Nano Labs (NA) F-1 Registration statement (foreign)

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 10, 2022

Registration No. 333-            

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

Under

The Securities Act of 1933

Nano Labs Ltd

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Constitution)

Cayman Islands	3674	Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of	(Primary Standard Industrial	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Classification Code Number)	Identification Number)

30th Floor, Dikaiyinzuo

No. 29, East Jiefang Road,

Hangzhou, Zhejiang

People’s Republic of China

(86) 0571-8665 6957

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.

122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor

New York, NY 10168

(800) 221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Dan Ouyang, Esq. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation Unit 2901, 29F, Tower C, Beijing Yintai Centre No. 2 Jianguomenwai Avenue Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022 People’s Republic of China (86) 10-6529-8300 Stephanie Tang, Esq. Hogan Lovells 11^th Floor, One Pacific Place 88 Queensway Road Hong Kong +852 2219 0888

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company  ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a) may determine.

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion. Dated            , 2022

American Depositary Shares

Nano Labs Ltd

Representing                 Class A Ordinary Shares

This is an initial public offering of American depositary shares, or ADSs, representing Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, or Class A ordinary shares, of Nano Labs Ltd.

We are offering                     ADSs representing                     Class A ordinary shares to be sold in this offering. Each ADS represents         of our Class A ordinary share(s).

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our shares. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per ADS will be between US$         and US$        . We intend to apply to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “NA.”

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under applicable U.S. securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements.

Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding share capital will consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share will be entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share shall be entitled to 15 votes on all matters subject to a vote at general meetings of our company. Each Class B ordinary share shall be convertible into Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares shall not be convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

Additionally, upon the completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under corporate governance rules of Nasdaq Stock Market, because Mr. Jianping Kong will beneficially own     % of our then-issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares and will be able to exercise     % of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares immediately after the consummation of this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise its option to purchase additional ADSs. For further information, see “Principal Shareholders.”

We are exposed to legal and operational risks associated with our operations in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a company with operations in China, including us, to conduct its business. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals of offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, as well as the lack of PCAOB inspection on our auditors. Our U.S.-based auditor, MaloneBailey, LLP, is not among the PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China and Hong Kong that are subject to PCAOB’s determination issued on December 16, 2021 of having been unable to inspect or investigate completely. However, we could still face the risk of delisting and cease of trading of our securities from a stock exchange or an over-the-counter market in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and the securities regulations promulgated thereunder if the PCAOB determines in the future that it is unable to completely inspect or investigate our auditor which has a presence in China. These China-related risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. In particular, recent policy statements and regulatory actions by the PRC government, such as those related to the cryptocurrency mining business, may adversely impact our ability to conduct our business, accept foreign investments, or list on a U.S. or other foreign stock exchange, which may cause the ADSs to be prohibited from trading or to be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market or any other U.S. stock exchange. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China.”

In particular, the PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene with or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, including the cryptocurrency industry, which may severely restrict our ability to expand our business or serve our customers in China. We cannot assure you that government authorities in China will not introduce further enhanced regulation over the cryptocurrency industry that may lead to our inability to operate in China at all. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

Investors in the ADSs are not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company. Nano Labs Ltd is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China and one of our subsidiaries in Hong Kong. Such structure involves unique risks to investors in the ADSs. Investors may never directly hold equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries with substantive operations. We also cannot assure you that the Chinese regulatory authorities will not disallow such a structure. If the Chinese regulatory authorities disallow the structure, it would likely result in a material change in our operations and cause the value of the ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance.”

Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries has obtained the approval or clearance from either the China Securities Regulatory Commission or the Cyberspace Administration of China for this offering, and we do not intend to obtain the approval or clearance from any of such or other regulators in China in connection with this offering. We cannot assure you, however, that regulators in China will not subsequently require us to undergo the approval or clearance procedures and subject us to penalties for non-compliance. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review or otherwise restrict or completely hinder our ability to offer securities and raise capitals overseas, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and cause the value of the ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless.” and “—Risks Relating to the ADSs and this Offering—The approval of or clearance by the CSRC, the CAC and other compliance procedures may be required in connection with this offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or clearance.”

The structure of cash flows within our organization, and the applicable regulations, are as follows. After foreign investors’ funds enter Nano Labs Ltd, our holding company, at the close of this offering, subject to the cash demand of our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries, the funds can be transferred to our wholly owned Cayman subsidiaries, then to our wholly owned BVI subsidiaries, then to our Hong Kong subsidiaries, which will further distribute the funds to our PRC subsidiaries. If we intend to distribute dividends, PRC subsidiaries will transfer the dividends to our Hong Kong subsidiaries in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, and then our Hong Kong subsidiaries will transfer the dividends all the way up to Nano Labs Ltd, and the dividends will be distributed from Nano Labs Ltd to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions. The cross-border transfer of funds within our corporate group under our direct holding structure must be legal and compliant with relevant laws and regulations of China. In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, as an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions and to our affiliated entities only through loans, subject to applicable government reporting, registration and approvals. See “Use of Proceeds” and “Risk Factor—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.” In 2020 and 2021, we transferred cash proceeds of nil and US$21.1 million to our PRC subsidiaries for the settlement of intercompany transactions and as paid-in capital for our PRC subsidiaries, and none of our PRC subsidiaries has issued any dividends or distributions to respective holding companies or any investors as of the date of this prospectus. We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. We have, from time to time, transferred cash between our PRC subsidiaries to fund their operations, and we do not anticipate any difficulties or limitations on our ability to transfer cash between such subsidiaries. As of the date of this prospectus, no cash generated from our PRC subsidiaries has been used to fund operations of any of our non-PRC subsidiaries. We may encounter difficulties in our ability to transfer cash between PRC subsidiaries and non-PRC subsidiaries largely due to various PRC laws and regulations imposed on foreign exchange. However, as long as we are compliant with the procedures for approvals from foreign exchange authorities and banks in China, the relevant laws and regulations in China do not impose limitations on the amount of funds that we can transfer out of China. We currently do not have any cash management policy that dictate the transfer of cash between our subsidiaries. See “Regulation—PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Foreign Exchange” for details of such procedures.

See “Risk Factors” on page 17 to read about factors you should consider before buying the ADSs.

Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

	Per ADS	Total
Initial public offering price	US$	US$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	US$	US$
Proceeds, before expenses, to us	US$	US$

(1) See “Underwriting” for additional information regarding underwriting compensation.

To the extent that the underwriters sell more than                     ADSs in this offering, the underwriters have an option to purchase up to an additional                     ADSs from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment in U.S. dollars in New York, New York on or about             , 2022.

AMTD Maxim Group LLC Tiger Brokers

Prospectus dated            , 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY		1
RISK FACTORS		17
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		67
USE OF PROCEEDS		69
DIVIDEND POLICY		71
CAPITALIZATION		72
DILUTION		74
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES		76
CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE		78
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA		79
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		82
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW		98
LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO		107
BUSINESS		110
REGULATION		124
MANAGEMENT		134
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS		142
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS		144
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL		145
DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES		165
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		177
TAXATION		179
UNDERWRITING		186
EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING		198
LEGAL MATTERS		199
EXPERTS		200
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION		201
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1

Until              , 2022 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ADSs, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus that we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy the ADSs offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted and lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ADSs.

Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus in any jurisdiction where other action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus outside the United States.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. Before investing in the ADSs, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this prospectus and the information set forth under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” This prospectus contains information from an industry report commissioned by us and prepared by Frost & Sullivan, an independent research firm, to provide information regarding our industry and our market position in China. We refer to this report as the F&S report.

Our Mission

Our mission is to provide ubiquitous computing power to the Metaverse computing network with our fabless logic-memory integrated circuits.

Overview

We are a leading fabless integrated circuit, or IC, design company and product solution provider in China. We are committed to the development of high throughput computing, or HTC, chips, high performance computing, or HPC, chips, distributed computing and storage solutions, smart network interface cards, or NICs, vision computing chips and distributed rendering. We have built a comprehensive flow processing unit, or FPU, architecture which offers solution that integrates the features of both HTC and HPC. Moreover, our Cuckoo series are one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2.27 Tbps, as well as one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market, according to the F&S report. In June 2021, we established IPOLLO PTE. LTD., our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary in Singapore, to facilitate our business expansion in the overseas IC markets.

The fabless model of semiconductor production has become increasingly popular as it allows companies to focus on IC design and avoid significant resource investments by sharing the existing manufacturing facilities of a third party. The market size of the global fabless IC design market, in terms of the sales revenue, increased from US$101.5 billion in 2017 to US$169.0 billion in 2021 at a CAGR of 13.6%, according to the F&S report. Due to the emergence of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence, Internet-of-things and blockchain, the market size of the global fabless IC design market is expected to reach US$343.3 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 15.2% between 2021 and 2026, according to the same source. Moreover, China has taken a large share of the global fabless IC design market in recent years and experienced a steady growth in revenue due to the development of design and manufacturing technology and government support. According to the F&S report, the market size of China’s fabless IC design market, in terms of the sales revenue of ICs, increased from RMB72.6 billion in 2017 to RMB181.3 billion in 2021 at a CAGR of 25.7% and is expected to reach RMB468.6 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 20.9% between 2021 and 2026, according to the same source.

We have developed significant advantages in our business and technological capabilities, including the following:

• We released our first generation of the Cuckoo series, Cuckoo 1.0, in the second quarter of 2020, which is one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2.27 Tbps, as well as one of the first movers in the ASIC-based Grin mining market, according to the F&S report.

• We completed the tape-out for Cuckoo 2.0 and launched the product in the fourth quarter of 2021. We are in the design process of Cuckoo 3.0, which is expected to be completed in 2023.

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• We have completed the design of Darkbird 1.0 and have begun the delivery of Darkbird 1.0 in the first quarter of 2022. We are in the process of designing Darkbird 2.0.

• Our proprietary HPC chips, Darkbird, embedded in our Bitcoin mining machine, iPollo, can achieve high computing power with reduced size and increased power efficiency.

• In the fourth quarter of 2021, we launched our Darksteel series, which can be applied to both industrial and commercial sectors by offering distributed computing and data storage solutions.

• We have successfully designed our 40nm, 22nm and n+1 ASIC chips and our 38nm memory chip.

• As of December 31, 2021, we had registered six software copyrights, four IC layout-design rights and five patents in China, and applied for registration of 24 patents in China.

In the four months ended April 30, 2022, we recorded a revenue of RMB175.6 million (US$27.5 million) and received total prepayments of RMB833.2 million (US$130.7 million) for pre-sale of our products. Such financial information is prepared by our management and is the responsibility of our management. Our independent registered public accounting firm, MaloneBailey, LLP, has not performed any audit or review of such financial information in accordance with any generally accepted auditing or review standards, or performed any other procedures with respect to such financial information.

Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following strengths contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors:

• We are a leading fabless integrated circuit design company and product solution provider in China.

• We can achieve a fast time-to-market with our FPU Architecture.

• We have strong supply chain management capabilities.

• We can capture the market growth of Metaverse and its application scenarios.

• We have a visionary management team and talented research and development team.

Growth Strategies

We intend to grow our business using the following key strategies:

• Enhance our research and development capabilities.

• Strengthen and expand the application of our chip products and solutions.

• Selectively pursue international expansion.

• Enhance our supply chain management.

• Attract, cultivate and retain a talented and professional workforce.

Risks and Challenges

Investing in the ADSs entails a significant level of risk. Before investing in the ADSs, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties summarized below, the risks described under the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 17 of, including the risks described under the subsections headed “—Risks Relating to Our Business,” “—Risks Relating to Our Operations,” “—Risks Relating to Our Industry,” “—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China,” “—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance,” and “—Risks Relating to the ADSs and This Offering,” and the other information contained in this prospectus before you decide whether to purchase the ADSs.

Investors in the ADSs are not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company. Nano Labs Ltd is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China and one of our subsidiaries in Hong Kong. Such structure involves unique risks

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to investors in the ADSs. Investors may never directly hold equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries with substantive operations. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance—Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company.”

We are exposed to legal and operational risks associated with our operations in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a company with operations in China, including us, to conduct its business. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals of offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, as well as the lack of PCAOB inspection on our auditors. These China-related risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. In particular, recent policy statements and regulatory actions by the PRC government, such as those related to the cryptocurrency mining business, may adversely impact our ability to conduct our business, accept foreign investments, or list on a U.S. or other foreign stock exchange, which may cause the ADSs to be prohibited from trading or to be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market or any other U.S. stock exchange. Additionally, the PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene with or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, including the cryptocurrency industry, which may severely restrict our ability to expand our business or serve our customers in China. We cannot assure you that government authorities in China will not introduce further enhanced regulation over the cryptocurrency industry that may lead to our inability to operate in China at all. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

Our financial statements contained in this registration statement on Form F-1, of which the prospectus forms a part, have been audited by MaloneBailey, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in the United States with offices in Beijing and Shenzhen, China. MaloneBailey, LLP has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis and is not among the PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China and Hong Kong that are subject to PCAOB’s determination issued on December 16, 2021 of having been unable to inspect or investigate completely. However, as the PRC Securities Law requires approval from relevant PRC authorities for inspection of any audit working papers in China by foreign authorities, the audit working papers of our financial statements may not be inspected by the PCAOB, since the audit work was carried out by MaloneBailey, LLP with the collaboration of their China-based offices and the PCAOB has not obtained such requisite approval. We could still face the risk of delisting and cease of trading of our securities from a stock exchange or an over-the-counter market in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and the securities regulations promulgated thereunder if the PCAOB determines in the future that it is unable to completely inspect or investigate our auditor which has a presence in China. The trading of the ADSs may be prohibited and the ADSs may be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market or any other U.S. stock exchange under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors with presence in China. Additionally, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a bill which, if passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and signed into law, would reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act from three years to two years. The prohibition of trading of the ADSs and the delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being prohibited or delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your

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investment. You should pay special attention to the subsection headed “Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China” below.

In particular, we face risks and challenges in the following aspects, including:

Risks Relating to Our Business

• Uncertainties in our research and development activities.

• Volatility of the cryptocurrency market.

• Market conditions for HTC and HPC solutions market.

• Constant technological changes in the industries we operate in.

• Significant revenue contribution from our cryptocurrency mining machines.

• Our reliance on limited suppliers.

Risks Relating to Our Operations

• Our ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

• Our ability to forecast our business and assess the seasonality and volatility in our business.

• Ongoing global coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak.

• Our ability to obtain significant financial resources.

• Our ability to price our products at our desired margins.

• Credit risks and concentration of credit risks in relation to defaults from counterparties.

• Our ability to manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively.

• High customer concentration.

Risks Relating to Our Industry

• Adverse changes in the regulatory environment in China.

• Adverse changes of regulatory environment in foreign markets.

• Increasing mining difficulty, which could result in downward pressure on the expected economic returns.

• Concert actions, which could prevent new transactions from gaining confirmations, halt payments between users, and reverse previously completed transactions.

• Challenges against decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies.

• Change of algorithm and mining mechanism.

Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China

• Recent regulatory developments in China, which may subject us to additional regulatory review.

• Significant influence of PRC government over companies with China-based operations.

• Possibility of delisting if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors with presence in China.

• Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government.

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• Uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.

• A severe or prolonged downturn in China’s economy.

• Increased labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in China.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance

• Investors in the ADSs not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company.

• Custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, failing to fulfill their responsibilities.

• Anti-takeover provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

• Dual-class structure of our ordinary shares which could affect the trading market for the ADSs.

• Less protection to shareholders due to our home country practices for corporate governance matters.

• Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

• Reduced reporting requirements due to our emerging growth company status.

• Our exemption from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies due to our foreign private issuer status

Risks Relating to the ADSs and this Offering

• Our ability to comply with the CSRC, the CAC and other compliance procedures.

• No active trading market for our ordinary shares or the ADSs.

• Volatile trading price of the ADSs.

• Lack of research or report on the business or change in recommendations regarding the ADSs.

• Sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of the ADSs.

Potential CAC and CSRC Approval Required for This Offering

The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities, which was available to the public on July 6, 2021. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. Moreover, on January 4, 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and other ministries and commissions (including the CSRC), announced the adoption of the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and provides that network platform operators possessing personal information of more than one million individual users must undergo a cybersecurity review by the CAC when they seek to have their securities listed on a foreign stock exchange. Furthermore, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress passed the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC (“PIPL”), which became effective on November 1, 2021, requires such operators to obtain consent of the user prior to any cross-boarder transfer of personal information, as well as the

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satisfaction of at least one of the following conditions: (1) a security assessment organized by competent cybersecurity authorities has been passed; (2) certification of personal information protection from a specialized institution in accordance with the provisions issued by competent cybersecurity authorities has been passed; (3) a model standard contract about both parties’ rights and obligations formulated by competent cybersecurity authorities with the overseas recipient has been entered into; or (4) any other condition prescribed by laws, administrative regulations or by competent cybersecurity authorities has been satisfied. These policies and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement. As of the date of this prospectus, no official guidance or related implementation rules have been issued in relation to these recently issued opinions, and the interpretation and implementation of these opinions remain unclear at this stage. Moreover, the M&A Rules requires an overseas special purpose vehicle that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies using shares of such special purpose vehicle or held by its shareholders as considerations to obtain the approval of the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear.

On December 24, 2021, the CSRC, together with other relevant government authorities in China issued the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), and the Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) (together, “Draft Overseas Listing Regulations”). The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations require that a PRC domestic enterprise seeking to issue and list its shares overseas shall complete the filing procedures with the CSRC. Such overseas securities issuance and listing include direct and indirect issuance and listing. Where an enterprise, whose principal business activities are conducted in China, seeks to issue and list its shares in the name of an overseas entity, such practice is deemed as an indirect overseas issuance and listing in the meaning of the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations. Therefore, our company will be required to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC, if the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations become effective in their current form in the future.

Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries has not obtained the approval or clearance from either the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulators in China for this offering. We cannot assure you that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all. If we are subject to additional requirements that we obtain the approval or clearance from either the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulators in China for this offering but fail to obtain such approval or clearance, we will not be able to pursue this offering any further. If we attempt to pursue this offering without obtaining such approval or clearance from regulators in China, no matter it is rejected or granted but later rescinded, or if we inadvertently conclude that such approvals are not required, we may face severe and expansive sanctions imposed by regulators in China, including fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, forced delisting of the ADSs, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. The CSRC or other regulators in China may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before the settlement and delivery of the ADSs that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the ADSs we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulators in China later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review or otherwise restrict or completely hinder our ability to offer securities and raise capitals overseas, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and cause the value of the ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless” and “—Risks Relating to the ADSs and this Offering—

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The approval of or clearance by the CSRC, the CAC and other compliance procedures may be required in connection with this offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or clearance.”

Corporate History and Structure

We first started our business designing and developing high throughput computing solutions through Zhejiang Haowei Technology Co., Ltd., or Zhejiang Haowei, incorporated in July 2019. On January 8, 2021, we incorporated Nano Labs Ltd, our holding company, as an exempted company with limited liability in the Cayman Islands. In 2021, we underwent a series of corporate reorganization in anticipation of our initial public offering, including incorporation of our company as the listing vehicle, incorporation of our oversea holding companies and issuance of shares to shareholders of Zhejiang Haowei. In April 2021, we completed a one-for-10,000 shares subdivision, following which our authorized share capital of US$50,000 is divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares of US$0.0001 each.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this prospectus.

(1) The remaining 35% equity interest is owned by Hangzhou Lin’an Mantefu Technology Co., Ltd., an unaffiliated third party.

Holding Company Structure

Nano Labs Ltd is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China and Hong Kong. As a result, Nano Labs Ltd’s ability to pay

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dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China and Hong Kong. If our existing PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries did not have aggregate retained earnings as determined under PRC accounting standards as of December 31, 2021. Pursuant to the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC Company Law, our PRC subsidiaries are required to make contribution of at least 10% of their after-tax profits calculated in accordance with the PRC GAAP to the statutory common reserve. Contribution is not required if the reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of our subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2021, our PRC subsidiaries had no restricted amount under the reserve fund.

None of our PRC subsidiaries has issued any dividends or distributions to respective holding companies or any investors as of the date of this prospectus. Our PRC subsidiaries generate and retain cash generated from operating activities and re-invest it in our business. Historically, Zhejiang Haowei has also received equity financing from its shareholders to fund business operations of our PRC subsidiaries. In 2020 and 2021, we transferred cash proceeds of nil and US$21.1 million to our PRC subsidiaries for the settlement of intercompany transactions and as paid-in capital for our PRC subsidiaries. In the future, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities, including this offering, may be, and are intended to be, transferred by us through subsidiaries in Hong Kong to our PRC subsidiaries via capital contribution and shareholder loans, as the case may be. Subsidiaries in China that receives such cash proceeds then will transfer funds to its subsidiaries to meet the capital needs of our business operations. For details about the applicable PRC rules that limit transfer of funds from overseas to our PRC subsidiaries, see “Use of Proceeds” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.”

The structure of cash flows within our organization, and the applicable regulations, are as follows. After foreign investors’ funds enter Nano Labs Ltd, our holding company, at the close of this offering, subject to the cash demand of our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries, the funds can be transferred to our wholly owned Cayman subsidiaries, then to our wholly owned BVI subsidiaries, then to our Hong Kong subsidiaries, which will further distribute the funds to our PRC subsidiaries. If we intend to distribute dividends, PRC subsidiaries will transfer the dividends to our Hong Kong subsidiaries in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, and then our Hong Kong subsidiaries will transfer the dividends all the way up to Nano Labs Ltd, and the dividends will be distributed from Nano Labs Ltd to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions. The cross-border transfer of funds within our corporate group under our direct holding structure must be legal and compliant with relevant laws and regulations of China. In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, as an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions and to our affiliated entities only through loans, subject to applicable government reporting, registration and approvals. See “Use of Proceeds” and “Risk Factor—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.” We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. We have, from time to time, transferred cash between our PRC subsidiaries to fund their operations, and we do not anticipate any difficulties or limitations on our ability to transfer cash between such subsidiaries. As of the date of this prospectus, no cash generated from our PRC subsidiaries has been used to fund operations of any of our non-PRC subsidiaries. We may encounter difficulties in our ability to transfer cash between PRC subsidiaries and non-PRC subsidiaries largely due to various PRC laws and regulations

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imposed on foreign exchange. However, as long as we are compliant with the procedures for approvals from foreign exchange authorities and banks in China, the relevant laws and regulations in China do not impose limitations on the amount of funds that we can transfer out of China. We currently do not have any cash management policy that dictate the transfer of cash between our subsidiaries. See “Regulation—PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Foreign Exchange” for details of such procedures. We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately                 , of which approximately                 will be transferred to our PRC subsidiaries for research and development initiatives for more advanced ASIC chips, smart-NICs and vision computing chips, the establishment of our manufacturing plant for product assembling and supply chain optimization and working capital and other general corporate activities within China. See “Use of Proceeds” for more details.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenue for the last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. As such, we may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. Under the JOBS Act, an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until the date that private companies are required to do so. We have elected to take advantage of such exemption, and as a result, while we are an emerging growth company, we will not be subject to new or revised accounting standards at the same time that they become applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) the last day of our fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.07 billion; (2) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of completion of this offering; (3) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if we have been a public company for at least 12 months and the market value of the ADSs that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive office is located at 30th Floor, Dikaiyinzuo, No. 29, East Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is (86) 0571-8665 6957. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands.

Investors should submit any inquiries to the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our corporate website is www.nano.cn. The information contained on our websites is not a part of this prospectus. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc. located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

Conventions that Apply to this Prospectus

Unless we indicate otherwise and for the purpose of this prospectus only:

• “ADRs” refers to the American depositary receipts, which, if issued, evidence the ADSs;

• “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents                    Class A ordinary share(s);

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• “CAGR” refers to compound annual growth rate;

• “China” and “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this prospectus only, Taiwan, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macau Special Administrative Region;

• “Class A ordinary shares” refers to our Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

• “Class B ordinary shares” refers to our Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

• “hash rate” refers to the processing power of the cryptocurrency network and represents the number of computations that is processed by the network in a given time period;

• “ICs” or “chips” refers to integrated circuits;

• “nm” refers to nanometer (1 meter = 1,000,000,000 nanometers);

• “RMB” and “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China;

• “shares” and “ordinary shares” refers to prior to the completion of this offering, our pre-offering ordinary shares, and upon and after the completion of this offering, are to our Class A ordinary shares and our Class B ordinary shares;

• “TH/s” and “GH/s” refers to the measuring unit of hash rate, which represent the processing power of the cryptocurrency mining machine. 1 TH/s =1,000 GH/s;

• “US$” and “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States of America; and

• “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” and “our group” refers to Nano Labs Ltd, our Cayman Islands holding company, its predecessor entity and its subsidiaries, as the context requires.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs.

We have made rounding adjustments to reach some of the figures included in this prospectus. Consequently, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.

Our reporting and functional currency is Renminbi. This prospectus contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations of Renminbi into U.S. dollars were made at RMB6.3757 to US$1.00, representing the central parity rate on December 31, 2021 published by the People’s Bank of China. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi at any particular rate or at all. On June 9, 2022, the noon buying rate for Renminbi was RMB6.6811 to US$1.00.

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The Offering

Offering price per ADS We currently estimate that the initial public offering price will be between US$         and US$         per ADS.

ADSs offered by us                  ADSs (or                  ADSs if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ADSs).

ADSs issued and outstanding immediately after this offering                      ADSs (or                      ADSs if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ADSs).

Ordinary shares issued and outstanding immediately after this offering                      Class A ordinary shares and                      Class B ordinary shares (or                      Class A ordinary shares and                      Class B ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ADSs).

ADSs Every ADS represents                  Class A ordinary share(s), par value US$0.0001 per share.

The depositary, or its nominee, will hold the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs and you will have the rights as provided in the deposit agreement among us, the depositary and holders and beneficial owners of ADSs from time to time.

We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. If, however, we declare dividends on our ordinary shares, the depositary will pay you the cash dividends and other distributions it receives on our Class A ordinary shares after deducting its fees and expenses in accordance with the terms set forth in the deposit agreement.

You may turn in your ADSs to the depositary in exchange for the underlying Class A ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement relating to the ADSs. The depositary will charge you fees for any such exchange.

We may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

You should carefully read the section in this prospectus entitled “Description of American Depositary Shares” to better understand the terms of the ADSs. You should also read the deposit agreement, which is an exhibit to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

Ordinary Shares Immediately following the completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding share capital will consist of Class A ordinary shares and

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Class B ordinary shares. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholder vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 15 votes, voting together as one class. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person other than Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun, the founders of our company or an affiliate of Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun, or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary shares to any person who is not Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun or an affiliate of Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class A ordinary shares. For a description of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, see “Description of Share Capital.”

Option to purchase additional ADSs We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable within 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an aggregate of                    additional ADSs at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

Use of Proceeds We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately US$        million (or US$        million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ADSs) from this offering, assuming an initial public offering price of US$        per ADS, which is the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We anticipate using the net proceeds of this offering primarily for research and development, supply chain optimization, establishment of overseas headquarters and general corporate purposes.

See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.

Lock-up We, [our directors and executive officers, and existing shareholders] have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any ADSs, ordinary shares or similar securities or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our ordinary shares or ADSs, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting.”

Listing We intend to apply to have the ADSs listed on the Nasdaq Global Market. Our ordinary shares will not be listed on any exchange or quoted for trading on any over-the-counter trading system.

Proposed Nasdaq Global Market Symbol “NA.”

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Depositary Citibank, N.A..

Payment and settlement The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment on            , 2022, through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company, or DTC.

Risk Factors See “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of risks you should carefully consider before investing in the ADSs.

The total number of ordinary shares that will be issued and outstanding immediately after this offering is based upon:

• 103,790,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding on an as-converted basis as of the date of this prospectus, assuming (1) the re-designation of 57,178,154 shares beneficially owned by Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun, the founders of our company, into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (2) the re-designation of all of our remaining issued and outstanding 46,611,846 ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

•                     Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs that we will issue and sell in this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs.

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Summary Consolidated Financial Data

The following summary consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and the summary consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read the following information in conjunction with those financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period.

Summary Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net revenues:
Product sales revenue		2,004,074			39,440,897			6,186,128
Service revenue		122,602			—			—
Total net revenues		2,126,676			39,440,897			6,186,128
Cost of revenues		1,270,544			43,530,708			6,827,597
Gross profit (loss)		856,132			(4,089,811	)		(641,469	)
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		108,567			5,119,072			802,904
General and administrative expenses		3,187,033			24,121,823			3,783,400
Research and development expenses		34,476,484			145,455,181			22,813,994
Total operating expenses		37,772,084			174,696,076			27,400,298
Loss from operations		(36,915,952	)		(178,785,887	)		(28,041,767	)
Other expenses (income):
Finance expenses		3,747			509,764			79,954
Interest income		(17,915	)		(3,495,208	)		(548,208	)
Other expenses (income)		800,000			(855,959	)		(134,253	)
Total other expenses (income)		785,832			(3,841,403	)		(602,507	)
Loss before income tax provision		(37,701,784	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Income tax provision		2,293			—			—
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)

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Summary Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

	As of December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
ASSETS:
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899
Short-term investments		—			31,888,500			5,001,568
Accounts receivable, net		1,165,716			—			—
Inventories, net		7,238,293			213,870,251			33,544,591
Prepayments		7,985,676			372,355,129			58,402,235
Due from related party		4,390,000			—			—
Other current assets		2,895,895			41,460,490			6,502,892
Total current assets		59,008,752			893,428,024			140,130,185
Non-current assets
Property and equipment, net		1,066,759			7,249,044			1,136,980
Intangible asset, net		99,301			—			—
Long-term prepaid expense		550,000			—			—
Operating lease right-of-use assets		768,678			9,155,665			1,436,025
Total non-current assets		2,484,738			16,404,709			2,573,005
TOTAL ASSETS		61,493,490			909,832,733			142,703,190
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		899,687			2,837,638			445,071
Accounts payable – related party		4,716,981			—			—
Advance from customers		65,404,664			917,391,899			143,888,812
Loan payable		5,000,000			—			—
Due to related parties		31,355,000			—			—
Operating lease liabilities, current		462,313			5,224,757			819,480
Other current liabilities		1,898,524			6,917,757			1,085,018
Total current liabilities		109,737,169			932,372,051			146,238,381
Non-current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		276,653			2,122,357			332,882
TOTAL LIABILITIES		110,013,822			934,494,408			146,571,263
Shareholders’ deficit:
Ordinary shares (US$0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 79,249,000 and 103,790,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively)		51,135			66,970			10,504
Additional paid-in capital		163,747			201,418,380			31,591,571
Accumulated deficit		(48,735,214	)		(223,679,698	)		(35,083,159	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		—			(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
Total shareholders’ deficit		(48,520,332	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT		61,493,490			909,832,733			142,703,190

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Summary Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(3,027,899	)		71,732,868			11,250,980
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,646,776	)		(36,046,123	)		(5,653,673	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		29,365,000			164,896,124			25,863,218
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—			(2,062,387	)		(323,476	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		24,690,325			198,520,482			31,137,049
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		10,642,847			35,333,172			5,541,850
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this prospectus, including the risks and uncertainties described below, before making an investment in our ADSs. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The trading price of our ADSs could decline due to any of these risks and you may lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes thereto. You should also carefully review the cautionary statements referred to under “Forward-looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in this prospectus.

Risks Relating to Our Business

We may fail to anticipate or adapt to technology innovations in a timely manner, so our IC design may fail to gain recognition from the customers and the IC design industry.

The IC design industry is experiencing rapid technological changes. Failure to anticipate technology innovations or adapt to such innovations in a timely manner, or at all, may result in our products becoming obsolete at sudden and unpredictable intervals. As a result, our IC design may fail to gain recognition from the customers and the industry, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. To maintain the relevancy of our products, we have actively invested in product planning and research and development. The process of developing and marketing new products is inherently complex and involves significant uncertainties. We cannot assure you that our efforts will bring customers and industry recognition. There are various risks, including the following:

• our product planning efforts may fail to result in the development or commercialization of new technologies or ideas;

• our research and development efforts may fail to translate new product plans into commercially feasible products;

• our new technologies or new products may not be well received by consumers;

• we may not have adequate funding and resources necessary for continual investments in product planning and research and development;

• our products may become obsolete due to rapid advancements in technology and changes in consumer preferences; and

• our newly developed technologies may not be protected as proprietary intellectual property rights.

Any failure to anticipate the next-generation technology roadmap or changes in customer preferences or to timely develop new or enhanced products in response could result in decreased revenue and market share. In particular, we may experience difficulties with product design, product development, marketing or certification, which could result in excessive research and development expenses and capital expenditure, delays or prevent our introduction of new or enhanced products. Furthermore, our research and development efforts may not yield the expected results or may prove to be futile due to the lack of market demand.

Our results of operations have been and are expected to continue to be significantly impacted by the volatility of the cryptocurrency market, and in particular, the sharp price decrease of cryptocurrencies.

Our products, including HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions, are currently designed primarily for the mining of various cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin and Filecoin. The demand for, and pricing of, our products are therefore affected by the expected economic returns of mining activities for these cryptocurrencies, which in turn are primarily driven by, among other factors, the prices. The cryptocurrency market is highly volatile, and the prices of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin and Filecoin have experienced significant fluctuations over their short existence and may continue to fluctuate significantly in the future. For example, the overall price of Bitcoin is on an upward trend, however, there have been some significant decreases in late 2018, early 2020 and early 2021, according to the F&S report.

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Historically, our revenues were primarily derived from the sales of HTC solutions primarily used for Grin mining. We have completed several new products, such as the HTC solutions used for Ethereum mining, HPC solutions used for Bitcoin mining, and distributed computing and data storage solutions primarily for Filecoin mining. We expect our results of operations to be affected by the prices of cryptocurrencies, in particular, significantly and negatively impacted by the sharp price decrease of the prices of cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin and Filecoin. Although we have begun the delivery of these new products in 2022, a diversified offering of mining solution types is unlikely to spread the risk of volatility as the prices of mainstream cryptocurrencies are highly correlated. We cannot assure you that the cryptocurrency market will remain active enough to sustain the demand for our current and future mining machines or that the prices for any of these cryptocurrencies will not decline significantly in the future. Furthermore, fluctuations in the prices of cryptocurrencies, in particular, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin and Filecoin, can have an immediate impact on the trading price of the companies operating in the cryptocurrency industry, including the ADSs, even before our financial performance is affected, if at all.

