Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and its subsidiaries, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions. The Company has prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Segment Reporting The Company manages, monitors and reports its operating results and financial position as a single operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer who makes operating decisions, assesses financial performance and allocates resources based on consolidated financial information. As such, the Company has determined that it operates in one reportable segment. Long-lived assets, comprising property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets, by geographic area were as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 United States $ 167,458 $ 178,845 India 33,833 24,333 Ireland 29,146 34,371 Other 21,761 26,979 Total $ 252,198 $ 264,528 Use of Estimates The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which require management to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions. For example, management makes estimates, judgments, and assumptions in determining the fair value of acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed during acquisitions, the recoverability of intangible assets and their useful lives, standalone selling price (“SSP”) used in revenue recognition, the fair value of common stock used in calculating stock-based compensation, the number of performance-based stock options that the Company expects to vest, the realizability of deferred tax assets and, uncertain tax positions, the collectability of accounts receivable, and the valuation of contingent consideration related to acquisitions. Management believes the estimates, judgments, and assumptions upon which it relies are reasonable based on information available at the time that these estimates, judgments, and assumptions are made. These estimates, judgments, and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Any material differences between these estimates and actual results will impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by U.S. GAAP and does not require management’s judgment in its application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting any available alternative would not produce a materially different result. As of December 31, 2021, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold. While the duration of the pandemic, the resulting stay-at-home orders, and potential impacts on consumer behavior have impacted our workforce and operations, the Company has not had to make any significant changes to its estimates and assumptions underlying its consolidated financial statements during 2021 and 2020. However, as events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company’s estimates and assumptions may change materially in the future. Revenue Recognition The Company derives its revenue from sales of 1) cloud subscriptions, representing access to the Company’s software via Company-hosted cloud applications, 2) on-premises subscription licenses, representing a term license to on-premises software, 3) subscription support, representing support for on-premises subscription licenses, 4) perpetual software licenses, and 5) maintenance and professional services, consisting of maintenance on perpetual software licenses, and professional services, consisting of consulting and education services. The Company recognizes revenue net of applicable sales taxes, financing charges it has absorbed, and amounts retained by its partners (including resellers and distributors), if any. The Company does not act as an agent in any of its revenue arrangements. Revenue is recognized and recorded in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue From Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) which generally requires the Company to recognize revenue when it satisfies performance obligations under the terms of its contracts, and control of its products is transferred to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive from its customers and partners in exchange for those products. This process involves identifying the customer contract, determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when the performance obligations have been satisfied. Performance obligations contained in a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both (i) capable of being distinct, and the customer can benefit from the goods or services either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and (ii) distinct in the context of the contract, and the transfer of the goods or services is separate from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods or services, the Company applies its judgment to determine whether the promised goods or services are capable of being distinct, and distinct in the context of the contract. The Company considers a performance obligation satisfied once it has transferred control of a good or product to a customer, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the product. Performance Obligation When Performance Obligation is Typically Satisfied Subscription: Cloud services and subscription Over Time: Ratably over the contractual term; commencing upon the later of when access to the service is made available or the contractual term commences On-Premises subscription license Point in Time: Upon the later of when the software license is made available or the contractual term commences Perpetual license Point in Time: When the software license is made available Maintenance Over Time: Ratably over the contractual term Professional Services Over Time: As services are provided Software revenue Software revenue is comprised of 1) cloud services, 2) on-premises subscription licenses and related subscription support offerings, and 3) perpetual license revenue. Cloud and subscription support offerings consist of revenue from customers and partners contracted to use the related services during a subscription period ranging from one On-premises subscription license revenue primarily consists of revenue from customers and partners contracted to use software during a subscription term with terms ranging from one Cloud services revenues include revenues from Cloud Services offerings, which deliver applications and infrastructure technologies via cloud-based deployment models for which we develop functionality, provide unspecified updates and enhancements, host, manage, upgrade, and support, and that customers access by entering into a subscription agreement with us for a stated period. On-premises subscription license support revenues are generated through the sale of license support contracts sold together with the on-premises subscription license purchased by our customer. Subscription license support contracts provide customers with rights to unspecified software product upgrades, maintenance releases and patches released during the term of the support period and include internet access to technical content, as well as internet and telephone access to technical support personnel. Our subscription software licenses have significant standalone functionalities and capabilities. Accordingly, these subscription software licenses are distinct