Use of Estimates: Preparation of the consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP includes the use of estimates and assumptions by management that affect financial results. Actual results may differ from those estimated; however the methods used by CH Energy Group to prepare estimates have historically produced reliable results.
Expense items most affected by the use of estimates are depreciation and amortization (including amortization of intangible assets), reserves for uncollectible accounts receivable, other operating reserves, unbilled revenues, and pension and other post-retirement benefits.
Depreciation and amortization is based on estimates of the useful lives and estimated net salvage value of properties. For Central Hudson, these estimates are subject to change as the result of a future rate proceeding. Historical changes have not been material to the company’s financial results. For Griffith, any changes in estimates used for depreciation are not expected to have a material impact on CH Energy Group’s financial results. The amortization of CH Energy Group’s other intangible assets is discussed in detail below under the caption “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.”
Estimates for uncollectible accounts are based on customer accounts receivable aging data as well as consideration of various quantitative and qualitative factors, including special collection issues. The estimates for other operating reserves are based on assessments of future obligations related to injuries and damages and workers compensation claims. Unbilled revenues are determined based on the estimated sales for bimonthly accounts that have not been billed by Central Hudson in the current month. The estimation methods used in determining these sales are the same methods used for billing customers when actual meter readings cannot be obtained. Historical changes to these items have not been material to the company’s financial results.
See Note 1 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under the caption “Use of Estimates” for additional discussion.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: The balances reflected on CH Energy Group’s Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2007, and 2006, for “Goodwill” and “Other intangible assets – net” relate to Griffith. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired as of the date of acquisition.
As required by SFAS No. 142, titled Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, both goodwill and intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested at least annually for impairment and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate or a decision to sell or dispose of a reporting unit. In assessing whether an impairment exists the fair value of the reporting units is compared to the carrying amount of assets. Fair value of goodwill is estimated using a discounted cash flow
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measurement. When available and as appropriate, comparative market multiples are used to corroborate discounted cash flows. In applying this methodology, reliance is placed on a number of factors, including actual operating results, future business plans, economic projections and market data. The carrying amount for goodwill was $63.4 million as of December 31, 2007, and $52.8 million as of December 31, 2006. Historical impairment tests have not resulted in the recognition of any impairment. However, if the operating cash flows of Griffith decline in the future, the result could be recognition of a future goodwill impairment charge to operations and the amount could be material to CH Energy Group's consolidated financial statements.
The most significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow valuation regarding Griffith’s fair value in connection with goodwill valuations are: (1) detailed five year cash flow projections, (2) the risk adjusted discount rate, and (3) Griffith’s expected long-term growth rate, which approximates the growth rate imputed from the discrete period cash flow projections on key aspects of the business. The risk adjusted discount rate represents Griffith’s weighted average cost of capital and is established based on (1) the 30 year risk-free rate, which is impacted by events external to Griffith, such as investor expectations regarding economic activity, (2) Griffith’s required rate of return on equity, and (3) the current after tax rate of return on debt. In valuing its goodwill for 2007, Griffith used an average risk adjusted discount rate of 9.9%. Had the risk adjusted discount rate been 25 basis points higher, the aggregate estimated fair value of the reporting units would have decreased by $4.1 million, or 2.7%. In addition, Griffith used an average expected terminal growth rate of 1.5%. If the expected terminal growth rate was 25 basis points lower, the aggregate estimated fair value of the reporting units would have decreased by $2.9 million, or 1.9%. Had each year in Griffith’s five year cash flow projections been lower by 1.0%, the aggregate estimated fair value of the reporting units would have decreased by $.5 million, or .3%.
Other intangible assets - net relate to Griffith and are comprised of customer relationships, trademarks and covenants not to compete. If events indicate that an impairment exists, these assets are tested for impairment by comparing the carrying amount to the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset.
