The provision for coupons was $6.7 million at March 31, 2022 compared to $12.1 million at March 31, 2021. The decrease is mainly due to the timing of payments in 2020.
Managed care and government rebate provisions combined were $3.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022 compared to $0.8 million and zero, respectively at March 31, 2021. The increase is due to incremental provisions resulting from our newly launched products, Accutane, launched late in the first quarter of 2021, and Qbrexza, acquired during the second quarter of 2021 and the acquisition of Amzeeq® and Zilxi® from VYNE in January 2022 and to a lesser extent a greater portion of sales qualifying for managed care rebates.
Cost of Good Sold
Cost of goods sold increased by $4.3 million to $8.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022, from $3.9 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to a higher sales volume by $10.1 million compared to first quarter sales in 2021, incremental royalties from Qbrexza®, which was launched during the second quarter of 2021 and an additional incremental increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets due to the acquisition of Amzeeq® and Zilxi® from VYNE in January 2022.
Research and Development
Research and Development expense increased to $1.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 from zero for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021. The increase is related to clinical trial expenses to develop our DFD-29 product, for which dosing began in March 2022. We expect these expenses to increase as patients are fully enrolled in the trials.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $8.5 million, to $14.7 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022, from $6.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021. The increase is primarily attributable to the expansion of our salesforce, marketing expense related to our expanded product portfolio and legal expenses.
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased $0.2 million to $0.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022, from $0.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021. The increase is primarily attributable to incremental interest and amortization of fees on our EWB term loan, and accretion of the discount on our deferred payment.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
At March 31, 2022, we had $41.3 million in cash and cash equivalents as compared to $49.1 million at December 31, 2021.
On November 16, 2021, we completed an IPO of our Common Stock, which resulted in net proceeds of approximately $30.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and other offering costs.
Prior to our IPO, our operations were primarily financed through a working capital note from Fortress Biotech, Inc. (“Fortress”), referred to herein as the “Fortress Note,” cash generated by operations and cash raised in our private offering of our 8% Cumulative Convertible Class A Preferred Stock (“Class A Preferred Stock”). In connection with the closing of our IPO on November 16, 2021, we issued 2,231,346 shares of Common Stock resulting from the conversion of all of the Class A Preferred Stock. In addition, the Fortress Note was converted into 1,610,467 shares of Journey Common Stock at our IPO price of $10.00 per share.
On January 12, 2022, we entered into the Amendment of our loan and security agreement with EWB, which increased the borrowing capacity of our revolving line of credit to $10.0 million, from $7.5 million, and added a term loan not to exceed