In addition to the market volatility, various other factors, mostly beyond our control, could impact the prices of cryptocurrencies. For example, the usage of Bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace is relatively low in comparison with the usage for speculation, which contributes to Bitcoin price volatility.

If the price of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin drops and fails to recover, the expected economic return of such mining activities will diminish, which could result in a decrease in demand for our current and future HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. As a result, we may need to reduce the price of our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. At the same time, if transaction fees for these cryptocurrencies increase to such an extent as to discourage users from using them as a medium of exchange, it may decrease the transaction volume of the relevant network and may affect the demand for our current and future HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. In addition, any shortage of power supply due to government control measures or other reasons, and any increase in energy costs, would raise the costs of mining activities. This in turn could affect the expected economic return to our customers for their mining activities and the demand for and pricing of our current and future HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. Furthermore, fluctuations in the prices of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin may affect the value of our inventory as well as the provision we make to the inventory as we manage our inventory based on, among others, the sales forecast of current and future HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. If we increase our procurement volume and stock up finished goods for the launch of new products or we expect a surge of demand of certain HTC and HPC solutions, a significant drop in the prices of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin can lead to a lower expected sales price and excessive inventory, which in turn will lead to impairment losses with respect to such inventory. If the prices of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin drop significantly in the future, we may need to record write-down for potentially obsolete, slow-moving inventory. For example, we recorded an inventory write-down of RMB26.8 million (US$4.2 million) in the cost of revenues in 2021 due to the downward adjustment on the book value of a portion of our inventory in response to the decrease in the market price of cryptocurrency and expected economic return on cryptocurrency mining. To the extent that we are able to sell such inventory above its carrying value, our gross profit may also be inflated by such write down.

The price drop of cryptocurrencies may also adversely impact the ability of our customers who made down payments for our current or future HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions to make final payments. We usually require full payment to be paid before the delivery of our products. If the prices of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin drop significantly in the future, we may need to offer to certain of our customers price concession in the case where they encounter the difficulties for making the final payments, even if we generally do not offer a price concession to customers. If we provide any price concession to our customers in the future, our revenues and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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We have derived and may continue to derive substantially all of our revenues from our HTC solutions. We also expect to generate significant revenues from HPC solutions in the future. If the market for HTC and HPC solutions ceases to exist or diminishes significantly, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

Historically, our revenues were primarily derived from the sales of HTC solutions primarily used for Grin mining. We have completed several new products, such as the HTC solutions used for Ethereum mining, HPC solutions used for Bitcoin mining and distributed computing and data storage solutions primarily for Filecoin mining. In 2020 and 2021, sales of our HTC solutions accounted for 94.2% and 100% of our total revenues, respectively, and we had received RMB917.4 million (US$143.9 million) from the pre-sale of our products as of December 31, 2021. We expect to generate, in the foreseeable future, a significant portion of our revenues from sales of our HTC and HPC solutions.

If the market for any of the above-mentioned mining solutions ceases to exist or diminishes significantly, we would experience a significant loss of sales, cancelation of orders, or loss of customers for our current and future mining machines.

Adverse factors that may affect the market for our current and future mining machines include:

• Another cryptocurrency, especially one that is not created using the same mining processes as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin, emerges as a new mainstream cryptocurrency and squeezes Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin out of the market, thereby causing these cryptocurrencies to lose value or become worthless, which could adversely affect the sustainability of our business.

• Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin fails to gain wide market acceptance and fails to become a generally accepted medium of exchange in the global economy due to certain inherent limitations to cryptocurrencies.

• Over time, the reward for blockchain mining will decline in terms of the amount of cryptocurrency awarded, which may reduce the incentive to mine these cryptocurrencies. Therefore, our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions may become less productive as the available rewards for cryptocurrency mining decrease.

If we cannot maintain the scale and profitability of our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions and, at the same time, successfully expand our business in other application markets, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects will suffer. Furthermore, excess inventory, inventory markdowns, brand image deterioration and margin squeeze caused by declining economic returns for miners or pricing competition for our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions could all have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, as we only had limited experience in the commercialization of HTC and HPC solutions, we cannot assure you that our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and storage solutions to be launched will be well received among the miners of these cryptocurrencies, nor can we assure you that the demand for these products will be strong enough for us to recover the research and development expenses incurred in relation to the development of these products. If our efforts to market these new products fail, or the demand for these products turns out to be weaker than we expected, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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We face risks associated with the expansion of our business operations overseas and if we are unable to effectively manage such risks, our business growth and profitability may be negatively affected.

We intend to grow our business in part by expanding our sales network and operations internationally beyond China. Our expansion plans include possibly establishing offices for sales, research and development and other operations in Singapore and the United States. However, there are risks associated with such global expansion plans, including:

• high costs of investment to establish a presence in a new market and manage international operations;

• competition in unfamiliar markets;

• foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

• regulatory differences and difficulties in ensuring compliance with multi-national legal requirements and multi-national operations;

• changes in economic, legal, political or other local conditions in new markets;

• our limited customer base and limited sales and relationships with international customers;

• competitors in the overseas markets may be more dominant and have stronger ties with customers and greater financial and other resources;

• challenges in managing our international sales channels effectively;

• difficulties in and costs of exporting products overseas while complying with the different commercial, legal and regulatory requirements of the overseas markets in which we offer our products;

• difficulty in ensuring that our customers comply with the sanctions imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control in the United States and regulators in other countries and regions, on various foreign states, organizations and individuals;

• inability to obtain, maintain or enforce intellectual property rights;

• inability to effectively enforce contractual or legal rights or intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions where we operate; and

• governmental policies favoring domestic companies in certain foreign markets or trade barriers including export requirements, tariffs, taxes and other restrictions and charges. In particular, a worldwide trend in favor of nationalism and protectionist trade policy and the ongoing trade dispute between the United States and China as well as other potential international trade disputes could cause turbulence in international markets. These government policies or trade barriers could increase the prices of our products and make us less competitive in such countries.

If we are unable to effectively manage such risks, we may encounter difficulties in our overseas expansion plans and our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be impaired.

Our business growth is dependent on the development of blockchain technology and applications, particularly in the field of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin and Filecoin.

We have historically derived our revenues primarily from sales of our HTC solutions in relation to Grin mining. The development of blockchain technology is still in a relatively early stage, and we cannot assure you that blockchain applications, including those in the fields of cryptocurrencies and other areas such as artificial intelligence, will gain wide market acceptance. Any blockchain application may become redundant or obsolete with the introduction of new competing technologies or products. If market acceptance or confidence in blockchain technology is lost or reduced for any reason, such as due to cybersecurity issues, the demand for our existing or future blockchain products may decline.

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Our blockchain mining solution business depends significantly on the development of cryptocurrency applications, in particular, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin and Filecoin applications. The cryptocurrency market is rapidly and continuously evolving. Any actual or perceived adverse development in Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies can significantly affect market demand for mining activities and our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. In addition, any event or rumor that generates negative publicity for the cryptocurrency market could hinder the development and reduce market acceptance of cryptocurrency applications. Under such circumstances, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

The average selling prices of our products may decrease from time to time due to technological advancement, and we may not be able to pass onto our suppliers such decreases, which may in turn adversely affect our profitability.

The IC design industry is characterized by rapid launches of new products, continuous technological advancements, and changing market trends and customer preferences, all of which translate to a shorter life cycle and a gradual decrease in the average selling prices of products over time. Because we compete in the environment of rapidly-evolving technology advancement and market trends and developments of the IC design industry, we may need to lower the price of our products to gain stronger market competitiveness and we cannot assure you that we will be able to pass on any decrease in average selling prices of our products to our suppliers. If the average selling prices of our products unusually or significantly decrease and such decreases cannot be offset by a corresponding decrease in the prices of the principal components of our products, our gross profit margins may be materially and adversely affected, which in turn, may adversely affect our profitability.

If Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin loses its popularity or is replaced by other cryptocurrencies as the mainstream cryptocurrencies, we may not be able to win the market for our future mining machines and our results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Historically, we derived our revenue primarily from HTC solutions designed for Grin mining. As of the date of this prospectus, we have pre-sold and recognized revenue from sales of our Bitcoin and Ethereum mining solutions to our customers. We face the risk that other cryptocurrencies could replace Bitcoin and Ethereum as the mainstream cryptocurrencies, which may in turn negatively impact the value of Bitcoin and Ethereum and diminish interest in mining Bitcoin and Ethereum. We also face the risk of Grin losing its popularity. Acceptance of Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin may decline due to various reasons such as the following:

• potential changes in algorithms or source code may negatively impact user acceptance;

• patches, upgrades, attacks or hacking of relevant infrastructure may undermine user interest or confidence;

• usage of Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin for illicit or illegal activities by bad actors may erode public perception of Bitcoin or Ethereum; or

• hacking, fraud or other problems with cryptocurrency exchanges, wallets or other related infrastructure may negatively impact user confidence.

If fewer people accept Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin or fewer merchants accept Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin as a payment method and alternative assets or Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin mining being restricted or prohibited due to the changes of the relevant laws and regulations, Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin may decline in value. For example, although Bitcoin is currently the largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, a substantial amount of Bitcoin-related transactions may be speculation-related and a technological breakthrough in the form of a better cryptocurrency is a continuous threat. Other cryptocurrencies may be designed with algorithms that are not compatible with the kind of computing done by ASIC chip mining machines. If such a cryptocurrency were to become dominant, our existing technological know-how may not be applicable in creating hardware for participants in that cryptocurrency network, and we may face greater competition from new players. In addition, since the value of and support for Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin depend entirely on the community using it, any

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disagreement between the users may result in the splitting of the network to support other cryptocurrencies and the users may sell all their Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin and switch to other cryptocurrencies. As a result, our future blockchain mining solutions and our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Our IC products mainly depend on supplies from third-party foundries, and any failure to obtain sufficient foundry capacity from such foundries would significantly delay the shipment of our products.

As a fabless IC design company, we do not own any IC fabrication facilities. We currently work with two leading foundries as our main IC fabrication partners and place purchase orders according to our business needs. It is important for us to have a reliable relationship with third-party foundries as well as other future foundry service providers to ensure adequate product supply to respond to customer demand.

We cannot guarantee that our foundry service providers will be able to meet our manufacturing requirements. The ability of our foundry service providers to provide us with foundry services is limited by their technology migration, available capacity and existing obligations. If any of our foundry service providers fails to succeed in its technology migration, it will not be able to deliver to us qualified ICs, which will significantly affect our technological advancement and shipment of our products and solutions. This could in turn result in lost sales and have a material adverse effect on our relationships with our customers and on our business and financial condition. In addition, we do not have a guaranteed level of production capacity from our foundry service providers. We do not have long-term contracts with them, and we source our supplies on a purchase order basis and prepay the purchase amount. As a result, we depend on our foundry service providers to allocate to us a portion of its manufacturing capacity sufficient to meet our needs, produce products of acceptable quality and at acceptable final test yields and deliver those products to us on a timely basis and at acceptable prices. If any of our foundry service providers raises its prices or is unable to meet our required capacity for any reason, such as shortages or delays in the shipment of semiconductor equipment or raw materials required to manufacture our ICs, or if our business relationships with any of our foundry service providers deteriorate, we may not be able to obtain the required capacity and would have to seek alternative foundries, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Moreover, it is possible that other customers of any of our foundry service providers that are larger and/or better financed than we are, or that have long-term contracts with it, may receive preferential treatment in terms of capacity allocation or pricing. In addition, if we do not accurately forecast our capacity needs, any of our foundry service providers may not have available capacity to meet our immediate needs or we may be required to pay higher costs to fulfill those needs, either of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

In particular, the production of our IC products may require advanced IC fabrication technologies, and some third-party foundries we partner with might not have sufficient production capacity for such technologies, if at all, to meet our requirements. This may expose us to risks associated with engaging new foundries. For example, using foundries with which we have not established relationships could expose us to potentially unfavorable pricing, unsatisfactory quality or insufficient capacity allocation.

Other risks associated with our dependence on third-party foundries include limited control over delivery schedules and quality assurance, lack of capacity in periods of excess demand, unauthorized use of our intellectual property and limited ability to manage inventory and parts. In particular, although we have entered into confidentiality agreements with our third-party foundries for the protection of our intellectual property, they may not protect our intellectual property with the same degree of care as we use to protect our intellectual property. If we fail to properly manage any of these risks, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Moreover, if any of our foundry service providers suffers any damage to its facilities, suspends manufacturing operations, loses benefits under material agreements, experiences power outages or computer virus attacks, lacks sufficient capacity to manufacture our products, encounters financial difficulties, is unable to secure necessary raw materials from its suppliers or suffers any other disruption or reduction in efficiency, we may encounter supply delays or disruptions.

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We rely on a limited number of third parties for IC packaging and testing services.

Fabrication of ICs requires specialized services to process the silicon wafers into ICs by packaging them and to test their proper functioning. We primarily collaborate with a lending packaging and testing service provider for such services, which may expose us to a number of risks, including difficulties in finding alternate suppliers, capacity shortages or delays, lack of control or oversight in timing, quality or costs, and misuse of our intellectual property. If any such problems arise with our packaging and testing partners, we may experience delays in our production and delivery timeline, inadequate quality control of our products or excessive costs and expenses. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, reputation and business may be adversely affected.

Shortages in, or rises in the prices of, the components of our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and storage solutions may adversely affect our business.

Given the long production period to manufacture, assemble, and deliver certain components and products, problems could arise in planning production and managing inventory levels that could seriously interrupt our operations, including the possibility of defective parts, an increase in component costs, delays in delivery schedules, and shortages of components. In addition to ICs, the components we use for our mining machines include printed circuit boards, other electronic components, fans, and aluminum casings. The production of our mining machines also requires certain ancillary equipment and components such as controllers, power adaptors, and connectors. The production of our current products depends on obtaining adequate supplies of these components on a timely basis and at competitive prices. We do not typically maintain large inventory of the components, and rather purchase them on an “as-needed” basis from various third-party component manufacturers that satisfy our quality standards and meet our production requirements. We may have to turn to less reputable suppliers if we cannot source adequate components from our regular suppliers. Under such circumstances, the quality of the components may suffer and could cause performance issues in our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and storage solutions.

Shortages of components could result in reduced production or delays in production, as well as an increase in production costs, which may negatively affect our ability to fulfill orders or make timely shipments to our customers, as well as our customer relationships and profitability. Component shortages may also increase our costs of products sold because we may be required to pay higher prices for components in short supply, or redesign or reconfigure products to accommodate for the substitute components, without being able to pass such cost to our customers. As a result, our business, results of operations and reputation could be materially and adversely affected by any product defects.

Failure at tape-out or failure to achieve the expected final test yields for our ICs could negatively impact our results of operations.

The tape-out process is a critical milestone in our business. A tape-out means all the stages in the design and verification process of our ICs have been completed, and the chip design is sent for manufacturing. The tape-out process requires considerable investment in time and resources and close cooperation with the wafer foundry, and repeated failures can significantly increase our costs, lengthen our product development period, and delay our product launch. If the tape-out or testing of a new chip design fails, either as a result of design flaws by our research and development team or problems with production or the testing process by the wafer foundry, we may incur considerable costs and expenses to fix or restart the design process. Such obstacles may decrease our profitability or delay the launch of new products.

Once tape-out is achieved, the IC design is sent for manufacturing, and the final test yield is a measurement of the production success rate. The final test yield is a function of both product design, which is developed by us, and process technology, which typically belongs to a third-party foundry. Low final test yields can result from a product design deficiency or a process technology failure or a combination of both. As such, we may not be able to identify problems causing low final test yields until our product designs go to the manufacturing stage, which may substantially increase our per unit costs and delay the launch of new products.

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For example, if any of our foundry service providers experiences manufacturing inefficiencies or encounters disruptions, errors or difficulties during production, we may fail to achieve acceptable final test yields or experience product delivery delays. We cannot guarantee that our foundry service providers will be able to develop, obtain or successfully implement process technologies needed to manufacture future generations of our IC products on a timely basis. Moreover, during the periods in which foundries are implementing new process technologies, their manufacturing facilities may not be fully productive. A substantial delay in the technology transitions to smaller geometry process technologies could have a material and adverse effect on us, particularly if our competitors transition to such technologies before us. In addition, resolution of yield problems requires cooperation among us, foundry partners, and packaging and testing partners. We cannot assure you that the cooperation will be successful and that any yield problem can be fixed.

Our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and storage solutions use open source software as their basic controller system, which may subject us to certain risks.

We use open source software in our HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and storage solutions. For example, our mining machine controller open source software needs to be installed on open source, which serves as the basic controller system for our HTC and HPC solutions, and we expect to continue to use open source software in the future. We may face claims from others claiming ownership of, or seeking to enforce the terms of, an open source license, including by demanding the release of the open source software, derivative works or our proprietary source code that was developed using such software. These claims could also result in litigation, requiring us to purchase a costly license or to devote additional research and development resources to change our technologies, either of which would have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, if the license terms for the open source software we utilize change, we may be forced to re-engineer or discontinue our solutions or incur additional costs.

If we fail to maintain an effective quality control system, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We place great emphasis on product quality and adhere to stringent quality control measures and have obtained product compliance certifications, such as ICES certificate, CE EMC certificate and FCC SDOC certificate, after independent third party inspection for our products. To meet our customers’ requirements and expectations for the quality and safety of our products, we have selected leading third party assembling partners with quality control certifications such as ISO9001 and adopted a stringent quality control system to ensure that every step of the production process is strictly monitored and managed. Failure to maintain an effective quality control system or to obtain or renew our quality standards certifications may result in a decrease in demand for our products or cancelation or loss of purchase orders from our customers. Moreover, our reputation could be impaired. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

The quality of our products and services relies on third-party suppliers and service providers we engage. If we fail to provide satisfactory services or maintain their service levels, it could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third-party suppliers and service providers to provide quality products and services to customers, and our brand and reputation may be harmed by actions taken by them that are beyond our control. Despite the measures we have taken to ensure the quality of products and services provided by third-party suppliers and service providers, to the extent that there are manufacturing defects beyond our control, or our third-party suppliers and service providers are unable to maintain the efficiency of their production facilities, supply sufficient components or raw materials in a timely manner, or provide satisfactory services to our

customers, we may suffer reputational damage, and our brand image, business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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We rely on third-party logistics service providers to deliver our products. Disruption in logistics may prevent us from meeting customer demand and our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result.

We engage third-party logistics service providers to deliver the ICs from our production partners to our assembly partners and our products from our assembly partners to our customers. Disputes with or termination of our contractual relationships with one or more of our logistics service providers could result in delayed delivery of products or increased costs. We cannot assure you that we can continue or extend relationships with our current logistics service providers on terms acceptable to us, or that we will be able to establish relationships with new logistics service providers to ensure accurate, timely and cost-efficient delivery services. If we are unable to maintain or develop good relationships with our preferred logistics service providers, it may inhibit our ability to offer products in sufficient quantities, on a timely basis, or at prices acceptable to our consumers. If there is any breakdown in our relationships with our preferred logistics service providers, we cannot assure you that no interruptions in our product delivery would occur or that they would not materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As we do not have any direct control over these logistics service providers, we cannot guarantee their quality of service. In addition, services provided by these logistics service providers could be interrupted by unforeseen events beyond our control, such as poor handling provided by these logistics service providers, natural disasters, pandemics, adverse weather conditions, riots and labor strikes. If there is any delay in delivery, damage to products or any other issue, we may lose customers and sales and our brand image may be tarnished.

Product defects resulting in a large-scale product recall or product liability claims against us could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and reputation.

Our products are manufactured in accordance with internationally accepted quality standards and specifications provided by our customers. However, we cannot assure you that all our products are free of defects. Consequently, any product defects identified by our customers or end users might erode our reputation and negatively affect our customer relationships and future business. Product defects may also result in product returns and large-scale product recalls or product liability claims against us for substantial damages. Such claims, irrespective of the outcomes or the merits, would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could divert significant resources and management attention. Furthermore, even if we are able to defend any such claim successfully, we cannot assure you that our customers will not lose confidence in our products or that our future relationships with our customers will not be damaged. As a result, our business, results of operations, reputation and brand image could be materially and adversely affected by any product defects.

If we are unable to maintain or enhance our brand recognition, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Maintaining and enhancing the recognition, image and acceptance of our brand are important to our ability to differentiate our products from and to compete effectively with our peers. Our brand image, however, could be jeopardized if we fail to maintain high product quality, pioneer and keep pace with evolving technology trends, or timely fulfill the orders for our products. If we fail to promote our brand or to maintain or enhance our brand recognition and awareness among our customers, or if we are subject to events or negative allegations affecting our brand image or the publicly perceived position of our brand, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Operations

We have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities in the past, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

We recorded net loss of RMB37.7 million and RMB174.9 million (US$27.4 million) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. We also recorded negative cash flows from operating activities of RMB3.0 million in 2020,

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although we generated cash flows from operating activities of RMB71.7 million (US$11.3 million) in 2021. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profit or continue to generate positive cash flow from operating activities in the future. Our ability to achieve profitability will depend in large part on our ability to control expenses and manage our growth effectively, achieve a more stable performance given the significant fluctuation and volatility of the prices of cryptocurrencies and blockchain mining business, and maintain our competitive advantage in the relevant markets. We expect to continue to make investments in the development and expansion of our business, which will place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources. Continuous expansion may increase the complexity of our business, and we may encounter various difficulties. We may fail to develop and improve our operational, financial and management controls, enhance our financial reporting systems and procedures, recruit, train and retain highly skilled personnel, or maintain customer satisfaction to effectively support and manage our growth. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our operations but fail to manage the growth of our business and capitalize on our growth opportunities effectively, we may not be able to achieve profitability, and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

Our limited operating history and our volatile historical results of operations could make it difficult for us to forecast our business and assess the seasonality and volatility in our business.

We have a relatively short operating history since 2019 and did not generate any revenue until 2020. Our total revenue was RMB2.1 million and RMB39.4 million (US$6.2 million) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. As the fabless IC design market is relatively nascent and still rapidly evolving, and due to our limited operating history and historical data, as well as the limited visibility into future demand trends for our products, we may not be able to accurately forecast our future total revenue and budget our operating expenses accordingly. As most of our expenses are fixed in the short-term or incurred in advance of anticipated total revenue, we may not be able to adjust our expenses in a timely manner in order to offset any shortfall in revenue.

Our business may be subject to the varying order patterns of the fabless IC design market. We may experience fluctuations in orders in the future. Our volatile historical results of operations could make it difficult to assess the impact of seasonal factors on our business. If we or any of our third-party manufacturing service providers are unable to increase production of new or existing products to meet any increases in demand due to seasonality or other factors, our total revenue would be adversely affected and our reputation with our customers may be damaged.

The ongoing global coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak had caused significant disruptions in our business, which we expect will materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has spread throughout the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a global pandemic. Many businesses and social activities in China and other countries and regions have been severely disrupted in the first quarter of 2020, including those of our suppliers, customers and employees. This global outbreak has also caused market panics, which materially and negatively affected the global financial markets, such as the plunge of global stocks on major stock exchanges in March 2020. Such disruption and the potential slowdown of the world’s economy in 2020 and beyond could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We and our customers experienced and may continue to experience significant business disruptions and suspension of operations due to quarantine measures to contain the spread of the pandemic, which may cause shortage in the supply of raw materials, reduce our production capacity, increase the likelihood of default from our customers and delay our product delivery. Our business operation was also disrupted, and may continue to be disrupted, if any of our employees are suspected of having contracted any contagious disease or condition, since it could require our employees to be quarantined or our offices and production to be closed down and disinfected. Moreover, regional outbreaks of COVID-19 may continue to emerge. All of these had, and may continue to have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition in the near term. We are closely monitoring the development of the COVID-19 pandemic and continuously evaluating any further potential impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, which we believe will depend on the duration and degree of the pandemic. If the outbreak persists or escalates, we may be subject to further negative impact on our business operations and financial condition.

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Our business requires significant financial resources, but we may not be able to obtain it in a timely manner and on favorable terms or at all.

We recorded net cash outflow from operating activities of RMB3.0 million in 2020 and incurred net loss of RMB37.7 million and RMB174.9 million (US$27.4 million) for 2020 and 2021, respectively. We have in the past financed our working capital needs primarily with our capital contributions by and loans from shareholders.

We may require additional cash resources due to the future growth, development and expansion of our business. Our future capital requirements may be substantial as we seek to expand our operations, diversify our product offering, and pursue acquisitions and equity investments. In addition, we incurred accrued payables to related parties of RMB4.7 million as of December 31, 2020, and accounts payable of RMB0.9 million and RMB2.8 million (US$0.4 million) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. If our cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to issue additional equity or debt securities or obtain new or expanded credit facilities or enter into additional factoring arrangements.

Our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and the liquidity of international capital and lending markets. In addition, our loan agreements may contain financial covenants that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness or to distribute dividends. Any indebtedness that we may incur in the future may also contain operating and financial covenants that could further restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in a timely manner or in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all. A large amount of bank borrowings and other debt may result in a significant increase in interest expense while at the same time exposing us to increased interest rate risks. Equity financings could result in dilution to our shareholders, and the securities issued in future financings may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our ordinary shares. Any failure to raise needed funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could severely restrict our liquidity as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to price our products at our desired margins as a result of any decrease in our bargaining power or changes in market conditions.

We set prices for our products based on various internal and external factors, such as the cost of production, the technological contents of our products, market conditions, and competition we face. Our ability to set favorable prices at our desired margins and accurately estimate costs, among other factors, has a significant impact on our profitability. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our pricing or bargaining power or that our gross profit margin will not be driven down by market conditions or other factors. If we see higher pricing pressure due to intensified competition from other manufacturers, decreases in prices to our customers in the end market or any other reasons, or if we otherwise lose bargaining power due to weaker demand for our products, we may need to reduce the prices and lower the margins of our products. Moreover, we may not be able to accurately estimate our costs or pass on all or part of any increase in our costs of production, and in particular, the costs of raw materials, components and parts, to our customers. As a result, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We may be exposed to credit risks and concentration of credit risks in relation to defaults from counterparties.

Although we require our customers to make full payment for our HTC and HPC solutions before delivery of products, and we generally do not offer credit sales to customers, we cannot assure you that we will not offer credit sales to our customers in the future due to various internal or external factors, such as the decrease in our bargaining power and changes in industry conditions. If this happens, a drop in the prices of Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin may result in lower economic returns for mining activities of our customers and adversely affect their businesses and financial condition, which may further affect their credit profiles and their ability to settle accounts receivables. In addition, if we start to offer credit sales, we may also face concentration of credit risks

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associated with our business. Our exposure to credit risk may be influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer as well as the industry or country in which the customers operate, and may be concentrated on few number of customers. Although we will monitor our exposure to credit risk on an ongoing basis and make periodic judgment on impairment of overdue receivables based on the likelihood of collectability in the case where we start offer credit sales to our customers, we cannot assure you that all of our counterparties are creditworthy and reputable and will not default on payments in the future. If we encounter significant delays or defaults in payment by our customers or are otherwise unable to recover our accounts receivables, our cash flow, liquidity and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We plan to expand the application scenarios, including but not limited to data centers and vision computing, by enhancing the quality and variety of our chip products and solution offerings to better serve existing customers and attract new customers. We may fail to successfully execute our expansion plan due to our limited resources and other reasons beyond our control. For example, the gain we obtain from the sales of our existing HTC and HPC solutions may not cover our expenses of development due to a prolonged depression of cryptocurrency prices. In addition, we may face relevant restrictions from existing and future regulations in connection with our expansion into these new business areas. See “—Risks Relating to Our Industry—It may be or become illegal to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrencies, participate in the blockchain, transfer or utilize similar bitcoin assets in China or overseas markets where we operate due to adverse changes in the regulatory and policy environment in these jurisdictions.” While we have been closely monitoring the development of the relevant regulations and have been in communication with regulatory authorities, these new business initiatives may not be viable due to regulatory concerns. Should we fail to successfully manage our growth or implement our strategies, the resources we allocate to the new business lines will be wasted, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

High customer concentration exposes us to all of the risks faced by our major customers and may subject us to significant fluctuations or declines in revenues.

Our customers include both enterprises and individuals. A limited number of our major customers, however, have contributed a significant portion of our revenues in the past. In 2020 and 2021, respectively, we generated approximately 47.0% and 59.0% of our total revenues from our largest customer and approximately 94.0% and 85.0% from the top five largest customers. Although we continually seek to diversify our customer base, we cannot assure you that the proportion of the revenue contribution from these customers to our total revenues will decrease in the near future. Dependence on a limited number of major customers will expose us to the risks of substantial losses and extend the turnover days if any of them reduces or even ceases business collaborations with us. Specifically, any one of the following events, among others, may cause material fluctuations or declines in our revenues and have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects:

• an overall decline in the business of one or more of our significant customers;

• the decision by one or more of our significant customers to switch to our competitors;

• the reduction in the prices of our products agreed by one or more of our significant customers;

• the failure or inability of any of our significant customers to make timely payment for our products; or

• regulatory developments that may negatively affect the business of one or more of our significant customers or cryptocurrency mining activities in general.

If we fail to maintain relationships with these major customers, and if we are unable to find replacement customers on commercially desirable terms or in a timely manner or at all, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our prepayments to suppliers may subject us to counterparty risk associated with such suppliers and negatively affect our liquidity.

We are required to prepay some of our suppliers before the service is provided to secure the supplier’s production capacity. The amount of our prepayments may significantly increase as we continue to pursue technological advancement. We are subject to counterparty risk exposure to our suppliers. Any failure by our suppliers to perform their contract obligations on a timely manner and/or with our requested quality may cause us fail to fulfill customers’ orders accordingly. In such event, we may not be able to regain the prepayment in a timely manner or in full, even though our suppliers are obligated to return such prepayments under specified circumstances as previously agreed upon. Furthermore, if the cash outflows for the prepayments significantly exceed the cash inflows during any period, our future liquidity position will be adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain appropriate inventory levels in line with the approximate level of demand for our products, we could lose sales or face excessive inventory risks and holding costs.

On the one hand, to operate our business successfully and meet our customers’ demands and expectations, although we usually only offer advance sale in most of circumstances, we must still maintain a certain level of finished goods inventory to ensure immediate delivery when required. We are also required to maintain an appropriate level of raw materials for our production. However, forecasts are inherently uncertain. If our forecasted demand is lower than what eventually transpires, we may not be able to maintain an adequate inventory level of our finished goods or produce our products in a timely manner, and we may lose sales and market share to our competitors. On the other hand, we may also be exposed to increased inventory risks due to accumulated excess inventory of our products or raw materials, parts and components for our products. Excess inventory levels may lead to increases in inventory holding costs, risks of inventory obsolescence and provisions for write-downs, which will materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In order to maintain an appropriate inventory level of finished goods and raw materials to meet market demand, we adjust our procurement amount and production schedule from time to time based on customers’ orders and anticipated demand. We also carry out an inventory review and an aging analysis on a regular basis. We may make provision for the obsolete and slow-moving inventory of raw materials and finished goods that are no longer suitable for use in production or sale depending on future changes of our inventory strategy. However, we cannot guarantee that these measures will always be effective and that we will be able to maintain an appropriate inventory level. We may also be exposed to the risk of holding excessive inventory, including older generation IC products that are less marketable which may increase our inventory holding costs and subject us to the risk of inventory obsolescence or write-offs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we cannot maintain an appropriate inventory level, we may lose sales and market share to our competitors.

Our export of products to foreign countries such as the United States, may be subject to high tariff rates resulting from protectionism trade policies, and as a result, our future sales volumes, profitability and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Historically, only a small portion of our products were exported to the United States. However, as our sales continue to ramp up, export of our products to the United States may increase. The United States and China had previously been involved in controversy over trade barriers in China that have threatened a trade war between these two countries, and had implemented or proposed to implement tariffs on certain imported products. Though we are not aware of any trade policies announced by the United States that may directly impact the export of our IC products as of the date of this prospectus, we cannot accurately predict whether any anti-dumping duties, tariffs or quota fees will be imposed on our HTC and HPC solutions by the United States in the future. Any export requirements, tariffs, taxes and other restrictions and charges imposed by the United States on our IC products could significantly increase our customers’ purchase costs of our products and make our products less

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competitive in the U.S. market. As a result, our future sales volumes, profitability and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, we also intend to increase our export of HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions to other overseas markets such as the European Union. However, the worldwide populism trend that calls for protectionism trade policy and potential international trade disputes could cause turbulence in the international markets. These government policies or trade barriers could increase the prices of our products and cause us to lose our sales and market share to our competitors in these countries.

We may be unable to make the substantial research and development investments that are required to remain competitive in our business.

Advances in technologies, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and cloud computing, have led to increased demand for ICs of higher performance and power efficiency for solving computational problems of increasing complexity. We intend to broaden our product offerings to design and develop solutions covering more application scenarios, including vision computing and privacy computing. We are committed to investing in new product development in order to stay competitive in our markets. Nevertheless, if we are unable to generate enough revenue or raise enough capital to make adequate research and development investments going forward, our product development and relevant research and development initiatives may be restricted or delayed, or we may not be able to keep pace with the latest market trends and satisfy our customers’ needs, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Furthermore, our substantial research and development expenditures may not yield the expected results that enable us to roll out new products, which in turn will harm our prospects and results of operations.

We require various approvals, licenses, permits and certifications to operate our business. If we fail to obtain or renew any of these approvals, licenses, permits or certifications, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In accordance with the laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, we are required to maintain various approvals, licenses, permits and certifications in order to operate our business or engage in the business we plan to enter into. Complying with such laws and regulations may require substantial expenses, any non-compliance may expose us to liability. In the event of that government authorities consider us to be in non-compliance, we may have to incur significant expenses and divert substantial management time to rectify the incidents. If we fail to obtain all the necessary approvals, licenses, permits and certifications, we may be subject to fines or the suspension of operations of the facilities that do not have the requisite approvals, licenses, permits or certifications, which would adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations. See “Regulation” for further details on the requisite approvals license permits and certifications.

We may encounter difficulties in recruiting and retaining key personnel.

