Asset impairments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we identified 38 leases for which the right-of-use assets and related property and equipment had net carrying values that exceeded their estimated fair value as determined by their estimated discounted future cash flows. Most of these leases were related to one group of underperforming properties in a single geographic location. Based on this information, we recorded right-of-use asset impairments of $34.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Gross Margin. Our gross margin decreased $49.6 million from $91.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $41.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Likewise, the gross margin percentage decreased from 35% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to 16% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This was in large part due to right-of-use asset impairments and property and equipment impairments during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in gross margin was also attributable to higher lease expenses on our properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses increased $8.6 million from $50.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $59.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 17%. General and administrative employees were 148 and 126 at September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Overall, our headcount and costs decreased due to the reduction in workforce in 2023 but were offset by severance charges which were not incurred in the prior year. Our equity-based compensation expense increased $5.6 million from $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 104% largely due to equity grants and severance charges related to the acceleration of equity awards upon the departure of certain members of the executive management team. The remainder of the increase was primarily due to professional services fees.
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses decreased $7.4 million from $30.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $23.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 24%. The decrease was primarily due to reduced spending on advertising and reduced commissions expense due to capitalization of commissions earned on contracts sold with terms greater than one year, partially offset by an increase for salaries. In May of 2023, a number of employees that were formerly within operations changed roles within the Company to focus on member success operations, including facilitation of trip sales and extending existing memberships. Sales and marketing employees were 190 and 229 at September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Operations. Operations expenses decreased $8.0 million from $31.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $23.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 25%. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in operations staff as a result of reductions in workforce during 2023, as well as the transfer of employees from operations to sales in May of 2023. Operations employees were 349 and 270 at September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Technology and development. Technology and development expenses decreased $0.7 million from $9.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 8%. The decrease was primarily due to the reductions in workforce during 2023, partially offset by severance charges which were not incurred in the prior year. Technology and development employees were 95 and 46 at September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.8 million from $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 38%. The increase was primarily due to changes in the lease portfolio during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Interest, net. Interest expense increased from $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase is due to debt issuance costs and interest expense of $2.0 million incurred in relation to the Note. The increase in interest expense was offset by an increase in interest income from $81 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $0.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This change is due to the Company’s receipt of interest in relation to our cash investments.
Warrant fair value gains and losses. Warrant fair value losses were $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to warrant gains of $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These gains and losses are due to the fair value changes of our Public Warrants in each period.