In accordance with SFAS 142 intangible assets that have finite useful lives continue to be amortized over their useful lives. The estimated useful life for customer relationships is fifteen years, which is believed to be appropriate in view of average historical customer turnover. However, if customer turnover were to substantially increase, a shorter amortization period would be used, resulting in an increase in amortization expense. For example, if a ten-year amortization period were initially used, annual amortization expense would increase by approximately $1.6 million. The estimated useful lives of trademarks range from five to fifteen years and are based upon management’s assessment of several variables such as brand recognition, management’s plan for the use of the trademark, and other factors which will affect the duration of the trademark’s life. The useful life of a covenant not to compete is based on the expiration date of the covenant, generally between two and five years. The weighted average amortization periods for customer relationships, trademarks and covenants not to compete are 15 years, 11.2 years, and 8.4 years, respectively. The weighted average amortization period for all amortizable intangible assets is 14.7 years.
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The estimated useful life of Griffith’s customer relationships is tested annually based on actual experience. The amortizable life of these assets has not changed since Griffith was acquired.
See Note 6 – “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for additional discussion.
Post-Employment Benefits: Central Hudson’s reported costs of providing non-contributory defined pension benefits as well as certain health care and the life insurance benefits for retired employees are dependent upon numerous factors resulting from actual plan experience and assumptions of future plan performance.
The significant assumptions and estimates used to account for the pension plan and other post-retirement benefit expenses and liabilities are the discount rate, the expected long-term rate of return on the retirement plan and post-retirement plan assets, health care cost trend rate, the rate of compensation increase, and the method of amortizing gains and losses.
For 2007 the Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) for Central Hudson’s pension plan ($409 million) and its obligation for post-retirement health-care (OPEB) costs ($148 million) were determined using 6.2% and 6.4% discount rates, respectively. These rates were determined using the Citigroup Pension Discount Curve reflecting projected cash flows. A 0.25% change in the discount rate would affect the projection of the pension PBO by approximately $1.3 million and the OPEB obligation by approximately $____million. Declines in the market value of the pension Trust Fund’s investment portfolio, which occurred from 2000 through 2002, and a reduction in the discount rate have resulted in a significant increase in pension and OPEB costs since 2001. Similar changes in the future could have similar results on these costs.
Central Hudson amortizes actuarial gains and losses related to these obligations over ten years in accordance with PSC-prescribed provisions.
The expected long-term rate of return on Retirement Plan and OPEB assets are 8.0%, net of investment expense. In determining the expected long-term rate of return on these assets, Central Hudson considered the current level of expected returns on risk-free investments (primarily United States government bonds), the historical level of risk premiums associated with other asset classes, and the expectations of future returns over a 20-year time horizon on each asset class, based on the views of leading financial advisors and economists. The expected return for each asset class was then weighted based on each plan’s target asset allocation. Central Hudson also considered expectations of value-added by active management, net of investment expenses. The actual return on Central Hudson’s Retirement Plan assets has ranged from _____% to _____% and from _____% to _____% on its OPEB assets over the last five years. A 25 basis point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return on Retirement Plan and OPEB assets would have the following impact:_____________________.
The estimates of health care cost trend rates are based on a review of actual recent trends and projected future trends. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plan. A 1% change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:
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| One Percentage Point Increase | | One Percentage Point Decrease | |
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| (In Thousands) | |
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Effect on total of service and interest costcomponents for 2007 | | | $ | 1,854 | | $ | (1,500 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
Effect on year-end 2007 post-retirement benefit obligation | | | $ | 14,991 | | $ | (12,522 | ) |
In accordance with the terms of the 2006 Rate Order, Central Hudson is authorized to defer any differences between rate allowances and actual costs for both its pension and OPEB plans.
See Note 10 – “Post-Employment Benefits” for additional discussion.
Accounting for Derivatives: CH Energy Group and its subsidiaries use derivatives to manage their commodity and financial market risks; they do not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. As a result of deferrals under Central Hudson’s regulatory mechanisms and offsetting changes of commodity prices for both Central Hudson and Griffith, derivatives that CH Energy Group and Central Hudson enter into do not materially impact earnings.
All derivatives, other than those specifically excepted, are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value. For discussions relating to market risk and derivative instruments, see Item 7A – “Quantitative and Qualitative disclosure About Market Risk” of this 10-K Annual Report and Note 14 – “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”.
See Note 14 – “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” for additional discussion.