Our future growth and success depend to a significant extent on the continuing service and contribution of our engineers and senior management personnel. Many of these key personnel are highly skilled and experienced and are difficult to recruit and retain, particularly as we seek to expand our business with respect to the HTC and HPC solutions and distributed computing and data storage solutions. Competition for recruiting qualified personnel is intense, and recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to execute our business strategy may be difficult, time-consuming and expensive. As a result, the loss of any key personnel or failure to recruit, train or retain qualified personnel could have a significant negative impact on our operations.

We may become a target for public scrutiny, including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative media coverage, and malicious allegations, all of which could severely damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.

We may become a target for public scrutiny, including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative media coverage, and malicious allegations. Certain features of cryptocurrency networks, such as decentralization,

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independence from sovereignty and anonymity of transactions, create the possibility of heightened attention from the public, regulators and the media. Heightened regulatory and public concerns over us and cryptocurrency-related issues may subject us to additional legal and social responsibilities and increased scrutiny and negative publicity over these issues, due to our leading position in the industry. From time to time, these allegations, regardless of their veracity, may result in consumer dissatisfaction, public protests or negative publicity, which could result in government inquiry or substantial harm to our brand, reputation and operations.

Moreover, as our business expands and grows, both organically and through acquisitions of and investments in other businesses, domestically and internationally, we may be exposed to heightened public scrutiny in jurisdictions where we already operate as well as in new jurisdictions where we may operate. We cannot assure you that we would not become a target for regulatory or public scrutiny in the future or that scrutiny and public exposure would not severely damage our reputation as well as our business and prospects.

We may face difficulties in protecting our intellectual property rights.

We rely on our intellectual property rights, and in particular, our patents, software copyrights and our registered IC layout designs of our ICs. Even though we have successfully registered certain of our intellectual property rights in China, it may be possible for a third party to imitate or use our intellectual property rights without authorization. Additionally, we have developed and utilized some intellectual property that has not been registered. If a third party misuses or misappropriates our intellectual property, we may not be able to easily differentiate our products from the others in the market. As a result, we may be forced into an adverse price competition that reduces our profit margin. As we develop new technologies, we will need to continue to apply for intellectual property rights protections. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain valid and enforceable intellectual property rights in China or in other relevant jurisdictions as needed. Even when we are able to obtain such protections, there is no guarantee that we will be able to effectively enforce our rights.

In addition, we have entered and may, from time to time, enter into cooperation agreements with cooperation partners to develop new IC products. Depending on the specific terms of each cooperation agreement, we may solely own or share with such partners the intellectual property developed under such agreement. Although we typically entered into confidentiality agreements with our cooperation partners for the protection of our intellectual property, they may not protect our intellectual property with the same degree of care as we use, even in the case where they own part of the intellectual property. Such cooperation may expose us to risks of misuse or misappropriation of our intellectual property by third parties. We may also find it difficult to assert or claim that third parties infringed our intellectual property rights due to the faults of our cooperation partners, which may lead to unraveling relationships between our cooperation partners and us.

In this respect, we may incur expenses and efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights. Infringement of our intellectual property rights and the resulting diversion of resources to protect such rights through litigation or other means could also adversely affect our profitability.

Third parties have claimed and may, from time to time, assert or claim that we infringed their intellectual property rights, and any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We operate in an industry where players own a large number of patents and other intellectual property rights that are material to operations and will vigorously pursue, protect and defend these rights. Our competitors or other third parties may allege to own intellectual property rights and interests that could potentially conflict with our own. It is difficult to monitor all of the patent applications and other intellectual property rights protection registrations or applications that may be filed in China or in other relevant jurisdictions. If we offer products that may potentially infringe on such pending applications and the applications are granted, third parties may initiate intellectual infringement claims against us.

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As we expand our operations with new products and into new markets, the chances of encountering infringement claims by third parties will increase. We may incur substantial costs in defending or settling such disputes and such actions could divert significant resources and management attention. If any such claim against us is successful, we may not have a legal right to continue to manufacture and sell the relevant products that are found to have incorporated the disputed intellectual property. The success of such claims may also result in an increase in our costs, including additional royalties, licensing fees or further research and development costs to develop non-infringing alternatives, and negatively affect our profitability. Moreover, such claims, whether successful or not, may cause significant damage to our reputation and a loss of customers, as a result of which our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Cybersecurity incidents, including data security breaches or computer viruses, could harm our business by disrupting our delivery of services, damaging our reputation or exposing us to liability.

We receive, process, store and transmit, often electronically, the data of our customers and others, much of which is confidential. Unauthorized access to our computer systems or stored data could result in the theft, including cyber-theft, or improper disclosure of confidential information, and the deletion or modification of records could cause interruptions in our operations. These cyber-security risks increase when we transmit information from one location to another, including over the Internet or other electronic networks. Despite the security measures we have implemented, our facilities, systems and procedures, and those of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, software viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors or other similar events which may disrupt our delivery of services or expose the confidential information of our customers and others. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential information of our customers or others, whether by us or a third party, could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, have a negative impact on our reputation, or expose us to liability to our customers, third parties or government authorities. We are not aware of such breaches to date. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we suffer failure or disruption in our information systems, our ability to effectively manage our business operations could be adversely affected.

We use information systems to obtain, process, analyze and manage data crucial to our business such as our enterprise resource planning system. We use these systems to, among other things, monitor the daily operations of our business, maintain operating and financial data, manage our distribution network as well as manage our research and development activities, production operations and quality control systems. Any system damage or failure that interrupts data input, retrieval or transmission or increases service time could disrupt our normal operations. In particular, our operations could be disrupted if such damage or failure includes any security breach caused by hacking or cybersecurity incidents, involves efforts to gain unauthorized access to our information or systems, or causes intentional malfunctions, loss or corruption of data, software or hardware, the intentional or inadvertent transmission of computer viruses and similar events or third-party actions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively handle a failure of our information systems, or that we will be able to restore our operational capacity in a timely manner to avoid disruption to our business. The occurrence of any of these events could adversely affect our ability to effectively manage our business operations and negatively impact our reputation.

We currently do not have insurance coverage covering all risks related to our business and operations.

We do not maintain insurance policies covering all of our business risks, such as risks relating to properties, receivables, goods in transit and public liability. We cannot assume you that the insurance coverage we currently have would be sufficient to cover our potential losses. See “Business—Insurance” for more information on the insurance policies maintained by us. In the event there is any damage to any assets or incidents for which we do not have sufficient insurance coverage, if at all, we would have to pay for the difference ourselves where our cash flow and liquidity could be negatively affected.

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If we fail to comply with labor, work safety or environmental regulations, we could be exposed to penalties, fines, suspensions or action in other forms.

Our operations are subject to the labor, work safety and environmental protection laws and regulations promulgated by the PRC government and the laws and regulations of other jurisdictions which may be applicable to us. These laws and regulations require us to pay social insurance, maintain safe working conditions and adopt effective measures to control and properly dispose of solid waste and other environmental pollutants. We could be exposed to penalties, fines, suspensions or actions in other forms if we fail to comply with these laws and regulations. The laws and regulations in China may be amended from time to time and changes in those laws and regulations may cause us to incur additional costs in order to comply with the more stringent rules. In the event that changes to existing laws and regulations require us to incur additional compliance costs or require costly changes to our production process, our costs could increase and we may suffer a decline in sales for certain products, as a result of which our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to qualify for or obtain any preferential tax treatments that are available in China could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The modified Enterprise Income Tax Law, effective on February 24, 2017, or the EIT Law, and its implementation rules generally impose a uniform income tax rate of 25% on all enterprises but grant preferential treatment to the High and New Technology Enterprises, or the HNTEs, to enjoy a preferential enterprise tax rate of 15%. Zhejiang Nanomicro was accredited as an HNTE on December 16, 2021 and are eligible for a preferential enterprise tax rate of 15% if it satisfies the criteria of HNTEs in each year of the accredited period. According to the relevant administrative measures, to qualify as an HNTE, Zhejiang Nanomicro must satisfy certain financial and non-financial criteria and complete verification procedures with the administrative authorities. We cannot assure you that such policy will continue in the future, nor that Zhejiang Nanomicro will continue to be qualified as an HNTE. Moreover, continued qualification as an HNTE is subject to a three-year review by the relevant government authorities in China, and in practice, certain local tax authorities also require annual evaluation of such qualification. In the event that Zhejiang Nanomicro fails to obtain accreditation as an HNTE or are not verified by the local tax authorities, and fails to obtain preferential income tax treatment based on other qualifications, it will continue to be subject to the standard PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25%. We cannot assure you that the tax authorities will approve the preferential tax rate of 15% as a matter of course even if Zhejiang Nanomicro has been accredited as an HNTE.

Our business operations and international expansion are subject to geopolitical risks.

Our business operation and international expansion is subject to geopolitical risks. Any significant deterioration in the international relationship may have a negative impact on the ability of our production partners to fulfill their contractual obligations and ship the IC products to us, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We exported our products to various countries outside of China and derive sales from exporting to those countries, and we intend to continue to sell our current and future products to countries outside of China. Additionally, we rely on the supply of certain tools, such as our electronic design automation, a development tool, from certain overseas providers. Changes to trade policies, treaties and tariffs in or affecting the jurisdictions in which we operate and to which we sell our products, or the perception that these changes could occur, could adversely affect the financial and economic conditions in those jurisdictions, as well as our international sales, results of operations and financial condition.

Any global systemic economic and financial crisis could negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese or global economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, the global financial markets have experienced

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significant disruptions since 2008 and the United States, Europe and other economies have experienced periods of recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 has been uneven and there are new challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis from 2011 and the slowdown of the PRC’s economic growth since 2012, which may continue. The market panics over the global outbreak of coronavirus COVID-19 and the drop in oil price have materially and negatively affected the global financial markets in March 2020, which may cause a potential slowdown of the world’s economy. See “—Risks Relating to Our Operations—The ongoing global coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruptions in our business, which we expect will materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.” Additionally, there is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns over unrest in Ukraine, the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in financial and other markets. There have also been concerns over the United Kingdom leaving the European Union as well as the significant potential changes to United States trade policies, treaties and tariffs, including trade policies and tariffs regarding China. There have also been concerns about the economic effect of the tensions in the relationship between China and surrounding Asian countries. There were and could be in the future a number of domino effects from such turmoil on our business, including significant decreases in orders from our customers; insolvency of key suppliers resulting in product delays; inability of customers to obtain credit to finance purchases of our products and/or customer insolvencies; and counterparty failures negatively impacting our operations. Any systemic economic or financial crisis could cause revenues for the semiconductor industry as a whole to decline dramatically and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

We face risks of natural disasters, acts of God and occurrence of epidemics, which could severely disrupt our business operations.

Natural disasters, epidemics and other acts of God which are beyond our control may adversely affect the economy, infrastructure and livelihood of the people in China and may materially and adversely affect our operations as our facilities and offices are located in China. Material damage to, or the loss of, such facilities due to fire, severe weather, flood, earthquake, or other acts of God or cause may not be adequately covered by proceeds of our insurance coverage and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Any outbreaks of contagious disease, acts of war or terrorist attacks may cause damage or disruption to our business, our employees and our markets, any of which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we grant employees share options or other equity incentives in the future, our net income could be adversely affected.

We plan to adopt a share incentive plan and may grant options after its adoption. We are required to account for share-based compensation expenses in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which generally requires a company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of share options and other equity incentives to employees based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. If we grant options or other equity incentives in the future, we could incur significant compensation charges and our financial condition could be adversely affected.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weakness over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately or timely report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting and financial reporting personnel and other resources to address our internal controls and procedures. In connection with the audits of

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our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified is related to lack of sufficient accounting personnel who possess adequate knowledge in financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We intend to implement a number of measures to address this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. We cannot assure you, however, that these measures may fully address these deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or that we may conclude that they have been fully remedied.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, will require that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our second annual report on Form 20-F after becoming a public company. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation. During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting.

In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of the ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

Risks Relating to Our Industry

It may be or become illegal to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrencies, participate in the blockchain, transfer or utilize similar bitcoin assets in China or overseas markets where we operate due to adverse changes in the regulatory and policy environment in these jurisdictions.

We generated all of our revenue from sales in China in 2020. Our blockchain mining solution business could be significantly affected by, among other things, the regulatory and policy developments in China and overseas jurisdictions. Governmental authorities are likely to continue to issue new laws, rules and regulations governing the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry we operate in and enhance enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations. For example, the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC, Ministry of Industry and

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Information Technology, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued “Announcement on Preventing Token Fundraising Risks” on September 4, 2017, prohibiting all organizations and individuals from engaging in initial coin offering transactions. On May 21, 2021, the Financial Stability and Development Committee of the PRC State Council mentioned the need to resolutely crack down on bitcoin mining and trading activities. On June 18, 2021, the “Notice of the Sichuan Provincial Development and Reform Commission and the Sichuan Provincial Energy Administration on the Cleanup and Shutdown of Virtual Currency Mining Projects” required electricity companies within Sichuan Province in China to close down power supply to businesses involved in cryptocurrency mining. On June 21, 2021, the PBOC was reported to have held interviews with certain financial institutions in China, and stressed that banks and other financial institutions in China shall strictly implement the “Guarding Against Bitcoin Risks” and the “Announcement on Preventing Token Fundraising Risks” and other regulatory requirements, diligently fulfill their customer identification obligations, and shall not provide account opening, registration, trading, clearing, settlement and other services related to blockchain and cryptocurrency business. On September 14, 2021, ten ministries and commissions, including PBOC, CAC and the Supreme People’s Court of PRC, published the Notice about Further Prevention and Disposal of Cryptocurrency Trading and Speculation Risk, which clarifies that certain cryptocurrency-related businesses are illegal financial activities and emphasizes the establishment of a mechanism to deal with risks related to cryptocurrency trading and speculation, strengthening the monitoring and warning of cryptocurrency trading and speculation risk, and the establishment of a multi-dimensional and multi-level risk prevention and disposal system. Furthermore, on January 10, 2022, the “Decision of the National Development and Reform Commission on Amending the Industrial Structure Adjustment Guidance Catalog (2019 Version)” was approved at the 20th executive meeting, which added cryptocurrency mining activities to the elimination category in the Industrial Structure Adjustment Guidance Catalog (2019 Version), and as such, investments in activities in the elimination category, including cryptocurrency mining activities, are prohibited in China. These regulations may severely restrict our ability to expand our business or serve our customers in China. We cannot assure you that government authorities in China will not introduce further enhanced regulation over the cryptocurrency industry that may lead to our inability to operate in China at all.

In light of these developments in China, we are in the process of expanding our business in the overseas IC markets. We may be subject to restrictions relating to the transfer of blockchain mining solutions out of China, as China has recently strengthened regulations on exports of goods, technology and services. Specifically, for computers and related components used in blockchain mining solutions, exporting enterprises should carefully evaluate whether the mining solutions, their components, and any data or information contained are subject to export restrictions, and therefore are required to go through relevant export licensing procedures before such mining solutions can be transported out of China. The relevant restrictions that apply to the transfer of blockchain mining solutions by us include, but are not limited to, the Catalogue of Goods Prohibited from Export, the Catalogue of Goods Subject to Export License Management, the Catalogue of Technologies Prohibited from Export and Restricted from Export in China, the Catalogue for the Administration of Import and Export Licenses of Dual-use Items and Technologies, and other applicable export control catalogues and lists. If we are deemed to have violated export restrictions or data security regulations in China or otherwise become subject to government interferences, we may be subject to administrative penalties or criminal investigation by relevant government authorities and our business expansion in overseas markets may be delayed, interrupted or compromised.

Some jurisdictions, including China, restrict various uses of cryptocurrencies, including the use of cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange, the conversion between cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies or between cryptocurrencies, the provision of trading and other services related to cryptocurrencies by financial institutions and payment institutions, and initial coin offerings and other means of capital raising based on cryptocurrencies. We cannot assure you that these jurisdictions will not enact new laws or regulations that further restrict activities related to cryptocurrencies.

In addition, cryptocurrencies may be used by market participants for black market transactions to conduct fraud, money laundering and terrorism-funding, tax evasion, economic sanction evasion or other illegal activities.

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As a result, governments may seek to regulate, restrict, control or ban the mining, use, holding and transferring of cryptocurrencies. We may not be able to eliminate all instances where other parties use our products to engage in money laundering or other illegal or improper activities. We cannot assure you that we will successfully detect and prevent all money laundering or other illegal or improper activities which may adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. With advances in technology, cryptocurrencies are likely to undergo significant changes in the future. It remains uncertain whether Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Grin or Filecoin will be able to comply with, or benefit from, those changes. In addition, as mining activities employ sophisticated and high computing power devices that need to consume large amounts of electricity to operate, future developments in the regulation of energy consumption, including possible restrictions on energy usage in the jurisdictions where we sell our products, may also affect our business operations and the demand for our blockchain mining solutions. There has been negative public reaction to the environmental impact of mining activities, particularly the large consumption of electricity, and governments of various jurisdictions have responded. For example, in the United States, certain local governments of the state of Washington have discussed measures to address the environmental impacts of Bitcoin-related operations, such as the high electricity consumption of Bitcoin mining activities.

The current regulatory environment in foreign markets, including the United States, and any adverse changes in that environment, could have a material adverse impact on our blockchain products business.

We currently export our products to various overseas markets and intend to develop our business and operations in jurisdictions outside China in the future. Our blockchain mining solution business could therefore be significantly affected by regulatory developments in jurisdictions outside China, including the United States. Governmental authorities, including those in the United States, oversee certain aspects of the cryptocurrency markets, have taken actions based on current laws and regulations, and are likely to continue to issue new laws, rules and regulations governing the cryptocurrency industry we operate in. As a result, and as discussed further below, existing and future regulations affecting the mining, holding, using or transferring of cryptocurrencies may adversely affect our future business operations and results of operations, and could even result in our or our customers’ liability for activities conducted by our customers. As described under United States federal and state securities laws may specifically limit our ability and the ability of our customers to use our blockchain mining solutions where these operations are conducted in connection with cryptocurrencies that are considered “securities” for purposes of U.S. law. The likely status of cryptocurrencies as securities could limit distributions, transfers or other actions involving such cryptocurrencies, including mining, in the United States. For example, the distribution of cryptocurrencies to miners through the mining process could be deemed to involve an illegal offering or distribution of securities subject to federal or state law. In addition, miners on cryptocurrency networks could, under certain circumstances, be viewed as statutory underwriters or as “brokers” subject to regulation under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This could require us or our customers to change, limit, or cease their mining operations, register as broker-dealers and comply with applicable law, or be subject to penalties, including fines. In addition, we could have liability for facilitating their illegal activities.

Furthermore, cryptocurrencies are subject to additional U.S. laws and regulations related to transactions in commodities as enforced by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, or CFTC, and to money transmission, money service business, anti-money laundering, and know-your-customer activities as enforced by the Department of the Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, and by state governments.

We or our customers could be subject to regulatory restrictions or regulatory actions based on these laws and regulations.

Any restrictions imposed by a foreign government could force us to restructure operations, perhaps significantly, which could result in significant costs and inefficiencies that harm our profitability, or even cause us to cease operations in the applicable jurisdiction. In addition, existing and proposed laws and regulations can delay or impede the development of new products, result in negative publicity, decrease demand for our products, require significant management time and attention, and subject us to claims or other remedies, including fines or demands that we modify or cease existing business practices.

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In addition, any action brought against us or our customers by a foreign regulator, or by an individual in a private action, based on foreign law could cause us or our customers to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of the business. If our or our customers’ operations are found to be in violation of any laws and regulations, we or they may be subject to penalties associated with the violation, including civil and criminal penalties, damages and fines. This could in turn require us to curtail or cease all or some operations. Regulatory action or regulatory change could also decrease demand for our products, which would be harmful to the success of our business.

The industries in which we operate are characterized by constant changes. If we fail to continuously innovate and provide products that meet the expectations of our customers, we may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers, and hence our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The industries in which we operate are characterized by constant changes, including rapid technological evolution, continual shifts in customer demands, frequent introductions of new products and solutions, and constant emergence of new industry standards and practices. Thus, our success will depend, in part, on our ability to respond to these changes in a cost-effective and timely manner. We need to anticipate the emergence of new technologies and assess their market acceptance. We also need to invest significant resources in research and development in order to keep our products competitive in the market.

However, research and development activities are inherently uncertain, and we might encounter practical difficulties in commercializing our research and development results, which could result in excessive research and development expenses or delays. Given the fast pace with which blockchain has been and will continue to be developed, we may not be able to timely upgrade our technologies in an efficient and cost-effective manner, or at all. In addition, new developments in artificial intelligence, deep learning, Internet-of-things, computer vision, blockchain and cryptocurrency could render our products obsolete or unattractive. If we are unable to keep up with the technological developments and anticipate market trends, or if new technologies render our technologies or solutions obsolete, customers may no longer be attracted to our products. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

Increasing mining difficulty could result in downward pressure on the expected economic returns on Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin mining.

The mining difficulty for Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin, or the amount of computational resources required for a set amount of reward for recording a new block, directly affects the expected economic returns for Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin miners, which in turn affects the demand for our HTC and HPC solutions. Mining difficulty is a measure of how much computing power is required to record a new block, and it is affected by the total amount of computing power in the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network. Taking Bitcoin as an example, the Bitcoin algorithm is designed so that one block is generated, on average, every ten minutes, no matter how much computing power is in the network. Thus, as more computing power joins the network, and assuming the rate of block creation does not change (remaining at one block generated every ten minutes), the amount of computing power required to generate each block and hence the mining difficulty increases. In other words, based on the current design of the Bitcoin network, Bitcoin mining difficulty would increase together with the total computing power available in the Bitcoin network, which is in turn affected by the number of Bitcoin mining machines in operation. For example, Bitcoin mining difficulty would increase based on increases in the total computing power available in the Bitcoin network, which is in turn affected by the number of Bitcoin mining machines in operation. From January 2017 to December 2019, Bitcoin mining difficulty increased by approximately 35 times, according to Blockchain.info. The same applies to Ethereum. As a result, a strong growth in sales of our HTC and HPC solutions can contribute to further growth in the total computing power in each cryptocurrency’s respective network, thereby driving up the difficulty of mining and resulting in downward pressure on the expected economic return of blockchain mining and the demand for, and pricing of, our products. Although, in May 2021, more than 54% of Bitcoin’s hash rate, which is the collective computing power of miners worldwide, has dropped off the network since its market peak as China cracked down on mining, the Bitcoin network may recovery from such decrease in the hash rate very soon and drive up the mining difficult again.

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In addition, the number of Bitcoins awarded for solving a block in the blockchain halves approximately every four years until the estimated complete depletion of Bitcoin by around the year 2140. In each of 2013, 2014 and 2015, approximately 25 Bitcoins were awarded for each block solved. The number of Bitcoins awarded for solving a block halved in 2016 to 12.5 Bitcoins per block and halved in 2020 to 6.25 Bitcoins per block. It is expected to halve again in 2024 to 3.125 Bitcoins per block. It is unclear how the market will react to future reward halving events and how the Bitcoin price and the expected economic returns on Bitcoin mining will be affected. Similar mechanism applies to Ethereum and Grin as well.

Aside from mining rewards, transaction fees are another form of incentive for participation in Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin verification processes. Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin users may offer to pay a discretionary transaction fee to the network member who solves the block and adds that user’s transaction to the blockchain to incentivize prioritizing that user’s transaction. Transaction fees are discretionary, so if the transaction fees were to become the only or primary income for Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin mining activities in the future, the expected economic returns from Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin mining and therefore the demand for our HTC and HPC solutions will decrease significantly, which will result in a significant negative impact on our business and results of operations.

If any person, institution or a pool of them acting in concert obtains control of more than 50% of the processing power active on the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin, such person, institution or a pool of them could prevent new transactions from gaining confirmations, halt payments between users, and reverse previously completed transactions, which would erode user confidence in Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin.

If the award of Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin for solving blocks and transaction fees for recording transactions are not sufficiently high to incentivize miners, miners may cease expending processing power to solve blocks. Miners ceasing operations would reduce the collective processing power on the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network, which would adversely affect the confirmation process for transactions and make the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network more vulnerable to any person, institution or a pool of them which has obtained over 50% control over the computing power on the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network. In such event, such person, institution or a pool of them could prevent new transactions from gaining confirmation, halt payments between users, and reverse previously completed transactions. Such changes or any reduction in confidence in the confirmation process or processing power of the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network may erode user confidence in Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin, which would decrease the demand for our products.

The decentralized nature of cryptocurrency may be subject to challenges, which could negatively affect our results of operations.

A key reason for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Grin and other cryptocurrencies to have attracted many new and committed users in a short period of time is its decentralized nature, or the lack of control by a central authority. However, there are divergent views on the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies. For example, there are claims that most of the actual services and businesses built within the Bitcoin ecosystem are in fact centralized since they are run by specific people, in specific locations, with specific computer systems, and that they are susceptible to specific regulations. Individuals, companies or groups, as well as cryptocurrency exchanges that control vast amounts of Bitcoin can affect the market price of Bitcoin. Furthermore, mining equipment production and mining pool locations may become centralized. The concerns or skepticism about the decentralized nature of Bitcoin may cause customers to lose confidence in the Bitcoin industry’s prospects. This in turn could adversely affect the market demand for our blockchain mining solutions and our business. Furthermore, the possibility that a person or a coordinated group of people may gain more than 50% control of the process power active on Bitcoin and be able to manipulate transactions, despite the intended decentralized structure, may also erode confidence in Bitcoin. Similar mechanism also applies to Ethereum and Grin. As such, our business, prospects and results of operations therefore may adversely be affected by the divergent views on the decentralized nature of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

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Change of algorithm and mining mechanism for cryptocurrencies may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our HPC and HTC chips are designed for proof-of-work, or POW, mechanism, which the Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin networks use to validate their transactions. Many people within the Bitcoin community believe that POW is a foundation within Bitcoin’s code that would not be changed. However, there have been debates on mechanism change to avoid the “de facto control” by a great majority of the network computing power. With the possibility of a change in rule or protocol of the Bitcoin network, if our Bitcoin mining machines cannot be modified to accommodate any such changes, such mining machines will not be able to meet customer demand, and the results of our operations will be significantly affected. For more details, see “—The administrators of certain cryptocurrency networks’ source code could propose amendments to the relevant network’s protocols and software that, if accepted and authorized by the relevant network’s community, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.” and “—The acceptance of Bitcoin or Ethereum network software patches or upgrades by a significant, but not overwhelming, percentage of the users and miners in the Bitcoin or Ethereum network could result in a ‘fork’ in the blockchain, resulting in the operation of two separate networks that cannot be merged. The existence of forked blockchains could erode user confidence in Bitcoin or Ethereum and could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

Different from Bitcoin, there has been a heated debate in the Ethereum community over whether the network should switch to proof-of-stake, or POS. POS is a type of consensus mechanism used by blockchain networks to achieve distributed consensus. This switch, if ever happened, will fundamentally change how the Ethereum blockchain comes to consensus every 12 seconds. It requires users to stake their Ethereum to become a validator in the network. Validators are responsible for the same thing as miners in POW: ordering transactions and creating new blocks so that all nodes can agree on the state of the network. Unlike POW, validators don’t need to use significant amounts of computational power because they’re selected at random and aren’t competing. They do not need to mine blocks; they just need to create blocks when chosen and validate proposed blocks when they are not. This validation is known as attesting. Validators get rewards for proposing new blocks and for attesting to ones they have seen. If this change happens, and if our Ethereum mining machines cannot be modified to accommodate such a change, our Ethereum mining solutions will not be able to meet customer demand, and the results of our operations will be significantly affected.

Customers of our HTC and HPC solutions may rely on a steady and inexpensive power supply for operating blockchain mining farms and running blockchain mining hardware. Failure to access a large quantity of power at reasonable costs could significantly increase their operating expenses and adversely affect their demand for our HTC and HPC solutions.

Many of the customers of our HTC and HPC solutions engage in the blockchain mining business. Blockchain mining consumes a significant amount of energy power to process the computations and cool down the mining hardware. Therefore, a steady and inexpensive power supply is critical to blockchain mining. We cannot assure you that the operations of our customers will not be affected by power shortages or an increase in energy prices in the future. In particular, the power supply could be disrupted by natural disasters, such as floods, mudslides and earthquakes, or other similar events beyond the control of our customers. Further, certain of our customers may experience power shortages due to seasonal variations in the supply of certain types of power such as hydroelectricity. Power shortages, power outages or increased power prices could adversely affect mining farm businesses of our blockchain customers and reduce the expected market demand for our HTC and HPC solutions significantly. Under such circumstances, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

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Cryptocurrencies face significant scaling obstacles that can lead to high fees or slowed transaction settlement times, and attempts to increase the transaction processing capacity may not be effective.

Many cryptocurrency networks face significant scaling challenges. For example, as of December 31, 2019, Bitcoin network could handle, on average, five to seven transactions per second. Various solutions have been promoted recently to resolve this problem, including segregated witness, Lightening Network and the introduction of Bitcoin Cash. However, we cannot assure you that the cryptocurrencies community will accept these solutions, or these solutions will effectively resolve these problems.

As the use of cryptocurrency networks increases without a corresponding increase in throughput of the networks, average fees and settlement times can increase significantly. Bitcoin’s network, for example, has been, at times, at capacity, which has led to very high transaction fees. Increased fees and decreased settlement speeds could preclude certain use cases for Bitcoins (e.g., micropayments), and can reduce demand for and the market price of Bitcoins, which could adversely affect the market demand for our HTC and HPC solutions. We cannot guarantee that any of the mechanisms in place or being explored for increasing the scale of settlement of transactions of Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin will be effective, or how long they will take to become effective, which could adversely affect the market demand for our HTC and HPC solutions.

Cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets, and to a lesser extent, a cryptocurrency blockchain itself, may suffer from hacking and fraud risks, which may adversely erode user confidence in cryptocurrencies and reduce demand for our HTC and HPC solutions.

Cryptocurrency transactions are entirely digital and, as with any virtual system, face risk from hackers, malware and operational glitches. For example, hackers can target cryptocurrency exchanges, wallets, and custodians to gain unauthorized access to the private keys associated with the wallet addresses where cryptocurrencies are stored. Cryptocurrency transactions and accounts are not insured by any type of government program and cryptocurrency transactions generally are permanent by design of the networks. Certain features of cryptocurrency networks, such as decentralization, the open source protocols, and the reliance on peer-to-peer connectivity, may increase the risk of fraud or cyber-attack by potentially reducing the likelihood of a coordinated response. Cryptocurrencies have suffered from hacking risks and several cryptocurrency exchanges and miners have reported cryptocurrency losses, which highlight concerns over the security of cryptocurrencies and in turn affect the demand and the market price of cryptocurrencies. In addition, while cryptocurrencies use private key encryption to verify owners and register transactions, fraudsters and scammers may attempt to sell false cryptocurrencies. These risks may adversely affect the operation of the cryptocurrency network which would erode user confidence in cryptocurrencies, which would negatively affect demand for our HTC and HPC solutions.

The administrators of certain cryptocurrency networks’ source code could propose amendments to the relevant network’s protocols and software that, if accepted and authorized by the relevant network’s community, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The cryptocurrency networks are based on a cryptographic, algorithmic protocol that governs the end-user-to-end-user interactions between computers connected to the relevant network. A loosely organized group can propose amendments to such a network’s source code through one or more software upgrades that alter the protocols and software that govern the network and the properties of such cryptocurrencies, including the irreversibility of transactions and limitations on the mining of new cryptocurrencies. For example, to the extent that a significant majority of the users and miners on the Bitcoin or Ethereum network install such software upgrade(s), the Bitcoin network would be subject to new protocols and software that may render our HTC and HPC solutions less desirable, which in turn may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If less than a significant majority of the users and miners on the Bitcoin network install such software upgrade(s), the Bitcoin network could “fork.”

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The acceptance of Bitcoin. Ethereum or Grin network software patches or upgrades by a significant, but not overwhelming, percentage of the users and miners in the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network could result in a “fork” in the blockchain, resulting in the operation of two separate networks that cannot be merged. The existence of forked blockchains could erode user confidence in Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin and could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin are based on open source software and have no official developer or group of developers that formally controls their network. Any individual can download the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network software and make any desired modifications, which are proposed to users and miners on Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network through software downloads and upgrades. However, miners and users must consent to those software modifications by downloading the altered software or upgrade implementing the changes; otherwise, the changes do not become part of the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network. Since the inception of Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin networks, changes to the network have been accepted by the vast majority of blockchain users and miners, ensuring that the Bitcoin, Ethereum and Grin networks each remain a coherent economic system. However, a developer or group of developers could potentially propose a modification to the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network that is not accepted by a vast majority of miners and users, but that is nonetheless accepted by a substantial population of participants in the network. In such a case, a fork in the blockchain could develop and two separate networks could result, one running the pre-modification software program and the other running the modified version. An example is the introduction of Bitcoin Cash in mid-2017. This kind of split in the Bitcoin, Ethereum or Grin network could erode user confidence in the stability of the Bitcoin or Ethereum network, which could negatively affect the demand for our HTC and HPC solutions.

Cryptocurrency assets and transactions may be subject to further taxation in the future.

In recent years, the rise of cryptocurrency prices and transaction volume has attracted the attention of tax authorities. As the laws governing cryptocurrencies are still evolving, the tax treatment of cryptocurrencies in various jurisdictions are subject to change. While some countries intend to or have imposed taxation on cryptocurrency assets and transactions, other tax authorities are silent. As there is considerable uncertainty over the taxation of cryptocurrencies, we cannot guarantee that the cryptocurrency assets and transactions denominated in cryptocurrencies will not be subject to further taxation in the future, including but not limited to additional taxes and increased tax rate. These events could reduce the economic return of cryptocurrency and increase the holding costs of cryptocurrency assets, which could materially and adversely affect the businesses and financial performances of our blockchain customers engaging in blockchain mining businesses, and in turn could have material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We face intense industry competition.

As a fabless IC design company, we operate in a highly competitive environment. Our competitors include companies that may have a larger market share, greater brand recognition, broader international customer base, greater financial resources or other competitive advantages. We expect that competition in the HPC industry will continue to be intense as we compete not only with existing players that have been focused on blockchain mining, but also new entrants that include well-established players in the semiconductor industry, and players who were not predisposed to this industry in the past. In terms of smart-NICs, we expect to face competition from industry giants such as Broadcom and Intel as well as other existing and new players that are more established than us. Some of these competitors may also have stronger brand names, greater access to capital, longer histories, longer relationships with their suppliers or customers and more resources than we do.

