put option, the Fund will have the right to sell the securities underlying the option and as the holder of a call option, the Fund will have the right to purchase the currencies or securities underlying the option,
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in each case at their exercise price at any time prior to the option’s expiration date for American options or only at expiration for European options. The Fund could seek to terminate its option positions prior to their expiration by entering into closing transactions. The ability of the Fund to enter into a closing sale transaction depends on the existence of a liquid secondary market. There can be no assurance that a closing purchase or sale transaction can be effected when the Fund so desires.
Certain Considerations Regarding Options. The hours of trading for options may not conform to the hours during which the underlying securities are traded. To the extent that the options markets close before the markets for the underlying securities, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets. The purchase of options is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The purchase of options involves the risk that the premium and transaction costs paid by the Fund in purchasing an option will be lost as a result of unanticipated movements in prices of the securities on which the option is based. Imperfect correlation between the options and securities markets may detract from the effectiveness of attempted hedging. Options transactions may result in significantly higher transaction costs and portfolio turnover for the Fund.
Some, but not all, of the options may be traded and listed on an exchange. There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an options exchange will exist for any particular option at any particular time, and for some options no secondary market on an exchange or elsewhere may exist. If the Fund is unable to effect a closing sale transaction with respect to options on securities that it has purchased, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit and would incur transaction costs upon the purchase and sale of the underlying securities.
Futures Contracts. The Fund will, from time to time, enter into securities-related futures contracts, including security futures contracts, as an anticipatory hedge. The Fund’s derivative investments may include sales of futures as an offset against the effect of expected declines in securities prices and purchases of futures as an offset against the effect of expected increases in securities prices. A security futures contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties to purchase or sell in the future a specific quantity of a security or of the component securities of a narrow-based security index, at a certain price. A person who buys a security futures contract enters into a contract to purchase an underlying security and is said to be “long” the contract. A person who sells a security futures contact enters into a contract to sell the underlying security and is said to be “short” the contract. The price at which the contract trades (the “contract price”) is determined by relative buying and selling interest on a regulated exchange.
Transaction costs are incurred when a futures contract is bought or sold, and margin deposits must be maintained. In order to enter into a security futures contract, the Fund must deposit funds with its custodian in the name of the futures commodities merchant equal to a specified percentage of the current market value of the contract as a performance bond. Moreover, all security futures contracts are marked-to-market at least daily, usually after the close of trading. At that time, the account of each buyer and seller reflects the amount of any gain or loss on the security futures contract based on the contract price established at the end of the day for settlement purposes.
An open position, either a long or short position, is typically closed or liquidated by entering into an offsetting transaction (i.e., an equal and opposite transaction to the one that opened the position) prior to the contract’s expiration. Traditionally, most futures contracts are liquidated prior to expiration through an offsetting transaction and, thus, holders do not incur a settlement obligation. If the offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, a gain will be realized. Conversely, if the offsetting sale price is more than the original purchase price, a gain will be realized; if it is less, a loss will be realized. The transaction costs must also be included in these calculations. There can be no assurance, however, that the Fund will be able to enter into an offsetting transaction with respect to a particular futures contract at a particular time. If the Fund is not able to enter into an offsetting transaction, the Fund will continue to be required to maintain the margin deposits on the futures contract and it is possible that the Fund will not be able to realize a gain in the value of its future position
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or prevent losses from mounting. This inability to liquidate could occur, for example, if trading is halted due to unusual trading activity in either the security futures contract or the underlying security; if trading is halted due to recent news events involving the issuer of the underlying security; if systems failures occur on an exchange or at the firm carrying the position; or, if the position is on an illiquid market. Even if the Fund can liquidate its position, it will, from time to time, be forced to do so at a price that involves a large loss.
Under certain market conditions, it may also be difficult or impossible to manage the risk from open security futures positions by entering into an equivalent but opposite position in another contract month, on another market, or in the underlying security. This inability to take positions to limit the risk could occur, for example, if trading is halted across markets due to unusual trading activity in the security futures contract or the underlying security or due to recent news events involving the issuer of the underlying security.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when the Fund seeks to close out a futures contract position. The Fund will continue to be required to meet margin requirements until the position is closed, possibly resulting in a decline in the Fund’s NAV. In addition, many of the contracts discussed above are relatively new instruments without a significant trading history. As a result, there can be no assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist.
Security futures contracts that are not liquidated prior to expiration must be settled in accordance with the terms of the contract. Some security futures contracts are settled by physical delivery of the underlying security. At the expiration of a security futures contract that is settled through physical delivery, a person who is long the contract must pay the final settlement price set by the regulated exchange or the clearing organization and take delivery of the underlying securities. Conversely, a person who is short the contract must make delivery of the underlying securities in exchange for the final settlement price. Settlement with physical delivery may involve additional costs.
Other security futures contracts are settled through cash settlement. In this case, the underlying security is not delivered. Instead, any positions in such security futures contracts that are open at the end of the last trading day are settled through a final cash payment based on a final settlement price determined by the exchange or clearing organization. Once this payment is made, neither party has any further obligations on the contract.
As noted above, margin is the amount of funds that must be deposited by the Fund in order to initiate futures trading and to maintain the Fund’s open positions in futures contracts. A margin deposit is intended to ensure the Fund’s performance of the futures contract. The margin required for a particular futures contract is set by the exchange on which the futures contract is traded and may be significantly modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the futures contract.
If the price of an open futures contract changes (by increase in the case of a sale or by decrease in the case of a purchase) so that the loss on the futures contract reaches a point at which the margin on deposit does not satisfy margin requirements, the broker will require an increase in the margin. However, if the value of a position increases because of favorable price changes in the futures contract so that the margin deposit exceeds the required margin, the broker will pay the excess to the Fund. In computing daily NAV, the Fund will mark to market the current value of its open futures contracts. The Fund expects to earn interest income on its margin deposits.
