| Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Description of Business PPD, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries “PPD” or the “Company”) is a holding company incorporated in Delaware. References to the “Company” throughout these consolidated financial statements refer to PPD, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Company is a leading provider of drug development services to the biopharmaceutical industry, focused on helping the Company’s customers bring their new medicines to patients around the world. The Company has been in the drug development services business for more than 30 years, providing a comprehensive suite of clinical development and laboratory services to pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, government organizations and other industry participants. The Company has deep experience across a broad range of rapidly growing areas of drug development and engages with customers through a variety of commercial models, including both full-service and functional service partnerships and other offerings tailored to address the specific needs of the Company’s customers. The Company has two reportable segments, Clinical Development Services (“Clinical Development Services”) and Laboratory Services (“Laboratory Services”). Basis of Presentation On May 11, 2017, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) dated as of April 26, 2017, by and among PPD, Eagle Holding Company II, LLC (“Eagle II”), Eagle Reorganization Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), Eagle Buyer, Inc. (“Buyer”) and Jaguar Holding Company I (“Jaguar I”), Merger Sub merged with and into Jaguar I with Jaguar I as the surviving corporation (the “Reorganization Merger”). As a result of the Reorganization Merger, Jaguar I became a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Eagle II, itself a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of PPD, and Jaguar I and Jaguar Holding Company II (“Jaguar II”) both became indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaries of PPD. Subsequent to the Reorganization Merger, Jaguar I was converted from a Delaware corporation into a Delaware limited liability company (the “Conversion”) and Buyer merged with and into PPD, with PPD as the surviving corporation (the “Recapitalization Merger”). A series of transactions associated with the Reorganization Merger and Recapitalization Merger took place to effect a recapitalization of Jaguar I (the Reorganization Merger and the Recapitalization Merger, collectively, the “Recapitalization”). PPD, Eagle II, Merger Sub and Buyer were incorporated or formed by affiliates of The Carlyle Group, Inc. (“Carlyle”) and affiliates of Hellman & Friedman LLC (“H&F”) (Carlyle and H&F, collectively, the “Majority Sponsors”) to effect the Recapitalization. Jaguar I and Jaguar II were incorporated or formed by affiliates of the Majority Sponsors to effect the acquisition of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. on December 5, 2011. Subsequent to the acquisition on December 5, 2011, Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. was reorganized into a Delaware limited liability company and changed its name to Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC (“PPD LLC”). Prior to the Recapitalization, Jaguar I was majority owned and jointly controlled by affiliates of the Majority Sponsors. Subsequent to the Recapitalization, PPD, and indirectly, Jaguar I, continue to be majority owned and jointly controlled by affiliates of the Majority Sponsors, both having invested from new investment funds into PPD. Additionally, two investors, an affiliate of the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (“ADIA”) and an affiliate of GIC Private Limited (“GIC”), one of Singapore’s sovereign wealth funds, both obtained direct minority ownership interests in PPD (H&F, Carlyle, ADIA and GIC, collectively, the “Sponsors”). See Note 2, “Recapitalization Transaction,” for additional information on the Recapitalization. The Recapitalization was treated as a recapitalization for accounting purposes with the basis of the assets and liabilities of Jaguar I remaining unchanged. Prior to the Recapitalization, PPD had no assets, liabilities or operating results and it was incorporated on April 13, 2017, for the sole purpose of effectuating the Recapitalization. The Recapitalization resulted in PPD being the continuing reporting entity for Jaguar I with no changes in the underlying business or operations of the Company. Therefore, the historical information and financial results reported in the consolidated financial statements represent the historical information and financial results for Jaguar I and its subsidiaries prior to the Recapitalization. No changes have been made to the Jaguar I historical information and financial results. When references are made in the consolidated financial statements to prior financial statements of the Company for periods prior to the Recapitalization, such financial statements referenced represent the historical consolidated financial statements of Jaguar I. On January 15, 2020, the Company filed its amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which, among other things, effected a 1.8 -for-1 stock split of its common stock and increased the authorized number of shares of its common stock to 2.08 billion . All references to share and per share amounts in the Company’s consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively revised to reflect the stock split and increase in authorized shares. See Note 22, “Subsequent Events,” for additional information. Initial Public Offering On February 6, 2020, the Company’s common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “PPD.” On February 10, 2020, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of its common stock at a price to the public of $27.00 per share. The Company issued and sold 69.0 million shares of common stock in the IPO including 9.0 million common shares issued pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters option to purchase additional shares. The IPO raised proceeds to the Company of approximately $1,765.7 million , after deducting underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. See Note 22, “Subsequent Events,” for additional information. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Amounts pertaining to the redeemable noncontrolling ownership interest held by a third party in the operating results and financial position of the Company’s indirect majority-owned subsidiary are included as a noncontrolling interest. Use of Estimates The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company monitors estimates and assumptions on a continuous basis and updates these estimates and assumptions as facts and circumstances change and new information is obtained. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. Revenue Recognition Revenue recognition under ASC 606 In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued, as amended, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The new guidance outlined a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue from contracts with customers. The Company adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 reflect the application of ASC 606, while the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflect accounting guidance from the application of ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”). The Company enters into contracts with customers to provide services in which contract consideration is generally based on fixed-fee or variable pricing arrangements. The Company recognizes revenue arising from contracts with customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the services it provides. The Company determines its revenue recognition through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract with a customer, (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determination of the transaction price, (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations in the contract. The Company’s contracts are service contracts that generally have a duration of a few months to several years with revenue being recognized primarily over time as services are provided to the customer in satisfaction of its performance obligations. The majority of the Company’s contracts can be terminated by the customer either immediately or after a specified notice period. Upon early termination, the contracts generally require the customer to pay the Company for: (i) consideration earned through the termination date, which is consistent with the level of cost and effort expended through the termination date, (ii) consideration for services to complete the work still required to be performed and reimbursement for other related expenses, as applicable, (iii) reimbursement for certain non-cancelable expenditures and (iv) in certain cases, payment to cover a portion of the total consideration under the contract or a termination penalty. Changes to the scope of the Company’s services are common, especially under long-term contracts, and a change in the scope of services generally results in a change in the transaction price. Changes in scope are reflected through contract modifications which are assessed on a contract-by-contract basis to determine if they should be accounted for as a new contract or part of the original contract. Generally, contract modifications are accounted for as part of the existing contract as the services to be provided for the modification are not distinct from the existing services provided under the contract. When contract modifications are accounted for as part of the existing contract, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and measure of progress under the contract is recognized as a cumulative adjustment to revenue as of the date of the modification. In many cases, the Company’s contracts include variable consideration that is contingent upon the occurrence of future events, such as volume rebates, performance incentives and performance penalties or other variable consideration such as third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs incurred, which may impact the transaction price. Variable consideration is estimated using the expected value or the most likely amount of consideration and is included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The estimation of variable consideration is based on the Company’s expected performance under the contract and where applicable, available historical, current and forecasted information to support such estimate. Actual results could differ significantly from estimates. The Company incurs third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs in the performance of services under its contracts which are reimbursed by the customer. Third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs include, but are not limited to, payments to investigators, payments for the use of third-party technology, shipping costs and travel costs related to the performance of services, among others. The Company records third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs as revenue and the related costs incurred as reimbursed costs on the consolidated statements of operations. These reimbursed costs are included as revenue as the Company is the principal in the relationship, is primarily responsible for the services provided by third parties and significantly integrates the services of third parties with its own services in delivering a combined output to the customer. The Company excludes from revenue amounts collected and paid to governmental authorities, such as value-added taxes, that are associated with revenue transactions. All of the Company’s revenue is from contracts with customers. See Note 3, “Revenue,” for additional information. Revenue recognition under ASC 605 Prior to the adoption of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018, the Company recognized revenue for services when all of the following criteria had been satisfied: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, (ii) services had been rendered, (iii) the price to the customer was fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability was reasonably assured. The Company entered into contracts with customers to provide services in which contract consideration was generally based on fixed-fee or variable pricing arrangements and contracts