Strong competition in the market may require us to lower our prices, increase our sales and marketing expenses or otherwise invest greater resources to maintain or gain market share as needed to adequately compete. Such efforts may negatively impact our profitability. If we are unable to effectively adapt to changes or developments in the competitive landscape, our business, financial conditions and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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Blockchain mining activities are energy-intensive, which may restrict the geographic locations of miners and have a negative environmental impact.

Blockchain mining activities are inherently energy-intensive and electricity costs account for a significant portion of the overall mining costs. The availability and cost of electricity will restrict the geographic locations of mining activities. Any shortage of electricity supply or increase in electricity cost in a jurisdiction may negatively impact the viability and the expected economic return for blockchain mining activities in that jurisdiction, which may in turn decrease the sales of our HTC and HPC solutions in that jurisdiction.

In addition, the significant consumption of electricity may have a negative environmental impact, including contribution to climate change, which may give rise to public opinion against allowing the use of electricity for blockchain mining activities or government measures restricting or prohibiting the use of electricity for such mining activities. Any such development in the jurisdictions where we sell our HTC and HPC solutions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China

Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review or otherwise restrict or completely hinder our ability to offer securities and raise capitals overseas, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and cause the value of the ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless.

The recent regulatory developments in China, in particular with respect to restrictions on China-based companies raising capital offshore, may lead to additional regulatory review in China over our financing and capital raising activities in the United States. Pursuant to the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on November 7, 2016 and took effect on June 1, 2017, personal information and important data collected and generated by a critical information infrastructure operator in the course of its operations in China must be stored in China, and if a critical information infrastructure operator purchases internet products and services that affects or may affect national security, it should be subject to cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Administration of China, or the CAC. The PRC Cybersecurity Law also establishes more stringent requirements applicable to operators of computer networks, especially to operators of networks which involve critical information infrastructure. The PRC Cybersecurity Law contains an overarching framework for regulating Internet security, protection of private and sensitive information, and safeguards for national cyberspace security and provisions for the continued government regulation of the Interne and content available in China. The PRC Cybersecurity Law emphasizes requirements for network products, services, operations and information security, as well as monitoring, early detection, emergency response and reporting. Due to the lack of further interpretations, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operator” remains unclear. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures announced by the CAC on January 4, 2022, which became effective on February 15, 2022, the scope of cybersecurity reviews is extended to data processing operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. The Cybersecurity Review Measures further requires that any operator applying for listing of its securities on a foreign stock exchange must go through cybersecurity review if it possesses personal information of more than one million users. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, a cybersecurity review assesses potential national security risk that may be brought about by any procurement, data processing, or overseas listing. The review focuses on several factors, including, among others, (1) the risk of theft, leakage, corruption, illegal use or export of any core or important data, or a large amount of personal information, and (2) the risk of any critical information infrastructure, core or important data, or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled or maliciously exploited by a foreign government after a company is listed overseas. While the Cybersecurity Review Measures has become final, there is still uncertainty regarding, among many aspects, the implementation and interpretation of the Cybersecurity Review Measures.

Under the current Cybersecurity Review Measures, subject to any further interpretation of the CAC and other relevant authorities, we believe we may not be subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC for this

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offering, as we are primarily engaged in the design and manufacturing of ICs or do not process any data in our business. However, there remains uncertainty as to how the Cybersecurity Review Measures will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the Draft Measures. We cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and we cannot assure you that we can fully or timely comply with such legal or regulatory requirements. If we become subject to cybersecurity inspection and/or review by the CAC or other PRC authorities or are required by them to take any specific actions, it could cause suspension or termination of the future offering of our securities, including offerings under this registration statement, disruptions to our operations, result in negative publicity regarding our company, and divert our managerial and financial resources. We may also be subject to significant fines or other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in companies having operations in China, including us, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

The PRC government has significant influence over companies with China-based operations by enforcing existing rules and regulation, adopting new ones, or changing relevant industrial policies in a manner that may materially increase our compliance cost, change relevant industry landscape or otherwise cause significant changes to our operations in China, which could result in material and adverse changes in our operations and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

We primarily conduct our business in China. The PRC government has significant influence over China-based operations of any company by allocating resources, providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies, or imposing industry-wide policies on certain industries. The PRC government may also amend or enforce existing rules and regulation or adopt new ones, which could materially increase our compliance cost, change the relevant industry landscape, or cause significant changes to our business operations. In addition, the PRC regulatory system is based in part on government policies and internal guidance, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and some of which may even have a retroactive effect. We may not be aware of all non-compliance incidents at all time, and may face regulatory investigation, fines and other penalties as a result. As a result of any changes in the government-mandated industrial policies, including the amendment to and/or enforcement of the related laws and regulations, companies with China-based operations, including us, and the industries in which we operate could face significant compliance and operational risks and uncertainties. For example, in July 2021, the PRC government released a broad set of reforms targeting private education companies providing after-school tutoring services and prohibiting foreign investments in institutions providing such after-school tutoring services. As a result, the market value of certain U.S. listed companies with China-based operations in the affected sectors declined substantially. The PRC government has also imposed severe restrictions over the operations of cryptocurrency business, which has drastically changed industry landscape in China, and as a result, due to the possible change of regulation, it may be illegal to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrencies, participate in the blockchain business, or transfer or utilize cryptocurrency assets in China. In addition, the National Development and Reform Commission of China had considered and also may formally classify cryptocurrency mining operations as an industry to be eliminated. We have adopted a development strategy to expand our business and promote our products and solution offerings globally. If industry-wide regulations or policies are adopted in China in a way that significantly curtails or prohibits the research and development of our solution offerings and other aspects of our business, our operations in China will be materially and adversely affected, and we may have to cease our operations in China and relocate our offices and assets overseas, which may significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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The ADSs may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors with presence in China, and the delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States.

Our financial statements contained in this registration statement on Form F-1, of which the prospectus forms a part, have been audited by MaloneBailey, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in the United States with offices in Beijing and Shenzhen, China. MaloneBailey, LLP is a firm registered with the PCAOB, and is required by the United States laws to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the U.S. and professional standards. While MaloneBailey, LLP has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities in China according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law (last amended in December 2019). Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, MaloneBailey, LLP may not provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities in China to the PCAOB, an overseas securities regulator under the PRC Securities Law. As a result, the audit working papers of our financial statements may not be inspected by the PCAOB, since the audit work was carried out by MaloneBailey, LLP with the collaboration of their China-based offices and the PCAOB has not obtained such requisite approval. The trading of the ADSs may be prohibited and the ADSs may be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market or any other U.S. stock exchange under the HFCA Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors with presence in China. The prohibition of trading of the ADSs and the delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being prohibited or delisted, may cause the value of the ADSs to significantly decline or, in extreme cases, become worthless.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize such rules. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year by evaluating the annual report we file, in which we will identify the auditor who provide opinions related to the financial statements presented in our annual report, the location where the auditor’s report has been issued and the PCAOB ID number of such audit firm or branch. If we have three consecutive non-inspection years, the SEC will implement the trading prohibition of the ADSs through stop orders, and the exact timeline for when the SEC will delist an issuer after three consecutive non-inspection years remains imprecise. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a bill which, if passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and signed into law, would reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with adequate access to fulfill its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCA Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCA Act. For example, if a company was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

The SEC has announced that its staff is preparing a proposal to address the recommendations in the PWG report. It is unclear what, if any, of the PWG recommendations will be adopted. The implications of this possible

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regulation in addition to the requirements of the HFCA Act are uncertain. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of the ADSs to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded “over-the-counter” earlier than would be required by the HFCA Act. If the ADSs are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase the ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of the ADSs.

The PCAOB’s inability to conduct inspections in China prevents it from fully evaluating the audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and our investors are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors with presence in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements. If we fail to meet the new listing standards before the deadline specified thereunder due to factors beyond our control, we could face possible de-listing from the Nasdaq Stock Market, deregistration from the SEC and/or other risks, which may materially and adversely affect, or effectively terminate, the ADSs trading in the United States.

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Substantially all of our revenues were derived in China, and most of our operations are conducted in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the degree of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. As a result, changes in economic conditions and government policies could adversely affect our business and results of operations, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Our PRC legal system is evolving rapidly, but its current slate of laws may not be sufficient to cover all aspects of the economic activities in China, including such activities that relate to or have an impact on our business. Implementation and interpretations of laws, regulations and rules are not always undertaken in a uniform matter and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

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From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not always be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including unpredictability towards the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene with or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene with or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries including the cryptocurrency industry, which may severely restrict our ability to expand our business or serve our customers in China. We cannot assure you that government authorities in China will not introduce further enhanced regulation over the cryptocurrency industry that may lead to our inability to operate in China at all. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or, in extreme cases, become worthless.

A severe or prolonged downturn in China’s economy could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the economic slowdown in the Eurozone since 2014 and the uncertain impact of “Brexit.” The growth of China’s economy has slowed down since 2012 and such slowdown may continue. The outbreak of coronavirus COVID-19 in China has resulted in a severe disruption of social and economic activities in China. See “—Risks Relating to Our Operations—The ongoing global coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruptions in our business, which we expect will materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.” In addition, there is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns on the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially result in foreign investors exiting the China market and other economic effects. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. For example, sustained tension between the United States and China over trade policies could significantly undermine the stability of the global and China’s economy. See “—Risks Relating to Our Operations—Our export of products to foreign countries such as the United States, may be subject to high tariff rates resulting from protectionism trade policies, and as a result, our future sales volumes, profitability and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.” Any severe or prolonged slowdown or instability in the global or China’s economy may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may be adversely affected by inflation or labor shortage in China.

In recent years, the PRC economy has experienced periods of rapid expansion and highly fluctuating rates of inflation. During the past ten years, the rate of inflation in China has been as high as 5.9% and as low as -0.7%. While inflation has slowed in recent years with a moderate rate of 1.6% recorded in 2017, it is uncertain when the general price level may increase or decrease sharply in the future. Moreover, the significant economic growth in China has resulted in a general increase in labor costs and shortage of low-cost labor. Inflation may cause our production cost to continue to increase. If we are unable to pass on the increase in production cost to our customers, we may suffer a decrease in profitability and a loss of customers, and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in China and our additional payments of statutory employee benefits may adversely affect our business and profitability.

The average wage in China has increased in recent years and is expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to our customers, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing funds, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employee’s probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Pursuant to PRC laws and regulations, companies registered and operating in China are required to apply for social insurance registration and housing fund deposit registration within 30 days of their establishment and to pay for their employees different social insurance including pension insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to the extent required by law. We have not fully paid social insurance and housing provident funds for our employees due to inconsistency in implementation or interpretation of the relevant PRC laws and regulations among government authorities in China. Recently, as the PRC government enhanced its enforcement measures relating to social insurance collection, we may be required to make up the contributions for our employees, and may be further subjected to late fees payment and administrative fines, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our current employment practices do not and will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. In addition, we may incur additional expenses in order to comply with such laws and regulations, which may adversely affect our business and profitability.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could affect our results of operations and reduce the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of IMF completed the regular five-year review

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of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Renminbi has depreciated significantly against the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows from China. This depreciation halted in 2017, and the RMB appreciated approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar during this one-year period. In 2018, a new round of RMB depreciation emerged under the influence of a strong U.S. dollar and the trade friction between China and the United States. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or the ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any material hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

We may be subject to enterprise income tax on our worldwide income if our company or any of our subsidiaries were considered a PRC “resident enterprise” under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law.

Under the EIT Law, and its implementation rules, enterprises established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China are considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to enterprise income tax, or EIT, at a rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The implementation rules under EIT define the term “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the production, operation, personnel, accounting and properties of an enterprise.” The State Administration of Taxation of the PRC, or SAT promulgated the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, on April 22, 2009, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise is located in China. On July 27, 2011, SAT issued the Measures for Administration of Income Tax of Chinese Controlled Resident Enterprises Incorporated Overseas (Trial), or Circular 45, to supplement Circular 82 and other tax laws and regulations. Circular 45 clarifies certain issues relating to resident status determination. Although Circular 82 and Circular 45 apply only to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC group companies and not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 and Circular 45 may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or individuals or foreign enterprises. A substantial majority of our senior management team is located in China. If our company or any of our subsidiaries were considered to be a PRC “resident enterprise,” we would be subject to a EIT at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income.

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Dividends payable to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs by our foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in China or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within China. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of the ADSs by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within China. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on the ADSs, and any gain realized from the transfer of the ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within China and would as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of the ADSs by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions. If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of the ADSs would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends payable to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of the ADSs by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within China and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in the ADSs may decline significantly.

PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.

In July 2014, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC, or SAFE, promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaces the previous SAFE Circular 75. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents, including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities, to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we may make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, are required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV, is required to update its registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE to reflect any material change. If any PRC resident shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiaries in China. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, must be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. Qualified banks should examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE. We have used our best efforts to notify PRC residents or entities who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents to complete the foreign exchange registrations. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC

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residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. We cannot assure you that all other shareholders or beneficial owners of ours who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations are relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border investments and transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all applicable foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.

We are an offshore holding company with some of our operations conducted in China. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries subject to the approval, registration, and filing with governmental authorities and limitation of amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China. Any loans to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC law, are subject to foreign exchange loan registrations with the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and SAFE or its local branches. In addition, a foreign invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of a foreign invested enterprise shall not be used for the following purposes: (1) directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by relevant laws and regulations; (2) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by relevant laws and regulations; (3) the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (4) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals or filings on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from this offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

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We and our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies.

In February 2015, SAT issued a Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or SAT Public Notice 7. SAT Public Notice 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Public Notice 7 provides clear criteria for assessment of reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets. In October 2017, SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident EIT. Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an indirect transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer other than transfer of shares acquired and sold on public markets may be subject to EIT, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10%. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes. We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions that involve PRC taxable assets, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Public Notice 7 or SAT Bulletin 37, or both.

We are subject to PRC restrictions on currency exchange.

Some of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from our onshore subsidiaries. Currently, certain of our PRC subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Since a part of our future net income and cash flow will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of China or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs, and may limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiaries.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in August 2006 and amended in September 2009, and some other

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regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that shall obtained an approval from the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that MOFCOM shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

We face regulatory uncertainties in China that could restrict our ability to grant share incentive awards to our employees or consultants who are PRC citizens.

Pursuant to the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in a Stock Incentive Plan of an Overseas Publicly-Listed Company issued by SAFE on February 15, 2012, or Circular 7, a qualified PRC agent (which could be the PRC subsidiary of the overseas-listed company) is required to file, on behalf of “domestic individuals” (both PRC residents and non-PRC residents who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, excluding the foreign diplomatic personnel and representatives of international organizations) who are granted shares or share options by the overseas-listed company according to its share incentive plan, an application with SAFE to conduct SAFE registration with respect to such share incentive plan, and obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the share purchase or share option exercise. Such PRC individuals’ foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares and dividends distributed by the overseas listed company and any other income shall be fully remitted into a collective foreign currency account in China, which is opened and managed by the PRC domestic agent before distribution to such individuals. In addition, such domestic individuals must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of share options and their purchase and sale of shares. The PRC domestic agent also needs to update registration with SAFE within three months after the overseas-listed company materially changes its share incentive plan or make any new share incentive plans.

We may adopt a share incentive plan and may grant options after its adoption. When we do, from time to time, we need to apply for or update our registration with SAFE or its local branches on behalf of our employees or consultants who receive options or other equity-based incentive grants under our share incentive plan or material changes in our share incentive plan. However, we may not always be able to make applications or update our registration on behalf of our employees or consultants who hold any type of share incentive awards in compliance with Circular 7, nor can we ensure you that such applications or update of registration will be successful. If we or the participants of our share incentive plan who are PRC citizens fail to comply with Circular 7, we and/or such participants of our share incentive plan may be subject to fines and legal sanctions, there may be additional restrictions on the ability of such participants to exercise their share options or remit proceeds gained from sale of their shares into China, and we may be prevented from further granting share incentive awards under our share incentive plan to our employees or consultants who are PRC citizens.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other

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obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigations initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the PRC territory. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase the difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law and conduct our operations primarily in emerging markets.”

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance

Investors in the ADSs are not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company.

Investors in the ADSs are not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company. Nano Labs Ltd is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China and one of our subsidiaries in Hong Kong. Such structure involves unique risks to investors in the ADSs. Investors may never directly hold equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries with substantive operations. We also cannot assure you that the Chinese regulatory authorities will not disallow such a structure. If the Chinese regulatory authorities disallow the structure, it would likely result in a material change in our operations and cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless.

If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts such as the leases and sales contracts that our business relies on, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of the market supervision administration.

In order to maintain the physical security of our chops and the chops of our PRC entities, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel of each of our PRC subsidiary and consolidated entities. Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedures will prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we could encounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representative obtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our PRC subsidiary or consolidated entities, we, our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated entities would need to pass a new shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative’s fiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

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Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

We will adopt an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Our new memorandum and articles of association will contain certain provisions that limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions, including a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish and issue from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and ADSs holders of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause some shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any negative actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under corporate governance rules of Nasdaq Stock Market, because Mr. Jianping Kong will beneficially own         % of our then-issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares and will be able to exercise         % of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares immediately after the consummation of this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise its option to purchase additional ADSs. For further information, see “Principal Shareholders.” For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including (1) the requirement that our director nominees must be selected or recommended solely by independent directors and (2) the requirement that we have a corporate governance and nominating committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities. As a result, you may not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs.

We have adopted an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering. Our new memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions, including a provision that entitles each Class B ordinary share to 15 votes in respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging

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third parties form seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Although we expect to issue all of our authorized Class B ordinary shares upon the completion of this offering, if any of such Class B ordinary shares are converted into Class A ordinary shares or canceled for any reasons, our board of directors will have the authority without further action by our shareholders to issue additional Class B ordinary shares, which will be dilutive to our Class A ordinary shareholders. In addition, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Class A ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. We could issue preferred shares quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law and conduct our operations primarily in emerging markets.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands, as amended and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under the Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obligated to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. We may follow the home country practice for certain corporate governance practices after the closing of this offering which may differ from the requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market. If we choose to follow the home country practice, our shareholders may be afforded fewer protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

In addition, we conduct substantially all of our business operations in emerging markets, including China, and substantially all of our directors and senior management are based in China. The SEC, U.S. Department of Justice, or the DOJ, and other authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons, including company directors and officers, in certain emerging

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markets, including China. Additionally, our public shareholders may have limited rights and few practical remedies in emerging markets where we operate, as shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action based on securities law and fraud claims, generally are difficult or impossible to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in many emerging markets, including China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles for the SEC, the DOJ and other U.S. authorities to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation. Although the competent authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, the regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States has not been efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no foreign securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of China. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to foreign securities regulators.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and all of our assets are located outside the United States. All of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, all of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and China, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we are an emerging growth company until the fifth anniversary from the date of our initial listing.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We intend to avail ourselves of the extended transition period.

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We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities laws and regulations in the United States that apply to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

• the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

• the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

• the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

• the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Global Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely than that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the requirements of Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. These practices may afford fewer protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. However, the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. For instance, we are not required to: (1) have a majority of the board be independent; (2) have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or (3) have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. We intend to rely on all of these exemptions. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market. We may also follow the home country practice for certain other corporate governance practices after the closing of this offering which may differ from the requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market. If we choose to follow the home country practice, our shareholders may be afforded fewer protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

Risks Relating to the ADSs and this Offering

The approval of or clearance by the CSRC, the CAC and other compliance procedures may be required in connection with this offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or clearance.

The M&A Rules requires an overseas special purpose vehicle that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies using shares of such special purpose vehicle or held by its shareholders as considerations to obtain the approval of the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear.

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If CSRC approval in connection with the M&A Rules is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulators.

While the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, that the CSRC approval is not required in the context of this offering, because (1) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings under the Prospectus are subject to the M&A Rules; and (2) the PRC Subsidiaries were not established by merger with or acquisition of PRC domestic companies as defined under the M&A Rules. However, uncertainties still exist as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted and implemented, and the opinion of our PRC counsel is subject to any new laws, rules, and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC’s approval for this offering or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals for any such offering, we may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies, which may include fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from any such offering into China, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt any such offering before the settlement and delivery of the ADSs that we are offering. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements.

The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities, which was available to the public on July 6, 2021. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. Moreover, on January 4, 2022, the CAC and other ministries and commissions (including the CSRC) announced the adoption of the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and provides that network platform operators possessing personal information of more than one million individual users must undergo a cybersecurity review by the CAC when they seek to have their securities listed on a foreign stock exchange. Furthermore, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress passed the PIPL, which became effective on November 1. 2021, requires such operators to obtain consent of the user prior to any cross-boarder transfer of personal information, as well as the satisfaction of at least one of the following conditions: (1) a security assessment organized by competent cybersecurity authorities has been passed; (2) certification of personal information protection from a specialized institution in accordance with the provisions issued by competent cybersecurity authorities has been passed; (3) a model contract about both parties’ rights and obligations formulated by competent cybersecurity authorities with the overseas recipient has been entered into; or (4) any other condition prescribed by laws, administrative regulations or by competent cybersecurity authorities has been satisfied. These policies and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement. As of the date of this prospectus, no official guidance or related implementation rules have been issued in relation to these recently issued opinions, and the interpretation and implementation of these opinions remain unclear at this stage.

On December 24, 2021, the CSRC, together with other relevant government authorities in China issued the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations require that a PRC domestic enterprise seeking to issue and list its shares overseas shall complete the filing procedures with the CSRC. Such

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overseas securities issuance and listing include direct and indirect issuance and listing. Where an enterprise, whose principal business activities are conducted in China, seeks to issue and list its shares in the name of an overseas entity, such practice is deemed as an indirect overseas issuance and listing in the meaning of the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations. Therefore, our company will be required to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC, if the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations become effective in their current form in the future.

Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries has not obtained the approval or clearance from either the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulators in China for this offering. We cannot assure you that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all. If we are subject to additional requirements that we obtain the approval or clearance from either the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulators in China for this offering but fail to obtain such approval or clearance, we will not be able to pursue this offering any further. If we attempt to pursue this offering without obtaining such approval or clearance from regulators in China, no matter it is rejected or granted but later rescinded, or if we inadvertently conclude that such approvals are not required, we may face severe and expansive sanctions imposed by regulators in China, including fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, forced delisting of the ADSs, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. The CSRC or other regulators in China may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before the settlement and delivery of the ADSs that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the ADSs we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulators in China later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements.

An active trading market for our ordinary shares or the ADSs may not develop and the trading price for the ADSs may fluctuate significantly.

We have applied to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market. We have no current intention to seek a listing for our ordinary shares on any stock exchange. Prior to the completion of this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our ordinary shares. If an active public market for our ADSs does not develop following the completion of this offering, the market price and liquidity of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

The initial public offering price for the ADSs will be determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters based upon several factors, and we can provide no assurance that the trading price of the ADSs after this offering will not fall below the initial public offering price. As a result, investors in our securities may experience a significant decrease in the value of their ADSs.

The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in their trading prices. The trading performances of other PRC companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward PRC companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance.

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In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume of our ADSs may be highly volatile due to factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

• variations in our revenues, earnings and cash flow;

• announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

• announcements of new offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

• changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

• detrimental adverse publicity about us, our products or our industry;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• the release of lockup or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

• potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could, in turn, cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of the ADSs could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs in the public market after the completion of this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. The ADSs sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and shares held by our existing shareholders may also be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements. There will be ADSs (equivalent to Class A ordinary shares) outstanding immediately after this offering, or ADSs (equivalent to Class A ordinary shares) if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full. In connection with this offering, we and our officers, directors and certain option holders have agreed not to sell any ordinary shares or ADSs for 180 days after the date of this prospectus without the prior written consent of the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions. However, the underwriters may release

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these securities from these restrictions at any time, subject to applicable regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of the ADSs. See “Underwriting” and “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for a more detailed description of the restrictions on selling our securities after this offering.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering, you must rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for a return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs, and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.

Because the initial public offering price is substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase ADSs in this offering, you will pay more for each ADS than the corresponding amount paid by existing shareholders for their Class A ordinary shares. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of approximately US$             per ADS (assuming that no outstanding options to acquire ordinary shares are exercised). This number represents the difference between (1) our pro forma net tangible book value per ADS of US$             as of December 31, 2021, after giving effect to this offering and (2) the assumed initial public offering price of US$             per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in the ADSs will be diluted upon the completion of this offering.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from this offering, and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds of this offering, and our management will have considerable discretion in deciding how to apply these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately before you make your investment decision. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that will improve our results of operations or increase our ADS price, or that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your ordinary shares.

As a holder of the ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement.

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Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you cancel and withdraw such ordinary shares. Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is ten calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, in the state courts in New York County, New York) shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement (including claims arising under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act) and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary oppose a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily has waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary market transactions, bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of increasing the cost of bringing a claim and limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiffs in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit

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agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Moreover, as the enforcement provisions in the deposit agreement, including the jury trial waiver, relate to claims arising out of or relating to the ADSs or the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, the enforcement provisions would likely continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the Class A ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to claims arising before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the Class A ordinary shares, and the enforcement provisions would most likely not apply to ADS holders who subsequently withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs from the ADS facility with respect to claims arising after the withdrawal. However, to our knowledge, there has been no case law on the applicability of the jury trial waiver to ADS holders who withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs from the ADS facility.

The depositary for the ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary may give us a discretionary proxy to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if we have timely provided the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials and (i) we have instructed the depositary that we wish a discretionary proxy to be given, (ii) we have informed the depositary that there is no substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting, and (iii) a matter to be voted on at the meeting would not have a material adverse impact on shareholders.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for holders to influence the management of the company. Holders of ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the deposit agreement, any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, in the state courts in New York County, New York), and a holder of the ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which such holder may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. However, the enforceability of similar federal court choice of forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings in the United States, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. Accepting or consenting to this forum selection provision does not represent you are waiving compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Furthermore, investors cannot waive compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

The deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent.

We and the depositary may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. Such amendment or termination may be done in favor of our company. Holders of the ADSs, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, shall be given at least 30 days’ notice of any amendment that imposes or increases any

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fees or charges (other than stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges, transfer or registration fees, SWIFT, cable, telex or facsimile transmission costs, delivery costs or other such expenses), or otherwise prejudices any substantial existing right of ADR holders. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. The depositary may, and shall at our written direction, terminate the deposit agreement and the ADRs by mailing notice of such termination to the registered holders of ADRs at least 30 days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination. After instructing its custodian to deliver all ordinary shares to us along with a general stock power that refers to the names set forth on the ADR register maintained by the depositary and providing us with a copy of the ADR register maintained by the depositary, the depositary and its agents will perform no further acts under the deposit agreement or the ADRs and shall cease to have any obligations under the deposit agreement and/or the ADRs. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

You, as holders of ADSs, may have fewer rights than holders of our ordinary shares and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of the ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights that are carried by the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you withdraw such ordinary shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to the inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems it expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

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We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a subsidiary of a listed company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Global Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or to incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

We may become a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to U.S. investors.

Based on the past and projected composition of our income and assets, and the valuation of our assets, including goodwill (which we have determined based on the expected price of the ADSs in this offering), we do not expect to be a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, in the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future, although there can be no assurance in this regard.

In general, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which:

• at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or

• at least 50% of the value (determined based on a quarterly average) of our assets is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year due to changes in our asset or income composition. The composition of our assets and income may be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. Because we have valued our goodwill based on the expected market value of the ADSs, a decrease in the price of the ADSs may also result in our becoming a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares, our PFIC status could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to you if you are a United States Holder, as defined under “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation.” For example, if we are or become a PFIC, you may become subject to increased tax liabilities under United States federal income tax laws and regulations, and will become subject to burdensome reporting requirements. See “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive foreign investment company considerations.” We cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year. Our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements about our current expectations and views of future events, which are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Industry Overview” and “Business.” These forward-looking statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “propose,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. The forward-looking statements included in this prospectus relate to, among other things:

• our goals and strategies;

• our business and operating strategies and plans for the development of existing and new businesses, ability to implement such strategies and plans and expected time;

• our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;

• expected changes in our revenue, costs or expenditures;

• our dividend policy;

• our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

• our projected markets and growth in markets;

• our potential need for additional capital and the availability of such capital;

• competition in our industry;

• relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry;

• general economic and business conditions in China and globally;

• our use of the proceeds from this offering;

• the length and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business and industry; and

• assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. Moreover, new risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This prospectus also contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. Failure of the market to grow at the projected rate may have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of the ADSs. In addition, projections or estimates about our business and financial prospects involve significant risks and uncertainties. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

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The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$         million, or approximately US$         million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ADSs, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. These estimates are based upon an assumed initial public offering price of US$         per ADS, the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price set forth on the front cover of this prospectus.

A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$         per ADS would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by US$         million, or by US$         if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ADSs, assuming the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us.

The primary purposes of this offering are to increase our financial flexibility, create a public market for our Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees by providing them with equity incentives and obtain additional capital. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

• approximately 45%, or US$             million for research and development initiatives for more advanced ASIC chips, smart-NICs, vision computing chips and our Metaverse computing network platform, Ipolloverse;

• approximately 25%, or US$             million for the establishment of our manufacturing plant for product assembling and supply chain optimization;

• approximately 20%, or US$             million for establishment of dual-headquarters in the United States and Singapore for our iPollo brand and our global sales network to promote our international sales; and

• the remaining balance for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The amounts and timing of any expenditures will vary depending on the amount of cash generated by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our business, and our plans and business conditions. The foregoing represents our intentions as of the date of this prospectus based upon our current plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. However, our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds of this offering. Unforeseen events or changed business conditions may result in application of the proceeds of this offering in a manner other than as described in this prospectus.

To the extent that the net proceeds we receive from this offering are not immediately applied for the above purposes, we plan to invest the net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing debt instruments or bank deposits.

In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, as an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions and to our affiliated entities only through loans, subject to applicable government reporting, registration and approvals. Subject to satisfaction of applicable government reporting, registration and approval requirements, we may extend inter-company loans to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China or make additional capital contributions to our wholly-foreign-owned subsidiary to fund its capital expenditures or working capital. For an increase of registered capital of our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary, we need to submit a report of such modification information to the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterparts through the Enterprise Registration System as well as complete applicable regulatory registrations. If we provide funding to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary through loans, the total amount of such loans may not exceed either (1) the difference between the entity’s total investment as approved by the foreign investment authorities and its registered capital, or (2) two and a half times, or the then applicable statutory multiple, the amount of the entity’s net assets, calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP, at our election. Such loans must be registered with local counterpart of SAFE within 15 days immediately following the execution of the loan agreement as required by the SAFE

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regulations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Any failure will delay or prevent us from applying the net proceeds from this offering to our PRC subsidiaries. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.”

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not declared or paid any dividends. We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Our board of directors has complete discretion in deciding the payment of any future dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. The declaration and payment of dividends will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, our financial condition, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. See “Description of Share Capital—Our Post-offering Memorandum and Articles of Association—Dividends.”

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our Class A ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of December 31, 2021 presented on:

• an actual basis;

• a pro forma basis to reflect (1) the re-designation of 57,178,154 shares beneficially owned by Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun, the founders of our company, into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (2) the automatic re-designation of all of our remaining outstanding 46,611,846 shares into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

• a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect (1) the re-designation of 57,178,154 shares beneficially owned by such founders of our company, into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (2) the automatic conversion and/or re-designation, as the case may be, of all of our remaining outstanding 46,611,846 shares into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (3) the issuance and sale by us of                  Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs offered in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$        per ADS, the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs and no other change to the number of ADSs sold by us as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus.

You should read this table in conjunction with the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus:

	As of December 31, 2021
	Actual						Pro forma						Pro forma as adjusted(1)
	RMB			US$			RMB			US$			RMB	US$
Shareholders’ deficit
Ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 103,790,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021)		66,970			10,504			—			—
Class A ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; none issued and outstanding on an actual basis as of December 31, 2021; 46,611,846 shares issued and outstanding on a pro forma basis as of December 31, 2021 and outstanding on a pro-forma as adjusted basis as of December 31, 2021)		—			—			30,076			4,717
Class B ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; none issued and outstanding on an actual basis as of December 31, 2021; 57,178,154 shares issued and outstanding on a pro forma basis as of December 31, 2021 and outstanding on a pro-forma as adjusted basis as of December 31, 2021)		—			—			36,894			5,787
Additional paid-in capital(2)		201,418,380			31,591,571			201,418,380			31,591,571
Accumulative deficit		(223,679,698	)		(35,083,159	)		(223,679,698	)		(35,083,159	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)		(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
Total shareholders’ deficit(2)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)
Total capitalization(2)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)

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(1) The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only. Our additional paid-in capital, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization following the completion of this offering are subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

(2) Assuming the number of ADSs offered by us as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus remains the same, and after deduction of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, a US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$         per ADS, which is the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each of additional paid-in capital, total shareholders’ equity, and total capitalization by US$         million.

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DILUTION

If you invest in the ADSs, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the book value per ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares on an as-converted basis.

Our net tangible book value as of December 31, 2021 was approximately negative RMB24.7 million (negative US$3.9 million), or negative RMB0.24 (negative US$0.04) per ordinary share on an as-converted basis as of that date and US$         per ADS. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets, which represent the amount of our total consolidated assets, excluding intangible assets and deferred initial public offering expenses, less total consolidated liabilities.

Dilution is determined by subtracting net tangible book value per ordinary share on an as-converted basis, after giving effect to the additional proceeds we will receive from this offering, from the assumed initial public offering price of US$         per Class A ordinary share, which is the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price set forth on the front cover of this prospectus adjusted to reflect the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Because the Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same dividend and other rights, except for voting and conversion rights, the dilution is presented based on all issued and outstanding ordinary shares, including Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares.