Because of the low margin deposits required, futures contracts trading involves an extremely high degree of leverage. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to the investor. For example, if at the time of purchase 10% of the value of the futures contract is deposited as margin, a subsequent 10% decrease in the value of the futures contract would result in a total loss of the margin deposit, before any deduction for the transaction costs, if the account were then closed out. A 15% decrease would result in a loss equal to 150% of the original margin deposit, before any deduction for the transaction costs, if the futures contracts were closed out. Thus, a purchase or sale of a futures contract may result in losses in excess of the amount initially invested in the futures contract.
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In addition to the foregoing, imperfect correlation between the futures contracts and the underlying securities may prevent the Fund from achieving the intended hedge or expose the Fund to risk of loss. Under certain market conditions, the prices of security futures contracts may not maintain their customary or anticipated relationships to the prices of the underlying security or index. These pricing disparities could occur, for example, when the market for the security futures contract is illiquid, when the primary market for the underlying security is closed, or when the reporting of transactions in the underlying security has been delayed.
In addition, the value of a position in security futures contracts could be affected if trading is halted in either the security futures contract or the underlying security. In certain circumstances, regulated exchanges are required by law to halt trading in security futures contracts. For example, trading on a particular security futures contract must be halted if trading is halted on the listed market for the underlying security as a result of pending news, regulatory concerns, or market volatility. Similarly, trading of a security futures contract on a narrow-based security index must be halted under circumstances where trading is halted on securities accounting for at least 50% of the market capitalization of the index. In addition, regulated exchanges are required to halt trading in all security futures contracts for a specified period of time when the Dow Jones Industrial Average (“DJIA”) experiences one-day declines of 10%, 20% and 30%. The regulated exchanges may also have discretion under their rules to halt trading in other circumstances, such as when the exchange determines that the halt would be advisable in maintaining a fair and orderly market.
A trading halt, either by a regulated exchange that trades security futures or an exchange trading the underlying security or instrument, could prevent the Fund from liquidating a position in security futures contracts in a timely manner, which could expose the Fund to a loss.
Each regulated exchange trading a security futures contract may also open and close for trading at different times than other regulated exchanges trading security futures contracts or markets trading the underlying security or securities. Trading in security futures contracts prior to the opening or after the close of the primary market for the underlying security may be less liquid than trading during regular market hours.
Interest Rate Transactions. The Fund can normally be expected to have less significant interest rate-related fluctuations in its NAV per Share than investment companies investing primarily in fixed-income instruments (other than money market funds and some short-term bond funds). However, because floating or variable rates on secured loans only reset periodically, changes in prevailing interest rates can be expected to cause some fluctuations in the Fund’s NAV. Similarly, a sudden and significant increase in market interest rates could cause a decline in the Fund’s NAV. In addition, secured loans could allow a borrower to opt between SOFR-based (or LIBOR alternative-based) interest rates and interest rates based on bank prime rates, which could have an impact the Fund’s NAV.
The Fund will, from time to time, use interest rate swaps for risk management purposes only and not as a speculative investment and would typically use interest rate swaps to shorten the average interest rate reset time of the Fund’s holdings. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange by the Fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive interest (e.g., an exchange of fixed-rate payments for floating rate payments). The Fund will only enter into interest rate swaps on a net basis. If the other party to an interest rate swap defaults, the Fund’s risk of loss consists of the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually entitled to receive. The counterparty risk for cleared interest rate swap transactions is generally lower than for uncleared over-the-counter interest rate swaps since generally a clearing organization becomes substituted for each counterparty to a cleared swap contract and, in effect, guarantees the parties’ performance under the contract as each party to a trade looks only to the clearing house for performance of financial obligations. However, there can be no assurance that the clearing house, or its members, will satisfy its obligations to the Fund. The Fund will not enter into an interest rate swap unless the claims-paying ability of the other party thereto is considered to be investment grade by the Adviser. If there is a default by the other party to such a transaction, the Fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction. These instruments are typically traded in the OTC market.
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The use of interest rate swaps is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. If the Adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, interest rates and other applicable factors, the investment performance of the Fund would be unfavorably affected.
Foreign Currency Transactions. The Fund will, from time to time, engage in foreign currency transactions in connection with its investments in foreign securities. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency transactions either on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the rate then-prevailing in the foreign currency markets or through forward contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts. The Fund will, from time to time, enter into foreign currency forward contracts in order to protect against possible losses on non-U.S. dollar denominated investments resulting from adverse changes in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. A foreign currency forward exchange contract is an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which can be any fixed number of days (usually less than one year) from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price and for an amount set at the time of the contract. These contracts are often traded in the interbank market directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has a margin requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the spread) between the price at which they are buying and selling various currencies. However, foreign currency forward contracts could limit potential gains which could result from a positive change in such currency relationships. The Fund does not speculate in foreign currency.
Except for cross-hedges, the Fund will not enter into foreign currency forward contracts or maintain a net exposure in such contracts when it would be obligated to deliver an amount of foreign currency in excess of the value of its portfolio securities or other assets denominated in that currency or, in the case of a “cross-hedge,” denominated in a currency or currencies that the Adviser believes will tend to be closely correlated with that currency with regard to price movements. At the consummation of a forward contract, the Fund could either make delivery of the foreign currency or terminate its contractual obligation to deliver the foreign currency by purchasing an offsetting contract obligating it to purchase, at the same maturity date, the same amount of such foreign currency. If the Fund chooses to make delivery of the foreign currency, it could be required to obtain such currency through the sale of portfolio securities denominated in such currency or through conversion of other assets of the Fund into such currency. If the Fund engages in an offsetting transaction, the Fund will incur a gain or loss to the extent that there is a difference between the forward contract price and the offsetting forward contract price.
It should be realized that this method of protecting the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities against a decline in the value of a currency does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities. It simply establishes a rate of exchange which can be achieved at some future point in time. Additionally, although such contracts tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, at the same time they tend to limit any potential gain should the value of such currency increase. Generally, the Fund will not enter into a foreign currency forward contract with a term longer than one year.
