Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | (3) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Major classifications of loans, by collateral code, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: (in thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 162,638 $ 157,691 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 145,610 145,100 Commercial and industrial 142,509 140,407 Construction, land and acquisition & development 55,292 47,685 Residential mortgage 1-4 family 53,133 53,650 Consumer installment 115,316 115,343 Total 674,498 659,876 Less allowance for credit losses ( 8,595 ) ( 8,921 ) Total loans, net $ 665,903 $ 650,955 The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit to individuals and a variety of firms and corporations located primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate and is dependent upon the real estate market. The Bank also conducts lending within professional markets, with a primary focus on the dental industry in Georgia and adjoining states. The majority of these loans are commercial and industrial credits for practice acquisitions and equipment financing with the remainder being owner-occupied real estate. Accrued interest on loans totaled $ 2.2 million on March 31, 2024 and $ 2.1 million on December 31, 2023 and is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands) Commercial Commercial Commercial Construction, Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Beginning balance December 31, 2023 $ 1,397 $ 1,298 $ 1,806 $ 927 $ 1,038 $ 1,534 $ 921 $ 8,921 Provision 167 ( 6 ) ( 70 ) 152 ( 31 ) 139 ( 351 ) — Charge-offs ( 160 ) — — — ( 5 ) ( 193 ) — ( 358 ) Recoveries — — — — — 32 — 32 Ending balance, March 31, 2024 $ 1,404 $ 1,292 $ 1,736 $ 1,079 $ 1,002 $ 1,512 $ 570 $ 8,595 Beginning balance, December 31, 2022 $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 44 $ 9,325 Provision ( 898 ) ( 683 ) ( 1,084 ) 443 1,169 740 313 — Charge-offs ( 4 ) — ( 3 ) — — ( 99 ) — ( 106 ) Recoveries 8 — — — — 7 — 15 Ending balance, March 31, 2023 $ 1,509 $ 1,396 $ 1,205 $ 930 $ 1,514 $ 2,323 $ 357 $ 9,234 No provision for credit losses on loans was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. A release on unfunded commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 of $ 0 and $ 3,000 was recorded, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The allowance for unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $ 531,000 . The Bank also recorded a provision of $ 0 and $ 10,000 for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities for a net $ 0 and $ 7,000 recorded of provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Bank individually evaluates loans meeting a certain threshold for impairment that are on nonaccrual status or are rated substandard (as described below). Additionally, all loan modifications to a borrower with financial difficulty are evaluated for impairment. Collateral-Dependent Loans and 2023, and we had $ 4.1 million and $ 4.3 million of collateral-dependent loans without an allowance and no collateral-dependent loans with an allowance at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, as well as the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by class of loans: (in thousands) March 31, 2024 30 -59 60- 89 90 Days Total Accruing Loans Nonaccrual with Allowance Nonaccrual without Allowance Current Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 162,638 $ 162,638 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 4,280 141,330 145,610 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — 142,509 142,509 Construction, land and acquisition & 13 — — 13 — 19 55,260 55,292 Residential mortgage 1,507 — — 1,507 — 2,528 49,098 53,133 Consumer installment 332 — — 332 — 337 114,647 115,316 Total $ 1,852 $ — $ — $ 1,852 $ — $ 7,164 $ 665,482 $ 674,498 December 31, 2023 30 -59 60- 89 90 Days Total Accruing Loans Nonaccrual with Allowance Nonaccrual without Allowance Current Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 157,691 $ 157,691 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 4,505 140,595 145,100 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — 140,407 140,407 Construction, land and acquisition & — — — — — — 47,685 47,685 Residential mortgage 2,534 — — 2,534 — 2,504 48,612 53,650 Consumer installment 246 — — 246 — 417 114,680 115,343 Total $ 2,780 $ — $ — $ 2,780 $ — $ 7,426 $ 649,670 $ 659,876 There were no loan modifications to a borrower with financial difficulty during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023. No loan modifications made to a borrower with financial difficulty subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continuous basis. The Bank uses the following definitions for its risk ratings: Special Mention. Loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken or inadequately protect the Bank's credit position at some future date. Weaknesses are generally the result of deviation from prudent lending practices, such as over advances on collateral. Credits in this category should, within a 12-month period, move to Pass if improved or drop to Substandard if poor trends continue. Substandard. Inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor, or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as primary source of repayment is gone or severely impaired or cash flow is insufficient to reduce debt. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful. Loans have the same weaknesses as those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. The likelihood of a loss on an asset or portion of an asset classified Doubtful is high. Loss. Loans considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as a Bank asset is not warranted. This does not mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value, but rather the asset should be charged off even though partial recovery may be possible in the future. Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be Pass rated loans. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category and year of origination of loans by class of loans is as follows: (in thousands) March 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolvers Total Pass Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 4,773 $ 13,138 $ 24,750 $ 28,527 $ 22,559 $ 62,986 $ 5,581 $ 162,314 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 4,383 31,925 36,744 28,451 4,377 25,566 5,797 137,243 Commercial and industrial 8,127 21,279 21,425 27,458 15,263 41,577 7,380 142,509 Construction, land and acquisition & development 7,502 25,403 14,628 4,688 106 476 2,470 55,273 Residential mortgage 335 4,985 5,670 2,399 1,876 29,255 5,575 50,095 Consumer installment 12,150 38,689 42,245 15,393 3,996 1,649 551 114,673 Total pass 37,270 135,419 145,462 106,916 48,177 161,509 27,354 662,107 Special Mention Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — 324 — 324 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — - 3,517 — 541 — 4,058 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — 220 — 220 Consumer installment — 53 226 14 11 2 — 306 Total special mention — 53 226 3,531 11 1,087 — 4,908 Substandard Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — — — — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 4,309 - 4,309 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — - 19 — — 19 Residential mortgage — - 197 104 104 2,368 45 2,818 Consumer installment — 80 96 147 5 9 — 337 Total substandard — 80 293 251 128 6,686 45 7,483 Total $ 37,270 $ 135,552 $ 145,981 $ 110,698 $ 48,316 $ 169,282 $ 27,399 $ 674,498 Current year to date period gross write-offs Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 160 — 160 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — — 5 — — — — 5 Consumer installment — 7 144 37 — 5 — 193 Total current period gross write-offs $ — $ 7 $ 149 $ 37 $ — $ 165 $ — $ 358 December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolvers Total Pass Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 11,210 $ 23,441 $ 29,832 $ 22,982 $ 11,287 $ 49,744 $ 8,863 $ 157,359 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 32,830 37,395 25,702 4,436 10,015 15,546 10,562 136,486 Commercial and industrial 22,473 21,590 27,252 14,764 16,697 25,317 12,314 140,407 Construction, land and acquisition & development 21,557 17,392 5,034 721 216 210 2,534 47,664 Residential mortgage 5,354 5,672 2,447 1,289 1,424 28,710 5,736 50,632 Consumer installment 42,601 46,869 17,488 4,866 1,919 247 543 114,533 Total pass 136,025 152,359 107,755 49,058 41,558 119,774 40,552 647,081 Special Mention Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — 332 — 332 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — 3,539 — — 540 — 4,079 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — 222 — 222 Consumer installment 73 190 99 21 31 — — 414 Total special mention 73 190 3,638 21 31 1,094 — 5,047 Substandard Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — — — — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 4,535 - 4,535 Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — 21 — — — 21 Residential mortgage — 202 108 107 113 2,266 — 2,796 Consumer installment 50 205 118 11 12 — — 396 Total substandard 50 407 226 139 125 6,801 - 7,748 Total $ 136,148 $ 152,956 $ 111,619 $ 49,218 $ 41,714 $ 127,669 $ 40,552 $ 659,876 Current year to date period gross write-offs Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 204 — 204 Commercial and industrial — — — — — 3 — 3 Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — — — — Consumer installment 9 159 125 14 — — — 307 Total current period gross write-offs $ 9 $ 159 $ 125 $ 14 $ — $ 207 $ — $ 514 |