Summary of significant accounting policies | Summary of significant accounting policies Stock split In July 2021, the Company effected a 2-for-1 forward stock split of its common stock. In connection with the forward stock split, each issued and outstanding share of common stock, automatically and without action on the part of the holders, became two shares of common stock. The par value per share of common stock was adjusted from $0.0001 to $0.00005. All share, per share and related information presented in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes has been retroactively adjusted, where applicable, to reflect the impact of the stock split. Use of estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Key estimates and judgments relied upon in preparing these consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation of long-lived assets, valuation of acquired assets and liabilities assumed as part of a business combination, internally developed software, amortization of intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill, and intangible assets, fair value of derivative instruments, fair value of stock-based awards, and accounting for income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of bank deposits. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents at major financial institutions, which often exceed insured limits. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such bank depository concentration. Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts Accounts receivable is primarily comprised of amounts owed to the Company resulting from fees due from franchisees. The Company evaluates its accounts receivable on an ongoing basis and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical collections and specific review of outstanding accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are written off as uncollectible when it is determined that further collection efforts will be unsuccessful. The change in allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 Balance as of beginning of the year $ 5,746 PY $ 1,069 Provisions for bad debts, included in selling, general and administrative 8,746 a 6,709 Uncollectible receivables written off (6,360) (2,032) Balance as of end of the year $ 8,132 $ 5,746 Inventories Inventory is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory primarily consists of finished goods such as merchandise and equipment. The first-in, first-out method is used to determine the cost of inventories held for sale to franchisees. If the Company determines that the estimated net realizable value of its inventory is less than the carrying value of such inventory, it records a charge to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by the Company, further charges may be required. The Company wrote off $0.2 milli on and $0.2 million in inventories during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to obsolete inventory. Property and equipment Property and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over its related estimated useful life. Refer to Note 3 — Property and equipment, net for useful lives of property and equipment. Leasehold improvements depreciates over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed in the period incurred. Expenditures for purchases and improvements that extend the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized and depreciated over the term of the lease or useful life of the equipment. Upon sale or retirement, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts, and any related gain or loss is reflected in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Construction in progress Construction in progress (“CIP”) consists of costs associated with the leasehold improvement activities of the Company’s new headquarter in Austin, Texas. Capitalization of these costs ceases and CIP is transferred to property and equipment when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the assets for their intended use are completed. No depreciation is recognized for until the assets are completed and ready for their intended use. Business combination The Company includes the results of operations of the businesses that the Company acquires as of the acquisition date. The Company allocates the consideration transferred of the acquisitions to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. These fair value determinations require judgment and may involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including projections of future events and operating performance. The purchase price allocation may be provisional during a measurement period of up to one year to provide reasonable time to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Any such measurement period adjustments are recognized in the period in which the adjustment amount is determined. Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill and intangible assets that arise from acquisitions are recorded in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other . In accordance with this guidance, specifically identified intangible assets must be recorded as a separate asset from goodwill if either of the following two criteria is met: (1) the intangible asset acquired arises from contractual or other legal rights; or (2) the intangible asset is separable. Intangibles are typically trade and brand names, customer relationships, and reacquired franchise rights. Transactions are evaluated to determine whether any gain or loss on reacquired franchise rights, based on their fair value, should be recognized separately from identified intangibles. Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. The Company allocates goodwill to reporting units based on the expected benefit from the business combination. The Company evaluates the reporting units periodically, as well as when changes in the operating segments occur. For changes in reporting units, the Company reassigns goodwill using a relative fair value allocation approach. The Company capitalizes costs associated with software developed or obtained for internal use when the preliminary project stage is completed. These capitalized costs are included in intangible assets and include third party cost of services procured in developing or obtaining internal-use software and personnel and related expenses for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to internal-use software projects. Capitalization of these costs ceases once the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended purpose. Software development costs are amortized to selling, general and administrative expenses using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of three years commencing when the software development project is ready for its intended use. Amounts related to software