Commodities-Related Derivatives. The Fund will, from time to time, use commodities-related derivatives to hedge a position in a commodity-related issuer or industry. Commodities-related derivatives include, but are not limited to, commodities contracts, commodity futures or options thereon (investments in contracts for the future purchase or sale of commodities); total return swaps based on a commodity index (permitting one party to receive/pay the total return on a commodity index against payment/receipt of an agreed upon spread/interest rate); commodity-linked notes (providing a return based on a formula referenced to a commodity index); commodity exchange traded notes (non-interest paying debt instruments whose price fluctuates (by contractual commitment) with an underlying commodities index); sovereign issued oil warrants (a sovereign obligation the coupon on which is contingent on the price of oil); and any other commodities-related derivative permitted by law.
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Equity Swaps. In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a security, security index or basket of securities in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, the index receiver can gain exposure to securities making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those securities. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the interest that the Fund will be committed to pay under the swap.
When-Issued and Forward Commitment Securities
From time to time, the Fund will purchase securities on a “when-issued” basis and will purchase or sell securities on a “forward commitment” basis in order to acquire the security or to hedge against anticipated changes in interest rates and prices. When such transactions are negotiated, the price, which is generally expressed in yield terms, is fixed at the time the commitment is made, but delivery and payment for the securities take place at a later date. When-issued securities and forward commitments may be sold prior to the settlement date, but the Fund will enter into when-issued and forward commitments only with the intention of actually receiving or delivering the securities, as the case may be. If the Fund disposes of the right to acquire a when-issued security prior to its acquisition or disposes of its right to deliver or receive against a forward commitment, it might incur a gain or loss. There is always a risk that the securities may not be delivered and that the Fund will incur a loss. Settlements in the ordinary course, which may take substantially more than five business days, are not treated by the Fund as when-issued or forward commitment transactions and accordingly are not subject to the foregoing restrictions.
Securities purchased on a forward commitment or when-issued basis are subject to changes in value (generally changing in the same way, i.e., appreciating when interest rates decline and depreciating when interest rates rise) based upon the public’s perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and changes, actual or anticipated, in the level of interest rates. Securities purchased with a forward commitment or when-issued basis may expose the Fund to risks because they may experience such fluctuations prior to their actual delivery. Purchasing securities on a when-issued basis can involve the additional risks that the yield available in the market when the delivery takes place actually may be higher than that obtained in the transaction itself. Purchasing securities on a forward commitment or when-issued basis when the Fund is fully invested may result in greater potential fluctuation in the value of the Fund’s net assets and its net asset value per Share.
The risks and effect of settlements in the ordinary course on the Fund’s net asset value are not the same as the risks and effect of when-issued and forward commitment securities.
The purchase price of when-issued and forward commitment securities are expressed in yield terms, which reference a floating rate of interest, and is therefore subject to fluctuations of the security’s value in the market from the date of the Fund’s commitment (the “Commitment Date”) to the date of the actual delivery and payment for such securities (the “Settlement Date”). There is a risk that, on the Settlement Date, the Fund’s payment of the final purchase price, which is calculated on the yield negotiated on the Commitment Date, will be higher than the market’s valuation of the security on the Settlement Date. This same risk is also borne if the Fund disposes of its right to acquire a when-issued security, or its right to deliver or receive a forward commitment security, and there is a downward market movement in the value of the security from the Commitment Date to the Settlement Date. No income accrues to the Fund during the period from the Commitment Date to the Settlement Date. On the other hand, the Fund could incur a gain if the Fund invests in when-issued and forward commitment securities and correctly anticipates the rise in interest rates and prices in the market.
The settlements of secondary market purchases of Senior Loans in the ordinary course, on a settlement date beyond the period expected by loan market participants (i.e., T+7 for par loans and T+20 for distressed loans, in other words more than seven or twenty business days beyond the trade date, respectively) are subject to the delayed compensation mechanics prescribed by the Loan Syndications and Trading Association (“LSTA”). For par loans, income accrues to the buyer of the Senior Loan (the “Buyer”) during the period beginning on the last
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date by which the Senior Loan purchase should have settled (T+7) to and including the actual settlement date. Should settlement of a par Senior Loan purchase in the secondary market be delayed beyond the T+7 period prescribed by the LSTA, the Buyer is typically compensated for such delay through a payment from the seller of the Senior Loan (this payment may be netted from the wire released on settlement date for the purchase price of the Senior Loan paid by the Buyer). In brief, the adjustment is typically calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the trade by the applicable margin in the Loan Agreement pro-rated for the number of business days (calculated using a year of 360 days) beyond the settlement period prescribed by the LSTA, plus any amendment or consent fees that the Buyer should have received. Furthermore, the purchase of a Senior Loan in the secondary market is typically negotiated and finalized pursuant to a binding trade confirmation, and therefore, the risk of non-delivery of the security to the Fund is reduced or eliminated when compared with such risk when investing in when-issued or forward commitment securities.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The Fund will, from time to time, enter into reverse repurchase agreements with respect to its portfolio investments subject to the investment restrictions set forth herein. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the sale of securities held by the Fund with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase the securities at an agreed upon price, date and interest payment. The use by the Fund of reverse repurchase agreements involves many of the same risks of leverage since the proceeds derived from such reverse repurchase agreements may be invested in additional securities. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of the securities acquired in connection with the reverse repurchase agreement may decline below the price of the securities the Fund has sold but is obligated to repurchase. Also, reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of the securities retained in lieu of sale by the Fund in connection with the reverse repurchase agreement may decline in price.
If the buyer of securities under a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, such buyer or its trustee or receiver may receive an extension of time to determine whether to enforce the Fund’s obligation to repurchase the securities, and the Fund’s use of the proceeds of the reverse repurchase agreement may effectively be restricted pending such decision. Also, the Fund would bear the risk of loss to the extent that the proceeds of the reverse repurchase agreement are less than the value of the securities subject to such agreement.