generally had a duration of a few months to several years. The Company’s contracts generally included multiple service deliverables including trial feasibility, investigator recruitment, clinical trial monitoring, project management, database management and biostatistical services and laboratory testing, among others. If each service deliverable within the contract had standalone value to the customer, each was treated as a separate unit of accounting. If each service deliverable did not have standalone value to the customer, the service deliverables were combined into a single unit of accounting. For those contracts with multiple units of accounting, the Company allocated contract consideration based on the relative selling price of the separately identified units of accounting. The relative selling price method required a hierarchy of evidence to be followed when determining the best evidence of the selling price of a deliverable. The best evidence of selling price for a unit of accounting was vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), or the price charged when a deliverable was sold separately on a standalone basis. When VSOE was not available, relevant third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price was used, such as prices competitors charge for interchangeable services to similar customers. When neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price existed, the Company used its best estimate of selling price (“BESP”) considering all relevant information that was available without undue cost or effort. Generally, the Company was not able to establish VSOE or TPE of selling price for its service deliverables due to its service deliverables with multiple units of accounting being highly customized, the variability in prices charged to customers and the lack of available competitor information. Therefore, the Company generally allocated consideration at the inception of the contract using BESP. BESP was generally established based on market factors and conditions and Company specific factors such as profit objectives, internal cost structure, market share and position and geographic region, among other factors. The majority of the Company’s clinical development services contracts are fixed-fee, fee-for-service or time and materials contracts for clinical trial related services that represent a single unit of accounting. The Company primarily used the proportional performance method to recognize revenue for delivery of services for such contracts. Because of the service nature of the Company’s contracts, the Company believed that direct costs incurred reflected the hours incurred with hours representing the output of contracts. Thus, to measure performance under the proportional performance method, the Company compared direct costs incurred through a specified date to estimated total direct costs to complete the contract. Direct costs consisted primarily of the amount of direct labor and certain overhead costs for the delivery of services. The Company reviewed and revised the estimated total direct costs throughout the life of the contract, and recorded adjustments to revenue resulting from such revisions in the period in which the change in estimate was determined. This methodology was consistent with the manner in which the customer received the benefit of the work performed and was consistent with the Company’s contract termination provisions. The majority of the Company’s laboratory services contracts are fixed-fee, fee-for-service or time and materials contracts that generally include multiple units of accounting. For those contracts with multiple service deliverables, the Company followed the relative selling price method to allocate contract consideration and recognized revenue as services were delivered once all other revenue recognition criteria were met. The Company also incurred third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs which were generally reimbursable by its customers at cost. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, third-party pass-through revenue and costs were presented on a net basis and out-of-pocket revenues and cost were presented on a gross basis as reimbursed revenue and reimbursed cost on the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs were excluded from the costs used in the measure of progress for contracts utilizing the proportional performance method to recognize revenue and revenue related to these reimbursed costs was recognized when the cost was incurred. The Company excluded from revenue amounts collected and paid to governmental authorities, such as value-added taxes, that were associated with revenue transactions. Operating Costs and Expenses Direct costs represent costs for providing services to customers. Direct costs primarily include labor-related costs, such as compensation and benefits for employees providing services, an allocation of facility and information technology costs, supply costs, cost for certain media-related services, other related overhead costs and offsetting research and development incentive credits. Reimbursed costs include third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs which are generally reimbursable by the Company’s customers at cost. Third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs include, but are not limited to, payments to investigators, payments for the use of third-party technology, shipping costs and travel costs related to the performance of services, among others. Third-party pass-through and out-of-pocket costs are incurred across both reportable segments. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses represent costs of business development, administrative and support functions. SG&A expenses primarily include compensation and benefits for employees, costs related to employees performing administrative tasks, stock-based compensation expense, sales, marketing and promotional expenses, recruiting and relocation expenses, training costs, travel costs, an allocation of facility and information technology costs and other related overhead costs. Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update, as amended, on leases, ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). The new guidance requires recognition of, at the lease commencement date, a liability for future lease payments and a corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset on the balance sheet representing the lessee’s right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The Company adopted ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method for all operating leases and capital leases under ASC Topic 840, Leases (“ASC 840”). As a result of the adoption of ASC 842, all operating leases with an initial term of greater than one year are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as a lease liability and a corresponding ROU asset. The Company elected certain practical expedients which allows the Company not to reassess: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts contain a lease, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases and (iii) whether any previously capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization. The Company also made an accounting policy election to not recognize lease liabilities and associated ROU assets for all existing short-term leases at the time of adoption. The adoption of ASC 842 resulted in the initial recognition of lease liabilities of $196.3 million and ROU assets of $179.7 million related to operating leases. The operating lease liabilities included $39.7 million of current lease liabilities and $156.6 million in long-term lease liabilities. Previously, under ASC 840, the Company had deferred rent, prepaid rent and unearned lease incentives, net totaling $16.6 million , that were reclassified to ROU assets at the time of adoption. There were no changes to the assets and liabilities of finance leases as a result of the adoption of ASC 842, previously referred to as capital leases under ASC 840. See Note 11, “Leases” for the Company’s lease accounting policies under ASC 842. The consolidated financial statements as of, and for the year ended December 31, 2019, reflect the application of ASC 842, while the consolidated financial statements for the prior periods reflect previous accounting guidance from the application of ASC 840. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes it as expense (net of actual forfeitures as they occur) over the recipient’s requisite service period considering performance features, if any, that may impact vesting of such award. The Company estimates the fair value of each stock option award on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The model requires the use of subjective and objective assumptions, including the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, expected term of the award, expected stock price volatility, expected dividends and risk-free interest rate. The Company recognizes all excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies associated with stock-based awards discretely in its provision for (benefit from) income taxes. See Note 4, “Stock-based Compensation,” for additional information. Other (Expense) Income, Net The components of other (expense) income, net, were as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Other (expense) income, net: Foreign currency (losses) gains, net $ (24,659 ) $ 16,682 $ (40,132 ) Other income 3,778 8,728 706 Other expense (6,262 ) (3,709 ) (833 ) Total other (expense) income, net $ (27,143 ) $ 21,701 $ (40,259 ) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of unrestricted cash accounts that are not subject to withdrawal restrictions or penalties and all highly liquid investments that have a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Supplemental cash flow information consisted of the following: 2019 2018 2017 Cash paid for interest (for the years ended December 31) $ 300,528 $ 262,921 $ 238,826 Cash paid for income taxes, net (for the years ended December 31) 72,510 64,714 43,438 Purchases of property and equipment in current liabilities (as of December 31) 29,924 17,461 22,725 Accounts Receivable, Unbilled Services and Unearned Revenue In the normal course of business, the Company generally establishes prerequisites for billings based on contractual provisions, including payment schedules, the completion of milestones or the submission of appropriate billing detail based on the performance of services during a specified period. Payment for the Company’s services may or may not coincide with the recognition of revenue. The Company’s intent with its invoicing and payment terms is not to provide financing to the customer or receive financing from the customer. Payment terms with customers are short-term, as payment for services is typically due less than one year from the date of billing. Accounts receivable represents amounts for which invoices have been provided to customers pursuant to contractual terms. Unbilled services represent revenue earned and recognized for services performed to date for which amounts have not yet been billed to the customer pursuant to contractual terms. Contract assets represent unbilled services where the Company's right to bill includes something other than the passage of time, such as the satisfaction of milestones related to a performance obligation for services. Contract assets are recorded as part of accounts receivable and unbilled services, net, on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company records unearned revenue, also referred to as contract liabilities, for amounts collected from or billed to customers in excess of revenue recognized. The Company reduces unearned revenue and recognizes revenue as the related performance obligations for services are performed. Unearned revenue and contract assets are recorded net on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a variety of factors including an assessment of risk, historical experience, length of time the accounts receivable are past due and specific customer collection information. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of customers’ financial condition and continually monitors collections and payments from its customers. The Company writes off uncollectible invoices when appropriate collection efforts have been exhausted. The allowance for doubtful accounts is included in accounts receivable and unbilled services, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Property and Equipment The Company records property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company records depreciation and amortization using the straight-line method, based on the following estimated useful lives: Buildings 20-40 years Furniture and equipment 4-18 years Computer equipment and software 1-5 years The Company depreciates leasehold improvements over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. The Company capitalizes internal use software development costs incurred during the application development stage, while it expenses all other preliminary stage and post implementation-operation stage costs, including planning, training and maintenance costs as incurred. The Company amortizes software developed or obtained for internal use, including software licenses obtained through a cloud computing arrangement, over the estimated useful life of the software or the term of the licensing or service agreement. The Company reviews property and equipment for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of property and equipment might not be recoverable. This evaluation involves various analyses, including undiscounted cash flow projections. In the event undiscounted cash flow projections or other analysis indicate that the carrying amount of property and equipment is not recoverable, the Company records an impairment reducing the carrying value of the property or equipment to its estimated fair value. The Company estimates fair value based on generally accepted valuation techniques, including income and market approaches. These approaches may include a discounted cash flow income model, use of market information of fair value, such as recent sales or market comparables, and other generally accepted approaches. The Company depreciates or amortizes the revised fair value of the property and equipment over the remaining estimated useful life. The valuation of long-lived assets at estimated fair value, when required, is performed using Level 2 or Level 3 fair value inputs. Goodwill Goodwill is allocated to each identified reporting unit, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below the operating segment (referred to as a component of the entity). The Company assigns to goodwill the excess of the fair value of consideration conveyed for a business acquired over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter, and more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Impairment indicators include events or changes in circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit with assigned goodwill below its carrying amount. The Company monitors events and changes in circumstances on a continuous basis between annual impairment testing dates to determine if any events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment. The Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying value. The qualitative analysis includes an assessment of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market specific considerations, internal cost factors, financial performance, fair value history and other Company specific events. If the qualitative analysis indicates that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value for the reporting unit, the Company performs a quantitative analysis of the reporting unit. If based on the qualitative analysis it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s estimated fair value exceeds its carrying value, no further analysis is required. When the Company performs a quantitative analysis, the Company estimates the fair value of each reporting unit using generally accepted valuation techniques, which include a weighted combination of income and market approaches. The income approach incorporates a discounted cash flow model in which the estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit are discounted using an appropriately risk-adjusted weighted-average cost of capital. The forecasts used in the discounted cash flow model for each reporting unit are based in part on strategic plans and represent the Company’s estimates based on current and forecasted business and market conditions. The market approach considers the Company’s results of operations and information about the Company’s publicly traded competitors, such as earnings multiples, making adjustments to the selected competitors based on size, strengths and weaknesses, as well as publicly announced acquisition transactions. The determination of fair value for each reporting unit requires significant judgments and estimates and actual results could be materially different than those judgments and estimates resulting in goodwill impairment. If the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, a goodwill impairment loss must be recognized in an amount equal to that excess for that reporting unit, not to exceed the total goodwill amount for that reporting unit. If based on the quantitative analysis the reporting unit’s estimated fair value exceeds its carrying value, no goodwill impairment is recorded. The valuation of goodwill at estimated fair value, when required, is performed using Level 2 or Level 3 fair value inputs. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recognized goodwill impairment for one reporting unit in its Clinical Development Services segment. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , the Company recognized goodwill impairment for a different reporting unit in its Clinical Development Services segment. See Note 9, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net,” for additional information on the goodwill impairments. Intangible Assets Definite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names, investigator/payer network, technology/intellectual property, know-how/processes, backlog and customer relationships. The Company amortizes customer relationships using either a sum-of-the-years’ digits method or straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. The Company amortizes all of its other definite-lived intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. The methods used reflect the expected pattern of benefit over the expected |
