Travel revenue remained flat at $48 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022. While the number of paid nights in our residences decreased by 16%, the average price per paid night in our residences increased 2% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 over the three months ended June 30, 2022. Additionally the total number of paid nights in our hotels increased by 9% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 over the three months ended June 30, 2022. Total nights delivered in our portfolio increased 1% period over period.
Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased $7.3 million from $57 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $65 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of 13%. This increase was primarily a result of higher direct travel costs resulting from increased travel and lease expenses on properties due to the addition of new properties to our portfolio.
Asset impairment. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we identified 33 leases for which the right-of-use assets and related property and equipment had net carrying values that exceeded their estimated fair value as determined by their estimated discounted future cash flows. A majority of these leases were related to one group of underperforming properties in a single geographic location. Based on this information we recorded right-of-use asset impairments of $30 million and property and equipment impairment of $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. See Note 11 – Leases in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.
Gross Margin. Our gross margin decreased $37 million from $26 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to negative $11 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. Likewise, the gross margin percentage decreased from 31% for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to negative 13% for the three months ended June 30, 2023. This was in large part due to the asset impairment expense incurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 which were not incurred in the prior year.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses excluding equity-based compensation increased $0.3 million from the three months ended June 30, 2022 to the three months ended June 30, 2023 an increase of 2%. General and administrative employees were 144 and 161 at June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Overall, our headcount and costs increased to accommodate growth within the business due to software system upgrades, and costs incurred as a result of operating as a publicly traded company. Our equity-based compensation increased $1.3 million from $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $3.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of 54% largely due to new grants made in the second quarter of 2023.
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses decreased $3.1 million from $11 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $8.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of 28%. The decrease was primarily due to reduced spending on advertising and reduced commissions expense due to capitalization of commissions earned on contracts sold with terms of greater than one year. As of May 15, 2023, a number of employees that were formerly within operations changed roles within the Company to focus on member success operations, including facilitation of trip sales and extending existing memberships. Sales and marketing employees were 181 and 255 at June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Operations. Operations expenses decreased $4.8 million from $11 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $6.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of 43%. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in operations staff as a result of the January 2023 reduction in workforce, as well as the transfer of employees from operations to sales on May 15, 2023. Operations employees were 368 and 287 at June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Technology and development. Technology and development expenses increased $0.1 million from $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of 5%. The increase was primarily due to increased investments in product development and strategic growth initiatives. Technology and development employees were 77 and 65 at June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.3 million from $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to property and equipment purchases in conjunction with furnishing a larger lease portfolio over the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to June 30, 2022.
Interest, net. Interest expense decreased from $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. This change is due to our Revolver being paid-off in the third quarter of 2022. The decrease in interest expense was offset by an increase in interest income from $25 thousand for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. This change is due to the Company’s receipt of interest in relation to our cash investments.