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a contractual agreement whereby the seller of securities agrees to repurchase the same security at a specified price on a future date agreed upon by the parties. The agreed-upon repurchase price determines the yield during the Fund’s holding period. Repurchase agreements are considered to be loans collateralized by the underlying security that is the subject of the repurchase contract. The Fund will only enter into repurchase agreements with registered securities dealers or domestic banks that, in the opinion of the Adviser, present minimal credit risk. The risk to the Fund is limited to the ability of the issuer to pay the agreed-upon repurchase price on the delivery date; however, although the value of the underlying collateral at the time the transaction is entered into always equals or exceeds the agreed-upon repurchase price, if the value of the collateral declines there is a risk of loss of both principal and interest. In the event of default, the collateral may be sold but the Fund might incur a loss if the value of the collateral declines and might incur disposition costs or experience delays in connection with liquidating the collateral. In addition, if bankruptcy proceedings are commenced with respect to the seller of the security, realization upon the collateral by the Fund may be delayed or limited. The Adviser will monitor the value of the collateral at the time the transaction is entered into and at all times subsequent during the term of the repurchase agreement in an effort to determine that such value always equals or exceeds the agreed-upon repurchase price. In the event the value of the collateral declines below the repurchase price, the Adviser will demand additional collateral from the issuer to increase the value of the collateral to at least that of the repurchase price, including interest.
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Short Sales
The Fund will, from time to time, engage in short sales of securities, particularly of corporate bonds and other fixed-income instruments. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own as a means of attractive financing for purchasing other assets or in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. The Fund will, from time to time, make short sales for financing, risk management, in order to maintain portfolio flexibility or to enhance income or gain.
When the Fund makes a short sale, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale as collateral for its obligation to deliver the security upon conclusion of the sale. The Fund will, from time to time, have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and is often obligated to pay over any payments received on such borrowed securities.
The Fund’s obligation to replace the borrowed security may be secured by collateral deposited with the broker-dealer, usually cash, U.S. government securities or other liquid securities. Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment over of any payments received by the Fund on such security, the Fund may not receive any payments (including interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer.
If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. Although the Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is theoretically unlimited.
Other Investment Companies
The Fund will, from time to time, invest in securities issued by other investment companies within the limits prescribed by the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder and any exemptive orders currently or in the future obtained by the Fund from the SEC. These securities include shares of other closed-end funds, open-end investment companies (i.e., mutual funds) and ETFs. As a stockholder in an investment company, the Fund will bear its ratable share of that investment company’s expenses and would remain subject to payment of the Fund’s management fees with respect to assets so invested. Shareholders would therefore be subject to duplicative expenses to the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies. In addition, the securities of other investment companies may also be leveraged and will therefore be subject to the same leverage risks described herein.
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MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND
Board of Trustees of the Fund
The business and affairs of the Fund are managed under the oversight of the Board subject to the laws of the State of Delaware and the Fund’s Declaration of Trust. Each member of the Board serves until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified.
Below is a list of the Fund’s Trustees and their present positions and principal occupations during the past five years. Trustees who are not deemed to be “interested persons” of the Fund as defined in the 1940 Act are referred to as “Independent Trustees.” Trustees who are deemed to be “interested persons” of the Fund are referred to as “Interested Trustees.” The term “Fund Complex” includes the registered investment companies advised by the Adviser or its affiliates as of the date of this Statement of Additional Information.
Trustees of the Fund
Name, Age and Address1 | Position(s) Held with the Fund | Term of Office and Length of Time Served | Principal | Number of Registered Investment Companies in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee2 | Other Directorships Held by Trustee3 | |||||||||
Interested Trustee | ||||||||||||||
Rudy Pimentel (54) | Trustee, Chair and President | Since January 2024 | Managing Director, KKR (since 2022), Vice President, T. Rowe Price (2017-2022). | 2 | None | |||||||||
Independent Trustees | ||||||||||||||
Michael E. Cahill (72) | Trustee | Since Inception | Executive Vice President (2008-2013) and Managing Director and General Counsel (1991-2013), The TCW Group, Inc. and Trust Company of the West (financial services firm). | 2 | None | |||||||||
Tobin V. Levy (79) | Trustee | Since Inception | Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer, Local Initiatives Support Corporation (non-profit support and resources) (2011-2014). | 2 | None |
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Name, Age and Address1 | Position(s) Held with the Fund | Term of Office and Length of Time Served | Principal | Number of Registered Investment Companies in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee2 | Other Directorships Held by Trustee3 | |||||
Catherine Sidamon-Eristoff (59) | Trustee | Since Inception | Treasurer and Board Member, C-Change Conversations (non-profit organization), Board Member, FlexPaths LLC (workplace strategy and consulting firm), Managing Director, Constellation Wealth Advisors (financial services firm) (2007-2015). | 4 | None | |||||
Jeffrey L. Zlot (52) | Trustee | Since Inception | Managing Director, Alvarium Tiedemann (formerly, Tiedemann Advisors) (investment consultant and investment banking) (since 1997). | 2 | None |
1 | Each Trustee may be contacted by writing to the Trustee, c/o KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC, 555 California Street, 50th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104, Attn: General Counsel. |
2 | The Fund Complex is comprised of the Fund, KKR Real Estate Select Trust Inc., KKR Income Opportunities Fund, KKR Asset-Based Income Fund and KKR US Direct Lending Fund-U Inc. |
3 | This column includes only directorships of companies required to report to the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) (i.e., “public companies”) or other investment companies registered under the 1940 Act. |
Experience of Trustees
The Board has concluded, based on experience, qualifications and attributes, that each Trustee should serve as a Trustee. Following is a brief summary of the information that led to and/or supports this conclusion.
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Michael E. Cahill, an Independent Trustee, served as Executive Vice President from 2008 to 2013 and Managing Director and General Counsel from 1991 to 2013 of The TCW Group, Inc. and Trust Company of the West, an international investment management firm. Mr. Cahill previously worked at Act III Communications in Los Angeles from 1988 to 1991, where he was Senior Vice President and General Counsel. Earlier in his career, Mr. Cahill was in private corporate law practice at O’Melveny and Myers LLP in Los Angeles and at Shenas, Robbins, Shenas & Shaw in San Diego. Mr. Cahill currently serves on the Board of Trustees of Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles. Mr. Cahill holds a B.A. from Bishops University, a J.D. from Osgoode Hall Law School, York University and an LL.M. from Harvard University.