Without taking into account any other changes in net tangible book value after December 31, 2021, other than to give effect to (1) the automatic conversion or re-designation of all of our ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares, as the case may be, on a one-to-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering, and (2) our sale of the ADSs offered in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of US$         per ADS, the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs, our pro forma net tangible book value as of December 31, 2021 would have been US$         million, or US$         per ordinary share, including the underlying ordinary shares represented by the outstanding ADSs, and US$         per ADS. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$         per ordinary share and US$         per ADS to the existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$         per ordinary share and US$         per ADS to investors purchasing ADSs in this offering. The following table illustrates such dilution:

	Per ordinary share	Per ADS
Assumed initial public offering price	US$	US$
Net tangible book value as of December 31, 2021	US$	US$
Pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to the conversion of this offering	US$	US$
Amount of dilution in net tangible book value to new investors in this offering	US$	US$

A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of US$         per ADS would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to this offering by US$        , the pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS after giving effect to this offering by US$         per ordinary share and US$         per ADS and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS to new investors in this offering by US$         per ordinary share and US$         per ADS, assuming no change to the number of ADSs offered by us as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus and assuming no

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exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis as of December 31, 2021 the differences between existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares (in the form of ADSs or shares) purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share and per ADS paid before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The total number of ordinary shares does not include the underlying ordinary shares represented by the ADSs issuable upon the exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs.

	Ordinary Shares Purchased				Total Consideration				Average Price per Ordinary Share	Average Price per ADS
	Number	Percent			Amount	Percent
	(US$ in thousands, except number of shares and percentages)
Existing shareholders					US$			%	US$	US$
New investors					US$			%	US$	US$
Total			100.0	%	US$		100.0	%

The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of the ADSs and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

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ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability to take advantage of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands exempted company:

• political and economic stability;

• an effective judicial system;

• a favorable tax system;

• the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions; and

• the availability of professional and support services.

However, certain disadvantages accompany incorporation in the Cayman Islands. These disadvantages include, but are not limited to, the following:

• the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States and these securities laws provide significantly less protection to investors; and

• Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

Our memorandum and articles of association do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors and shareholders, be arbitrated.

We conduct all of our operations outside the United States, and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. Substantially all of our officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY, as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

Cayman Islands

We have been advised by Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (1) to recognize and enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States, and (2) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands to impose liabilities against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature.

We have also been advised by Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP that, although there is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the U.S. (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), the courts of the Cayman Islands will at common law, recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to

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pay the liquidated sum for which such judgment has been given, provided such judgment (1) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (2) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (3) is final and conclusive, (4) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty, (5) is not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, and (6) is not impeachable on the grounds of fraud and was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands.

However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the United States courts under the civil liability provisions of the securities laws if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

PRC

Zhong Lun Law Firm, our counsel as to PRC law, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the PRC courts would:

• recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts or Cayman courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States; or

• entertain original actions brought in each respective jurisdiction against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Zhong Lun Law Firm has further advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law. Zhong Lun Law Firm has advised us further that under PRC law, a foreign judgment that does not otherwise violate the basic legal principles, national sovereignty, security or public interest may be recognized and enforced by a PRC court, based either on bilateral treaties or international conventions contracted by China and the jurisdiction where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the Cayman Islands that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in China will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the Cayman Islands. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, foreign shareholders may originate actions based on PRC law against us in China if they can establish sufficient connection to China for a PRC court to have jurisdiction, and meet other procedural requirements, including, among others, the plaintiff must have a direct interest in the case, and there must be a concrete claim, a factual basis and a cause for the suit. However, it will be difficult for foreign shareholders, by virtue only of holding the ADSs or ordinary shares, to establish a sufficient connection to China for a PRC court to have jurisdiction as required under the PRC Civil Procedures Law.

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CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Corporate History

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and primarily conduct our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We first started our business designing and developing high throughput computing solutions through Zhejiang Haowei Technology Co., Ltd., or Zhejiang Haowei, incorporated in July 2019. Since our inception, we have been devoted to the design and development of computing power solutions.

On January 8, 2021, we incorporated Nano Labs Ltd, our holding company, as an exempted company with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands. In 2021, we underwent a series of corporate reorganization in anticipation of our initial public offering, including incorporation of our company as the listing vehicle, incorporation of our oversea holding companies and issuance of shares to shareholders of Zhejiang Haowei. In May 2021, we completed a one-for-10,000 shares subdivision, following which our authorized share capital of US$50,000 is divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares of US$0.0001 each.

Our principal executive office is located at 30th Floor, Dikaiyinzuo, No. 29, East Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is (86) 0571-8665 6957. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands.

Corporate Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this prospectus.

(1) The remaining 35% equity interest is owned by Hangzhou Lin’an Mantefu Technology Co., Ltd., an unaffiliated third party.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and the selected consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period.

You should read the following information in conjunction with those financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net revenues:
Product sales revenue		2,004,074			39,440,897			6,186,128
Service revenue		122,602			—			—
Total net revenues		2,126,676			39,440,897			6,186,128
Cost of revenues		1,270,544			43,530,708			6,827,597
Gross profit (loss)		856,132			(4,089,811	)		(641,469	)
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		108,567			5,119,072			802,904
General and administrative expenses		3,187,033			24,121,823			3,783,400
Research and development expenses		34,476,484			145,455,181			22,813,994
Total operating expenses		37,772,084			174,696,076			27,400,298
Loss from operations		(36,915,952	)		(178,785,887	)		(28,041,767	)
Other expenses (income):
Finance expenses		3,747			509,764			79,954
Interest income		(17,915	)		(3,495,208	)		(548,208	)
Other expenses (income)		800,000			(855,959	)		(134,253	)
Total other expenses (income)		785,832			(3,841,403	)		(602,507	)
Loss before income tax provision		(37,701,784	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Income tax provision		2,293			—			—
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)

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Selected Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

	As of December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
ASSETS:
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899
Short-term investments		—			31,888,500			5,001,568
Accounts receivable, net		1,165,716			—			—
Inventories, net		7,238,293			213,870,251			33,544,591
Prepayments		7,985,676			372,355,129			58,402,235
Due from related party		4,390,000			—			—
Other current assets		2,895,895			41,460,490			6,502,892
Total current assets		59,008,752			893,428,024			140,130,185
Non-current assets
Property and equipment, net		1,066,759			7,249,044			1,136,980
Intangible asset, net		99,301			—			—
Long-term prepaid expense		550,000			—			—
Operating lease right-of-use assets		768,678			9,155,665			1,436,025
Total non-current assets		2,484,738			16,404,709			2,573,005
TOTAL ASSETS		61,493,490			909,832,733			142,703,190
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		899,687			2,837,638			445,071
Accounts payable – related party		4,716,981			—			—
Advance from customers		65,404,664			917,391,899			143,888,812
Loan payable		5,000,000			—			—
Due to related parties		31,355,000			—			—
Operating lease liabilities, current		462,313			5,224,757			819,480
Other current liabilities		1,898,524			6,917,757			1,085,018
Total current liabilities		109,737,169			932,372,051			146,238,381
Non-current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		276,653			2,122,357			332,882
TOTAL LIABILITIES		110,013,822			934,494,408			146,571,263
Shareholders’ deficit:
Ordinary shares (US$0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 79,249,000 and 103,790,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively)		51,135			66,970			10,504
Additional paid-in capital		163,747			201,418,380			31,591,571
Accumulated deficit		(48,735,214	)		(223,679,698	)		(35,083,159	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		—			(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
Total shareholders’ deficit		(48,520,332	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT		61,493,490			909,832,733			142,703,190

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Selected Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(3,027,899	)		71,732,868			11,250,980
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,646,776	)		(36,046,123	)		(5,653,673	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		29,365,000			164,896,124			25,863,218
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—			(2,062,387	)		(323,476	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		24,690,325			198,520,482			31,137,049
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		10,642,847			35,333,172			5,541,850
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the section entitled “Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

We are a leading fabless IC design company and product solution provider in China. We are committed to the development of HTC chips, HPC chips, distributed computing and storage solutions, smart-NICs, vision computing chips and distributed rendering. We have built a comprehensive FPU architecture which offers solution that integrates the features of both HTC and HPC. Moreover, our Cuckoo series are one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2.27 Tbps, as well as one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market, according to the F&S report.

In June 2021, we established IPOLLO PTE. LTD., our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary in Singapore, to facilitate our business expansion in the overseas IC markets.

In 2020, we began to generate revenues, which were primarily from the sales of our HTC solutions in relation to Grin mining.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations have been, and are expected to continue to be, affected by various factors, which primarily include the following:

Pricing of our products and changes in our sales mix

Our product pricing strategy and sales mix directly impacted our financial results and financial condition historically and are expected to continue affecting our revenue and financial performance in the future. We normally set the price of our products on a cost-plus basis after taking into account a variety of factors, including the costs of the products, market conditions, the purchase volume of our customers, technical requirements of the application solutions and resources involved. We may not be able to set the prices at desired level for some of our products and our sales mix may fluctuate significantly in response to the technological advancement, and the changes in market demand and market competition. If there are any significant changes in our sales mix and product prices, our overall gross profit margin and profit margin will be both affected by the changes in revenue and gross profit margin attributable to each of our products.

Performance and cost of our products

The pricing of and demand for our products and solutions are closely related to their performance. In general, more advanced process technologies can accommodate designs that produce ASIC chips with higher power efficiency. The introduction of new process and design technologies also enables us to gradually lower the production costs of chips with comparable computing power. However, the application of such process technologies, as well as other cutting-edge technologies in the design and production of ASIC chips, also commands high initial setup costs, particularly when the new production techniques first become available, which translates to higher per unit costs. As a result, our new generation ASICs using the most advanced technologies will need to achieve strong sales in order to justify the initial setup costs of the new production

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techniques and maintain our profitability. At the same time, as the most advanced production capabilities of IC foundries ramp up, the initial high unit cost for IC fabrication may also decrease, which will likely translate to lower fabrication costs and a positive effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Competitiveness in research and development

Research and development is key to the success of our products and solutions. Our research and development expenses were RMB34.5 million and RMB145.5 million (US$22.8 million) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. We continue to focus on enhancing our product planning and research and development capabilities to introduce or improve products that can address the evolving customer needs in a timely manner. As existing competitors may introduce new technologies or provide more competitive offerings and more companies may enter the market to compete with us, competition may intensify in the future, and consequently, our competitiveness and market share may be affected. As a result, our ability to continue offering new and enhanced ICs as well as competitive products and technologies will have a significant impact on our results of operations.

Expected economic returns on blockchain mining activities and fluctuation of cryptocurrency price especially

In 2020, we began to generate revenues, which were primarily from the sales of our HTC solutions as applied to blockchain mining. We expect that a significant part of our revenue will remain dependent on the sales of our HTC solutions in the near future. An increase in the economic return of blockchain mining activities would generally stimulate the demand and average selling price for our HTC and HPC solutions, and vice versa. Increases in cryptocurrency prices, especially the prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum, are the most significant factor that could increase the expected economic returns generated by blockchain mining activities. Other factors that may increase the economic return of blockchain mining activities include, among others, increase in transaction fees, decrease in electricity costs or other operating costs, increase in computing power and efficiency of our HTC and HPC solutions, reduction of difficulties of mining activities and increase in the number of cryptocurrencies awarded for mining activities. Fluctuation of cryptocurrency prices, such as a significant drop, may significantly affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Production capacity

As a fabless IC design company, we outsource the fabrication process of our chips to third-party foundry partners, the testing and packaging process to third-party testing and packaging partners, and assembling of final products to third-party assembling partners. We work closely with a limited number of such partners. For example, we currently mainly rely on third-party leading foundries in the globe for the manufacturing process of our IC products, and we cannot guarantee that they will be able to meet our manufacturing requirements or capacity or that they will not raise their prices. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Our IC products mainly depend on supplies from third-party foundries, and any failure to obtain sufficient foundry capacity from such foundries would significantly delay the shipment of our products.” It will also be difficult for us to establish new or alternative supplier relationship to ensure a steady supply in a timely and cost-effective manner. As a result, our ability to quickly respond to market demand and meet production timelines, as well as to price our products competitively, is highly dependent on our third-party production partners. If our production partners are unable to meet our production capacity requirements or deliver products that meet our quality standards on a timely basis, our results of operations will be adversely affected.

We may also incur significant cash outflow at the early stages of our production process because we are required to make prepayments to some of our third-party production partners to secure their production capacity beforehand, which may affect our liquidity position. In addition, any failure by our third-party production partners to perform their obligations in a timely manner may subject us to counterparty risk and make it difficult or impossible for us to fulfill our customers’ orders, which would harm our reputation and negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Regulatory environment

Historically, our customers were primarily based in China, and we expect a growing portion of our revenues to be derived from sales outside China. As such, we need to make efforts and incur costs to ensure that we are compliant with the evolving laws and regulations in the various jurisdictions that are material to our business and operations. Our ability to anticipate and respond to potential changes in government policies and regulations will have a significant impact on our business operations in such countries and our overall results of operations.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Net Revenues

Our net revenues are primarily derived from sales of our HTC solutions and provision of IC design services to our customers.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our net revenues by category, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total net revenues for each category for the periods indicated:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020				2021
	RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
Product sales revenue		2,004,074		94.2		39,440,897		6,186,128		100.0
Service revenue		122,602		5.8		—		—		—
Total		2,126,676		100.0		39,440,897		6,186,128		100.0

Product sales revenue

Our product sales revenue primarily comprises sales of our HTC solutions in relation to Grin mining. The following table sets forth the breakdown of sales volume and average selling price (per unit) of our HTC solutions by product for the periods indicated:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020						2021
	Revenue		Sales volume		Average selling price per unit		Revenue				Sales volume		Average selling price per unit
	(RMB)		(Unit)		(RMB)		(RMB)		(US$)		(Unit)		(RMB)		(US$)
iPollo G1		2,004,074		34		58,943		20,312,095		3,185,861		309		65,735		10,310
iPollo G1 mini		—		—		—		17,766,667		2,786,622		5,166		3,439		539

In 2021, we also generated a revenue of RMB1.3 million (US$0.2 million) from sales of parts and components of our HTC solutions as well as servers for our distributed computing and data storage solutions.

The average selling price of our HTC solutions is primarily affected by the cryptocurrency prices and expected economic returns on cryptocurrency mining activities, and the performance of the HTC solutions. The cryptocurrency prices and expected economic returns on cryptocurrency mining activities could significantly affect the demand of mining machines and in turn the average selling price of mining machines. See “—Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations” for details of factors affecting economic return on cryptocurrency mining activities and the market demands. A significant fluctuation in cryptocurrency prices, and particularly in Grin, in a short period of time could significantly reverse the trend of average selling price of our HTC solutions in certain periods of time. Historically, our HTC solutions were primarily designed for the mining of Grin, and we have launched HTC solutions designed for Ethereum in the fourth quarter of 2021.

Service revenue

Service revenue primarily includes revenues from the provision of IC design services to our customers. Leveraging our strong in-house IC design capabilities, we from time to time provide IC design services catering to the specific needs of our customers.

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Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues represents costs and expenses incurred in order to generate revenue. Cost of revenues mainly consists of products costs, including costs of raw material, contract manufacturers for production, testing costs and staff costs for our employees involved in the provision of services. Our cost of raw material was the largest component, accounting for 81.7% of the total cost of revenues for 2020. In 2021, we recorded a one-off inventory write-down of RMB26.8 million (US$4.2 million), being the largest component, accounting for 61.5% of our total cost of revenues for 2021 due to our downward adjustment on the book value of a portion of our inventories in response to the decrease in the market price of cryptocurrency and expected economic return on cryptocurrency mining activities.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our cost of revenues by category, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of the cost of revenues, for the periods indicated:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020				2021
	RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
Product sales		1,224,390		96.4		43,530,708		6,827,597		100
Service		46,154		3.6		—		—		—
Total		1,270,544		100.0		43,530,708		6,827,597		100.0

Gross Profit (Loss)

The gross profit (loss) of sales of our HTC solutions is primarily affected by cryptocurrency prices, which have a significant effect on the economic returns of mining activities. A decrease in the relevant cryptocurrency price could result in a much lower demand of our HTC solutions, leading to lower revenues as we may have to adjust the average selling price of our products. A decrease in the relevant cryptocurrency price and expected economic returns of blockchain mining activities could also lead to increase in write-down for the potentially obsolete, slow-moving inventories and lower of cost or market adjustment and write-down for advances to suppliers as a result of stagnant demand and decrease in average selling price for our HTC solutions. For example, we recorded an inventory write-down of RMB26.8 million (US$4.2 million) in the cost of revenues in 2021 due to the downward adjustment on the book value of a portion of our inventory in response to the decrease in the market price of cryptocurrency and expected economic return on cryptocurrency mining.

The gross profit and gross profit margin of our IC design services are primarily affected by the average service fees we charge our customers.

The following table sets forth our gross profit (loss) and gross profit (loss) margin by category for the periods indicated:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020				2021
	RMB		%		RMB			US$			%
Product sales		779,684		38.9		(4,089,811	)		(641,469	)		(10.4	)
Service		76,448		62.4		—			—			—
Total		856,132		40.3		(4,089,811	)		(641,469	)		(10.4	)

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Operating Expenses

The following table sets forth our operating expenses, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of the total operating expenses, for the periods indicated:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020				2021
	RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
Selling and marketing expenses		108,567		0.3		5,119,072		802,904		2.9
General and administrative expenses		3,187,033		8.4		24,121,823		3,783,400		13.8
Research and development expenses		34,476,484		91.3		145,455,181		22,813,994		83.3
Total operating expenses		37,772,084		100.0		174,696,076		27,400,298		100.0

Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses primarily include advertising and marketing promotion expenses.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily include (1) salaries, benefits and share-based compensation of our management, finance, operations and other administrative staff, (2) professional fees, mainly consist of legal service fees for the preparation of proposed public offering, (3) business hospitality expenses, (4) rental expenses, and (5) other miscellaneous administrative expenses, such as traveling expenses, depreciation expenses of our property and equipment, and office expenses.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily include (1) production and procurement expenses for producing prototypes and procuring tools for IC design, including raw materials used, (2) technical expenses, (3) salaries and benefits of our research and development staff, (4) equipment rental fee, and (5) depreciation and amortization.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

British Virgin Islands

Nano Labs Inc and Ipollo Tech Inc are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and and all dividends, interest, rents, royalties, compensation and other amounts paid by these entities to persons who are not resident in the BVI and any capital gains realised with respect to any shares, debt obligations, or other securities of our company by persons who are not resident in the BVI are exempt from all provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance in the BVI.

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No estate, inheritance, succession or gift tax, rate, duty, levy or other charge is payable by persons who are not resident in the BVI with respect to any shares, debt obligation or other securities of these entities.

All instruments relating to transfers of property to or by these entities and all instruments relating to transactions in respect of the shares, debt obligations or other securities of these entities and all instruments relating to other transactions relating to the business of our company are exempt from payment of stamp duty in the BVI. This assumes that these entities do not hold an interest in real estate in the BVI.

There are currently no withholding taxes or exchange control regulations in the BVI applicable to these entities or its members.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. These subsidiaries did not make any provisions for Hong Kong profit tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Hong Kong since inception.

Singapore

Our subsidiary, IPOLLO PTE. LTD., is incorporated in Singapore and is subject to Singapore Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Singapore tax laws. The applicable tax rate is 17% in Singapore, with 75% of the first SGD0.1 million (approximately RMB0.5 million) and 50% of the next SGD0.1 million (approximately RMB0.5 million) taxable income exempted from income tax. IPOLLO PTE. LTD. did not make any provisions for Singapore income tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Singapore since inception.

PRC

Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to EIT on the taxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income tax laws at a rate of 25%. In addition, preferential tax treatments are granted to enterprises qualified as the HNTEs. Our PRC subsidiary Zhejiang Nanomicro Technology Co., Ltd. has been accredited as an HNTE on December 16, 2021 and are eligible for a preferential enterprise tax rate of 15% from 2021 to 2024 if it satisfies the criteria of HNTEs in each year of the accredited period.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with the U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other disclosures included in this prospectus. When reviewing our financial statements, you should consider our selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies, and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.

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Revenue Recognition

Consistent with the criteria of ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” we recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue consists of the invoiced value for the sales net of value-added tax (“VAT”), business tax and applicable local government levies.

Product sales revenue

We generate revenue primarily from the sale of product solutions by integrating out self-designed IC products (e.g., HTC solutions) directly to a customer, such as a business or individual engaged in mining activities.

We recognize revenue at a point in time when the control of the products has been transferred to customers. The transfer of control is considered complete when products have been picked up by or shipped to customers. Our sales arrangements usually require prepayment before the delivery of products. The advance payment is not considered a significant financing component. We elected to account for shipping and handling fees as a fulfillment cost.

Service revenue

We also generate revenue from our design services under separate contracts. Revenue from the design service to the customer is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied over time over the service period.

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities are recorded when consideration is received from a customer prior to transferring the control of goods or services to the customer. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, we recorded contract liabilities of RMB65.4 million and RMB917.4 million, respectively, which were presented as advance from customers on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, we recognized RMB1.2 million and RMB4.2 million of contract liabilities as revenue, respectively.

Inventories, net

Inventories, consisting of raw materials, work in process and finished goods. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of inventory is determined using the weighted average cost method. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventory to the estimated net realizable value due to slow-moving and obsolete inventory, which is dependent upon factors such as historical and forecasted consumer demand, and promotional environment.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is carried at original invoiced amount less an allowance for doubtful accounts when collection of the amount is no longer probable. In evaluating the collectability of receivable balances, we consider factors such as customer circumstances or age of the receivable. Receivables are written off after all collection efforts have ceased. Collateral is not typically required, nor is interest charged on receivables.

Impairment of Long-lived assets

For long-lived assets including property and equipment and intangible asset with finite lives, we evaluate for impairment whenever events or changes (triggering events) indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. We recognize an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash

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flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, no impairment of long-lived assets was recognized.

Share-based compensation

Restricted shares granted to employees and directors are accounted for under ASC Topic 718, “Compensation—Stock compensation” (“ASC 718”). In accordance with ASC 718, we determine whether restricted shares should be classified and accounted for as an equity award. All grants of restricted shares to employees and directors classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service periods in the statements of operations. In addition, compensation expense must be recognized for the change in fair value of any awards modified, repurchased or cancelled after the grant date.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the tax income rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future.

In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, “Income taxes,” we recognize in the financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon examination based solely on the technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the recognition threshold are measured using a cumulative probability approach, at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes are computed in accordance with the applicable tax law and is classified in the consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense.

Related party transactions

A transaction is considered to be a related party transaction when there is a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties. Related parties may be individuals or corporate entities.

Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive, free market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s-length transactions unless such representations can be substantiated. It is not, however, practical to determine the fair value of amounts due from/to related parties due to their related party nature.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated profit or loss data for the years indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net revenues:
Product sales revenue		2,004,074			39,440,897			6,186,128
Service revenue		122,602			—			—
Total net revenues		2,126,676			39,440,897			6,186,128
Cost of revenues		1,270,544			43,530,708			6,827,597
Gross profit (loss)		856,132			(4,089,811	)		(641,469	)
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		108,567			5,119,072			802,904
General and administrative expenses		3,187,033			24,121,823			3,783,400
Research and development expenses		34,476,484			145,455,181			22,813,994
Total operating expenses		37,772,084			174,696,076			27,400,298
Loss from operations		(36,915,952	)		(178,785,887	)		(28,041,767	)
Other expenses (income):
Finance expenses		3,747			509,764			79,954
Interest income		(17,915	)		(3,495,208	)		(548,208	)
Other expenses (income)		800,000			(855,959	)		(134,253	)
Total other expenses (income)		785,832			(3,841,403	)		(602,507	)
Loss before income tax provision		(37,701,784	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Income tax provision		2,293			—			—
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)

Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020

Net revenues. Our net revenues increased significantly to RMB39.4 million (US$6.2 million) in 2021 from RMB2.1 million in 2020, primarily due to increase in the sales of our HTC solutions in relation to Grin mining.

Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues increased significantly to RMB43.5 million (US$6.8 million) in 2021 from RMB1.3 million in 2020. The increase in cost of revenues was primarily due to our inventory write-down of RMB26.8 million (US$4.2 million) in 2021 as a result of our downward adjustment for the book value of a portion of our inventories in response to the decrease of the market price of cryptocurrency and expected economic returns on cryptocurrency mining activities.

Gross profit (loss). As a result of the foregoing, we recorded gross loss of RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million) in 2021. In 2020, we recorded gross profit of RMB0.9 million.

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Operating expenses. Our total operating expenses increased significantly to RMB174.7 million (US$27.4 million) in 2021 from RMB37.8 million in 2020, primarily due to the increase in our general and administrative expenses and our research and development expenses.

• Selling and marketing expenses. Our selling expenses increased to RMB5.1 million (US$0.8 million) in 2021 from RMB0.1 million in 2020. The selling and marketing expenses in 2021 was primarily related to charges for our marketing events and exhibition participation, and employee expenses for our sales and marketing personnel.

• General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased significantly to RMB24.1 million (US$3.8 million) in 2021 from RMB3.2 million in 2020, primarily due to the significant increase in staff cost relating to general and administrative personnel, rental expenses and expenses for professional services.

• Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses increased significantly to RMB145.5 million (US$22.8 million) in 2021 from RMB34.5 million in 2020, primarily due to the increase in research and development initiatives, which resulted in higher staff cost relating to research and development personnel, material cost and designing cost.

Loss from operations. As a result of the foregoing, our loss from operations increased by 384.3% to RMB178.8 million (US$28.0 million) in 2021 from RMB36.9 million in 2020.

Finance expenses. Our finance expenses increased to RMB0.5 million (US$0.08 million) in 2021 from RMB3,747 in 2020, primarily due to the losses caused by foreign exchange rate fluctuations and increased bank charges for our financial activities.

Interest income. Our interest income, which primarily consists of interest income from bank, increased significantly to RMB3.5 million (US$0.5 million) in 2021 from RMB0.02 million in 2020, primarily due to the increase of our cash deposit in bank.

Other (income) expenses. We recorded other income of RMB0.9 million (US$0.1 million) in 2021 for software VAT refund. We recorded other expenses of RMB0.8 million in 2020 for our donation to charities.

Net loss. As a result of the foregoing, our net loss increased by 364.0% to RMB174.9 million (US$27.4 million) in 2021 from RMB37.7 million in 2020.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary source of liquidity historically has been cash generated from our business operations, equity contributions from our shareholders and borrowings, which have historically been sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, our cash and cash equivalents were RMB35.3 million and RMB233.9 million (US$36.7 million), respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash in bank and highly liquid investments placed with banks, which are unrestricted to withdrawal and use and have original maturities of less than three months.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, and anticipated cash flow from operations, together with the net proceeds from this offering, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for general corporate purposes for the next 12 months from the date of this prospectus. We intend to use portion of the net proceeds from this offering to fund our operations over the next 12 months. See “Use of Proceeds.” However, the exact amount of proceeds we use for our operations and expansion plans will depend on the amount of cash generated from our operations and any strategic decisions we may make that could alter our expansion plans and

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the amount of cash necessary to fund these plans. We may, however, decide to enhance our liquidity position or increase our cash reserve for future investments through additional capital and finance funding. We may need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changes in business conditions or other developments, or if we find and wish to pursue opportunities for investments, acquisitions, capital expenditures or similar actions. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have on hand at the time, we may seek to issue equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Our ability to manage our working capital, including receivables and other assets and liabilities and accrued liabilities, may materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated cash flow data for the years indicated:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities		(3,027,899	)		71,732,868			11,250,980
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,646,776	)		(36,046,123	)		(5,653,673	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		29,365,000			164,896,124			25,863,218
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—			(2,062,387	)		(323,476	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		24,690,325			198,520,482			31,137,049
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		10,642,847			35,333,172			5,541,850
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2021 was RMB71.7 million (US$11.3 million), which primarily reflected our net loss of RMB174.9 million (US$27.4 million) as mainly adjusted for (1) amortization of right-of-use assets of RMB2.9 million (US$0.5 million), (2) depreciation and amortization expenses of RMB2.6 million (US$0.4 million), (3) inventory write-down of RMB26.8 million (US$4.2 million), which was primarily due to the downward adjustment on the book value of a portion of our inventories, and (4) changes in working capital. Adjustment for changes in working capital primarily consisted of an increase of RMB852.0 million (US$133.6 million) in advances from customers, which primarily related to the prepayments from customers to our HTC and HPC solutions, partially offset by (1) an increase of RMB233.4 million (US$36.6 million) in inventories, (2) an increase of RMB364.4 million (US$57.1 million) in prepayments to our suppliers, which primarily related to the production of ICs, and (3) an increase of RMB38.6 million (US$6.0 million) in other current assets, which primarily included value-added tax recoverable, deferred offering related expenses and deposits for our office space leases.

Net cash used in operating activities for 2020 was RMB3.0 million, which primarily reflected our net loss of RMB37.7 million as mainly adjusted for (1) amortization of right-of-use assets of RMB0.3 million, (2) depreciation and amortization expenses of RMB0.4 million, (3) share-based compensation of RMB0.2 million and (4) changes in working capital. Adjustment for changes in working capital primarily consisted of an increase of RMB45.0 million in advances from customers, which primarily related to the prepayments from customers to our HTC and HPC solutions, partially offset by (1) an increase of RMB7.2 million in inventories, (2) an increase of RMB2.1 million in prepayments to our suppliers, which primarily related to the production of ICs, and (3) an increase of RMB2.6 million in other current assets, which primarily included value-added tax recoverable, advances to employees and deposits for our office space leases.

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Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for 2021 was RMB36.0 million (US$5.7 million), mainly attributable to (1) purchase of short-term investment of RMB32.3 million (US$5.1 million), which was primarily for short-term wealth management products issued by reputable commercial banks and (2) purchase of property and equipment of RMB8.7 million (US$1.4 million), which was primarily for computers and electronic equipment, partially offset by collection of loan provided to a related party of RMB4.5 million (US$0.7 million).

Net cash used in investing activities for 2020 was RMB1.6 million, mainly attributable to (1) loans of RMB2.3 million provided to Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd., a related party, which was fully settled in March 2021; and (2) purchase of property and equipment of RMB0.9 million, partially offset by collection of loan provided to a related party of RMB1.6 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities for 2021 was RMB164.9 million (US$25.9 million), mainly attributable to proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares of RMB201.2 million (US$31.6 million), partially offset by (1) repayment to related parties of RMB31.4 million (US$4.9 million) and (2) repayment of loan payable of RMB5.0 million (US$0.8 million).

Net cash generated from financing activities for 2020 was RMB29.4 million, mainly attributable to proceeds from related parties of RMB30.3 million, partially offset by repayment to related parties of RMB0.9 million.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of RMB0.9 million and RMB8.7 million (US$1.4 million) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for procurement of computers and electronic equipment for research and development.

We plan to fund our future capital expenditures with our existing cash balance and proceeds from this offering. We will continue to make capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business, including for procurement of photomask, mold and various intellectual properties.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting and financial reporting personnel and other resources to address our internal controls and procedures. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness identified is related to lack of sufficient accounting personnel who possess adequate knowledge in financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We intend to undertake measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting to address the material weakness identified, including implementing regular and continuous U.S. GAAP accounting and financial reporting training programs for our accounting and financial reporting personnel. In addition, we plan to take the following initiatives to improve our internal control over financial reporting to address the material weakness that have been identified:

• hiring additional qualified accounting and reporting personnel who are equipped with the relevant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience and qualifications to strengthen our financial reporting function and to set up a financial and system control framework; and

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• enhancing our internal audit function as well as engaging an external consulting firm to assist us with assessing our Sarbanes-Oxley compliance readiness and improving overall internal controls.

However, we cannot assure you that we will remediate our material weakness in a timely manner. The process of designing and implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a financial reporting system that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligation. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Operations—If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weakness over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately or timely report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.”

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2021:

	Payments due by period
	Total		2022-2024		2025 and thereafter
	(RMB)
Operating lease obligations		7,776,761		7,776,761		—
Total		7,776,761		7,776,761		—

Off Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements

We have not entered into any off-balance sheet financial guarantees or other off-balance sheet commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

Holding Company Structure

Nano Labs Ltd is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China and Hong Kong. As a result, Nano Labs Ltd’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China and Hong Kong. If our existing PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries did not have aggregate retained earnings as determined under PRC accounting standards as of December 31, 2021. Pursuant to the PRC Company Law, our PRC subsidiaries are required to make contribution of at least 10% of their after-tax profits calculated in accordance with the PRC GAAP to the statutory common reserve. Contribution is not required if the reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of our subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2021, our PRC subsidiaries had no restricted amount under the reserve fund.

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None of our PRC subsidiaries has issued any dividends or distributions to respective holding companies or any investors as of the date of this prospectus. Our PRC subsidiaries generate and retain cash generated from operating activities and re-invest it in our business. Historically, our PRC subsidiaries also received equity financing from its shareholders to fund business operations of our PRC subsidiaries. In 2020 and 2021, we transferred cash proceeds of nil and US$21.1 million, respectively, to our PRC subsidiaries for the settlement of intercompany transactions and as paid-in capital for our PRC subsidiaries. In the future, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities, including this offering, may be, and are intended to be, transferred by us through subsidiaries in Hong Kong to our PRC subsidiaries via capital contribution and shareholder loans, as the case may be. Subsidiaries in China that receives such cash proceeds then will transfer funds to its subsidiaries to meet the capital needs of our business operations. For details about the applicable PRC rules that limit transfer of funds from overseas to our PRC subsidiaries, see “Use of Proceeds” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.”

The structure of cash flows within our organization, and the applicable regulations, are as follows. After foreign investors’ funds enter Nano Labs Ltd, our holding company, at the close of this offering, subject to the cash demand of our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries, the funds can be transferred to our wholly owned Cayman subsidiaries, then to our wholly owned BVI subsidiaries, then to our Hong Kong subsidiaries, which will further distribute the funds to our PRC subsidiaries. If we intend to distribute dividends, PRC subsidiaries will transfer the dividends to our Hong Kong subsidiaries in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, and then our Hong Kong subsidiaries will transfer the dividends all the way up to Nano Labs Ltd, and the dividends will be distributed from Nano Labs Ltd to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions. The cross-border transfer of funds within our corporate group under our direct holding structure must be legal and compliant with relevant laws and regulations of China. In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, as an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions and to our affiliated entities only through loans, subject to applicable government reporting, registration and approvals. See “Use of Proceeds” and “Risk Factor—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities.” We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. We have, from time to time, transferred cash between our PRC subsidiaries to fund their operations, and we do not anticipate any difficulties or limitations on our ability to transfer cash between such subsidiaries. As of the date of this prospectus, no cash generated from our PRC subsidiaries has been used to fund operations of any of our non-PRC subsidiaries. We may encounter difficulties in our ability to transfer cash between PRC subsidiaries and non-PRC subsidiaries largely due to various PRC laws and regulations imposed on foreign exchange. However, as long as we are compliant with the procedures for approvals from foreign exchange authorities and banks in China, the relevant laws and regulations in China do not impose limitations on the amount of funds that we can transfer out of China. We currently do not have any cash management policy that dictate the transfer of cash between our subsidiaries. See “Regulation—PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Foreign Exchange” for details of such procedures. We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately                 , of which approximately                 will be transferred to our PRC subsidiaries for (1) research and development initiatives for more advanced ASIC chips, smart-NICs, vision computing chips and our Metaverse computing network platform, Ipolloverse, (2) the establishment of our manufacturing plant for product assembling and supply chain optimization, and (3) working capital and other general corporate activities within China. See “Use of Proceeds” for more details.