from the support services as the customer can benefit from the software without the services and the services are separately identifiable within the contract. Perpetual license revenue consists of revenue from customers and partners for sales of perpetual software licenses, are generally billed upfront along with the associated maintenance. The maintenance associated with perpetual licenses is classified within Maintenance and Professional Services. Maintenance and Professional Services Maintenance and professional services are comprised of maintenance, consulting, and education services. Maintenance contracts, which consists of ongoing support and software updates, if and when available, under perpetual software license arrangements, are typically one year in duration. Our perpetual software licenses have significant standalone functionalities and capabilities. Accordingly, these perpetual software licenses are distinct from the support services as the customer can benefit from the software without the services and the services are separately identifiable within the contract. Maintenance contracts are generally billed annually in advance. Nearly all of our customers elect to renew their maintenance contracts annually. Consulting services are primarily related to configuration, installation, and implementation of the Company’s products, and are generally performed on a time-and-materials basis. Revenue for fixed fee contracts are generally recognized as services are performed, applying input methods to estimate progress to completion. If uncertainty exists about the Company’s ability to complete the project, its ability to collect the amounts due, or in the case of fixed-fee consulting arrangements, its ability to estimate the remaining costs to be incurred to complete the project, revenue is deferred until the uncertainty is resolved. Consulting services are generally either billed in advance or monthly as services are rendered. Consulting services, if included as part of the software arrangement, generally do not entail significant modification or customization of the software and hence, such services are not considered essential to the functionality of the software. Education services consist of classes offered at the Company’s headquarters, sales and training offices, customer locations, and on-line. Revenue is recognized as the classes are delivered. Education services are generally either billed in advance or as services are rendered. Contracts with multiple performance obligations Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative SSP basis and revenue is recognized when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation by transferring control of the promised goods or services to the customer. The determination of SSP requires judgement and is established for performance obligations that are routinely sold separately, such as support and maintenance on the Company’s core offerings. In connection with its cloud services, on-premises subscription licenses, and on-premises perpetual licenses, the Company is unable to establish SSP based on observable prices given the products are sold for a broad range of amounts (that is, the price is highly variable), and a representative SSP is not discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence. As a result, the SSP for cloud services offerings, on-premises subscription licenses, and on-premises perpetual licenses, included in a contract with multiple performance obligations, is determined by applying a residual approach whereby all other performance obligations within a contract are first allocated a portion of the transaction price based upon their respective SSPs, with any residual amount of transaction price allocated to cloud services, on-premises subscription licenses, and on-premises perpetual licenses. Returns and Material Rights The Company’s agreements do not permit returns, and historically the Company has not had any significant returns or refunds; therefore, the Company has not established a sales return reserve. Some contracts offer price discounts on future purchases. The Company evaluates these options to determine whether they provide a material right to the customer, representing a separate performance obligation. In circumstances involving a material right, revenue is allocated to these rights and deferred; subsequently the revenue is recognized when those future goods or services are transferred, or when the option expires. Generally, such discount mechanisms have not resulted in material rights. Contract balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings, and cash collections results in contract assets (both billed accounts receivable, where the Company has an unconditional right to contract consideration subject only to the passage of time, and unbilled receivables), and contract liabilities (deferred revenue and customer deposit liabilities) on the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Accounts receivable The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing customers. Accounts receivables as reported on the accompany consolidated balance sheets, includes the unconditional amounts owed from customers comprising amounts invoiced, net of an allowance for credit loss. A receivable is recognized in the period products are delivered or services are provided, or when the right to payment is unconditional. Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically between 30 and 60 days, therefore the contracts do not include a significant financing component. Also, they typically do not involve a significant amount of variable consideration as they represent stated prices. Contract Assets Contract assets represent reported revenues attributable to performance obligations that have been delivered, but such amounts remain unbilled due to certain remaining conditions under the contract not yet being met. Contract assets are primarily driven by sales of on-premises subscription licenses with 2-3 year subscription terms, but the related fees are generally invoiced annually. There were immaterial credit losses associated with contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Contract Liabilities Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and customer deposit liabilities and represent cash payments received or due in advance of fulfilling our performance obligations. In arrangements whereby the Company has an obligation to transfer goods or services to the customer and fees are invoiced or amounts are received ahead of revenue being recognized under non-cancelable contracts, deferred revenue is recorded. Customer deposits represent billings or cash payments received under cancellable contracts. Deferred revenue and customer deposit liabilities will be recognized as revenue in future periods. As of December 31, 2021, deferred revenue and customer deposit liabilities were $635.6 million and $6.