Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses | (3) Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses Major classifications of loans, by collateral code, at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: (in thousands) September 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 160,164 $ 158,662 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 138,351 104,042 Commercial and industrial 149,855 152,835 Paycheck Protection Program loans — 17,883 Construction, land and acquisition & development 42,881 16,317 Residential mortgage 1-4 family 52,904 63,065 Consumer installment 106,228 71,580 Total 650,383 584,384 Less allowance for loan losses ( 9,321 ) ( 8,559 ) Total loans, net $ 641,062 $ 575,825 The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit to individuals and a variety of firms and corporations located primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia MSA. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate and is dependent upon the real estate market. With the acquisition of Affinity Bank, the Bank enhanced its lending within professional markets, with a primary focus on the dental industry in Georgia and adjoining states. The majority of these loans are commercial and industrial credits for practice acquisitions and equipment financing with the remainder being owner-occupied real estate. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, also known as the CARES Act, is an economic stimulus bill signed into law on March 27, 2020, in response to the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The creation of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) enacted under the CARES Act provides forgivable loans to small businesses for payroll obligations, emergency grants to cover immediate operating costs, and a mechanism for loan forgiveness by the Small Business Administration should all criteria be met. The Bank received SBA authorization for 730 and 1,171 PPP loans totaling $ 66.1 million and $ 130.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These loans are fully guaranteed by the Small Business Administration, and almost all have been paid off by forgiveness. Qualifying loans in the amount of $ 393.9 million and $ 343.6 million were pledged to secure the line of credit from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”) at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and as of December 31, 2021: (in thousands) September 30, 2022 Commercial Commercial Commercial Paycheck Construction, Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ — $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Provision ( 606 ) 137 103 — 516 ( 183 ) 678 9 654 Charge-offs — — ( 26 ) — — — ( 74 ) — ( 100 ) Recoveries 123 — 20 — — 39 26 — 208 Ending balance $ 2,218 $ 2,117 $ 2,339 $ — $ 678 $ 358 $ 1,599 $ 12 $ 9,321 Ending allowance attributable to Individually evaluated $ 1 $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ 7 $ — $ — $ 9 Collectively evaluated 2,217 2,116 2,339 — 678 351 1,599 12 9,312 Total ending allowance $ 2,218 $ 2,117 2,339 $ — $ 678 $ 358 $ 1,599 $ 12 $ 9,321 Loans: Individually evaluated $ 89 $ 3,304 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,475 $ — $ — $ 5,868 Collectively evaluated 160,075 135,047 149,855 — 42,881 50,429 106,228 — 644,515 Total loans $ 160,164 $ 138,351 $ 149,855 $ — $ 42,881 $ 52,904 $ 106,228 $ — $ 650,383 December 31, 2021 Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 1,913 $ 1,171 $ 1,320 $ — $ 224 $ 970 $ 719 $ 44 $ 6,361 Provision ( 519 ) 809 1,119 — ( 62 ) ( 541 ) 310 ( 41 ) 1,075 Charge-offs — — ( 234 ) — — — ( 76 ) — ( 310 ) Recoveries 1,307 — 37 — — 73 16 — 1,433 Ending balance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ — $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Ending allowance attributable to Individually evaluated $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 5 $ — $ — $ 7 Collectively evaluated 2,701 1,979 2,241 — 162 497 969 3 8,552 Total ending allowance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ — $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Loans: Individually evaluated $ 95 $ 3,387 $ 753 $ — $ — $ 2,992 $ 1 $ — $ 7,228 Collectively evaluated 158,567 100,655 152,082 17,883 16,317 60,073 71,579 — 577,156 Total loans $ 158,662 $ 104,042 $ 152,835 $ 17,883 $ 16,317 $ 63,065 $ 71,580 $ — $ 584,384 (1) Includes PPP loans that are fully guaranteed by the SBA; thus no allowance for loan losses has been allocated to these loans. The Bank individually evaluates all loans for impairment that are on nonaccrual status or are rated substandard (as described below). Additionally, all troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current events and circumstances, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan will not be collected. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Interest payments received on impaired loans are applied as a reduction of the outstanding principal balance. Impaired loans at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: (in thousands) September 30, 2022 Recorded Unpaid Allocated Average Interest With no related allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 3,122 3,122 — 3,161 — Commercial and industrial — — — — — Paycheck Protection Program — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 1,581 1,581 — 1,636 5 Consumer installment — — — — — 4,703 4,703 — 4,797 5 With an allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 89 $ 89 $ 1 $ 93 $ 4 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 182 182 1 186 8 Commercial and industrial — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 894 894 7 922 18 Consumer installment — — — — — 1,165 1,165 9 1,201 30 Total impaired loans $ 5,868 $ 5,867 $ 9 $ 5,998 $ 35 December 31, 2021 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 95 $ 95 $ — $ 100 $ 6 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 3,199 3,199 — 3,177 45 Commercial and industrial 388 421 — 458 — Paycheck Protection Program — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 2,052 2,052 — 2,110 31 Consumer installment 1 1 — 3 — 5,735 5,768 — 5,848 82 With an allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 188 189 1 192 12 Commercial and industrial 365 365 1 379 — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 940 941 5 960 60 Consumer installment — — — — — 1,493 1,495 7 1,531 72 Total impaired loans $ 7,228 $ 7,263 $ 7 $ 7,379 $ 154 The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, as well as the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by class of loans: (in thousands) September 30, 2022 30 -59 60- 89 90 Days Total Accruing Loans Nonaccrual Current Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 89 $ 160,075 $ 160,164 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 3,354 134,997 138,351 Commercial and industrial — — — — 100 149,755 149,855 Paycheck Protection Program — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & — — — — — 42,881 42,881 Residential mortgage 897 537 — 1,434 3,302 48,168 52,904 Consumer installment 399 12 — 411 172 105,645 106,228 Total $ 1,296 $ 549 $ $ 1,845 $ 7,017 $ 641,521 $ 650,383 December 31, 2021 Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 158,662 $ 158,662 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 3,200 100,842 104,042 Commercial and industrial 338 — — 338 813 151,684 152,835 Paycheck Protection Program — — — — — 17,883 17,883 Construction, land and acquisition & — — — — — 16,317 16,317 Residential mortgage 3,547 1,148 — 4,695 2,873 55,497 63,065 Consumer installment 271 25 — 296 125 71,159 71,580 Total $ 4,156 $ 1,173 $ — $ 5,329 $ 7,011 $ 572,044 $ 584,384 There was no new troubled debt restructuring during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021 . No troubled debt restructurings subsequently defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021. The Bank has allocated an allowance for loan losses of approximately $ 9,000 and $ 6,000 to customers whose loan terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continuous basis. The Bank uses the following definitions for its risk ratings: Special Mention. Loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken or inadequately protect the Bank's credit position at some future date. Weaknesses are generally the result of deviation from prudent lending practices, such as over advances on collateral. Credits in this category should, within a 12-month period, move to Pass if improved or drop to Substandard if poor trends continue. Substandard. Inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as primary source of repayment is gone or severely impaired or cash flow is insufficient to reduce debt. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful. Loans have the same weaknesses as those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. The likelihood of a loss on an asset or portion of an asset classified Doubtful is high. Loss. Loans considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as a Bank asset is not warranted. This does not mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value, but rather the asset should be charged off even though partial recovery may be possible in the future. Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be Pass rated loans. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows: (in thousands) September 30, 2022 Pass Special Substandard Doubtful/ Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 159,706 $ 369 $ 89 $ — $ 160,164 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 132,691 2,306 3,354 — 138,351 Commercial and industrial 149,755 — 100 — 149,855 Paycheck Protection Program — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development 42,881 — — — 42,881 Residential mortgage 49,658 — 3,246 — 52,904 Consumer installment 106,056 — 172 — 106,228 Total $ 640,747 $ 2,675 $ 6,961 $ — $ 650,383 December 31, 2021 Pass Special Substandard Doubtful/ Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 158,272 $ 390 $ — $ — $ 158,662 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 98,269 2,352 3,421 — 104,042 Commercial and industrial 151,983 — 852 — 152,835 Paycheck Protection Program 17,883 — — — 17,883 Construction, land and acquisition & development 16,005 312 — — 16,317 Residential mortgage 59,080 — 3,985 — 63,065 Consumer installment 71,440 — 140 — 71,580 Total $ 572,932 $ 3,054 $ 8,398 $ — $ 584,384 |