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Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, our cash and cash equivalents amounted to RMB35.3 million and RMB233.9 million (US$36.7 million), respectively. We place substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions with high credit ratings and quality in China. Historically, deposit in Chinese banks are secure due to the state policy on protecting depositors’ interests. In the event of bankruptcy of one of these financial institutions, we may not be able to claim its cash and demand deposits back in full. We continue to monitor the financial strength of the financial institutions. There has been no recent history of default in relation to these financial institutions.

Accounts receivable are unsecured and all of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020 are derived from sales of HTC solutions to one of our customers. We conduct credit evaluations of customers, and generally do not require collateral or other security from our customers. We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts primarily based upon the age of the receivables and factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers.

Concentration of Suppliers

There were purchases from two suppliers for our outsourced production costs, which represented 37.7% and 35.6% of the total purchase amount made by us for 2020, respectively. In 2021, purchases from top two suppliers represented 50.0% and 34.0% of the total purchase amount made by us.

Liquidity Risk

Our policy is to regularly monitor our liquidity requirements and our compliance with lending covenants, to ensure that we maintain sufficient reserves of cash and readily realizable marketable securities and adequate committed lines of funding from major financial institutions to meet its liquidity requirements in the short and longer term. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for details.

Currency Risk

Our operations are primarily in China. Our reporting currency is denominated in RMB. We are exposed to currency risk primarily through sales and purchases which give rise to receivables, payables and cash balances that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations to which the transactions relate. Thus, our revenues and results of operations may be impacted by exchange rate fluctuations between RMB and U.S. dollars. We incurred and recognized foreign currency translation gain of RMB14.0 thousand and foreign currency translation loss of RMB0.5 million (US$0.1 million) in 2020 and 2021, respectively, as a result of changes in the exchange rate.

Inflation

To date, inflation in China has not materially affected our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2020 and 2021 were increases of 0.2% and 1.5%, respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we may be affected if China or Hong Kong experiences higher rates of inflation in the future.

Recently Adopted or Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326)”, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, transitional guidance and other

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interpretive guidance between November 2018 and March 2020 within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, ASU 2020-02 and ASU 2020-03. ASU 2016-13 introduces new guidance for credit losses on instruments within its scope, which significantly changes the way entities recognize impairment of many financial assets by requiring immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over their remaining life, instead of when incurred. For us, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. All entities may adopt this ASU through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740)”: which simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2021. The adoption has no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Except as mentioned above, we do not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on our financial statements.

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

The information presented in this section has been derived from an industry report commissioned by us and prepared by Frost & Sullivan, an independent research firm, regarding our industry and our market position. We refer to this report as the F&S report. We believe that the sources of such information are appropriate, and we have taken reasonable care in extracting and reproducing such information. We have no reason to believe that such information is false or misleading in any material respect or that any fact has been omitted that would render such information false or misleading in any material respect. However, neither we nor any other party involved in this offering has independently verified such information, and neither we nor any other party involved in this offering makes any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. Therefore, investors are cautioned not to place any undue reliance on the information, including statistics and estimates, set forth in this section or similar information included elsewhere in this prospectus.

OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MARKET

Global IC Market

Integrated circuits, or ICs, are small pieces of semiconducting material, usually silicon, that contain a set of electronic circuits where thousands of resistors, capacitors and transistors are fabricated. An IC has a wide variety of applications and is commonly used as a microprocessor, memory and amplifier.

ICs can be classified into two types, i.e., processing ICs and other ICs. While the latter includes memory and other chips, such as baseband chips and radio frequency chips, processing ICs can be categorized into two main types, i.e., general-purpose and application-specific integrated circuits, or ASIC. Unlike general-purpose ICs such as central processing units, or CPUs, graphics processing units, or GPUs, and field programmable gate arrays, or FPGAs, an ASIC is customized for a particular use and can lead to speed improvements as it is specifically designed to perform a certain task. In addition, because an ASIC contains only the circuitry needed for the specific application, it can be designed with a smaller physical size, which only requires lower electrical power consumption while maintaining higher operating efficiency, and is easier to be deployed in small or mobile devices. The following table shows the classification and the basic functions of each type of ICs:

Types of ICs		Basic Functions
Processing ICs	CPUs	CPUs are general-purpose ICs and can process perform a broad range of tasks, but they are not necessarily the most suitable for a certain task.
	GPUs	GPUs are general-purpose ICs and designed to accelerate the processing of images for computer displays. GPUs generally consist of more calculation cores than CPUs and are designed for handling a large number of similar types of data, which are usually images or numeric, and repeated calculation. GPUs are also designed to perform functions such as texture mapping, image rotation, translation and shading.
	FPGAs	FPGAs are designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing.
	ASICs	An ASIC is customized for a particular use and can offer enhanced speed and efficiency due to its specificity.
Other ICs	Memory	Memory is composed of dense arrays of parallel circuits that use their voltage states to store information such as the temporary sequence of instructions or programs for the microprocessor.

Source: F&S report

The IC industry, from upstream to downstream, contains many types of industry players, such as equipment suppliers, integrated device manufacturers, or IDMs, IC design suppliers, foundries and distributors. The

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midstream of the IC industry is mainly composed of IDMs and fabless business model. While IDMs, such as Intel and Samsung, usually design, manufacture and sell IC products by themselves, IC design companies utilize what is known as a fabless business model, whereby they cooperate with pure-play foundries for all phases of the manufacturing process of ICs. More specifically, under the fabless business model, IC design companies only provide product specifications, algorithm design, front-end and back-end verification, assembly as well as chip testing if necessary without the fabrication of ICs, and they outsource the fabrication, packaging and testing of ICs to reliable third-party foundries, such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Global Foundries, United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC), and Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), which operate for the purpose of fabricating the designs of IC design companies.

According to the F&S report, the global sales revenue of the IC industry experienced fluctuations and increased from US$343.2 billion in 2017 to US$462.9 billion in 2021, representing a CAGR of 7.8%, and is expected to reach US$700.7 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 8.6% between 2021 and 2026, driven by the emergence of cutting-edge technologies such as 5G, Internet-of-things and cloud computing and the need for products to be implanted with more chips, memories and other IC products. The following table shows the total global market size of the IC industry measured by sales revenue for the years indicated:

Source: WSTS, F&S report

Fabless IC Design Market

Fabless IC design means that a company designs and markets the hardware and semiconductor chips without the manufacturing process of the silicon wafers or chips used in its products; instead, it outsources the fabrication to a third party for manufacturing, either a pure-play foundry or an IDM that sells excess fab capacity.

Benefiting from going fabless, IC production facilities can avoid significant capital expenditure and costs. According to the F&S report, the global sales revenue of the fabless IC design market increased from US$101.5 billion in 2017 to US$169.0 billion in 2021, representing a CAGR of 13.6%, and is expected to reach

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US$343.3 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 15.2% between 2021 and 2026. At the same time, under the influence of the global preference over the fabless model, the sales revenue of the fabless IC design market in China increased from RMB72.6 billion in 2017 to RMB181.3 billion in 2021, representing a CAGR of 25.7%, and is expected to reach RMB468.6 billion by 2026 at a CAGR of 20.9% between 2021 and 2026. The following table shows the total global market size of fabless IC design market measured by sales revenue for the years indicated:

Source: F&S report

The following table shows the market size of fabless IC design market in China measured by sales revenue for the years indicated:

Source: F&S report

Key Drivers for the Fabless IC Design Market

The key drivers for the continuous development of the fabless IC design market include:

• Substantial market demand. The growth of the IC industry is closely related to the semiconductor industry. In the past, semiconductors were mainly used in smartphones, personal computers, communications and automotive semiconductors. Driven by the advancement of technology such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence and Internet-of-things, present-day semiconductors have more new application scenarios, such as image recognition, voice recognition and intelligent driving. Therefore, emerging industries and hardware devices, such as smart wearable devices including smartwatches,

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bracelets, headphones and smart homes, have driven the demand for IC design, which brings a new development opportunity for the global IC design industry.

• Further segmented IC industry. With the increasing technical difficulty of semiconductor manufacturing, the pain point faced by the traditional IDMs of being relatively large-scale with high operating expenses and a low return on capital has become increasingly prominent. The fabless business model can separate IC manufacturing and design to improve the efficiency of manufacturing and solve the pain points faced by the traditional IDMs. As a result, fabless business model emerged, which will further drive the segmentation of the IC industry.

• Popularity of being application specific. To enhance the competitiveness of products, the industrial standards for IC design shifted from the pursuit of a single factor to the combination of high performance, small surface area, and low power consumption. While CPUs, as general-purpose ICs, have the greatest programmability and flexibility, they also have the weakness of highest power consumption. ASICs have thus emerged and become more popular because of their high-efficiency advantage.

Key Trends of Fabless IC Design Industry

With the digital transformation of the global economy, the semiconductor market has entered a phase of robust growth. With the development of the semiconductor industry, fabs will continue to expand in the direction of large-scale wafers and mini processors in the future, and the capital investment required for fabs construction will increase as a result, raising the barriers for entering the IC manufacturing industry. However, the barriers of the IC design industry will reduce due to the further segmentation of the industry chain. At the same time, because the fabless business model requires less capital investment than fabs, and it has the highest flexibility to address dynamic markets, more startups will choose the fabless business model, making such a model more popular.

Competitive Landscape of Global Fabless IC Design Market

The IC design industry is characterized by rapid launches of new products, continuous technological advancements, and fast changes in market trends and customer preferences, all of which lead to a short life cycle and a general decrease in the average selling prices of IC products over time. While IC design has a wide range of applications such as for personal, enterprise and industrial uses, the most common application is consumer electronics. Over half of the top ten IC design companies compete for market shares of small-size and high-level ICs to be used in smartphones and personal computers. At the same time, as numerous entrants focus on the high-tech industry, applications of IC design in the field of the data center, Internet-of-things and artificial intelligence are expected to be market drivers for the following years.

The global IC design market is relatively concentrated, as leading players accounted for a majority share of the total market from 2013 to 2018, during which those companies largely contributed to the gradual increases of the total market size. While U.S.-based companies including Broadcom, Qualcomm, and Nvidia initially dominated the largest share of the global IC design market, China’s IC design companies have been catching up with increasingly larger market shares in recent years, due to the development of design and manufacturing technology and government supports. The IC design market in China has experienced steady growth in revenues and a rapid increase of market shares. According to China Semiconductor Industry Association, the number of IC design companies has surged from 582 in 2010 to approximately 2,218 in 2020.

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OVERVIEW OF BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS WITH FABLESS CHIPS

Cryptocurrency Mining Machine Industry

Overview of Cryptocurrency

Blockchain technology was first utilized for Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency that is created and managed through advanced encryption techniques. Cryptocurrency utilizing blockchain technology has several characteristics that differentiate it from traditional fiat currencies:

• irreversible, as verified transactions once added to the blockchain become very difficult to undo;

• pseudonymous, as transactions and accounts are not linked to real-world identities;

• secure, as users access their accounts and transactions through private cryptographic keys which cannot be deciphered from public information; and

• global, as transactions are not limited by physical location.

While cryptocurrencies share the above characteristics, different cryptocurrencies utilize different algorithms and cryptographies to optimize for certain functions such as faster processing speed or greater accessibility. Some are aimed at solely functioning as a currency to purchase goods and services, others are created for supporting a specific blockchain platform, such as smart contracts. Aside from their intended uses, some cryptocurrencies may be treated as an asset, which can be traded based on its valuation. The following table shows the classification of cryptocurrencies:

Type	Description
Currency cryptocurrency	Currency cryptocurrency is used as currency in economic activities and removes the centralized control of the banks
Application-based cryptocurrency	Application-based cryptocurrency creates a basic space on which development can be carried out in various directions
Platform-based cryptocurrency	Platform-based cryptocurrency is a kind of cryptocurrency that is built on the application-based cryptocurrency

According to the F&S report, as of December 31, 2021, the total aggregate market capitalization of cryptocurrency was approximately US$2,251 billion, which represented a 194.9% increase from approximately US$763.4 billion as of December 31, 2020. Bitcoin accounted for approximately 40.2% of the market capitalization of all cryptocurrencies, or approximately US$905.3 billion as of December 31, 2021, according to the same source. In addition, other cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum and Grin have also emerged. The market capitalization of the second-largest cryptocurrency, Ethereum, increased from approximately US$84.7 billion as of December 31, 2020 to approximately US$455.7 billion as of December 31, 2021, accounting for approximately 20.2% of the market capitalization of all cryptocurrencies as of the same date. The following chart shows the total market capitalization for all cryptocurrencies as of December 31 of each year from 2017 to 2021:

Source: F&S report

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The cryptocurrency industry is sensitive to changes in regulatory regimes. Regulators worldwide have taken different approaches toward the cryptocurrency industry in general. Many countries have shown cautionary acceptance toward the cryptocurrency industry.

Value Chain of Cryptocurrency Computing Services

The cryptocurrency ecosystem consists of five main parts, including mining hardware suppliers, mining farms, mining pool service providers, trading software and hardware providers and payment service providers. Among them, mining hardware suppliers mainly focus on mining IC design, mining machine manufacturing and sales of mining machines. The mining machine manufactured and sold by mining hardware suppliers refers to the mining hardware specifically designed for mining cryptocurrencies. There are four main hardware categories based on the types of chips they utilize, i.e., CPU, GPU, FPGA and ASIC.

ASIC mining hardware has to date become the most widely used mining hardware due to its exceptional computing power and relatively low energy consumption. AISC can solve the most complex tasks quickly as it is specifically designed to execute a hashing algorithm and intended to perform only one specific task. ASIC mining machine is, therefore, considered more efficient and powerful than CPU and GPU mining machine.

Key Drivers of Cryptocurrency Mining Machine Industry

The key drivers for the cryptocurrency mining machine market include:

Increased market recognition and adoption of cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is widely used for different purposes. Some are used as currency to purchase goods and services, and some are used to support a specific blockchain platform, such as smart contracts. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it has gradually been regarded as an alternative to cash and accepted by many companies. The number of companies receiving Bitcoin as a payment method has increased from 8,207 in 2016 to 15,174 in 2021.

Continuously upgraded cryptocurrency hardware. The emergence of ASIC-based mining machines provides miners with more options for cryptocurrency mining. Miners can either choose an ASIC-based or GPU-based mining machine according to their specific needs and budgets. The overall quality of mining machines also has shown a significant upgrade to the computing power, power efficiency and manufacturing process of chips. As a result, the upgraded mining machines will promote the prosperity of the cryptocurrency mining machine industry.

Competitive Landscape in Cryptocurrency Mining Machine Industry

The global cryptocurrency mining machine industry is highly concentrated. However, there are emerging players that supply the mining machines for other types of cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum and Grin.

Bitcoin Mining Machine (ASIC-based) Industry

Bitcoin mining machines are computers used for Bitcoin mining. This type of computer generally has a professional mining chip and is usually worked by installing a large number of graphics cards, which consumes a significant amount of power. Such Bitcoin mining machines download the mining software and then run a specific algorithm, by which Bitcoins can be obtained. While any computer can work as a mining machine, companies developed professional Bitcoin mining machines as the former has low mining efficiency.

The market of Bitcoin mining machines is a great representation of the whole cryptocurrency mining machine market. The ASIC-based mining machine is perfectly fit for Bitcoin mining because of its mining efficiency and cost-saving and its market has gradually become mature in these years. The global market of ASIC-based mining machines for other types of cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum and Grin, is currently in the beginning stage, representing a great potential for growth in the future.

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According to the F&S report, the market size of global Bitcoin mining machines (ASIC-based) increased from US$2.1 billion in 2017 to US$4.2 billion in 2021, representing a CAGR of 18.9%. Given the significant price increase in the second half of 2020 and the current high price of Bitcoin, the sales revenue of Bitcoin mining machines (ASIC-based) is expected to increase significantly in 2021 and 2022. The market size of the global Bitcoin mining machine (ASIC-based) market is expected to reach US$9.3 billion in 2026, representing a CAGR of 17.2% between 2021 and 2026. The following chart shows the market size for global Bitcoin mining machine (ASIC-based) for the period indicated:

Source: F&S report

Metaverse Industry

Overview of Metaverse Industry

Metaverse is a decentralized open platform based on public blockchain technology that encompasses digital assets and digital identities. By building a general technology platform that can be utilized by enterprises and individuals, Metaverse digitizes assets such as artworks and antiques, intellectual properties and rights to returns from financial instruments to improve market efficiency. Through the provision of smart contracts and digital identities, Metaverse connects standalone stores of value and forms a common internet of value.

The term Metaverse first appeared in Neal Stephenson’s 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans controlled avatars in a virtual reality world known as the Metaverse. Through avatars, one could interact and form relationships with others in the Metaverse. Modern life has become increasingly similar to the description of Neal Stephenson’s novel. As people spend more time online, people’s work and life are gradually integrated with the Internet. We foresee a transition from the Internet of information to the Internet of value where an increasing number of digital assets transfers may take place online and avatars may become the new mainstream economic model.

Value Chain of Metaverse Industry

The value chain of Metaverse consists of seven major layers, including infrastructure, human interface, decentralization, spatial computing, creator economy, discovery, and experience. The infrastructure layer includes the technologies that enable the digital devices to connect to the network and delivering the content. In the human interface layer, digital devices are portable and connected with each other, which lays a solid foundation for the great user experience in Metaverse. Decentralization, the third layer, benefits from the development of blockchain, edge computing, and artificial intelligence, is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group. Spatial computing enables real and virtual hybrid computation that erodes the barriers between the physical and the virtual worlds. The creator economy layer contains all the technologies that creators use on a daily basis to craft the contents that people enjoy. The discovery layer contains ad networks that introduce people to

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discover new experiences. Experience, the seventh and last layer, is about the application of Metaverse, such as games, social networks and shopping.

Source: F&S report

Key Drivers for Global Metaverse Market

The key drivers for the continuous development of global metaverse market include:

• Accelerated transformation into online activities. As an increasing number of individuals and organizations turn various activities online, the way people work, shop, study and entertain has undergone tremendous changes. People are satisfied with an increasing amount of real-life needs through the Internet. While the online transformation is a precondition for Metaverse, the increase in time and energy invested in the virtual space paves the way for its arrival.

• Rapid technology development. The advanced network and computing power have facilitated the stable transmission of information. 5G and AIoT have laid a solid foundation for the innovative application of Metaverse. The rapid development of cloud computing, along with the continuously upgraded data transfer speed, have made the cloud activities, such as cloud games, become a reality. In addition, innovative devices such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) devices powered by artificial intelligence have also achieved continuous upgrades, which enable users to enjoy a better immersive experience.

Key Trends of Global Metaverse Market

Platforms provided by Metaverse allow people to gather in the virtual world regardless of location and time zone, such as currently available online events of art exhibitions, concerts and graduation ceremonies. In the future, people will be more familiar with various activities carried out online.

With the increase of online activities, Metaverse’s ecosystem becomes more mature in terms of games, art and music. Artists can use blockchain technology and digital currency to trade artworks, and game players can use digital tokens for virtual property transactions. Correspondingly, the scale and number of Metaverse users increase, thus forming a cross-industry Metaverse. Metaverse will be enriched by social, shopping and travel activities. Users can freely shuttle between different scenarios and platforms through such a cross-industry Metaverse. For example, the collaboration between the Sandbox and My Neighbor Alice shows the trend of seeking synergy between different Metaverses. These co-existing Metaverses retain their own characteristics that are different from other Metaverses with some commonalities.

Overview of Global Distributed Rendering Market

In the Metaverse world, realistic and real-time visual effects are particularly important. Life-like characters, ingenious scenes and exquisite worlds are inseparable from the blessing of large-scale rendering technology. The

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Metaverse’s high real-time, high interaction and high immersion virtual network world requires very demanding computing power of terminal devices. Distributed rendering provides an optimal solution to shorten the rendering cycle by virtue of the characteristics of massive computing and flexible use and accelerates the arrival of the Metaverse. The following diagram demonstrates the technology architecture of distributed rendering:

Source: F&S report

Key Drivers for Global Distributed Rendering Market

The key drivers for global distributed rendering market include:

• Traditional rendering technology cannot satisfy the advanced rendering requirements. There are limits on what can be done rendering locally, on network, or even on the cloud. It is impossible to leverage GPUs throughout the world efficiently without the intervention of distributed system to track and manage render jobs.

• Distributed rendering technology can utilize GPU power more efficiently. GPUs, the most efficient rendering hardware, are now a standard component on smart phones and PCs. However, the current system has many inefficiencies. A large amount of GPU power is being used in proof-of-work, or PoW, mining, where GPUs are used to solve arbitrary arithmetic functions in order to provide the base power and security for their respective crypto network. However, the PoW mining is inherently inefficient and the true power in GPUs is not fully utilized. Distributed rendering envisions a better future, where the network is empowered by the vary works that GPUs are designed to do.

• Distributed network can better store digital assets: There is no universally accessible storage location for artists and other creators to store their digital assets and prove whether the ownerships of such digital assets belong to their respective artists and other creators. Through the blockchain and the ledger-based storage protocol of the distributed network, artists and other creators are able to store and access their designs and creations.

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LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO

This letter embodies my personal understanding of the Metaverse, which do not necessarily represent or reflect our company’s views. The information set forth in this letter is speculative in nature, has not been fully substantiated, and does not constitute investment advice. My intention is not asking you to agree but rather piquing thoughts and debate. If you are interested in learning more about our company, I urge you to carefully read the accompanying registration statement on Form F-1, of which the prospectus forms a part, in its entirety, and in particular the section headed “Risk Factors.” You should also carefully review the cautionary statements referred to under “Forward-looking Statements.”

Hello, Metaverse

The COVID-19 pandemic has closed the door to international travel, but the universe seems to have opened another window to us—the Metaverse. In this letter, I will discuss my understanding of the Metaverse from the following aspects: new framework, new users, new economy, new organization, new infrastructure, and new law.

I. New Framework

A three-layer structure of the Metaverse has emerged.

Underlying Smart Network: Regardless of the high-bandwidth, low-latency evolution of 5G and 6G networks, the artificial intelligence of things, or the edge computing and storage networks, distributed “meta-computing” enables artificial intelligence to empower everyone’s life events.

Access Layer-Robot：People may seamlessly access two parallel worlds, using head-mounted VR/AR/MR, watches, headsets and even future brain computer interface.

Operating Layer-Blockchain: Decentralized, distributed, open source, smart contracts and other features are all endogenous to the Metaverse. These features ensure that the Metaverse is “perpetual” and never goes down, and that the data are immutable, enabling them to be tokenized. Most importantly, the smart contracts offer the possibility to reach autonomy in the Metaverse.

II. New Users

The definition of a user in the Metaverse is an executor of a smart contract. Anyone who has access to the smart network can become a node. Users all have a wallet address, and all create and use tokens according to the smart contract in the Metaverse.

As a result, in the Metaverse, a user is no longer a “person with an ID,” but can be a non-player character, or NPC, one of your avatars, or any smart devices.

The Metaverse users are also different from who are ordinarily perceived as the Internet users in that the former are also creators and builders. Every asset, such as virtual vestments and vehicles, in this new scene is a digital asset created by users and available for trading. The network will also generate more native users.

III. New Economy

Non-fungible token, or NFT, decentralized finance, or Defi, and game finance, or GameFi, form an important part of the Metaverse ecology. The Metaverse has facilitated the change in the role of the blockchain from a financial to a broader application underlay. Bitcoin is currently the largest value capture vehicle for this underlying layer, and Ethereum is one of the most dominant underlying systems.

It is foreseeable that NFT may become the interactive carrier of the Metaverse. For DeFi, in the future, all traditional finance may evolve into “protocol-based” smart contracts. DeFi is the core of GameFi, NFT is the

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carrier to break through the Metaverse, and games are the content of GameFi. GameFi is a native form of interaction for the Metaverse, and everything in the Metaverse has the potential to become “Play to Earn” in the future. As a result, the entire life cycle of the Metaverse users could be digitized, capitalized, and NFTized.

IV. New Organization

DAO stands for “Decentralized Autonomous Organization,” a form of organization that encodes its management and operation rules, operates autonomously without centralized control or third-party intervention, featuring openness, autonomous interaction, decentralization and complexity.

DAO aims to facilitate teamwork through collective ownership, allowing people to intervene frictionlessly in the Metaverse ecology without geographical constraints and to collaborate more effectively. In the future, DAO may become the main organizational form of the Metaverse society, a new model of collaboration.

In the Metaverse era, it is possible that DAO-to-DAO interactions will gradually replace corporatism.

V. New Infrastructure

The Internet currently faces many burning issues besides the commonly criticized monopoly problem: outage, severe computing power shortages, data explosion, etc. Compared to the traditional Internet, Meta-computing power requires a higher reliability, intelligence and flexibility:

Fundamental PoW computing power: I believe that blockchain network technology based on Bitcoin’s PoW consensus algorithm provides the best practice for the secure perpetuation of computer systems. The blockchain PoW chips would require higher computing power and lower power consumption to maintain the security of the network and achieve green, energy-saving effects.

Distributed computing and storage system: Regardless of NFT, personal or institutional digital asset in the future, or the digital asset created on IoT or GameFi, they all need blockchain technology for privacy computing and transaction validation. Algorithms, such as homomorphic encryption and multiple signatures, require the support of high throughput computing chips.

Artificial intelligence computing power: Regardless of front-end devices such as the VR/AR, and autostereoscopic displays, the Metaverse requires massive computing power for 3D real-time rendering in the future.

For the IT industry, with demand far outstripping supply, whether for AI computing power, storage, or network transmission, fab capacity will continue to face challenges.

VI. New Law

The Metaverse may bring us unprecedented practice among different aspects of the space-time arena, economy, organization and industry.

We may make some bold expectations, by assuming that the Industrial Age is a two-dimensional space, that the Internet Age is a three-dimensional space, and that the Metaverse Age can be thought of as a four-dimensional space or even more.

We may also venture to speculate that the value of the network can be illustrated as K×N³, where K is the value coefficient and N is the number of users of the system, rather than K×N² as it is in “Metcalfe’s law” in the current network. Moreover, since the Metaverse can achieve hyperspace and hypertime interaction from the bottom to the top, with more nodes and connections, we may predict its value by totaling each layer of network values.

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VII. New Era

From the onset of the semiconductor industry in 2009, to the debut of the blockchain in 2012, and to the much-awaited emergence of the Metaverse, I took delight in experiencing the rapid technological development in the past decade.

Nowadays, people are attempting to duplicate the traditional world to the Metaverse. However, I believe the native Metaverse itself contains more creations. In the Metaverse age, I anticipate that innovation opportunities never seen before in human history could grow and flourish. Innovation could be born in a matter of seconds, and the Metaverse could be the crucible and touchstone of human technological innovation.

I am earnestly confident that the Metaverse will open a new era for humankind. To this end, it is my intention that Nano Labs will be committed to developing the power of the Metaverse and walking among the key players to help the world explore and cognize the Metaverse. While my understanding of the Metaverse could be too simplistic or idealistic at the same time, it is my avid belief that the best way to predict the future is to create from now. So, we venture on.

Respect to Satoshi. May I invite you all to join me in saluting this golden age we live in!

Mr. Jianping Kong

Chairman and CEO of Nano Labs

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BUSINESS

Our Mission

Our mission is to provide ubiquitous computing power to the Metaverse computing network with our fabless logic-memory integrated circuits.

Overview

We are a leading fabless IC design company and product solution provider in China. We are committed to the development of HTC chips, HPC chips, distributed computing and storage solutions, smart-NICs, vision computing chips and distributed rendering. We have built a comprehensive FPU architecture which offers solution that integrates the features of both HTC and HPC. Moreover, our Cuckoo series are one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2.27 Tbps, as well as one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market. In June 2021, we established IPOLLO PTE. LTD., our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary in Singapore, to facilitate our business expansion in the overseas IC markets.

The fabless model of semiconductor production has become increasingly popular as it allows companies to focus on IC design and avoids significant resource investments by sharing the existing manufacturing facilities of a third party. The market size of the global fabless IC design market, in terms of the sales revenue, increased from US$101.5 billion in 2017 to US$169.0 billion in 2021 at a CAGR of 13.6%, according to the F&S report. Due to the emergence of cutting-edge technologies including artificial intelligence, Internet-of-things, and blockchain, the market size of the global fabless IC design market is expected to reach US$343.3 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 15.2% between 2021 and 2026, according to the same source. Moreover, China has taken a large share of the global fabless IC design market in recent years and experienced a steady growth in revenue due to the development of design and manufacturing technology and government support. According to the F&S report, the market size of China’s fabless IC design market, in terms of the sales revenue, increased from RMB72.6 billion in 2017 to RMB181.3 billion in 2021 at a CAGR of 25.7% and is expected to reach RMB468.6 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 20.9% between 2021 and 2026, according to the same source.

We have established an integrated solution platform covering three main business verticals, including HTC solutions, HPC solutions and distributed computing and storage solutions. Our HTC solutions feature our proprietary Cuckoo series chips, which have become alternative ASICs solutions for traditional GPUs. We released our first generation of Cuckoo series, Cuckoo 1.0, in the second quarter of 2020, which is one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2.27 Tbps, as well as one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market. We completed the tape-out for Cuckoo 2.0 and launched the product in the fourth quarter of 2021 and are in the design process of Cuckoo 3.0, which is expected to be completed in 2023. For our HPC solutions, we have completed the design of Darkbird 1.0 and have begun the delivery of Darkbird 1.0 in the first quarter of 2022. We are in the process of designing Darkbird 2.0. Our HPC solutions offer both HPC chips, Darkbird, and Bitcoin mining machine, iPollo. Our proprietary Darkbird chips embedded in iPollo can achieve high computing power with reduced size and increased power efficiency. In addition to HTC and HPC chips, we launched our Darksteel series, which can be applied to both industrial and commercial sectors by offering distributed computing and data storage solutions, in the fourth quarter of 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we had received RMB917.4 million (US$143.9 million) from the pre-sale of our products.

We stay at the forefront in IC design for the Metaverse computing network and have built prominent research and development capabilities. We have successfully designed our 40nm, 22nm and n+1 ASIC chips and our 38nm memory chip. Our unique Nano FPU design architecture allows us to develop HTC chips with superior computing power and high-power efficiency as compared to most traditional GPUs available in the market. As of December 31, 2021, we had registered six software copyrights, four IC layout-design rights and five patents in

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China, and applied for registration of 24 patents in China. We enjoy a skilled talent pool and are committed to enhancing our technology leadership and upgrade our product solutions through our high-caliber research and development team. As of December 31, 2021, our research and development team consisted of 80 engineers, researchers, programmers and data analysts and is led by Dr. Bingbo Li, our vice president and chief technology officer, who has extensive experience of over 10 years in the semiconductor industry.

Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following strengths contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors.

Leading fabless integrated circuit design company and product solution provider in China

We are a leading fabless IC design company and product solution provider in China. We provide a rich product matrix consisting of HTC chips, HPC chips and distributed computing and storage solution. Moreover, our Cuckoo series are one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2.27 Tbps, as well as one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market. We were awarded the “Unicorn Company in IC Industry of the Year” in the 2021 China IC Billboard from the China Semiconductor Investment Alliance in recognition of our innovation capabilities and breakthrough in the industry.

Our success is founded on our competitive advantage to develop HPC chips with superior computing power and high-power efficiency as compared to traditional GPUs. Leveraging on our unique FPU-2D technology, the power efficiency of our Cuckoo 1.0 reaches two to three times higher than most traditional GPUs designed and unveiled in the market. The performance of our Cuckoo 2.0 is further improved to benchmark against most of the traditional GPU based solutions specifically designed for Ethereum cryptocurrency mining. Our Cuckoo 2.0 has achieved an approximately 0.8 W/MHash ratio and approximately three to four times higher performance as compared to other available Ethereum GPU-based solutions in the market.

Ability to achieve a fast time-to-market with our FPU architecture

We stay at the forefront of HTC chips design with our unique Nano FPU architecture that consists of smart network on chip, or Smart-NOC, high throughput memory with 3D packaging, scalable and configurable computing cores and dynamic ultra-low power technology to optimize the performance, power efficiency and costs of our products. With the FPU architecture and our computing chips design capability, we can realize fast product iteration, which provides us with a strategic advantage given that the performance requirements in FPU related services continue to evolve rapidly.

Since we began our operation in 2019, we have made several cutting-edge technological innovations. It took us only around ten months since our operation to launch our first product, Cuckoo 1.0, which is one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market and one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market, according to the F&S report. Compared to other GPU based solutions in the market, our Cuckoo series have achieved higher computing power performance and increased power efficiency.

Our design capability and fast time-to-market are further evidenced by our applications for registration of 24 patents in China since 2019. We have accumulated valuable know-how in designing high-performance and high-power efficiency ICs, and as of the date of this prospectus, our research and development and core teams have sent six self-designed ICs for tape-out, three of which have completed the chip tests with the advanced manufacturing processes covered by our partnered IC foundries at a 100% success rate. The superior final test yield and high tape-out frequency demonstrates our strong design capabilities. With the highly advanced process technologies in place, we launched B1L in the first quarter of 2022 and expect to launch more models for B1 Series in or around the third quarter of 2022.

Strong supply chain management capabilities

We have established strong supply chain management through partnerships with leading global production partners for our manufacturing process. As of date of this prospectus, our research and development and core

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teams have completed tape-outs for six self-designed ICs, three of which have completed the chip tests with the advanced manufacturing processes covered by our partnered IC foundries at a 100% success rate.