Tobin V. Levy, an Independent Trustee, was previously employed by Goldman Sachs & Co. for 13 years where he served as a Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of the Hedge Fund Strategies Group. While at Goldman Sachs & Co., Mr. Levy established and managed Goldman Sachs Bank USA, a $20 billion Goldman Sachs bank subsidiary of which he was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Prior to that, Mr. Levy was employed by Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole for 10 years in a variety of roles, including as a Member of the Executive Committee. Earlier in his career, Mr. Levy held management roles at Norwest Bank and First Pennsylvania Corporation. Before Mr. Levy began his career, he was a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army from 1968 to 1971. Mr. Levy was formerly a Trustee of Preservation of Affordable Housing, Inc., a Trustee of the Borough of Princeton Housing Authority and Head of the Investment Committee for Princeton Public Library. Mr. Levy holds a B.S. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. from Wharton at the University of Pennsylvania.
Catherine B. Sidamon-Eristoff, an Independent Trustee, is a Board Member of FlexPaths LLC, a workplace strategy and consulting firm. She is Treasurer and a Board Member of C-Change Conversations, a non-profit organization promoting non-partisan dialogue on climate change and energy. Previously, Ms. Sidamon-Eristoff was a Managing Director of Constellation Wealth Advisors from 2007 until its sale in 2015 to First Republic Bank. She started her career in 1987 at Morgan Stanley, spending most of it in Private Wealth Management, first as a fixed income portfolio manager, then as a Managing Director and head of the New York and other offices. She retired in 2005 as an Advisory Director. Ms. Sidamon-Eristoff has served on the boards of numerous non-profit organizations in New York and New Jersey. She holds a B.A. in Political Science from Duke University and an M.B.A. from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University.
Jeffrey L. Zlot, an Independent Trustee, has served as a Managing Director of Alvarium Tiedemann (formerly, Tiedemann Advisors), an investment consulting and banking firm, since 1997. Mr. Zlot was previously the Chief Compliance Officer of Presidio Merchant Partners, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Presidio Group LLC. Mr. Zlot served as Chief Financial Officer of The Presidio Group LLC from 1997 to 2007. Previously, he worked as a Research Analyst at Peter Hart Research Associates. Mr. Zlot serves as the President of the Board of Camp Tawonga. Mr. Zlot holds a B.A. in Government from Colby College and is a Certified Financial Planner.
Rudy Pimentel, an Interested Trustee, joined KKR in 2022. He is a Managing Director in the Global Product Strategy group, where he is a member of the Credit team. With over 20 years of experience working with institutional investors, Mr. Pimentel is actively involved in the firm’s product development and capital raising activities. Prior to joining KKR, he was a vice president and head of fixed income product management at T. Rowe Price. Previously, Mr. Pimentel was an executive vice president and led the credit strategies team at PIMCO. His earlier experience includes crude oil trading and engineering roles at Chevron Corporation. Mr. Pimentel holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles and an MBA in finance and accounting from the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. He is a CFA Charterholder.
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Trustee Beneficial Ownership of Fund Shares
The following table shows the dollar range of equity securities owned by the Trustees in the Fund and in other investment companies overseen by the Trustees within the Fund Complex as of December 31, 2023.
Name | Dollar Range1 of Equity Securities in the Fund | Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities Overseen by the Trustees in the Family of Registered Investment Companies2 | ||||||
Interested Trustee | ||||||||
Rudy Pimentel | None | Over $100,000 | ||||||
Independent Trustees | ||||||||
Michael E. Cahill | None | Over $100,000 | ||||||
Tobin V. Levy | None | None | ||||||
Catherine Sidamon-Eristoff | None | None | ||||||
Jeffrey L. Zlot | None | None |
1 | “Beneficial Ownership” is determined in accordance with Section 16a-1(a)(2) under the Exchange Act. |
2 | The term “Family of Registered Investment Companies” refers to all registered investment companies advised by the Adviser or an affiliate board. |
Compensation of Trustees
Each Independent Trustee is compensated by an annual retainer and meeting fees. The following is the compensation paid to the Trustees for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023. The Independent Trustees may elect to defer part or all of the fees earned for serving as Trustees of the Fund pursuant to a deferred compensation plan. The Fund does not have a retirement or pension plan.
Name of Trustee | Aggregate Compensation From the Fund | Total Compensation From Fund Complex Paid to Trustees3 | ||||||
Interested Trustee | ||||||||
Rudy Pimentel1 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||
Independent Trustees | ||||||||
Michael E. Cahill2 | $ | 30,000 | $ | 60,000 | ||||
Tobin V. Levy2 | $ | 30,000 | $ | 60,000 | ||||
Catherine Sidamon-Eristoff2 | $ | 30,000 | $ | 135,000 | ||||
Jeffrey L. Zlot2 | $ | 30,000 | $ | 60,000 |
1 | The Interested Trustee is not compensated by the Fund or the Fund Complex for his services. |
2 | Participants in the deferred compensation plan. Fiscal year 2023 compensation directed to the deferred compensation plan consisted of $30,000, $45,000, $60,000 and $60,000, allocated on behalf of Messrs. Cahill and Levy, Ms. Sidamon-Eristoff and Mr. Zlot, respectively, pursuant to the deferred compensation plan. |
3 | The Fund Complex is comprised of the Fund, KKR Real Estate Select Trust Inc., KKR Income Opportunities Fund, KKR Asset-Based Income Fund and KKR US Direct Lending Fund-U Inc. |
The Board met four times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023.
Board Committees
In addition to serving on the Board, the Independent Trustees also serve on the following committees, which have been established by the Board to handle certain designated responsibilities. The Board has designated a chair of each committee. The Board may establish additional committees, change the membership of any
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committee, fill all vacancies and designate alternate members to replace any absent or disqualified member of any committee or to dissolve any committee as it deems necessary and in the Fund’s best interest.