development that are not capitalized are charged immediately to selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The recoverability of software development costs capitalized under ASC 350-40 is evaluated in accordance with the methodology noted within the “Impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill, and intangible assets” section below. When, in management’s estimate, future cash flows will not be sufficient to recover previously capitalized costs, the Company expenses these capitalized costs to selling, general and administrative expenses in the period such a determination is made. Goodwill, trade names and trademarks have an indefinite life and are not amortized, but are tested annually for impairment or more frequently if impairment indicators arise, as described below. Impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill, and intangible assets The Company assesses potential impairment of its long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets, whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment or more frequently when an event or circumstance indicates that goodwill might be impaired. Generally, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If factors indicate that this is the case, the Company then estimates the fair value of the related reporting unit. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is determined to be impaired and the Company will record an impairment equal to the excess of the carrying value over its fair value. The indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of each asset with its carrying value, with any excess of carrying value over fair value being recognized as an impairment loss. The Company is also permitted to make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not an indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying value prior to applying the quantitative assessment. If based on the Company’s qualitative assessment it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the asset is less than its fair value, then a quantitative assessment may be required. The Company also tests for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the fair value of such indefinite-lived intangible asset has been impaired. If impairment indicators arise with respect to finite-lived intangible assets, the Company evaluates impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, then the Company estimates the fair value of the asset and compare the estimated fair value to the intangible asset’s carrying value. The Company recognizes any shortfall from carrying value as an impairment loss in the current period. The Company completed the required annual impairment test of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as of October 1, 2021. There were no impairment charges recorded on the Company’s long-lived assets, goodwill and indefinite-lived and finite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Deferred IPO costs Deferred IPO costs, which consist primarily of direct incremental legal and accounting fees relating to the IPO, registration fees, filing fees, and listing fees, are capitalized. As of December 31, 2021, the deferred IPO costs of $5.8 million were recorded in additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets as a reduction from the proceeds of the IPO. During the year ended December 31, 2020, $4.7 million of offering costs were expensed as a prior transaction was terminated during the year. There were no deferred IPO costs as of December 31, 2020. Debt issuance costs Debt issuance costs of $1.0 million and $5.2 million were incurred during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for arranging the Company’s various debt instruments. The debt issuance costs of $1.0 million associated with the revolving facility during the year ended December 31, 2021 are recorded as deferred co sts in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the term of the related debt on a straight-line basis. The debt issuance costs of $5.2 million associated with the term loan facilities during the year ended December 31, 2020 are recorded as an offset within debt in the consolidated balance sheets and accr eted over the term of the related debt using the effective interest rate method. Revenue from contracts with customers The Company’s contracts with customers are typically comprised of multiple performance obligations, including exclusive franchise rights to access the Company’s intellectual property to operate an F45 Training-branded fitness facility in a specific territory (franchise agreements), a material right related to discounted renewals of the franchis e agreements (both reflected in franchise revenue in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss) and equipment and merchandise. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to government authorities are recorded on a net basis. Franchise revenue The Company’s primary performance obligation under the franchise agreement is granting certain exclusive rights to access the Company’s intellectual property to operate an F45 Training-branded fitness facility in a defined territory. This performance obligation is a right to access the Company’s intellectual property, which is satisfied ratably over the term of the franchise agreement. Renewal fees are generally recognized over the renewal term for the respective agreement from the start of the renewal period. Transfer fees are recognized over the remaining term of the franchise agreement beginning at the time of transfer. Franchise agreements generally consist of an obligation to grant exclusive rights over a defined territory and may include options to renew the agreement. Earlier franchise agreements had an initial term of three years while more recent agreements have an initial term of five years. With the Company’s approval, a franchisee may transfer a franchise agreement to a new or existing franchisee, at which point a transfer fee is paid. The Company’s arrangements have no financing elements as there is no difference between the promised consideration and the cash selling price. Additionally, the Company has assessed that a significant amount of the costs incurred under the contract to perform are incurred up-front. Franchise revenue consists primarily of upfront establishment fees, monthly franchise fees and other franchise-related fees. The upfront establishment fee is payable by the franchisee upon signing a new franchise agreement and monthly franchise and related fees are payable throughout the term of the franchise license. Historically, franchisees have paid a fixed monthly franchise fee. For new franchisees the franchise fee is based on the greater of a fixed monthly franchise fee or a percentage of gross monthly studio revenue. Discounted franchise