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, deferred revenue and customer deposit liabilities were $554.1 million and $16.5 million, respectively. The current portion of contract liabilities represents the amounts that are expected to be recognized as revenue within one year of the consolidated balance sheet date. Contract liabilities were approximately $642.0 million as of December 31, 2021, of which the Company expects to recognize $613.3 million over the next 12 months, and the remainder thereafter. The amount of revenues recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 that were included in the opening contract liabilities balance as of January 1, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $541.2 million and $523.7 million, respectively. Revenues recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods were immaterial during each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Remaining Performance Obligations from Customer Contracts Remaining performance obligations represent contracted revenues that have not yet been recognized (including contract liabilities) and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenues in future periods. The volumes and amounts of customer contracts that the Company records and total revenues that it recognizes are impacted by a variety of seasonal factors. In each year, the amounts and volumes of contracting activity and associated revenues are typically highest in its fourth fiscal quarter and lowest in the first fiscal quarter. These seasonal impacts influence how the Company's remaining performance obligations change over time, and, combined with foreign exchange rate fluctuations and other factors, influence the amount of remaining performance obligations that the Company reports at a point in time. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s remaining performance obligations was $1.24 billion, which does not include customer deposit liabilities. The Company expects to recognize approximately 65% of its remaining performance obligations at December 31, 2021, as revenues over the next twelve months and the remainder over the next two to three years. Costs to obtain a contract Costs to obtain a contract include sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force, as well as payroll taxes and other costs associated with and directly attributable to the contract obtained. These costs are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract, and therefore, are capitalized when certain customer contracts are signed. These costs are recorded as deferred commission expense in the consolidated balance sheets, current and non-current. Sales commissions paid for renewals of customer contracts are not commensurate with the commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial contract given the substantive difference in commission rates in proportion to their respective contract values. Accordingly, sales commissions paid upon the initial acquisition of the contract are amortized over the estimated period of benefit of five years, which may exceed the term of the initial contract. The Company determines the estimated period of benefit based on the duration of relationships with its customers, which includes the expected renewals of customer contracts, customer retention data, its technology development lifecycle, and other factors. The Company amortizes these commissions consistent with the pattern of satisfaction of the performance obligation to which the asset relates. Commissions paid upon multi-year renewal are amortized over the renewal contract term. Amortization expense is included in Sales and Marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company applies a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the estimated period of benefit would have been one year or less. Business Combinations The Company applies the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations, in accounting for its acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that the Company evaluate whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets, or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires the Company to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, its estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as additional information is received that confirms their fair value as the date of acquisition with an offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of a business combination measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments to the original acquisition price are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Accounting for business combinations requires the Company’s management to make significant estimates and assumptions, including its estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, pre-acquisition contingencies and any contingent consideration, where applicable. Although the Company believes that the assumptions and estimates it has made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. For a given business acquisition, the Company may identify certain pre-acquisition contingencies as of the acquisition date and may extend its review and evaluation of these pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess whether the Company includes these contingencies as a part of the fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and, if so, to determine their estimated amounts. If the Company cannot reasonably determine the fair value of a non-income tax related pre-acquisition contingency by the end of the measurement period, which is generally the case given the nature of such matters, the Company will recognize an asset or a liability for such pre-acquisition contingency if: (1) it is probable that an asset existed, or a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date and (2) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably estimated. Subsequent to the measurement period or final determination of the net asset values for the business combination, changes in its estimates of such contingencies will affect earnings and could have a material effect on its results of operations and financial position. In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. The Company reevaluates these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to its preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill if identified within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period or its final determination of the valuation allowance or the contingency’s estimated value, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowance will affect the Company’s provision for income taxes in its consolidated statement of operations and could have a material impact on its results of operations and financial position. Goodwill The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter of each year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other . The Company has one operating segment and reporting unit, and therefore goodwill is tested for impairment at the entity level. Goodwill impairment is recognized when the quantitative assessment results in the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeding its estimated fair value, in which case an impairment charge is recorded to goodwill to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill. The Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Impairment of Definite-lived Intangible Assets and other Long-lived Assets The Company evaluates long-lived assets, which includes