Audit Committee. The members of the Fund’s Audit Committee (the “Audit Committee”) are Michael E. Cahill, Tobin V. Levy, Catherine Sidamon-Eristoff and Jeffrey L. Zlot, each of whom meets the independence standards established by the SEC for audit committees and is independent for purposes of the 1940 Act. Tobin V. Levy serves as chair of the Audit Committee. The Board has determined that Mr. Levy is an “audit committee financial expert” as that term is defined under Item 407 of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a written charter and meets periodically as necessary. The Audit Committee is responsible for selecting, engaging and discharging the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, reviewing the plans, scope and results of the audit engagement with the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, approving professional services provided by the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm (including compensation therefor), reviewing the independence of the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and reviewing the adequacy of the Fund’s internal controls over financial reporting. The Audit Committee met two times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023. No member of the nominating committee is an “interested person” of the Fund.
Nominating Committee. The members of the Fund’s Nominating Committee (the “Nominating Committee”) are Michael E. Cahill, Tobin V. Levy, Catherine Sidamon-Eristoff and Jeffrey L. Zlot, each of whom meets the independence standards established by the SEC for governance committees and is independent for purposes of the 1940 Act. Jeffrey L. Zlot serves as chair of the Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee operates pursuant to a written charter and meets periodically as necessary. The Nominating Committee is responsible for selecting, researching, and nominating trustees for election by Shareholders, periodically reviewing the composition of the Board in light of the current needs of the Board and the Fund, and determining whether it may be appropriate to add or remove individuals after considering issues of judgment, diversity, age, skills, background and experience. The Nominating Committee will consider proposed nominations for trustees by Shareholders who have sent nominations (which include the biographical information and the qualifications of the proposed nominee) to the Chief Executive Officer of the Fund, as the Nominating Committee deems appropriate. The Nominating Committee met two times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023. No member of the nominating committee is an “interested person” of the Fund.
Board Leadership Structure
The Board is currently composed of five Trustees, four of whom are Independent Trustees. The Fund’s business and affairs are managed under the direction of its Board. Among other things, the Board sets broad policies for the Fund and approves the appointment of the Fund’s administrator and officers. The role of the Board, and of any individual Trustee, is one of oversight and not of management of the Fund’s day-to-day affairs.
Under the Fund’s Bylaws, the Board may designate one of the Trustees as chair to preside over meetings of the Board and meetings of Shareholders, and to perform such other duties as may be assigned to him or her by the Board. Presently, Rudy Pimentel serves as Chair of the Board and is an Interested Trustee by virtue of his employment relationship with an affiliate of the Adviser. The Board believes that it is in the best interests of Fund Shareholders for Mr. Pimentel to serve as Chair of the Board because of his significant experience in matters of relevance to the Fund’s business. The Board does not, at the present time, have a lead Independent Trustee; the Board has determined that the compositions of the Audit Committee and the Nominating Committee are appropriate means to address any potential conflicts of interest that may arise from the Chair’s status as an Interested Trustee. The Board believes that flexibility to determine its Chair and to recognize its leadership structure is in the best interests of the Fund and its Shareholders at this time.
All of the Independent Trustees play an active role on the Board. The Independent Trustees compose a majority of the Board and will be closely involved in all material deliberations related to the Fund. The Board believes
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that, with these practices, each Independent Trustee has an equal involvement in the actions and oversight role of the Board and equal accountability to the Fund and its Shareholders. The Independent Trustees are expected to meet separately (i) as part of each regular Board meeting and (ii) with the Fund’s chief compliance officer, as part of at least one Board meeting each year.
The Board believes that its leadership structure is the optimal structure for the Fund at this time. The Board, which will review its leadership structure periodically as part of its annual self-assessment process, further believes that its structure is presently appropriate to enable it to exercise its oversight of the Fund.
Board Role in Risk Oversight
The Trustees meet periodically throughout the year to discuss and consider matters concerning the Fund and to oversee the Fund’s activities, including its investment performance, compliance program and risks associated with its activities. Risk management is a broad concept comprising many disparate elements (for example, investment risk, issuer and counterparty risk, compliance risk, operational risk and business continuity risk). The Board implements its risk oversight function both as a whole and through its committees. The Board has adopted, and periodically reviews, policies and procedures designed to address risks associated with the Fund’s activities. In the course of providing oversight, the Board and its committees will receive reports on the Fund’s and the Adviser’s activities, including reports regarding the Fund’s investment portfolio and financial accounting and reporting. The Board also receives a quarterly report from the Fund’s chief compliance officer, who reports on the Fund’s compliance with the federal and state securities laws and its internal compliance policies and procedures as well as those of the Adviser, the Fund’s administrator and the Fund’s transfer agent. The Audit Committee’s meetings with the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm also contribute to its oversight of certain internal control risks. In addition, the Board meets periodically with the Adviser to receive reports regarding the Fund’s operations, including reports on certain investment and operational risks, and the Independent Trustees are encouraged to communicate directly with senior members of Fund management.
The Board believes that this role in risk oversight is appropriate. The Board believes that the Fund has robust internal processes in place and a strong internal control environment to identify and manage risks. However, not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified or processes and controls developed to eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects, and some risks are beyond the control of the Fund, the Adviser and the Fund’s other service providers.
Officers of the Fund
Below is a list of the trustees and officers of the Fund and their present positions and principal occupations during the past five years. Officers are annually elected by the Trustees.
Name, Age and Address | Position(s) Held | Term of Office and | Principal Occupation(s) | |||
Thomas Murphy (56)
KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC 555 California Street 50th Floor San Francisco, CA 94104 | Treasurer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer | Since Inception | Managing Director, (Finance & Accounting), KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC (since 2012); Chief Financial Officer, KKR Financial Holdings LLC (since 2009). | |||
Rudy Pimentel (54)
KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC 555 California Street 50th Floor San Francisco, CA 94104 | President | Since January 2024 | Managing Director, KKR (since 2022), Vice President, T. Rowe Price (2017-2022). |
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Name, Age and Address | Position(s) Held | Term of Office and | Principal Occupation(s) | |||
Lori Hoffman (34)
KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC 555 California Street 50th Floor San Francisco, CA 94104 | Secretary and Vice President | Since June 2022 | Director, KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC (since July 2020); Associate, Dechert LLP (2013-2020). | |||
Michael Nguyen (40)
KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC 555 California Street 50th Floor San Francisco, CA 94104 | Chief Compliance Officer | Since June 2022 | Director, KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC (since 2013); Secretary and Vice President, KKR Credit Opportunities Portfolio (2019-2022). | |||
Doug Krupa (45)
KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC 555 California Street 50th Floor San Francisco, CA 94104 | Vice President, Head of Investor Relations | Since Inception | Managing Director, Client and Partner Group (since 2019); Global Head of Product Strategy, Blackstone Inc. (2011-2019). |
The Fund’s officers do not receive compensation from the Fund.