agreement renewal fees The Company’s franchise agreements may include discounted renewal options allowing franchisees to renew at no cost or at a reduction of the initial upfront establishment fee. The resulting discount in fees at renewal provides a material right to franchisees. The Company’s obligation to provide future discounted renewals to franchisees are accounted for as separate performance obligations. The value of these material rights related to the future discount was determined by reference to the estimated franchise agreement term, which has been estimated to be 10 years, and related estimated transaction price. The estimated transaction price allocated to the franchise agreements, including the upfront establishment fee, is recognized as revenue over the estimated contract term of 10 years, which gives recognition to the renewal option containing a material right. At the end of the initial contract term, any unrecognized transaction price would be recognized during the renewal term, if exercised, or whe n the renewal option expires, if unexercised. Equipment and merchandise revenue The Company requires its franchisees to purchase fitness and technology equipment directly from the Company and payment is required to be made prior to the placement of the franchisees’ orders. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of ordered items, generally upon delivery to the franchisee, which is when the franchisee obtains physical possession of the goods, legal title has transferred, and the franchisee has all risks and rewards of ownership. The franchisees are charged for all freight costs incurred for the delivery of equipment. Freight revenue is recorded within equipment and merchandise revenue and freight costs are recorded within cost of equipment and merchandise revenue. The Company is the principal in a majority of its equipment revenue transactions as the Company controls its proprietary equipment prior to delivery to the franchisee, has pricing discretion over the goods, and has primary responsibility to fulfill the franchisee order through its direct third-party vendor. The Company is the agent in a limited number of equipment and merchandise revenue transactions where the franchisee interacts directly with third-party vendors for which the Company receives a rebate on sales directly from the vendor. Allocation of transaction price The Company’s contracts include multiple performance obligations—typically the franchise license, equipment and material rights for discounted renewal fees. Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price for these performance obligations. The Company does not sell the franchise license or World Pack equipment on a stand-alone basis (the Company’s contracts with customers almost always include both performance obligations), as such the standalone selling price of the performance obligations are not directly observable on a stand-alone basis. Accordingly, the Company estimates the standalone selling prices using available information including the prices charged for each performance obligation within its contracts with customers in the relevant geographies and market conditions. Individual standalone selling prices are estimated for each geographic location, primarily the United States, Australia and ROW, due to the unique market conditions of those performance obligations in each region. Contract Assets Contract assets primarily consist of unbilled revenue where the Company is utilizing the costs incurred as the measure of progress of satisfying the performance obligation. When the contract price is invoiced, the related unbilled receivable is reclassified to trade accounts receivable, where the balance will be settled upon the collection of the invoiced amount. The unbilled receivable represents the amount expected to be billed and collected for services performed through period-end in accordance with contract terms. The unbilled contract assets are principally the result of a number of multi-unit franchise agreements executed during 2021. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had contract assets of $4.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in other curre nt assets, and $18.4 million and $4.9 million, respectively, in other long-term assets. These contract assets are subject to impairment assessment. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $1.7 million and $0, respectively, of impairment charges with respect to these assets within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Deferred costs Deferred costs consist of incremental costs to obtain (e.g., commissions) and fulfill (e.g., payroll costs) a contract with a franchisee. Both the incremental costs to obtain and fulfill a contract with a franchisee are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period if the Company expects to recover those costs. The Company reviews existing franchisee contract terminations and where terminations are identified associated contract and fulfillment costs are fully impaired. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had $13.8 million and $12.8 million, respectively, of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts with franchisees. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $1.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively, in amortization of these deferred costs. The amortization of these costs is included in selling, general and administrative expenses for costs to obtain a contract and cost of franchise revenue for costs to fulfill a contract in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive lo ss. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $0.8 million and $0, respectively, of impairment charges with respect to these assets within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss . Change in estimate During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the Company entered into franchise agreements that included a discount on upfront establishment fees and modified other contract terms as part of a limited-time promotional offer made exclusively to existing franchises (“limited-time promotional deals”). The Company deemed that the limited-time promotional deals did not meet the criteria of a contract at the inception of the agreement under ASC 606-10-25-1 due to the Company’s inability to determine that collectability under the agreements was probable, and as such, did not begin immediately recognizing revenue upon the inception of these franchise agreements . During the second quarter of 2021, the Company assessed the limited-time promotional deals and determined the criteria of a contract under ASC 606-10-25-1 had been met and, as a result, recorded a cumulative catch-up in revenue of $2.2 million. The Company noted the assessment of collectability