Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual of research and development expenses, valuations of share-based awards and revenue recognition. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or other relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates when there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions. Unaudited Interim Financial Information The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2022, the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, and the condensed consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2022 and the results of its operations for three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 and its cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. The accompanying balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 has been derived from the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to rules and regulations. However, the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2021 , and notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the SEC on March 17, 2022. Foreign Currency and Currency Translation The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s operating company in Canada and operating company in the U.S. is also the U.S. dollar. As a result, the Company records no cumulative translation adjustments related to translation of unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses. For the remeasurement of local currencies to the U.S. dollar functional currency of the Canadian entity, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the balance sheet date, and income items and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate in effect during the period. Resulting transaction gains (losses) are included in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, as incurred. Adjustments that arise from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a currency other than the local currency are included in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, as incurred. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 , the Company recorded $( 1.3 ) million and $( 1.6 ) million, respectively, of foreign currency losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 , the Company recorded less than $( 0.1 ) million and $ 0.1 million, respectively, of foreign currency (losses) gains in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Cash and cash equivalents consist of standard checking accounts, money market accounts, and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 , the Company was required to maintain separate cash balances of $ 0.2 million and $ 0.3 million, respectively, to collateralize corporate credit cards with a bank, which was classified as restricted cash, current, on its condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company also maintained a $ 0.1 million guaranteed investment certificate to fulfill certain contractual obligations which was classified as restricted cash, current, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. In connection with the Company’s lease agreement entered into in October 2019 (see Note 14), the Company maintained a letter of credit of $ 1.5 million for the benefit of the landlord, which was reduced to $ 1.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022 , $ 0.2 million and $ 1.0 million of the underlying cash balance collateralizing this letter of credit was classified as restricted cash, current and non-current, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the release date of the restrictions of this cash. As of December 31, 2021 , $ 0.3 million and $ 1.2 million of the underlying cash balance collateralizing this letter of credit was classified as restricted cash, current and non-current, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the release date of the restrictions of this cash. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $ 107.5 million and $ 54.8 million, respectively, presented in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows included cash and cash equivalents of $ 106.1 million and $ 52.9 million, respectively, and restricted cash of $ 1.4 million and $ 1.9 million, respectively. Investments The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in debt securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. The Company classifies its investments as current or non-current based on each instrument’s underlying maturity date. Investments with original maturities of greater than three months and less than twelve months are classified as current and are included in short-term investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Investments with remaining maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as non-current and are included in long-term investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s investments are classified as available-for-sale, are reported at fair value and consist of U.S. and Canadian government agency debt securities, corporate bonds, and commercial paper. Unrealized gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of shareholders’ equity until realized. Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are recorded in interest income (expense). Realized gains and losses on debt securities are included in other income (expense), net. The Company evaluates its investments with unrealized losses for other-than-temporary impairment. If any adjustment to fair value reflects a decline in the value of the investment, the Company considers all available evidence to evaluate the extent to which the decline is other-than-temporary in nature. For any adjustment the Company considers to be other-than-temporary, the Company reduces the investment to fair value through a charge to the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. No such adjustments were necessary during the periods presented. Deferred Offering Costs The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of an equity financing, these costs are recorded as a reduction of the proceeds from the offering in shareholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering. Should an in-process equity financing be abandoned, the deferred offering costs would be expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recorded $ 0.2 million and $ 0.3 million, respectively, of deferred offering costs as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 in other non-current assets. Collaborative Arrangements The Company considers the nature and contractual terms of arrangements and assesses whether an arrangement involves a joint operating activity pursuant to which the Company is an active participant and is exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activity. If the Company is an active participant and is exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activity, the Company accounts for such arrangement as a collaborative arrangement under ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements . ASC 808 describes arrangements within its scope and considerations surrounding presentation and disclosure, with recognition matters subjected to other authoritative guidance, in certain cases by analogy. For arrangements determined to be within the scope of ASC 808 where a collaborative partner is not a customer for certain research and development activities, the Company accounts for payments received for the reimbursement of research and development costs as a contra-expense in the period such expenses are incurred. This reflects the joint risk sharing nature of these activities within a collaborative arrangement. The Company