Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | (3) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Major classifications of loans, by collateral code, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: (in thousands) March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 161,860 $ 162,989 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 147,355 135,720 Commercial and industrial 151,343 147,775 Construction, land and acquisition & development 37,615 37,158 Residential mortgage 1-4 family 51,677 51,324 Consumer installment 111,576 111,268 Total 661,426 646,234 Less allowance for credit losses ( 9,234 ) ( 9,325 ) Total loans, net $ 652,192 $ 636,909 The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit to individuals and a variety of firms and corporations located primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia MSA. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate and is dependent upon the real estate market. With the acquisition of Affinity Bank, the Bank enhanced its lending within professional markets, with a primary focus on the dental industry in Georgia and adjoining states. The majority of these loans are commercial and industrial credits for practice acquisitions and equipment financing with the remainder being owner-occupied real estate. Accrued interest on loans totaled $ 1.6 million on both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) did not result in an increase to allowance for credit losses for loans for the Bank. Qualifying loans in the amount of $ 393.9 million and $ 384.4 million were pledged to secure the line of credit from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”) at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and as of December 31, 2022: (in thousands) March 31, 2023 Commercial Commercial Commercial Construction, Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 44 $ 9,325 Provision ( 898 ) ( 683 ) ( 1,084 ) 443 1,169 740 313 — Charge-offs ( 4 ) — ( 3 ) — — ( 99 ) — ( 106 ) Recoveries 8 — — — — 7 — 15 Ending balance $ 1,509 $ 1,396 $ 1,205 $ 930 $ 1,514 $ 2,323 $ 357 $ 9,234 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Provision ( 421 ) 99 55 325 ( 196 ) 801 41 704 Charge-offs — — ( 26 ) — — ( 123 ) — ( 149 ) Recoveries 123 — 21 — 39 28 — 211 Ending balance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 44 $ 9,325 Ending allowance attributable to Individually evaluated $ 85 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ — $ 90 Collectively evaluated 2,318 2,078 2,292 487 341 1,675 44 9,235 Total ending allowance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 44 $ 9,325 Loans: Individually evaluated $ 85 $ 3,265 $ — $ — $ 2,399 $ — $ — $ 5,749 Collectively evaluated 162,904 132,455 147,775 37,158 48,925 111,268 — 640,485 Total loans $ 162,989 $ 135,720 $ 147,775 $ 37,158 $ 51,324 $ 111,268 $ — $ 646,234 The Bank recorded a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments of $ 586,000 on January 1, 2023 upon adoption of ASC 326, and recorded a release on unfunded commitments for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 of $ 3,000 , and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The Bank also recorded a provision of $ 10,000 for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities for a net $ 7,000 recorded of provision for credit losses for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. The Bank individually evaluates all loans for impairment that are on nonaccrual status or are rated substandard (as described below). Additionally, all troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current events and circumstances, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan will not be collected. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Interest payments received on impaired loans are applied as a reduction of the outstanding principal balance. Collateral-Dependent Loans classify a loan as collateral-dependent when our borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and we expect repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral. Our commercial loans have collateral that is comprised of real estate and business assets. Our consumer loans have collateral that is substantially comprised of residential real estate. There were no significant changes in the extent to which collateral secures our collateral-dependent loans during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and we had $ 4.3 million of collateral-dependent loans without an allowance and no collateral-dependent loans with an allowance at March 31, 2023. Impaired loans at December 31, 2022 were as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 Recorded Unpaid Allocated Average Interest With no related allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 3,089 3,089 — 3,145 — Commercial and industrial — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 1,526 1,526 — 1,596 5 Consumer installment — — — — — 4,615 4,615 — 4,741 5 With an allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) 85 85 85 90 4 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 176 176 1 182 8 Commercial and industrial — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 873 873 4 907 22 Consumer installment — — — — — 1,134 1,134 90 1,179 34 Total impaired loans $ 5,749 $ 5,749 $ 90 $ 5,920 $ 39 The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, as well as the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by class of loans: (in thousands) March 31, 2023 30 -59 60- 89 90 Days Total Accruing Loans Nonaccrual with Allowance Nonaccrual without Allowance Current Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 82 $ — $ 161,778 $ 161,860 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 170 3,098 144,087 147,355 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — 151,343 151,343 Construction, land and acquisition & — — — — — — 37,615 37,615 Residential mortgage 921 282 — 1,203 412 2,342 47,720 51,677 Consumer installment 393 36 — 429 — 242 110,905 111,576 Total $ 1,314 $ 318 $ $ 1,632 $ 664 $ 5,682 $ 653,448 $ 661,426 December 31, 2022 30 -59 60- 89 90 Days Total Accruing Loans Nonaccrual Current Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 85 $ 162,904 $ 162,989 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 3,312 132,408 135,720 Commercial and industrial — — — — 3 147,772 147,775 Construction, land and acquisition & 85 — — 85 — 37,073 37,158 Residential mortgage 2,341 533 249 3,123 3,185 45,016 51,324 Consumer installment 571 59 — 630 135 110,503 111,268 Total $ 2,997 $ 592 $ 249 $ 3,838 $ 6,720 $ 635,676 $ 646,234 On January 1, 2023, the Bank adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There were no loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023. There was no new troubled debt restructuring during the three months ended March 31, 2022. No troubled debt restructurings subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2022. The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continuous basis. The Bank uses the following definitions for its risk ratings: Special Mention. Loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken or inadequately protect the Bank's credit position at some future date. Weaknesses are generally the result of deviation from prudent lending practices, such as over advances on collateral. Credits in this category should, within a 12-month period, move to Pass if improved or drop to Substandard if poor trends continue. Substandard. Inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as primary source of repayment is gone or severely impaired or cash flow is insufficient to reduce debt. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful. Loans have the same weaknesses as those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. The likelihood of a loss on an asset or portion of an asset classified Doubtful is high. Loss. Loans considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as a Bank asset is not warranted. This does not mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value, but rather the asset should be charged off even though partial recovery may be possible in the future. Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be Pass rated loans. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category and year of origination of loans by class of loans is as follows: (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolvers Total Pass Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 631 $ 28,653 $ 31,956 $ 24,037 $ 10,648 $ 55,049 $ 10,450 $ 161,424 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 14,929 35,115 38,516 6,019 10,927 20,620 15,646 141,772 Commercial and industrial 9,788 20,778 28,365 15,884 23,784 34,695 18,049 151,343 Construction, land and acquisition & development 1,773 27,602 5,821 112 192 1,271 844 37,615 Residential mortgage 1,879 5,147 1,727 1,870 1,681 32,441 3,420 48,165 Consumer installment 11,164 62,210 24,738 8,082 3,814 426 798 111,232 Total pass 40,164 179,505 131,123 56,004 51,046 144,502 49,207 651,551 Special Mention Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — 354 — 354 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 2,283 — 2,283 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — 183 — 183 Consumer installment — 47 45 — 9 — — 101 Total special mention — 47 45 — 9 2,820 — 2,921 Substandard Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — 82 — 82 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — 22 — 3,278 — 3,300 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — 215 114 115 127 2,758 — 3,329 Consumer installment — 79 137 5 22 — — 243 Total substandard — 294 251 142 149 6,118 — 6,954 Total $ 40,164 $ 179,846 $ 131,419 $ 56,146 $ 51,204 $ 153,440 $ 49,207 $ 661,426 Current period gross write-offs Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ 4 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — — — — Commercial and industrial — — — — — 3 — 3 Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — — — — Consumer installment — 40 57 2 — — — 99 Total current period gross write-offs $ — $ 40 $ 57 $ 2 $ — $ 7 $ — $ 106 December 31, 2022 Pass Special Substandard Doubtful/ Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 162,541 $ 362 $ 86 $ — $ 162,989 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 130,115 2,293 3,312 — 135,720 Commercial and industrial 147,772 — 3 — 147,775 Construction, land and acquisition & development 37,158 — — — 37,158 Residential mortgage 48,193 — 3,131 — 51,324 Consumer installment 111,049 84 135 — 111,268 Total $ 636,828 $ 2,739 $ 6,667 $ — $ 646,234 |