was primarily driven by a review of post-COVID payment and collection history for franchisees who owned multiple studios within the Company's network, system-wide sales per region, and increases in post re-opening weekly visit volume and store-level gross sales volumes compared to specified periods in which the contracts were initially signed. The Company’s United States subsidiary, F45 Training, Inc., operates in various states within the United States which require the Company to defer collection of certain fees (“the Deferred States”), including the initial establishment fees, until certain criteria are met as specified by state and local requirements. In Deferred States, the Company concluded that the deferred establishment fees represent variable consideration as receipt was subject to uncertainty due to a lack of experience with contracts requiring deferral of establishment fees and uncertainty on the length of timing between inception of an agreement and the opening of a studio. As a result, establishment fees were excluded from the transaction price upon signing of the franchise agreements with franchises located in Deferred States. The Company re-evaluates the transaction price on its Deferred States franchise agreements if there is a significant change in facts and circumstances at the end of each reporting period. During the second quarter of 2021, the Company increased the transaction price of the Deferred States contracts by $1.7 million because of an enhanced history of franchise agreements and collections history on Deferred States franchise agreements, as well as a review of post-COVID payment and collection history for similar franchisees, resulting in the recognition of an additional $1.3 million in revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021. Consideration from a vendor Consideration from a vendor includes rebates that the Company can apply against the purchase price of the equipment acquired from the Company’s suppliers. Such consideration is accounted for by the Company as a reduction to the cost of sales of the related acquired equipment upon delivery to the franchisee. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $6.0 million and $0, respectively, of consideration from its suppliers as a reduction to the cost of sales of equipment and merchandise in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Leases The Company recognizes rent expense related to leased office and operating space on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the rent expense w as $2.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively, and recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Advertising Advertising and marketing costs are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, advertising expenses included in selling, general and administrative expenses totaled $16.5 million and $4.0 million, respectively. Income taxes The Company uses the liability method to account for income taxes as prescribed by ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities as measured by the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when these differences reverse. Deferred tax (benefit) expense is the result of changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are adjusted to recognize the effects of changes in tax laws or enacted tax rates in the period during which they are signed into law. The factors used to assess the Company’s ability to realize its deferred tax assets are the Company’s forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented. Under ASC 740, a valuation allowance is required when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability to generate sufficient future taxable income of the correct character. Failure to achieve previous forecasted taxable income could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could negatively impact the Company’s effective tax rate on future earnings. Tax benefits from an uncertain tax position is recognized only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, which to date have not been material, are recognized within the (benefit) provision for income taxes. Foreign currency The functional currency for the Company is the United States dollar. The Company has determined all other international subsidiaries’ functional currencies are the local currency. The assets and liabilities of the international subsidiaries are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date while income and expense amounts are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are disclosed as a separate component of other comprehensive loss. Transaction gains or losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based payment awards subject to both performance and market conditions on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Stock-based compensation cost for awards whose vesting is subject to the occurrence of both a performance condition and market condition is recognized immediately at the time the performance condition is achieved. Liability-classified awards are accounted at fair value at the grant date and remeasured at each reporting period until the awards are settled, with all changes in fair value recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Basic and diluted loss per share The Company computes loss per share using the two-class method required for participating securities. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common stock and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed. The Company’s convertible preferred stock are participating securities, as preferred stockholders have rights to participate in dividends w ith the common stockholders on a pro-rata, as converted basis. These participating securities do not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in the Company’s losses. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding shares of common stock and, when dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Fair value measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Fair value measurements are based on a fair value hierarchy, based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value as follows: • Level 1 —Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. • Level 2 —Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. • Level 3 —Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable and accrued expenses, as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. These estimated fair values may not be representative of actual values of the financial instruments that could have been realized or that will be realized in the future. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company’s debt instruments and stock-based compensation are based on level 2 or 3 inputs. Derivative instruments Interest rat |