classifies payments owed or receivables recorded as other current liabilities or prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. If payments from the collaborative partner to the Company represent consideration from a customer in exchange for distinct goods and services provided, then the Company accounts for those payments within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , or ASC 606. Please refer to Note 3, “Collaboration Agreement” for additional details regarding the Company’s Strategic Collaboration Agreement with AstraZeneca UK Limited (“AstraZeneca”) (the “AstraZeneca Agreement”). Revenue from Contracts with Customers In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, it performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations within the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it determines that it is probable it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract to determine whether each promised good or service is a performance obligation. The promised goods or services in the Company’s arrangements typically consist of a license to the Company’s intellectual property and/or research and development services. The Company may provide customers with options to additional items in such arrangements, which are accounted for separately when the customer elects to exercise such options, unless the option provides a material right to the customer. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer that (i) the customer can benefit from on its own or together with other readily available resources, and (ii) is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Goods or services that are not individually distinct performance obligations are combined with other promised goods or services until such combined group of promises meet the requirements of a performance obligation. The Company determines transaction price based on the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. At contract inception for arrangements that include variable consideration, the Company estimates the probability and extent of consideration it expects to receive under the contract utilizing either the most likely amount method or expected amount method, whichever best estimates the amount expected to be received. The Company then considers any constraints on the variable consideration and includes in the transaction price variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price and recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) control is transferred to the customer and the performance obligation is satisfied. For performance obligations which consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. The Company records amounts as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is deemed unconditional. Amounts received, or that are unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract are recognized as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as the current portion of deferred revenue. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion. The Company’s revenue generating arrangements typically include upfront license fees, milestone payments and/or royalties. If a license is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from nonrefundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. At the inception of an agreement that includes research and development milestone payments, the Company evaluates each milestone to determine when and how much of the milestone to include in the transaction price. The Company first estimates the amount of the milestone payment that the Company could receive using either the expected value or the most likely amount approach. The Company primarily uses the most likely amount approach as this approach is generally most predictive for milestone payments with a binary outcome. Then, the Company considers whether any portion of the estimated amount is subject to the variable consideration constraint (that is, whether it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty). The Company updates the estimate of variable consideration included in the transaction price at each reporting date which includes updating the assessment of the likely amount of consideration and the application of the constraint to reflect current facts and circumstances. For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company will recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded $ 0.2 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively, of revenue under collaboration agreements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded $ 0.3 million and $ 0.8 million, respectively, of revenue under collaboration agreements. Please refer to Note 3, “Collaboration Agreement” for additional details regarding revenue recognition under the AstraZeneca Agreement. Business Combinations In determining whether an acquisition should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition, the Company first determines whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If this is the case, the single identifiable asset or the group of similar assets is not deemed to be a business, and is instead deemed to be an asset. If this is not the case, the Company then further evaluates whether the single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets and activities includes, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. If so, the Company concludes that the single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets and activities is a business. The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Application of this method of accounting requires that (i) identifiable assets acquired (including identifiable intangible assets) and liabilities assumed generally be measured and recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date and (ii) the excess of the purchase price over the net fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized as goodwill, which is not amortized for accounting purposes but is subject to testing for impairment at least annually. Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) is recognized at fair value and initially characterized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, irrespective of whether the acquired IPR&D has an alternative future use. Transaction costs related to business combinations are expensed as incurred. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination requires management to use significant judgment and estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets. During the measurement period, which extends no later than one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record certain adjustments to the carrying value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. After the measurement period, all adjustments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as operating expenses or income. To date, the Company has not recorded any acquisitions as a business combination. Asset Acquisitions The Company measures and recognizes asset acquisitions that are not deemed to be business combinations based on the cost to acquire the assets, which includes transaction costs. Goodwill is not recognized in asset acquisitions. In an asset acquisition, the cost allocated to acquire IPR&D with no alternative future use is charged to expense at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration in asset acquisitions payable in the form of cash is recognized when payment becomes probable and reasonably estimable, unless the contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative, in which case the