The Adviser
The Fund’s investment adviser is KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC. The Adviser’s principal office is located at 555 California Street, 50th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94104. The Adviser is a subsidiary of KKR & Co. Inc.
Pursuant to the investment advisory agreement, the Adviser manages the Fund’s investment portfolio, directs purchases and sales of portfolio securities and reports thereon to the Fund’s officers and trustees regularly. The Adviser or its parent also provides the office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to perform the following services for the Fund: SEC compliance, including record keeping, reporting requirements and registration statements and proxies; supervision of Fund operations, including coordination of functions of the transfer agent, custodian, accountants, counsel and other parties performing services or operational functions for the Fund; and certain administrative and clerical services, including certain accounting services and maintenance of certain books and records.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, the Fund paid the Adviser $2,799,427, $7,448,966, and $10,534,131, respectively, under the investment advisory agreement. The investment advisory agreement between the Fund and the Adviser was most recently considered and approved by the Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, in principle at a meeting held on June 14, 2023. A discussion regarding the basis for the most recent approval of the renewal of the investment advisory agreement by the Board is available in the Fund’s annual report to Shareholders.
The investment advisory agreement provides for the Fund to pay an annual fee, payable monthly by the Fund, in an amount equal to 1.30% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means the total assets of the Fund (including any assets attributable to borrowings for investment purposes) minus the sum of the Fund’s accrued liabilities (other than liabilities representing borrowings for investment purposes).
Following an initial two-year period commencing on its effective date. the investment advisory agreement will continue in effect, if not sooner terminated, for successive periods of 12 months thereafter, provided that each continuance is specifically approved at least annually by both (1) the vote of a majority of the Board or the vote
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of a majority of the outstanding securities entitled to vote (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) and (2) by the vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by the Fund (upon the vote of a majority of the Board or a majority of the outstanding securities entitled to vote) or by the Adviser, upon not more than 60 nor less than 30 days’ written notice by either party to the other which can be waived by the non-terminating party. The agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder).
The investment advisory agreement provides that in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations thereunder, the Adviser is not liable to the Fund or any of the Fund’s Shareholders for any act or omission by the Adviser in the supervision or management of its respective investment activities or for any loss sustained by the Fund or the Fund’s Shareholders and provides for indemnification by the Fund of the Adviser, its Trustees, officers, employees, agents and control persons for liabilities incurred by them in connection with their services to the Fund, subject to certain limitations and conditions.
Although the professional staff of the Adviser will devote as much time to the management of the Fund as the Adviser deems appropriate to perform its duties in accordance with the investment advisory agreement and in accordance with reasonable commercial standards, the professional staff of the Adviser may have conflicts in allocating its time and services among the Fund and the Adviser’s other investment vehicles and accounts. The Adviser has informed the Board that the services of the Adviser are not exclusive, and the Adviser provides similar services to other clients and may engage in other activities.
Administrator
U.S. Bank Global Fund Services (the “Administrator”), located at 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, serves as administrator to the Fund. Under the administration agreement, the Administrator is responsible for calculating the NAV of the Shares and generally managing the administrative affairs of the Fund.
The Administrator is entitled to receive a monthly fee based on the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets, subject to a minimum annual fee, plus out-of-pocket expenses.
Portfolio Managers
The portfolio managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund also manage other registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles and other accounts, as indicated below. The following table identifies, as of October 31, 2023: (i) the number of other registered investment companies, pooled investment vehicles and other accounts managed by the portfolio manager and (ii) the total assets under management (“AUM”) of such companies, vehicles and accounts, and the number and total AUM of such companies, vehicles and accounts with respect to which the advisory fee is based on performance.
Christopher A. Sheldon ($ in millions)
Number of Accounts | Assets of Accounts | Number of Accounts Subject to a Performance Fee | Assets Subject to a Performance Fee | |||||||||||||
Registered Investment Companies | 1 | $ | 548 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Pooled Investment Vehicles Other Than Registered Investment Companies | 13 | $ | 11,975 | 6 | $ | 5,540 | ||||||||||
Other Accounts | 13 | $ | 4,365 | 9 | $ | 2,669 |
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Jeremiah Lane ($ in millions)
Number of Accounts | Assets of Accounts | Number of Accounts Subject to a Performance Fee | Assets Subject to a Performance Fee | |||||||||||||
Registered Investment Companies | 1 | $ | 548 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Pooled Investment Vehicles Other Than Registered Investment Companies | 8 | $ | 82,201 | 1 | $ | 15,400 | ||||||||||
Other Accounts | 60 | $ | 23,661 | 2 | $ | 378 |
Daniel Pietrzak ($ in millions)
Number of Accounts | Assets of Accounts | Number of Accounts Subject to a Performance Fee | Assets Subject to a Performance Fee | |||||||||||||
Registered Investment Companies | 1 | $ | 419 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Pooled Investment Vehicles Other Than Registered Investment Companies | 13 | $ | 68,915 | 12 | $ | 19,977 | ||||||||||
Other Accounts | 16 | $ | 5,985 | 11 | $ | 2,643 |
Portfolio Manager Compensation
Consistent with KKR’s global, integrated culture, KKR has one firm-wide compensation and incentive structure based on a global profit and loss statement, which covers each of the portfolio managers. KKR’s compensation structure is designed to align the interests of the investment personnel serving the Fund with those of the Fund’s Shareholders and to give everyone a direct financial incentive to ensure that all of KKR’s resources, knowledge and relationships around the world are utilized to maximize risk-adjusted returns for each strategy.