amortized intangible assets and tangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows attributable to that asset. The Company measures any amount of impairment based on the difference between the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the impaired asset. There were no impairments of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Stock-based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Stock Compensation . The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards, including stock options, RSUs granted to employees and directors, and stock purchase rights granted under the ESPP to employees, based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company grants stock options with only service conditions (“service-based options”) with one year cliff, as well as those with both service and performance or market conditions. The Company uses the Black-Scholes Merton or Monte Carlo model to value the stock options granted under its equity plans. For purchase rights granted under the ESPP, the fair value is estimated using the Black-Scholes Merton model. Both models require the input of certain assumptions on the grant date, including fair value of the underlying stock and exercise price, expected term, volatility over an expected term, risk-free interest rate for an expected term, and dividend yield. The fair value of each RSU granted after the Company's IPO is determined by the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized for time-based options and RSUs on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Compensation expense for options containing performance conditions is based on the estimated number of the performance-based stock options expected to vest using the graded vesting attribution method. Compensation expense for options containing market condition vesting criteria is based on the estimated number of the stock options expected to vest on attainment of the condition. Compensation expense is recognized for shares issued pursuant to the ESPP on a straight-line basis over the offering period. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur, and cash flows related to excess tax benefits are presented as an operating activity in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. Prior to the IPO, the fair value of the common stock underlying the options had historically been determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors given the absence of a public trading market. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors determined the fair value of the common stock by considering a number of objective and subjective factors, including: (i) third-party valuations of common stock; (ii) the lack of marketability of the common stock; (iii) the Company's actual operating and financial results; (iv) the Company’s current business conditions and projections; and (v) the likelihood of various potential liquidity events, such as an initial public offering or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions. After the IPO, the fair value of the common stock was determined based on the Company’s closing stock price as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange on the grant date. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Class A and Class B-1 Common Stockholders The Company utilizes the treasury method when calculating basic and diluted net loss per share. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B-1 common stock are identical in all respects, except that Class B-1 common stock will not vote on the election or removal of directors. The holders of Class B-2 common stock have no participating rights (voting or otherwise), except for the right to vote on the election or removal of directors and will be entitled to a nominal annual dividend of CAD$15,000 in the aggregate. As Class B-2 common stock have no participating economic rights, the Company is not required to use the two-class method. Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period, excluding unvested service and performance-based stock options. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average shares outstanding for the period plus dilutive potential shares, including unvested stock options using the treasury stock method. Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Short-Term Investments The Company considers highly liquid investment securities with maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents and highly liquid investment securities with maturities of greater than 90 days but less than one year from the date of purchase to be short-term investments. The Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments include time deposits and money market funds. The Company’s restricted cash is primarily associated with securing credit facilities. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The fair value of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, short term investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their respective carrying amounts due to their short-term maturity. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Credit Evaluations Financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, derivatives and trade receivables. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are generally held with large, diverse financial institutions worldwide to reduce the amount of exposure to any single financial institution. The majority of cash equivalents consists of money market funds, that primarily invest in U.S. government securities. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral. The Company makes judgments as to its ability to collect outstanding receivables and provide allowances for the portion of receivables when collection becomes doubtful. Further, the Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses. It estimates expected credit trends for the allowance for credit losses for receivables and contract assets based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the receivable balances, credit rating of its customers, current economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers. Expected credit losses are recorded as general and administrative expense. The Company’s derivative contracts are transacted with various financial institutions with high credit ratings. The Company evaluates its counterparties associated with the Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swap contracts at least quarterly. Since all these counterparties are large credit-worthy commercial banking institutions, the Company does not consider counterparty non-performance to be a material risk. The Company may enter into master netting arrangements to mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. No customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. As of December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, no customer accounted for more than 10% of the accounts receivable balance. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company estimates the overall collectability of accounts receivable and other contract assets and provides an allowance for credit losses for those considered uncollectible. The Company makes estimates of expected |