amount becomes part of the asset acquisition cost when acquired. Contingent consideration payable in the form of a fixed number of the Company’s own shares is measured at fair value as of the acquisition date and recognized when the issuance of the shares becomes probable. Upon recognition of the contingent consideration payment, the amount is included in the cost of the acquired asset or group of assets, or, if related to IPR&D with no alternative future use, charged to expense. Fair Value Measurements Certain assets and liabilities of the Company are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques. The Company’s cash equivalents and investments are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy described above (see Note 4). The carrying values of the Company’s amounts due for Canadian harmonized sales tax, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. Leases The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases . At contract inception, the Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease. A lease conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If determined to be or contain a lease, the lease is assessed for classification as either an operating or finance lease at the lease commencement date, defined as the date on which the leased asset is made available for use by the Company, based on the economic characteristics of the lease. For each lease with a term greater than twelve months, the Company records a right-of-use asset and lease liability. A right-of-use asset represents the economic benefit conveyed to the Company by the right to use the underlying asset over the lease term. A lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company records amortization of operating right-of-use assets and accretion of lease liabilities as a single lease cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components and therefore measures each lease payment as the total of the fixed lease and associated non-lease components. Lease liabilities are measured at the lease commencement date and calculated as the present value of the future lease payments in the contract using the rate implicit in the contract, when available. If an implicit rate is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate measured as the rate at which the Company could borrow, on a fully collateralized basis, a commensurate loan in the same currency over a period consistent with the lease term at the commencement date. Right-of-use assets are measured as the lease liability plus initial direct costs and prepaid lease payments, less lease incentives granted by the lessor. The lease term is measured as the noncancelable period in the contract, adjusted for any options to extend or terminate when it is reasonably certain the Company will extend the lease term via such options based on an assessment of economic factors present as of the lease commencement date. The Company elected the practical expedient to not recognize leases with a lease term of twelve months or less. The Company assesses its right-of-use assets for impairment consistent with the assessment performed for long-lived assets used in operations. If an impairment is recognized on operating lease right-of-use assets, the lease liability continues to be recognized using the same effective interest method as before the impairment and the operating lease right-of-use asset is amortized over the remaining term of the lease on a straight-line basis. The Company’s operating leases are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as operating lease right-of-use assets, classified as noncurrent assets, and operating lease liabilities, classified as current and noncurrent liabilities based on the discounted lease payments to be made within the proceeding twelve months. Variable costs associated with a lease, such as maintenance and utilities, are not included in the measurement of the lease liabilities and right-of-use assets but rather are expensed when the events determining the amount of variable consideration to be paid have occurred. Research, Development and Manufacturing Contract Costs and Accruals The Company has entered into various research, development and manufacturing contracts with research institutions and other companies. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research, development and manufacturing costs. When billing terms under these contracts do not coincide with the timing of when the work is performed, the Company is required to make estimates of outstanding obligations to those third parties as of period end. Any accrual estimates are based on a number of factors, including the Company’s knowledge of the progress towards completion of the research, development and manufacturing activities, invoicing to date under the contracts, communication from the research institutions and other companies of any actual costs incurred during the period that have not yet been invoiced and the costs included in the contracts. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by the Company. The historical accrual estimates made by the Company have not been materially different from the actual costs. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in shareholders’ equity that result from transactions and economic events other than those with shareholders. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 , unrealized gains and losses on investments are included in other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of shareholders’ equity until realized. Net Loss per Share Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders is computed by adjusting net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common shares. For purpose of this calculation, outstanding stock options, warrants and convertible preferred shares are considered potential dilutive common shares. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt-Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options , or ASU 2021-04. ASU 2021-04 provides clarification and reduces diversity in accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options (such as warrants) that remain equity classified after modification or exchange. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Companies should apply the new standard prospectively to modifications or exchanges occurring after the effective date of the new standard. The Company adopted ASU 2021-04 effective January 1, 2022, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements. In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance , or ASU 2021-10, which requires business entities to disclose information about certain government assistance they receive. Such disclosure requirements include the nature of the transactions and the related accounting policy used, the line items on the balance sheet and income statement that are affected and the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item and significant terms and conditions of the transactions. ASU 2021-10 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company adopted ASU 2021-10 effective January 1, 2022, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements. In March 2020 and January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting , or ASU 2020-04, and ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope , or ASU 2021-01, respectively, which provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The guidance was effective beginning on March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company’s debt agreement that utilized LIBOR was amended in September 2022 to repla |