Each of KKR’s senior executives, including the portfolio managers responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund, receives a base salary and is eligible for a cash bonus and equity compensation, as well as additional incentives including “dollars at work” in KKR fund investments (other than the Fund) and equity compensation. The cash bonus, equity compensation and “dollars at work” are discretionary, and “dollars at work” and equity awards are typically subject to a vesting period of several years.
All final compensation and other longer-term incentive award decisions are made by the KKR Management Committee based on input from managers. Compensation and other incentives are not formulaic, but rather are judgment and merit driven, and are determined based on a combination of overall firm performance, individual contribution and performance, business unit performance, and relevant market and competitive compensation practices for other businesses and the individual roles/responsibilities within each of the businesses.
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Securities Ownership of Portfolio Managers
As of October 31, 2023, the portfolio managers of the Fund beneficially owned the following amounts of Shares of the Fund:
Portfolio Manager | Dollar Range of Equity Securities Owned1 | |
Christopher A. Sheldon | None | |
Jeremiah Lane | None | |
Daniel Pietrzak | None |
1 | Ranges (None, $1-$10,000, $10,001-$50,000, $50,001-$100,000, $100,001-$500,000, $500,001-$1,000,000 or over $1,000,000). |
Conflicts of Interest
The Adviser will experience conflicts of interest in connection with the management of the Fund, including, but not limited to, those discussed below. Dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and new and different types of conflicts may subsequently arise.
• | The members, officers and other personnel of the Adviser allocate their time, resources and other services between the Fund and other investment and business activities in which they are involved, including other funds, investment vehicles and accounts managed by KKR. The Adviser intends to devote such time as shall be necessary to conduct the Fund’s business affairs in an appropriate manner. However, the Adviser will continue to devote the time, resources and other services necessary to managing its other investment and business activities, and the Adviser is not precluded from conducting activities unrelated to the Fund. Substantial time will be spent by such members, officers and personnel monitoring the investments of other funds, investment vehicles and accounts managed by KKR. |
• | The Adviser will, at times, compete with certain of its affiliates, including other entities it manages, for investments for the Fund, subjecting the Adviser to certain conflicts of interest in evaluating the suitability of investment opportunities and making or recommending acquisitions on the Fund’s behalf. The Adviser will receive advisory and other fees from the other entities it manages, and due to fee-offset provisions contained in the management agreements for such entities, the fees, at times, will not be proportionate to such entities’ investment accounts for any given transaction and the Adviser will have an incentive to favor entities from which it receives higher fees. |
• | The Fund has adopted the Adviser’s allocation policy, which is designed to fairly and equitably distribute investment opportunities over time among funds or pools of capital managed by the Adviser, which may include proprietary accounts, including investment or co-investment vehicles established for personnel of KKR or its affiliates. The Adviser’s allocation policy provides that once an investment has been approved and is deemed to be in the Fund’s best interest, the Fund will receive a pro rata share of the investment based on capital available for investment in the asset class being allocated. Determinations as to the amount of capital available for investment are based on such factors as: the amount of cash on-hand, existing commitments and reserves, the targeted leverage level, the targeted asset mix and diversification requirements, other investment policies and restrictions and limitations imposed by applicable laws, rules, regulations or interpretations. The outcome of this determination will result in the allocation of all, some or none of an investment opportunity to the Fund. In addition, subject to applicable law, affiliates of the Adviser will, from time to time, invest in one of the Fund’s portfolio companies and hold a different class of securities than the Fund. To the extent that an affiliate of the Adviser holds a different class of securities than the Fund, its interests might not be aligned with the Fund’s. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser will act in the best interest of the Fund in accordance with its fiduciary duty to the Fund. |
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• | The appropriate allocation among the Fund and other KKR funds and accounts of expenses and fees generated in the course of evaluating and making investments often will not be clear, especially where more than one KKR fund or account participates. The Adviser will determine, in its sole discretion, the appropriate allocation of investment-related expenses, including broken deal expenses incurred in respect of unconsummated investments and expenses more generally relating to a particular investment strategy, among the funds and accounts participating or that would have participated in such investments or that otherwise participate in the relevant investment strategy, as applicable, which could result in the Fund bearing more or less of these expenses than other participants or potential participants in the relevant investments. |
• | The compensation payable by the Fund to the Adviser will be approved by the Board consistent with the exercise of the requisite standard of care applicable to trustees under state law. Such compensation is payable, in most cases, regardless of the quality of the assets acquired, the services provided to the Fund or whether the Fund makes distributions to Shareholders. |
• | The Adviser and its affiliates will, at times, provide a broad range of financial services to companies in which the Fund invests, in compliance with applicable law, and will generally be paid fees for such services. In addition, affiliates of the Adviser could act as an underwriter or placement agent in connection with an offering of securities by one of the companies in the Fund’s portfolio. Any compensation received by the Adviser and its affiliates for providing these services will not be shared with the Fund and could be received before the Fund realizes a return on its investment. The Adviser will face conflicts of interest with respect to services performed for these companies, on the one hand, and investments recommended to the Fund, on the other hand. |
• | KKR engages in a broad range of business activities and invests in portfolio companies and other issuers whose operations could be substantially similar to the issuers of the Fund’s portfolio investments. The performance and operation of such competing businesses could conflict with and adversely affect the performance and operation of the issuers of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could adversely affect the prices and availability of business opportunities or transactions available to these issuers. |
• | From time to time, to the extent consistent with the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, or with exemptive relief the Fund receives from the SEC, if any, the Fund and other clients for which the Adviser provides investment management services or carries on investment activities (including, among others, clients that are employee benefit plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and related regulations) will make investments at different levels of an investment entity’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s securities. These investments inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities held by the Fund and such other clients, including in the case of financial distress of the investment entity. |
• | KKR and the Adviser sponsor and advise, and expect in the future to sponsor and advise, a broad range of investment funds, vehicles and other accounts, including proprietary vehicles, that make investments worldwide. KKR will, from time to time, also make investments for its own account, including, for example, through investment and co-investment vehicles established for KKR personnel and associates. The Adviser and its affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, fr |