As our production volume gradually increases, we will source various product components from different foundries while securing a favorable price and production capacity allocation. By diversifying our suppliers, we will be able to mitigate supply chain risks and better meet fluctuating demand. We believe we are one of the few companies that have developed such strong relationships with these world-leading suppliers, leveraging our advanced research and development capabilities, our industry reputation, and the business opportunities our products may bring to our partners.

Ability to capture the market growth of Metaverse and its application scenarios

According to F&S report, the market size of the global fabless IC design market increased at a CAGR of 9.3% from US$90.5 billion in 2016 to US$129.0 billion in 2020, and is expected to reach US$193.3 billion at a CAGR of 8.4% between 2020 and 2025.

Leveraging our industry vision and precise judgment, we expect increased growth prospects in the Metaverse field, such as blockchain, privacy computing, distributed computing and storage, data center, vision computing and distributed rendering.

Our Cuckoo 1.0 is one of the first near-memory HTC chips available in the market and one of the first movers of ASIC-based Grin mining market. In addition to those chips under our Cuckoo series specifically designed for cryptocurrency mining activities, our technology and design in the HTC and HPC solutions can be applied to wide range of applications, including privacy computing during the processing of video, audio, image, graph, numerical value, and behavior information flow in a pervasive network. Our accumulated experiences in IC design also lay a solid foundation for the development of Metaverse computing network.

Visionary management team and talented research and development team

Our management team believes that emerging technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence and big data have great potential to drive the computing industry into an epoch, which, we believe, not only requires improved computing power and memory performance but also data stream transmission efficiency, and they are passionate about leveraging their industry know-how to explore and bring more applications in Metaverse into reality. Our visionary management team has formulated a clear strategy to integrate high computing power, high memory bandwidth, and high data flow efficiency into our products, which has continuously guided our development.

Our chairman and chief executive officer, Mr. Jianping Kong, is a well-recognized leader in the semiconductor industry, with more than ten years’ industry experience. Mr. Jianping Kong invested and acted as a co-chairman of a U.S. listed company engaged in semiconductor industry. The Vice chairman, Mr. Qifeng Sun, also has approximately ten years’ working experience in the blockchain industry. Our president, Mr. Nan Hu, is an expert of system on chip and autostereoscopic 3D display system with more than ten years’ experience in the semiconductor industry. Our senior vice president, Mr. Huawei Kong, is a highly respected industry thought leader and expert in the HPC field. Prior to joining us, Mr. Huawei Kong had joined Shanghai Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2005. Our vice president and chief technology officer of Zhejiang Haowei, Dr. Bingbo Li, is also an industry veteran with extensive experience in several key players in global semiconductor industry, such as Nokia Siemens Networks and Trident. Our senior vice president, Mr. Bing Chen, is a senior executives and industry expert. He has served as a senior manager in one of the China’s Fortune 500 companies, with rich experience and deep industry understanding in the field of corporate management and financial management. Our senior management team also possesses complementary expertise in IC and software development with professional experience from leading semiconductors corporations.

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We also have a dedicated research and development team. As of December 31, 2021, our research and development team consisted of 80 engineers, researchers, programmers and data analysts, accounting for 66% of our total employees, and led by Dr. Bingbo Li, our vice president and chief technology officer, who has extensive experience of over ten years in the semiconductor industry. Among our research and development personnel, approximately 46% of them hold a master degree or above. Core members of our research and development team all have more than ten years of relevant industry experience.

Growth Strategies

We intend to grow our business using the following key strategies.

Enhance our research and development capabilities

We believe our competitiveness is driven, to a large extent, by our advanced technologies and our research and development capabilities. We will further strength the collaboration between our research and development team and marketing team to accumulate and transform insights gained from practical experience into research and development capabilities, and in turn, new product prototypes. With our determination to strengthen our research and development capabilities, we are confident that we are well-positioned to promote technological innovations in our core chip products and continue to optimize the computing performance of our chip products. We also plan to strengthen our collaboration with business partners, such as hardware and software vendors, IT service providers and investment companies. Capitalizing on the synergies of the business network and financial resources of these partners with our research and development capabilities, we aspire to further upgrade our research and development infrastructure in order to stay at the forefront of industry innovation.

Strengthen and expand the application of our chip products and solutions

Leveraging on our in-depth experience and industry insights in the IC industry and our accumulated understanding of market trends, we plan to expand the application scenarios, including data centers and vision computing, by enhancing the quality and variety of our chip products and solution offerings to better serve existing customers and attract new customers. We are currently designing our smart-NIC which can be applied to Internet data centers to boost storage capacity and performance. Moreover, we are planning to design our vision computing chip, which is expected to be used in autostereoscopic 3D display and sensing system for the interactivity of Metaverse and expand into the distributed rendering market by developing our proprietary Metaverse computing network platform, Ipolloverse. To this end, we intend to enhance the effectiveness of, and add new features to, our existing products and solutions, and continue to develop new types of products and solutions. We believe the industry driving forces and our customer-oriented approach will allow us to timely react to the evolving market trends and business needs, and develop innovative, customized solutions to our customers’ satisfaction complementary with our enhanced chip products. By accumulating insights from our research and development of new chip products and solutions and the evolving market trends, we believe that we are well equipped to apply our computing expertise to better embrace the upcoming Metaverse ecosystem.

Selectively pursue international expansion

We see great potentials in expanding our business and promoting our products and solution offerings globally. We intend to explore additional market opportunities and facilitate the overseas business development and expansion of our strategic partners and customers. In particular, we will focus on North America, Northern Europe, and Middle East and Southeast Asia, where the HPC and HTC markets present attractive opportunities. In June 2021, we established IPOLLO PTE. LTD., our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary in Singapore, to facilitate our business development and expansion in the overseas computing chip markets. In addition to expand our global customer base, we plan to strategically engage in overseas manufacturers, such as manufacturers in Southeast Asia, to improve the stability of our global supply chain and mitigate the tariff-related risks.

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Enhance our supply chain management

We plan to enhance our supply chain capability, including production management, design quality, working capital efficiency and final test yields. We also plan to strengthen our supply chain management capability by upgrading our relationships with production partners, such as establishing direct communication with teams in charge of production decision-making at our suppliers and enhancing our bargaining power. We will selectively explore collaboration opportunities with new partners who have leading technologies and sufficient capacities to enhance our production flexibility and operating efficiency.

Attract, cultivate and retain a talented and professional workforce

We believe that a significant part of our success is attributable to our ability to select, develop, motivate and retain our talented and professional workforce. We will continue to strengthen our research and development capabilities and proactively recruit, retain and train our research and development staff. We will also continue to focus on cultivating the industrial knowledge of our workforce with training and professional development programs, collegial working environment, competitive compensation structure as well as internal promotion opportunities to enhance their creativity, loyalty, job satisfaction and cohesiveness.

Our Business Model

We are a leading fabless IC design company and product solution provider in China. We engage in the front-end and back-end of IC design, which are the major components of the IC product development chain. We have established an integrated solution platform covering three main business verticals, including HTC solution, HPC solution and distributed computing and storage solution. We have introduced to the market our iPollo miner, which are built on our proprietary Cuckoo and Darkbird chips. Leveraging our strong designing capability, we may also provide IC design services to satisfy the specific needs from our customers.

The following diagram sets forth an illustration of the production process of our IC products:

We design our IC products in-house. We determine the parameters of the IC products, establish the basic logic of the design, map out the initial plan for the physical layout, and conduct back-end verification on the

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design. Our strong design capability has ensured that we have achieved a 100% tape-out success rate as of the date of this prospectus. We then collaborate with industry-leading suppliers to fabricate, test and package the IC products we design. For HTC and HPC solutions, we may, through third-party logistics service providers, deliver the standalone chips or the assembled final blockchain mining machines to customers, per the requests from customers.

Our Nano FPU Architecture

The development of emerging technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence and big data is expected to drive the computing industry into an epoch, which, we believe, not only requires improved computing power and memory performance but also data flow efficiency. The Nano FPU architecture embodies our vision of the future trend of high throughput computing and high-performance computing. The Nano FPU architecture is designed for maintaining the reusability and iterability of IP cores and adapting to the fast-evolving market demand for high performance computing.

The following graphic sets forth an illustration of the Nano FPU architecture:

The Nano FPU architecture primarily consists of four types of basic modules, i.e., Smart-NOC, HBM 3D controller, FPU core and ulPower DVS. Unlike traditional CPU and GPU architectures, our Nano FPU architecture aims to optimize data flow and increase energy consumption efficiency. Smart-NOC enables cache memory to be shared in multicore processing units, which increases the efficiency of data exchange between CPU and memory. HBM 3D controller is designed to increase the data transmission efficiency between DRAM and CPU, and our self-defined high bandwidth memory has a bandwidth ten times as much as traditional HBM 2.0 (4-Hi). FPU core is the processing core for data stream optimization that is upgradable locally or as a whole in a multi-core system to meet different computing needs. Finally, ulPower DVS applies our proprietary dynamic voltage scaling technology, which significantly optimizes the PPA of our chips and lower the total cost of ownership of our products. These IP cores are both separately upgradable and compatible with each other in terms of integration, allowing for great flexibility in application for the Nano FPU architecture.

We have built our Nano-FPU architecture and achieved fast iteration from Cuckoo 1.0 to Cuckoo 2.0. We are in the process of designing Cuckoo 3.0, which is expected to be the architecture for the next generation of our Cuckoo series.

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Our Products

HTC Solutions

Our HTC solutions feature our proprietary Cuckoo series chips, which integrate high-bandwidth memory dies and high computing performance logic chips and have become alternative ASICs solutions for traditional GPUs. Our Cuckoo 1.0 and Cuckoo 2.0 strategically target the ASIC-resistant mining algorithms of cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum and Grin, which requires high speed, high bandwidth memory in exchange for mining efficiency.

In the second quarter of 2020, we launched Cuckoo 1.0, one of the first commercialized Grin mining ASIC chips in the world, according to the F&S report. Built on our proprietary Nano-FPU 1.0 architecture and 22nm process, Cuckoo 1.0, equipped with our proprietary high bandwidth memory chip, provides a memory bandwidth of as much as 2.27 Tbps. The overall Grin mining efficiency and energy consumption efficiency of a Cuckoo 1.0’s is approximately 100 W/Graph. Based on Cuckoo 1.0, we launched iPollo G1 Grin mining machine with 30 Cuckoo 1.0 chips in a single machine, whose computing power amounts to approximately 36 Graph/s, and iPollo G1 mini, whose compact size and superior energy consumption efficiency makes it a great choice for Grin home miners.

In the second quarter of 2021, we completed the tape-out of Cuckoo 2.0, which is the largest HTC chip in the world, according to the F&S report. Cuckoo 2.0 marks a significant step forward from Cuckoo 1.0 as it comes with a memory bandwidth of 24 Tbps, approximately 12 times as much as that of Cuckoo 1.0. The overall mining efficiency and energy consumption efficiency of a Cuckoo 2.0 is estimated to be 0.8 W/MHash. Based on Cuckoo 2.0, we developed iPollo V1 Series ETC/ETH mining machines, which encompass multiple models catering to different customer demands, including iPollo V1, V1 mini, V1 Classic, V1 mini Classic and V1 mini Classic Plus. Taking iPollo V1 as an example, it comes with 12 Cuckoo 2.0 chips in a single machine whose computing power amounts to approximately 3.6 GH/s. Benefiting from the Nano FPU architecture, iPollo V1 has an energy consumption of 0.86 W/MHash, significantly lower than other Ethereum mining machines on the market, according to the F&S report. We launched the first two products in the iPollo V1 Series, iPollo V1 mini Classic and iPollo V1 mini Classic WiFi, in the first quarter of 2022. We further launched other six products in our iPollo V1 Series in the second quarter of 2022.

We are in the design process of Cuckoo 3.0, which is expected to be completed in 2023. We expect Cuckoo 3.0 to be an enhancement of Cuckoo 2 and programmable, which provides more flexibility to a wide range of application scenarios.

HPC Solutions

To accommodate the strong and growing demand for mining solutions, we have also completed the design and tape-out of Darkbird 1.0 HPC chips. Benefitting from our proprietary technologies, Darkbird series HPC chips feature high performance and high energy consumption efficiency.

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The following table sets forth certain information of the HTC and HPC chips we have designed or taped out as of the date of this prospectus:

HTC Chip	Cryptocurrency	Feature	Status
Cuckoo 1.0	Grin and MWC	Nano FPU 1.0 architecture; high performance and high throughput; superior mining efficiency compared to traditional GPUs	Launched in the second quarter of 2020
Cuckoo 2.0	ETH and ETC	Nano FPU 2.0 architecture; high performance and high throughput; superior mining efficiency compared to traditional GPUs	Launched in the fourth quarter of 2021
HPC Chip	Cryptocurrency	Feature	Status
Darkbird 1.0	BTC and BCH	High energy consumption efficiency; optimized process and fundamental cells; customized circuit and physical design	Launched in the first quarter of 2022

The following table sets forth certain specifications of the iPollo blockchain mining machines we have launched or are ready to launch as of the date of this prospectus:

Blockchain Mining Machine	ASIC	Computing Power (±10%)	Energy Consumption (±10%)	Status
Grin
G1	Cuckoo 1.0	36 Graph/s	78/Graph	Launched in the second quarter of 2020
G1 mini	Cuckoo 1.0	1.2 Graph/s	100W/Graph	Launched in August 2020
Ethereum
V1	Cuckoo 2.0	3.6 GH/s*	0.86 W/MHash*	Launched in the second quarter of 2022
V1 mini	Cuckoo 2.0	0.3 GH/s (300MH/s)*	0.8W/MHash*	Launched in the second quarter of 2022
V1 mini WiFi	Cuckoo 2.0	0.3 GH/s (300MH/s)*	0.8W/MHash*	Launched in the second quarter of 2022
V1 Classic**	Cuckoo 2.0	1.55 GH/s*	0.8W/MHash*	Launched in the second quarter of 2022
V1 mini Classic**	Cuckoo 2.0	0.13 GH/s (130MH/s)*	0.8W/MHash*	Launched in the first quarter of 2022
V1 mini Classic WiFi**	Cuckoo 2.0	0.13 GH/s (130MH/s)*	0.8W/MHash*	Launched in the first quarter of 2022
V1 mini Classic Plus**	Cuckoo 2.0	0.28 GH/s (280MH/s)*	0.96W/MHash*	Launched in the second quarter of 2022
V1 mini Classic Plus WiFi**	Cuckoo 2.0	0.28 GH/s (280MH/s)*	0.96W/MHash*	Launched in the second quarter of 2022

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Blockchain Mining Machine	ASIC	Computing Power (±10%)	Energy Consumption (±10%)	Status
Bitcoin
B1	Darkbird 1.0	78 TH/s*	45W/THash*	Expected to be launched in or around the third quarter of 2022
B1L	Darkbird 1.0	60 TH/s*	50W/THash*	Launched in the first quarter of 2022
B1T	Darkbird 1.0	60 TH/s*	50W/THash*	Expected to be launched in or around the third quarter of 2022

* Based on the theoretical value of the design, which may not be the actual performance of the actual products to be delivered to our customers.

** For ETC mining only.

Distributed Computing and Data Storage Solutions

Distributed computing and data storage has emerged as a disruptor to the current centralized cloud computing and storage market in recent years, as the decentralized model utilizes idle storage capacity in potentially any device in the world and spares users the risk of data loss as a result of central server failure. We have designed our own Darksteel series to store data over various distributed network to capture the potential growth in the distributed computing and data storage market. Our products in this series can be applied to both industrial and commercial sectors by offering distributed computing and data storage solutions. Darksteel series solutions support popular distributed computing and data storage networks such as Filecoin.

The following table sets forth certain specifications of the Darksteel distributed computing and storage solutions we have designed as of the date of this prospectus:

Distributed Computing and Data Storage Solution	Storage	Processor/Memory	Feature	Status
Darksteel S	8 TB enterprise SSD	12 cores 24 threads dual CPU/128G DDR4	Dual hot-swappable power supplies; traffic enhancement and sharing; node drift; intranet enhancement; clustered deployment	Launched in the fourth quarter of 2021
Darksteel F	36*16 TB HARD	2.2G CPU/64G DDR4/480G SSD	576T ultra-high computing power; fusion of unique algorithm optimization; customized special chip	Launched in the fourth quarter of 2021
Darksteel C	60*16 TB HARD	XEON E5-2450 CPU/16G DDR4	Standard server with 6 NetApp storages; hot-swappable dual power supplies; 60 16t enterprise-class SAS disks; 960 TB storage; 5.76 PB cluster capacity	Launched in the fourth quarter of 2021

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Roadmap for Our Future Products and Services

The table below sets forth certain information about the IC products under development.

Product under Development	Feature	Status
HTC Solution
Cuckoo 3.0	High bandwidth	Expected to be launched in 2023
HPC Solution
Darkbird 2.0	Target power efficiency	Expected to be launched in 2022
Distributed Computing and Data Storage Solution
Darksteel 2.0	High-capacity performance storage	Expected to be launched in 2022

We believe our strong in-house designing capability will enable us to realize fast iteration of our Nano-FPU architecture and chip designs built on it. Moreover, we are well-positioned to design and develop solutions covering more application scenarios, including vision computing and privacy computing, and expect to launch our smart NIC and vision computing products in 2023.

To diversify our service offerings, we are at the preparatory stage of launching our Internet data center, or IDC, server hosting services. Our IDC server hosting services will enable customers to operate their IDC server remotely in a cost-effective manner. We will help customers set up and configurate their IDC servers and monitor the daily operation of these servers on our hosting site and provide routine maintenance services to customers. We are currently seeking hosting sites in various countries and regions, such as the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong.

In addition, we are in the process of developing our Metaverse computing network platform, Ipolloverse. We expect Ipolloverse to serve as a decentralized platform to provide massive inexpensive real-time computing power for the efficient rendering of complex scenes, such as gaming, working, leisure, entertainment, that arise in the visualization of the Metaverse and facilitate convenient storage of digital assets in the Metaverse.

Our Customers

The customer base for our HTC solutions comprises both enterprises and individual buyers. Generally, we either require prepayment in full or offer alternative payment plans for customers to prepay a certain percentage with the remainder to be settled after the completion of manufacturing but before the delivery of the products. In 2020, all of our mining machine customers were in China. We intend to explore additional market opportunities in overseas markets and have set up our first indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, IPOLLO PTE. LTD., in Singapore, which is to serve as the headquarter for the iPollo brand. Going forward, we expect our sales revenues from overseas markets as a percentage of the total revenues to increase substantially. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Industry—It may be or become illegal to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrencies, participate in the blockchain, transfer or utilize similar bitcoin assets in China or overseas markets where we operate due to adverse changes in the regulatory and policy environment in these jurisdictions.”

All of our HTC solutions are distributed through direct sales. We do not restrict resales of our mining machine products by our customers, so some of our customers in China may resell purchased products to end-users or other buyers located in overseas markets. In 2020, all of our revenues were generated from sales to customers in China.

Research and Development

Our success depends largely on our ability to continue to develop and launch cutting-edge IC products catering to the evolving market demand. We have assembled a dedicated in-house research and development team led by Mr. Bingbo Li, who is the vice president and chief technology officer of our company and worked as algorithm engineer at several leading IC companies.

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As of December 31, 2021, our research and development team comprised 80 members, representing approximately 66% of our total employees. Among these team members, approximately 46% hold a master’s degree or above, and many of them once worked for leading companies in the semiconductor industry, including leading IC design houses. Core members of our research and development team all have more than ten years of relevant industry experience. In 2020 and 2021, our research and development expenses were RMB34.5 million and RMB145.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had registered six software copyrights, four IC layout-design rights and five patents in China, and applied for registration of 24 patents in China.

Production

Our Fabless Model

We do not directly manufacture ICs used for our products. We utilize what is known as a fabless model, whereby we collaborate with world-class production partners for all phases of the manufacturing process of our ICs, including wafer fabrication and packaging and testing. Under the fabless model, we can leverage the expertise of industry leaders that are certified by the ISO in such areas as fabrication, assembly, quality control and assurance, reliability and testing. In addition, the fabless model allows us to avoid many of the significant costs and risks associated with owning and operating various fabrication and packaging and testing facilities. We closely work with leading global production partners for IC fabrication and IC packaging and testing and our fabrication partners are responsible for the procurement of most of the raw materials used in the production of our ICs. In this way, we can focus our resources on research and development, product design and additional quality assurances.

IC Fabrication

We currently work with two leading foundries as our main IC fabrication partners, and we place actual orders according to our business needs. This strategy allows us to guarantee low inventory. After we place our orders, and once the foundries accept our orders, we are required to prepay in full in order to secure production capacity from foundries. It takes an average of approximately three to six months from the time when we place our order to the delivery of wafers. Since our inception, we have cooperated with several leading foundries, and we do not maintain any long-term contract or framework agreement.

Packaging and Testing

We collaborate with leading packaging and testing service providers. We provide rolling forecasts and firm orders for our partners to purchase necessary materials. We typically settle with our partners on a monthly basis, and we are required to pay them after delivery of products. However, we may need to pay our partners in advance to secure their production capacity when their products and services are in high demand.

Assembling

We currently do not operate our own assembly plant and outsource assembling to trusted assembly partners.

Quality Control

We emphasize quality control in all aspects of our operations. We implement ample design verification to ensure the reliability of product design. From product development, component sourcing to product assembly and delivery, we strictly control the quality of our products and components, to ensure our products meet our stringent internal standards as well as international and industry standards. We have also employed a traceability system that enables us to trace the product flow throughout the manufacturing and supply chain, allowing us to identify and resolve quality defect at their root. As a result, we are not involved in any material dispute with our customers regarding product malfunctions. We also require our fabrication, packaging and testing and assembling service providers to apply their stringent quality control standards.

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We have implemented various quality-control checks into our production process and the IC fabrication process by our production partners. In addition, we provide timely and effective after-sales services and support to our users. We devote significant resources to quality control of our products with a dedicated team.

Warranty and After Sales Services

We provide warranties of six months, which we believe is in line with prevailing industry practice. Our warranties cover regular maintenance services and parts and labor for repairs.

We have devised a standard operating procedure for customer service. We collect and record customer feedback and complaints from different channels and make timely responses in order to achieve customer satisfaction.

We accept exchanges of our blockchain mining machines only for major defects. We believe our exchange policy is consistent with relevant PRC laws and regulations governing product quality and consumer rights and interests. We have not received any requests for exchange which individually or in aggregate has had a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In addition, as of the date of this prospectus, we have not experienced any product recall that adversely impacted our reputation, business operations or financial condition.

Competition

The global fabless IC design market is relatively concentrated with a few large players. We are an IC design company in China that provide a rich product matrix consisting of HTC chips, HPC chips and distributed computing and storage solution.

Our competitors include well-known players within and outside China. We expect that competition in the HPC industry will continue to intensify as we compete not only with existing players that have been focused on blockchain mining, but also new entrants that include well-established players in the semiconductor industry, and players who were not predisposed to this industry in the past. Some of these competitors may also have stronger brand names, greater access to capital, longer histories, longer relationships with their suppliers or customers and more resources than we do.

Intellectual Property

Our patents, IC layout and design rights, copyrights, trademarks, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property are critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of protections provided by patents, IC layout design rights, copyrights, trademark and trade secret law and confidentiality agreements, non-compete agreements and nondisclosure agreement with our employees and others to protect such proprietary rights.

As of December 31, 2021, we have registered 18 trademarks and 3 domain names in China. As of the same date, we had registered six software copyrights, four IC layout-design rights and five patents in China, and applied for registration of 24 patents in China. Proprietary know-how that is not patentable and proprietary technologies and processes for which patents, IC layout design rights and copyrights are difficult to enforce are also of significant importance to our operations. We rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests in this respect. Certain elements in our operations are not covered by patents, IC layout design rights or copyrights. We have taken security measures to protect these elements.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our technology. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources.

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We have in the past entered and may continue in the future to enter into IP licensing agreements with third parties for the use of their proprietary technologies, primarily software development tools, in the development of our products. Third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or breach of a licensing agreement or declaring their non-infringement of our intellectual property rights. In the event of a successful claim of infringement or breach of a licensing agreement and our failure or inability to develop non-infringing technology or license the infringed or similar technology or cure the breach on a timely basis, our business could be harmed. Moreover, even if we are able to license the infringed or similar technology, license fees could be substantial and may adversely affect our results of operations.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Operations—We may face difficulties in protecting our intellectual property rights” and “—Third parties have claimed and may, from time to time, assert or claim that we infringed their intellectual property rights, and any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse impact on our business.”

Employees

As of December 31, 2021, we had 122 employees, substantially all of whom were in China. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by function as of December 31, 2021:

Function	Number of Employees
Management		6
Research and development		80
Sale and marketing		13
Finance, operations and others		23
Total		122

The remuneration payable to our employees includes salaries, allowances, performance-based bonus and comprehensive subsidy. We determine employee remuneration based on factors primarily including industry standard, operation of our company and the department, role requirement and work performance. In order to maintain the quality, knowledge and skills of our employees, we appreciate the importance of training to employees. We provide regular trainings to our employees, which include orientation training for new employees and continuing on-the-job training for existing employees. We believe we offer our employees competitive compensation packages and a dynamic work environment that encourages initiative and is based on merit. As a result, we have been able to attract and retain talented personnel and maintain a stable core management team.

As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various government statutory employee benefit plans, including social insurance, namely pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance, and housing funds. We are required under PRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government regulations from time to time.

In addition to full-time employees, we also use workers from outsourced labor outsourcing service providers, primarily for the development of non-core technologies under temporary arrangements. This arrangement gives us greater flexibility in staffing and work allocation in response to fluctuating work demands. We do not directly enter into contracts with these workers, and instead, we typically enter into contracts with the labor outsourcing service providers for the engagement of such workers. We pay to the labor outsourcing service providers an overall service fee calculated based on the number of days worked.

We enter into standard labor and confidentiality agreements with all employees and non-compete agreements with our core employees. The non-compete restricted period typically expires two years after the termination of employment.

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Properties

We are headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. As of December 31, 2021, we occupied six properties with an aggregate gross floor area of approximately 3,122.51 square meters located in Hangzhou, Shanghai and Shenzhen, China and Singapore. In May 2022, we entered into a land use agreement and made full payment for the right to use a parcel of land with an area of 49,452 square meters located in Shaoxing, China for 50 years.

Insurance

Besides the government-mandated social insurance and housing provident fund schemes and motor vehicle insurance, we do not maintain any insurance covering our properties, equipment, inventory or employees, and we do not carry any business interruption or product liability insurance or any third-party liability insurance to cover claims in respect of personal injuries or any damages arising from accidents on our properties or in relation to our operations. We believe that our insurance coverage is adequate and is in line with industry practice.

Legal Proceedings

We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings.

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REGULATION

We are a leading fabless IC design company and product solution provider in China. This section sets forth a summary of the applicable PRC laws, rules, regulations, government and industry policies and requirements that have a significant impact on our operations and business in China. This summary does not purport to be a complete description of all the laws and regulations, which apply to our business and operations. Investors should note that the following summary is based on relevant laws and regulations in force as of the date of this prospectus, which may be subject to change.

PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Foreign Direct Investment

The PRC Company Law was promulgated on December 29, 1993, and was subsequently amended on December 25, 1999, August 28, 2004, October 27, 2005, December 28, 2013, and October 26, 2018. Limited liability companies and stock limited companies established in China shall be subject to the PRC Company Law. Foreign-invested companies are also subject to the PRC Company Law, except as otherwise provided in the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC.

The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC was adopted by the National People’s Congress on March 15, 2019, and became effective on January 1, 2020, replacing the Law of the PRC on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the PRC on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law of the PRC on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises. Under the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, the PRC government shall implement management systems of pre-entry national treatment and a negative list for foreign investment, according to which the treatment provided to foreign investors and for their investments during the investment access stage shall not be less favorable than that provided to their domestic competitors in China, and the PRC government shall grant national treatment to foreign investment beyond the negative list where special administrative measures for the access of foreign investment in specific fields is specified. Besides, the PRC government shall protect foreign investors’ investment, earnings and other legitimate rights and interests within the territory of China according to relevant laws and regulations. The PRC government shall take action to prompt foreign investment, such as ensuring fair competition for foreign-invested enterprises to participate in government procurement activities and protecting the intellectual property rights of foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises. In respect of the administration of foreign investment, foreign investment projects shall go through relevant verification and record-filing procedures as required by relevant laws and regulations, if any. The organization structure, institutional framework and standard of conduct for a foreign-invested enterprise shall be subject to the provisions of the PRC Company Law or the Partnership Enterprise Law of the PRC, if applicable.

Our subsidiaries in China are subject to and have complied with the above regulations relating to the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC as of the date of this prospectus.

PRC Policies and Regulations relating to the IC Industries

Pursuant to Provisions for Guiding the Foreign Investment Direction, projects with foreign investment fall into four categories, namely encouraged, permitted, restricted and prohibited. Projects with foreign investment that are encouraged, restricted or prohibited shall be listed in the Foreign Investment Catalog. Projects with foreign investment not listed as encouraged, restricted or prohibited projects are permitted projects.

According to the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (2020 Version), which was jointly promulgated by MOFCOM and the NDRC on December 27, 2020, and became effective on January 27, 2021, integrated circuit design and software product development/production are listed in catalog 321 and 331, respectively.

As demonstrated by The Circular of the State Council on Printing and Distributing Policies for Encouraging the Development of the Software Industry and the Integrated Circuit Industry issued on June 24, 2000, China

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continues to enact policies encouraging new and advanced technology and supporting the software and IC industries.

Pursuant to the Circular on Printing and Distributing Policies for Further Encouraging the Development of the Software Industry and the Integrated Circuit Industry, which became effective on January 28, 2011, and the Several Policies to Promote the High-quality Development of the Integrated Circuit Industry and Software Industry in the New Era, which became effective on July 27, 2020, the PRC State Council granted preferential policies to the integrated circuit industry and the software industry in terms of taxation, investment, financing, research and development, import and export, talents, intellectual property rights, market application, and international cooperation, in order to further optimize the development environment of such industries and to improve the industrial innovation capability and development quality.

PRC Policies and Regulations relating to the Cryptocurrency Industry

The policies and regulations relating to the cryptocurrency industry do not have a direct impact on the Company. However they could have an impact on the Company’s customers in China, which could indirectly impact the demand for the Company’s cryptocurrency mining machines.

According to the Circular on Prevention of Risks from cryptocurrency jointly promulgated by People’s Bank of China, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on December 3, 2013, or the Circular, cryptocurrency shall be a kind of virtual commodity in nature, which shall not be in the same legal status with currencies and shall not be circulated as currencies and used in markets as currencies. The Circular also provides that financial institutions and payment institutions shall not engage in business in connection with cryptocurrency.

According to the Announcement on Prevention of Risks from Offering and Financing of Tokens promulgated by seven PRC governmental authorities including the People’s Bank of China on September 4, 2017, or the Announcement, activities of offering and financing of tokens, including initial coin offerings, have been forbidden in China since they may be suspected to be considered as illegal offering of securities or illegal fundraising. All so-called token trading platform should not (i) engage in the exchange between any statutory currency with tokens and “virtual currencies,” (ii) trade or trade the tokens or “virtual currencies” as central counterparties, or (iii) provide pricing, information agency or other services for tokens or “virtual currencies.” The Announcement further provides that financial institutions and payment institutions shall not engage in business in connection with transactions of offering and financing of tokens.

On September 15, 2021, the PBOC and other nine government departments in China promulgated the Circular on Further Preventing and Disposing of Hype Risks in Virtual Currency Transactions. According to this Circular, virtual currencies do not have the same legal status as Renminbi and financial institutions and non-bank payment institutions are prohibited to provide services for virtual currency-related business activities.

PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Intellectual Property Rights

Trademark

The Trademark Law of the PRC was promulgated on August 23, 1982 with the last amendment effective from November 1, 2019. The implementing regulations of Trademark Law of the PRC was promulgated on August 3, 2002 by the State Council and amended on April 29, 2014 and became effective on May 1, 2014. These current effective laws and regulations provide the basic legal framework for the regulations of trademarks in China, covering registered trademarks including commodity trademarks, service trademarks, collective marks and certificate marks. The Trademark Office under the SAMR is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks in China. Trademarks are granted on a term of 10 years commencing on its registration date. Six months prior to the expiration of the 10-year term, an application may renew the trademark for another 10 years.

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Under the Trademark Law, any of the following acts may be regarded as an infringement of the exclusive right to use a registered trademark:

(i) Use of a trademark that is identical with or similar to a registered trademark on the same or similar kind of commodities without the authorization of the trademark registrant;

(ii) Sale of commodities infringing upon the exclusive right to use a registered trademark;

(iii) Counterfeiting or making, without authorization, representations of a registered trademark, or sale of such representation of a registered trademark; and

(iv) Infringing upon other person’s exclusive right to use a registered trademark in other ways and causing damages.

Violation of the Trademark Law may result in imposition of fines, confiscation and destruction of infringing commodities.

Patent

Pursuant to the Patent Law of the PRC, or the Patent Law of the PRC, promulgated on March 12, 1984 with the last amendment effective from June 1, 2021, and the Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law of the PRC promulgated on June 15, 2001 with the last amendment effective from February 1, 2010, respectively, an inventor or a designer may apply to the State Intellectual Property Office, or the SIPO for the grant of an invention patent, an utility model patent or a design patent. According to the Patent Law of the PRC, the right to apply for a patent (a patent application) and of registered patent can be transferred upon completion of registration with SIPO. The patent right duration is 20 years for invention and 10 years for utility model and design, starting from the date of application. A patentee is obligated to pay annual fee beginning with the year in which the patent right is granted. Failure to pay the annual fee may result in a termination of the patent right duration.

Copyright

The Copyright Law of PRC, promulgated on September 7, 1990 with the last amendment effective from June 1, 2021, protects copyright and explicitly covers computer software copyright. The Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software, promulgated on December 20, 2001 and amended on January 30, 2013 and came into force on March 1, 2013, protects the rights and interests of the computer software copyright holders and encourages the development of the software industry and information economy. In China, software developed by PRC citizens, legal persons or other organizations are automatically protected immediately after its development, whether published or not. Foreigners or stateless persons having software first published within the territory of China enjoy copyright in accordance with these regulations. Software owned by foreigners or stateless persons are protected in China under these regulations according to an agreement signed between the country to which the foreigner belongs or the habitual residence of its developer and China or according to the international conventions China participated in. A software copyright owner may register with the software registration institution recognized by the copyright administration department of the State Council. A registration certificate issued by the software registration institution is a preliminary proof of the registered items. On February 20, 2002, the National Copyright Administration of the PRC promulgated the Measures for the Registration of Computer Software Copyright, which came into force on the date of promulgation and outlines the operational procedures for registration of software copyright, as well as registration of software copyright licenses and transfer contracts. The copyright Protection Center of PRC is mandated as the software registration agency under the regulations.

Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits

The regulations on the Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits was promulgated by the State Council on April 2, 2001 and became effective on October 1, 2001, and the Detailed Implementing Rules of the

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Regulations on the Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits were promulgated by SIPO, the authority to receive and examine applications for registrations of layout IC designs, on September 18, 2001 and came into effect on October 1,2001, or collectively the Layout-design Regulations.

Pursuant to the Layout-design Regulations, layout-design created by a PRC citizen, legal person or other organization shall be eligible for the exclusive right of layout-design in accordance with the Layout-design Regulations. The holder of the right of a layout design shall enjoy the following exclusive right:

(i) Reproducing a protected layout-design in its entirety or any part thereof that complies with the requirement of originality; and

(ii) Commercially exploiting a protected layout-design, an IC incorporating a protected layout-design, or an article incorporating such an IC.

The exclusive right of a layout-design is acquired after it is registered with the intellectual property administration department of the State Council. Any unregistered layout-design shall not be protected under the Layout-design Regulations. The term of protection of the exclusive right of a layout-design shall be 10 years starting from the date of filling for registration or from the date on which it was first commercially exploited anywhere in the world, whichever expires earlier. However, no matter whether it has been registered or commercially exploited, a layout-design shall no longer be protected under the Layout-design Regulations 15 years after the date of the completion of its creation.

Any layout-design, if no application for its registration has been filled with the intellectual property administration department of the State Council within two years from the date on which it was first commercially exploited anywhere in the world, shall no longer be registered by the intellectual property administration department of the State Council.

The following acts, without the authorization of the holder of the right of a layout-design, would constitute an infringement of the layout-design:

(i) reproducing a protected layout-design in its entirety or any part thereof that complies with the requirement of originality;

(ii) importing, selling, or otherwise distributing for commercial purposes a protected layout design, an IC incorporating such a layout-design, or an article incorporating such an IC.

The amount of compensation for the damage caused by an infringement of the exclusive right of a layout-design shall be the profits which the infringer has earned through the infringement or the losses suffered by the person whose right was infringed, including the reasonable expenses paid by the infringed person for the purposes of stopping the infringement.

Domain Name

Internet domain name registration and related matters are primarily regulated by the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Names issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, on August 24, 2017 which became effective on November 1, 2017, the Implementing Rules of ccTLD Registration issued by China Internet Network Information Center, or the CINIC, which became effective on June 18, 2019, and the ccTLD Dispute Resolution Policy issued by CINIC which became effective on June 18, 2019.

Domain name registrations are handled through domain name service agencies established under the relevant regulations, and the applicants become domain name holders upon successful registration. Domain name disputes shall be submitted to institutions authorized by the CINIC for resolution.

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PRC Laws relating to Product Quality

The Product Quality Law of the PRC was promulgated on February 22, 1993 and amended on July 8, 2000, August 27, 2009 and December 29, 2018, respectively. The product quality supervision department under the State Council is responsible for nationwide product quality supervision. All the relevant departments under the State Council are in charge of product quality supervision according to their respective responsibilities. Local product quality supervision departments at or above the county level are responsible for product quality supervision within their own administrative areas.

Manufacturers and sellers shall establish and improve their internal product quality management systems and rigorously implement quality norms, quality responsibilities and corresponding measures for their assessment.

The PRC government encourages the use of scientific quality management methods and adoption of advanced science and technology, and encourages enterprises to ensure that their product quality reach or surpass trade standards, national standards and international standards. The entities and individuals that have made outstanding achievements in exercising advanced management of product quality and in bringing product quality up to the advanced international levels shall be awarded.

PRC Laws relating to Production Safety

The Work Safety Law of the PRC promulgated on June 29, 2002, with the latest amended version effective from September 1, 2021, is the principal law governing the supervision and administration of production safety in China. Entities engaged in production and business activities within the territory of China shall abide by the relevant legal requirements such as providing its staff with training on production safety and providing safe working environment in compliance with relevant laws and regulations. Any entities unable to provide the required safe working environment may not engage in production activities. Any failure to comply with the aforesaid provisions or to rectify noncompliance within a time limit may subject the relevant entities to fines and penalties, suspension of operations, ceasing of operations, or even criminal liability in severe situations.

PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Taxation

Enterprise Income Tax

According to the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the EIT Law which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress on March 16, 2007 with the latest amended version effective from December 29, 2018, and its implementing rules, a unified EIT rate of 25% is applied equally to both domestic enterprises and foreign invested enterprises, excluding non-resident enterprises. The EIT rate could be reduced to 15% for High-tech enterprises in need of special support from the PRC government.

Pursuant to the newly revised Administrative Measures for the Accreditation of the High and New Technology Enterprises, or the Administrative Measures, which became effective on January 1, 2016, which are recognized in accordance with the Administrative Measures, may apply for the tax preferential policy in accordance with the EIT Law and the Implementing Measures thereof, the Law of PRC Concerning the Administration of Tax Collection and Implementing Rules of the Law of the PRC Concerning the Administration of Tax Collection. The qualified HNTEs would be taxed at a rate of 15% on EIT. The validity period of HNTEs shall be three years from the date of issuance of the certificate for an HNTE. After obtaining the HNTE qualification, such enterprise shall retain its financial statements together with details of its research and development activities and other technological innovation activities for future reference in accordance with the requirements of the tax authority and other relevant authorities. Where a significant change occurred such as change of name or other conditions related to the High-tech enterprises identified (e.g., separation, merger, restructuring and change of business), such enterprise shall report it to the relevant competent tax authority, which would accredit such enterprise within three months.

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Upon such accreditation, an HNTE would either remain its qualification or be disqualified. For enterprises undergoing a change of name, the authority would re-issue the certificate with the certificate number and duration of validity remains unchanged.

According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Enterprise Income Tax Policies for Further Encouraging the Development of Software and Integrated Circuit Industries, the newly established IC design enterprises and qualified software enterprises within the territory of China shall, upon confirmation, be exempted from the enterprise income tax for the first two years starting from the first profit-making year and shall pay enterprise income tax at the reduced rate of half of the statutory tax rate of 25% from subsequent third to fifth year. In addition, according to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Issues concerning Preferential Enterprise Income Tax Policies for the Software and Integrated Circuit Industries, a software or IC enterprise shall calculate the preferential period for tax exemption or reduction on a regular basis from the year when the enterprise starts to make profits. If such enterprise does not meet the conditions on enjoying preferential tax treatment in the profit-making year, the enterprise shall enjoy the corresponding tax exemption or reduction in the remaining years calculated from the year when the enterprise meets the conditions for the first time.

According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Implementing the Inclusive Tax Deduction and Exemption Policies for Micro and Small Enterprises, only 25% of a small enterprise’s first RMB1.0 million annual taxable income will be taxed at a reduced tax rate of 20%, and for the portion above RMB1.0 million but less than RMB3.0 million, only 50% of that portion will be taxed at the same reduced tax rate.

Pursuant to the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Taxes on the Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-resident Enterprises promulgated and with effect from February 3, 2015, or Circular 7, and Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises promulgated on October 17, 2017 with last amendment on June 15, 2018, or Circular 37, where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers equities and other properties of a PRC resident enterprise, or PRC Taxable Properties, to evade its obligation of paying EIT by implementing arrangements that are not for bona fide commercial purpose, such indirect transfer shall be re-identified and recognized as a direct transfer of equities and other properties of the PRC resident enterprise, in accordance with the provisions of Article 47 of the EIT Law. PRC Taxable Properties in this announcement include properties of a PRC entity or establishment located in China, real estate in China and an equity investment in a PRC resident enterprise, that are directly held by a non-resident enterprise and proceeds from such transfer shall be subject to EIT in China in accordance with the PRC tax laws. An indirect transfer of PRC Taxable Properties refers to a transfer by a non-resident company of an equity interest or other similar right or interest in an overseas enterprise (excluding the PRC resident enterprise registered overseas), or the Overseas Enterprises, that in turn directly or indirectly holds the PRC Taxable Properties, which effectively has the same or a similar effect as a direct transfer of such PRC Taxable Properties. Circular 7 also provides that an indirect transfer of PRC Taxable Properties, which satisfies one of the following conditions, will not be subject to the aforesaid provisions:

(i) A non-resident enterprise buys and sells the shares of one same overseas listed company in a public stock exchange; and

(ii) If the non-resident enterprise directly held and transferred PRC Taxable Properties, the proceeds derived thereof would be exempt from EIT under the applicable tax treaty or arrangement.

Value-added Tax

Pursuant to the Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax of the PRC promulgated by the Stated Council on December 13, 1993 with the latest amended version effective from November 19, 2017, and its implementing

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rules promulgated by MOF on December 25, 1993 and revised on December 18, 2008 and October 28, 2011, respectively, tax payers engaging in sale of goods, provision of processing services, repairs and replacement services or importation of goods within the territory of China shall pay value-added tax, or the VAT. Unless stated otherwise, the rate of value-added tax is 17%.

Pursuant to the Notice on Value-added Tax Policies of Software Products, a general taxpayer who sells its self- develop software products and borne a VAT more than 3%, could enjoy a levy-refund policy on VAT after being taxed at the fixed rate of 17%. However, in practice, such general taxpayer should present the license of software products or registration certificates of software copyrights to prove the software products were developed and produced by its own.

In April 2018, MOF and SAT jointly promulgated the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Adjustment of Value-Added Tax Rates, or Circular 32, according to which (i) for VAT taxable sales or imports of goods originally subject to value-added tax rates of 17% and 11% respectively, such tax rates were adjusted to 16% and 10%, respectively; and (ii) for exported goods originally subject to a tax rate of 17% and an export tax refund rate of 17%, the export tax refund rate was adjusted to 16%. Circular 32 became effective on May 1, 2018 and superseded existing provisions which were inconsistent with Circular 32.

Pursuant to the Announcement on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value-Added Tax Reform, which was promulgated by MOF, State Administration of Taxation and the General Administration of Customs on March 20, 2019, where (i) for VAT taxable sales or imports of goods originally subject to value-added tax rates of 16%, such tax rates shall be adjusted to 13%; (ii) for the exported goods originally subject to a tax rate of 16% and an export tax refund rate of 16%, the export tax refund rate shall be adjusted to 13%.

PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Dividend Distribution

Under the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress of the PRC in 2019, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China are also required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits after tax each year, if any, to certain common statutory reserves unless these accumulated reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of such enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

According to the EIT Law and its implementing rules, dividends paid to investors of an eligible PRC resident enterprise can be exempted from EIT and dividends paid to foreign investors are subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless relevant tax agreements entered into by the PRC government provide otherwise.

The PRC and the government of Hong Kong entered into the Arrangement between the Mainland of the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Incomes, or the Arrangement, on August 21, 2006. According to the Arrangement, 5% withholding tax rate shall apply to the dividends paid by a PRC company to a Hong Kong resident, provided that such Hong Kong resident directly holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the PRC company, and 10% of withholding tax rate shall apply if the Hong Kong resident holds less than 25% of the equity interests in the PRC company.

PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Labor

Pursuant to the PRC Labor Law promulgated on July 5, 1994 and effective from January 1, 1995, and last revised on August 27, 2009 and December 29, 2018, respectively, as well as the PRC Labor Contract Law promulgated on December 29, 2018, revised on December 28, 2012 and effective from July 1, 2013, if an employment relationship is established between an entity and its employees, written labor contracts shall be

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executed between them. The relevant laws stipulate the maximum number of working hours per day and per week, respectively. Furthermore, the relevant laws also set forth the minimum wages. The entities shall establish and develop systems for occupational safety and sanitation, implement the rules and standards of the PRC government on occupational safety and sanitation, educate employees on occupational safety and sanitation, prevent accidents at work and reduce occupational hazards.

Pursuant to the Interim Regulations on Levying Social Insurance Premiums promulgated on January 22, 1999 and revised on March 24, 2019, Decisions of the State Council on Modifying the Basic Endowment Insurance System for Enterprise Employees promulgated on December 3, 2005, Decision on Establishment of Basic Medical System for Urban Employee issued by State Council with effect from December 14, 1998, the Regulations on Unemployment Insurance effective from January 22, 1999, Regulations on Work-Related Injury Insurance promulgated on April 27, 2003 with effect from January 1, 2004, and as amended on December 20, 2010, and the Interim Measures concerning the Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees promulgated on December 14, 1994 with effect from January 1, 1995, employers are required to register with the competent social insurance authorities and provide their employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work-related injury insurance and medical insurance.

Pursuant to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC, which became effective on July 1, 2011 with last amendment on December 29, 2018, all employees are required to participate in basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance schemes and unemployment insurance, which must be contributed by both the employers and the employees. All employees are required to participate in work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance schemes, which must be contributed by the employers. Employers are required to complete registrations with local social insurance authorities. Moreover, the employers must timely make all social insurance contributions. Except for mandatory exceptions such as force majeure, social insurance premiums may not be paid late, reduced or be exempted. Where an employer fails to make social insurance contributions in full and on time, the social insurance contribution collection agencies shall order it to make all or outstanding contributions within a specified period and impose a late payment fee at the rate of 0.05% per day from the date on which the contribution becomes due. If such employer fails to make the overdue contributions within such time limit, the relevant administrative department may impose a fine equivalent to 1—3 times the overdue amount.

Pursuant to the Administrative Regulations on the Housing Provident Fund effective from April 3, 1999, amended on March 24, 2002 and March 24, 2019, enterprises are required to register with the competent administrative centers of housing provident fund and open bank accounts for housing provident funds for their employees. Employers are also required to timely pay all housing fund contributions for their employees.

Where an employer fails to submit and deposit registration of housing provident fund or fails to go through the formalities of opening housing provident fund accounts for its employees, the housing provident fund management center shall order it to go through the formalities within a prescribed time limit. Failing to do so at the expiration of the time limit will subject the employer to a fine of not less than RMB10, 000 and up to RMB50, 000. When an employer fails to pay housing provident fund due in full and in time, housing provident fund center is entitled to order it to rectify, failing to do so would result in enforcement exerted by the court.

PRC Laws and Regulations relating to Foreign Exchange

Foreign Exchange

Pursuant the Administrative Regulations of the PRC on Foreign Exchange promulgated by the State Council on January 29, 1996 and amended on August 1, 2008 with effect from August��5, 2008, and various regulations issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, and other PRC regulatory agencies, foreign currency could be exchanged or paid through two different accounts, namely current account and capital account. Payment of current account items, including commodity, trade and service- related foreign exchange transactions

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and other current payment, may be made by conversion between Renminbi and foreign currencies without approval of the SAFE, but are subject to procedural requirements including presenting relevant documentary evidence of such transactions. Capital account items, such as direct equity investment, loans and repatriation of investment, require the prior approval from or registration with the SAFE or its local branch for conversion between Renminbi and the foreign currency, and remittance of the foreign currency outside China.

SAFE Circular 59

On November 19, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 59, which became effective on December 17, 2012, with last amendment on May 4, 2015. SAFE Circular 59 substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. According to SAFE Circular 59, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts (e.g. pre-investment expenses account, foreign exchange capital account, asset realization account, guarantee account) no longer requires SAFE’s approval. Furthermore, multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible before the issuance of SAFE Circular 59. Reinvestment of lawful incomes derived by foreign investors in China (e.g. profit, proceeds of equity transfer, capital reduction, liquidation and early repatriation of investment) no longer requires SAFE’s approval or verification, and purchase and remittance of foreign exchange as a result of capital reduction, liquidation, early repatriation or share transfer in a foreign-invested enterprise no longer requires SAFE’s approval.

SAFE Circular 19

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which came into effect on June 1, 2015. According to SAFE Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises, or the FIE, shall be subject to a discretional foreign exchange settlement, or the Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement. The Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement refers to the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of an FIE for which the rights and interests of monetary contribution has been confirmed by the local foreign exchange bureau (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) and can be settled at the banks based on the actual operational needs of the FIE. The proportion of Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement of the foreign exchange capital of an FIE is temporarily determined as 100%. Renminbi converted from a foreign exchange capital will be kept in a designated account and if an FIE needs to make further payment from such account, it still needs to provide supporting documents and go through the review process with the banks.

Furthermore, SAFE Circular 19 stipulates that the use of capital by foreign-invested enterprises shall follow the principles of authenticity and self-use within the business scope of enterprises. The capital of an FIE and capital in Renminbi obtained by the FIE from foreign exchange settlement shall not be used for the following purposes:

(i) directly or indirectly used for the payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by relevant laws and regulations;

(ii) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities unless otherwise provided by relevant laws and regulations;

(iii) directly or indirectly used for granting the entrust loans in Renminbi (unless permitted by the scope of business), repaying the inter-enterprise borrowings (including advances by the third party) or repaying the bank loans in Renminbi that have been sub-lent to the third party; and

(iv) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

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SAFE Circular 37

On July 4, 2014, Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Round-trip Investment by Domestic Residents via Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, became effective on July 4, 2014. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, SAFE and its branches shall enforce registration management for establishment of a special purpose vehicle, or SPV, by domestic residents (including domestic institutions and domestic resident individuals, and domestic resident individuals shall refer to PRC citizens holding the identity cards for PRC domestic residents, military identity certificates or identity certificates for armed police force, and overseas individuals that do not hold any domestic legitimate identity certificates but have habitual residences within the territory of China due to relationships of economic interests). Prior to contributing domestic and overseas legitimate assets or interests to an SPV, a domestic resident shall apply to SAFE for foreign exchange registration of overseas investment. Where a registered overseas SPV undergoes changes of its domestic resident individual shareholders, name, operating period or other basic information, or experiences substantial changes including without limitation the increase or reduction of registered capital by domestic resident individuals, transfer or replacement of equity and merger or split, the SPV shall go through modification registration of foreign exchange for overseas investment with SAFE. Where a non-listed SPV uses its own equity interests or options to grant equity incentives to the directors, supervisors and senior management of a domestic enterprise under its direct or indirect control, as well as other employees in employment or labor relationships with the aforesaid company, relevant domestic resident individuals may, before exercising their rights, apply to SAFE for foreign exchange registration of the SPV.

SAFE Circular 13

Pursuant to Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Direct Investment-related Foreign Exchange Administration Policies, or SAFE Circular 13, which was promulgated by SAFE on February 13, 2015 and became effective on June 1, 2015, the foreign exchange registration under domestic direct investment and the foreign exchange registration under overseas direct investment will be directly reviewed and handled by banks in accordance with SAFE Circular 13, and SAFE and its branches shall perform indirect regulation over the foreign exchange registration via banks.

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MANAGEMENT

Directors, Executive Officers and Senior Management

The following table sets forth certain information relating to our current directors, executive officers and senior management.

Name	Age	Position/Title
Jianping Kong	37	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Qifeng Sun	41	Vice Chairman
Nan Hu	40	Director and Chief Executive Officer of Zhejiang Haowei
Jiaming Zhu*	72	Independent Director
Li Zhang*	37	Independent Director
Lizhen Xie*	43	Independent Director
Bing Chen	54	Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President
Huawei Kong	56	Senior Vice President
Bingbo Li	39	Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Zhejiang Haowei

* Has accepted appointment as an independent director, effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part.

Jianping Kong has served as our chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer since January 2021. Mr. Kong has approximately 13 years of experience in business and corporate management. Mr. Kong currently also serves as chairman of the board of Hangzhou Haowei Yunlian Technology Co., Ltd., a company listed on PRC National Equities Exchange and Quotations under the stock code 838316. Mr. Kong served as a co-chairman of the board of Canaan Inc. (NASDAQ: CAN), a leading provider of supercomputing solutions, from May 2018 to July 2020. Mr. Kong received a bachelor’s degree in law from Wenzhou University in June 2008 and a master’s degree from Tsinghua University in July 2019.

Qifeng Sun has served as our vice chairman of the board of directors since January 2021. Mr. Sun currently also serves as a director of Hangzhou Haowei Yunlian Technology Co., Ltd. He used to serve as a director of Canaan Inc. from May 2018 to July 2020, overseeing and managing the sales and marketing activities.

Nan Hu has served as our director and chief executive officer of Zhejiang Haowei since February 2021. Mr. Hu has over ten years of experience in the semiconductor industry. Prior to that, Mr. Hu had served as a validation manager at Trident Multi-Media Technology Co. from August 2010 to April 2012 and then at Entropic Shangmin Communication Technology Co. until November 2014. Mr. Hu received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering and automation from East China University of Science and Technology in July 2003 and a master’s degree in electronic and communication engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in March 2013.

Jiaming Zhu will serve as our independent director immediately upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Mr. Zhu has been serving as chairman of the Committee of Academic and Technological Affairs at the Digital Alliance Institute of Digital Finance Research and chairman of the Committee of Academic and Technological Affairs at Beijing Chuangyan Digital Technology Limited since 2021 and 2018, respectively. Mr. Zhu obtained an MBA degree from Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995 and a Ph.D. degree in Economics from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1988.

Li Zhang will serve as our independent director immediately upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Ms. Zhang has approximately 13 years

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of experience in accounting, investment and business management. She joined Huobi Technology Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (HKEX: 1611), in August 2020, and has been serving as executive director at the said company since December 2021. Prior to that, Ms. Zhang had served as vice president at Canaan Inc. (NASDAQ: CAN) from March 2018 to August 2020, vice president and secretary of the board at Hangzhou Shunwang Technology Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZ: 300113), from May 2014 to August 2017, a senior manager at the acquisition and financing department of Guotai Junan Securities from November 2012 to May 2014, and a senior auditor at PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP from October 2009 to September 2012. Ms. Zhang received a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in automobile engineering from Tsinghua University in 2006 and 2008, respectively. She also received an EMBA from Peking University in July 2019.

Lizhen Xie will serve as our independent director immediately upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. She has spent 18 years in lecturing and teaching since she joined the Law School of Wenzhou University in July 2004 and is currently an associate professor at the school. She served as a deputy director of the research office of the Intermediate People’s Court of Wenzhou City from December 2016 to December 2017. Ms. Xie received a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in law from Zhongnan University of Economics and Law in China in 2001 and 2004, respectively. She also received a doctor’s degree in law from China University of Political Science and Law in June 2015.

Bing Chen has served as our chief financial officer and senior vice president since January 2021. Mr. Chen has approximately 20 years of experience in business and corporate management. Prior to joining us, Mr. Chen had worked at Hangzhou Jinjiang Group, one of China’s Fortune 500 companies, for approximately 27 years, holding various positions, including special consultant since 2020, assistant to the chairman of its board since March 2002 to the end of 2019, secretary of the chairman of the board and then office director from June 1994 to March 2002. Prior to that, Mr. Chen had worked as an assistant statistician and economist at Lin’an Bureau of Statistics from November 1992 to November 1995. Mr. Chen received a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Zhejiang Radio & Television University in July 1990 and a master’s degree in quality management from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in December 2005. Mr. Chen is currently a doctor candidate in technology economics and management at Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

Huawei Kong has served as our senior vice president since March 2021. Prior to joining us, Mr. Kong had served as a partner of iStartup Venture Capital Co. from January 2017 to April 2021, a vice president and then the director of the Institute of Computing Technology (ICT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Branch from July 2005 to April 2021, the chief scientist at Zhangjiang Venture Capital Co. from December 2010 to October 2016, and the vice general manager of Beijing Zhinvxing Grid Technology Co. from August 2001 to June 2005. Mr. Kong received a bachelor’s degree in physics from Peking University in 1987 and a master’s degree in theoretical physics from Zhejiang University.

Bingbo Li has served as our vice president and chief technology officer of Zhejiang Haowei since January 2021 and August 2020, respectively. Prior to joining us, Mr. Li had served as algorithm engineer at several companies including Nokia Siemens Networks (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. from April 2010 to December 2010, Trident Multi-Media Technology Co. from December 2010 to April 2012, Entropic Shangmin Communication Technology Co. from May 2012 to November 2014, and Hunan Guoke Microelectronics Co., Ltd., Shanghai Branch from May 2015 to April 2018. Mr. Li received a bachelor’s degree in information and electronic engineering from Zhejiang University in June 2003 and a doctor’s degree in information and communication engineering from Zhejiang University in December 2008.

Corporate Governance

After the completion of this offering, we will be a “foreign private issuer” under the federal securities laws of the United States and the NASDAQ Global Market listing standards. Under the federal securities laws of the United States, foreign private issuers are subject to different disclosure requirements than U.S.-domiciled

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registrants. We intend to take all actions necessary for us to maintain compliance as a foreign private issuer under the applicable corporate governance requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the rules adopted by the SEC and the NASDAQ Global Market listing standards. Under SEC rules and the NASDAQ Global Market listing standards, a foreign private issuer is subject to less stringent corporate governance requirements. Subject to certain exceptions, the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ Global Market permit a foreign private issuer to follow its home country practice in lieu of their respective rules and listing standards. We currently intend to rely on the home country practices that will exempt us from (1) having a majority of the board be independent; (2) having a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or (3) having regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. We may also seek to rely on additional home country practice exemptions from time to time after we become a public company. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Governance—As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the requirements of Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. These practices may afford fewer protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.”

Board of Directors

Our board of directors will consist of six directors upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. A director may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered, provided (a) such director has declared the nature of his interest at the earliest meeting of the board at which it is practicable for him to do so, either specifically or by way of a general notice and (b) if such contract or arrangement is a transaction with a related party, such transaction has been approved by the audit committee. Our directors may from time to time at their discretion exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present or future) and uncalled capital or any party thereof, and issue debentures, debenture share, bonds or other securities whether outright or as collateral security for any obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We will establish three committees under the board of directors immediately upon the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part, including an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We will adopt a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee will consist of Ms. Li Zhang, Ms. Lizhen Xie and Mr. Jiaming Zhu. Ms. Li Zhang will be the chairperson of our audit committee. We have determined that Li Zhang, Lizhen Xie and Jiaming Zhu satisfy the “independence” requirements of the Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our audit committee will consist solely of independent directors that satisfy the Nasdaq Stock Market and SEC requirements within one year of the completion of this offering. Our board of directors has also determined that Ms. Li Zhang qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the SEC rules and possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules.

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The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

• selecting our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

• reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

• reviewing and approving all proposed related-party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;

• discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

• reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies;

• annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

• meeting separately and periodically with management and our independent registered public accounting firms;

• monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance; and

• reporting regularly to the board of directors.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee will consist of Mr. Qifeng Sun, Ms. Li Zhang and Ms. Lizhen Xie. Mr. Qifeng Sun will be the chairman of our compensation committee. We have determined that Ms. Li Zhang and Ms. Lizhen Xie satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules.

The compensation committee will assist the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated.

The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

• reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

• reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

• reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans; and

• selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee will consist of Mr. Jianping Kong, Ms. Lizhen Xie and Mr. Jiaming Zhu. Mr. Jianping Kong will be the chairman of our nominating and corporate governance committee. We have determined that Ms. Lizhen Xie and Mr. Jiaming Zhu satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules.

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The nominating and corporate governance committee will assist the board of directors in selecting directors and in determining the composition of our board and board committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:

• identifying and recommending nominees for election or re-election to our board of directors, or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

• reviewing annually with our board of directors its composition in light of the characteristics of independence, age, skills, experience and availability of service to us;

• selecting and recommending to the board the names of directors to serve as members of the audit committee and the compensation committee, as well as of the nominating and corporate governance committee itself;

• developing and reviewing the corporate governance principles adopted by the board and advising the board with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance and our compliance with such laws and practices; and

• evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the board as a whole.

Terms of Directors and Officers

Our directors may be appointed by a resolution of our board of directors, or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders, pursuant to the post-offering memorandum and articles of association of our company effective immediately prior to completion of this offering. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders (unless he has sooner vacated office) or upon any specified event or after any specified period in a written agreement between our company and the director, if any, and an appointment of a director may be on terms that the director shall automatically retire from office (unless he has sooner vacated office) at the next or a subsequent annual general meeting; but no such term shall be implied in the absence of an express provision. A director will cease to be a director if, among other things, the director (1) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (2) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind; (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company; (4) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from three consecutive board meetings and our board of directors resolve that his office be vacated; (5) is prohibited by law from being a director; or (6) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association. Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe to us fiduciary duties, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than what may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care, and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. A shareholder may in certain limited exceptional circumstances have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached. See “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law” for additional information on our standard of corporate governance under Cayman Islands law.

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Our board of directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

• convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

• declaring dividends and distributions;

• appointing officers and determining the term of office of officers;

• exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

• approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our share register.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period, which will be automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless either party gives the other party a prior written notice to terminate employment. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, including conviction or pleading of guilty to a felony, fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement, negligent or dishonest act to our detriment, misconduct or failure to perform his or her duty, disability, or death. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time with a one-month prior written notice if there is a material and substantial reduction in such executive officer’s existing authority and responsibilities or at any time if the termination is approved by our board of directors.

Each executive officer intends to agree to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires or is earlier terminated, in strict confidence and not to use, except for our benefit, any confidential information. Each executive officer also intends to agree to assign to us all his or her all inventions, improvements, designs, original works of authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software programs, databases, mask works and trade secrets.

Each executive officer intends to agree that, during his or her term of employment and for a period of two-year after terminating employment with us, such executive officer will not, without our prior written consent, (1) approach our suppliers, clients, customers or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for the purpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (2) assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our express consent; or (3) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of, or hire or engage any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’s termination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent.

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against all liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company to the fullest extent permitted by law with certain limited exceptions.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

In 2021, the aggregate cash compensation to directors and executive officers was approximately RMB4.3 million (US$0.7 million). This amount consisted only of cash and did not include any share-based compensation

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or benefits in kind. Each of our directors and officers is entitled to reimbursement for all necessary and reasonable expenses properly incurred in the course of employment or service. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors, except that our subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund. Our board of directors may determine compensation to be paid to the directors and the executive officers. The compensation committee will assist the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors and the executive officers.

Share Incentive Plan

Historically, Zhejiang Haowei has issued 1,456,411 restricted shares to certain employees of ours, which were replaced with 11,253,356 restricted shares of our company held by Nanometa Ltd., the nominee of our equity incentive trust designated to such employees. The replacement restricted shares will be transferred to the recipients upon vesting when such original recipients are able to complete their registration with SAFE or its local branches. As of the date of this prospectus, there are 11,091,094 restricted shares granted and outstanding, and the remaining 162,262 restricted shares were forfeited due to the termination of an employee and remain available for granting to other employees in the future.

The following table sets forth information on restricted shares that we have awarded and are outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

	Number of Restricted Shares Awarded		Grant Date
Directors and Executive Officers
Nan Hu		1,769,430		2020/1/31
Bingbo Li		1,491,268		2020/1/31
Nan Hu		*		2020/12/10
Bingbo Li		*		2020/12/10
Total		3,447,724

* Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares on an as-converted basis.

2022 Share Incentive Plan

In June 2022, subject to the completion of this offering, our shareholders and board of directors adopted our 2022 share incentive plan, or the 2022 Plan, to motivate attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. Under the 2022 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of Class A ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under such plan is 10,379,000, which constitutes 10% of the total issued and outstanding shares of our company on a fully-diluted basis as of the date of adoption. As of the date of this prospectus, we did not grant any awards under the 2022 Plan.

The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of the 2022 Plan.

Types of awards. The 2022 Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares, restricted share units or any other type of awards approved by our board of directors or compensation committee of the board, or the committee.

Plan administration. Our board of directors or the compensation committee administers the 2022 Plan. The board or the committee determines, among other things, the participants to receive awards, the type and number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each award grant.

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Award agreement. Awards granted under the 2022 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants.

Vesting schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Exercise of awards. The exercise price per share subject to an option is determined by the plan administrator and set forth in the award agreement, which may be a fixed price or a variable price related to the fair market value of the shares. The vested portion of option will expire if not exercised prior to the time as the plan administrator determines at the time of its grant.

Transfer restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the eligible participant other than in accordance with the limited exceptions, such as transfers to our company or a subsidiary of ours, transfers to the immediate family members of the participant by gift, the designation of a beneficiary to receive benefits if the participant dies, permitted transfers or exercises on behalf of the participant by the participant’s duly authorized legal representative if the participant has suffered a disability, or, subject to the prior approval of the plan administrator or our executive officer or director authorized by the plan administrator, transfers to one or more natural persons who are the participant’s family members or entities owned and controlled by the participant and/or the participant’s family members, including but not limited to trusts or other entities whose beneficiaries or beneficial owners are the participant and/or the participant’s family members, or to such other persons or entities as may be expressly approved by the plan administrator, pursuant to such conditions and procedures as the plan administrator may establish.

Termination and amendment. Unless terminated earlier, the 2022 Plan has a term of ten years. Our board of directors may terminate, amend or modify the plan, subject to the limitations of applicable laws. However, no such action may adversely affect in any material way any award previously granted without prior written consent of the participant.

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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information concerning the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares, as of the date of this prospectus, as adjusted to reflect the sale of ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in this offering, for:

• each of our directors and executive officers; and

• each person known to us to beneficially own 5% or more of our ordinary shares.

The percentage of beneficial ownership in the table below is calculated based on (1) 103,790,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding on an as-converted basis as of the date of this prospectus and (2)                Class A ordinary shares and                Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding on an as-converted basis immediately after the completion of this offering, including                Class A ordinary shares to be sold by us in this offering represented by ADSs, but excludes                 Class A ordinary shares to be issued upon exercise of the option by the underwriters to purchase additional ADSs represented by Class A ordinary shares. To our knowledge, except as indicated in the footnotes to the following table, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares beneficially owned by them.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of the date of this prospectus, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

	Ordinary shares beneficially     owned prior to this offering***				Ordinary shares beneficially owned after this offering***
	Number		%		Class A ordinary shares	Class B ordinary shares	Percentage of beneficial ownership (of total Class A and Class B ordinary shares)	Percentage of total voting power after this offering****
Directors and Executive Officers**
Jianping Kong(1)		33,997,821		32.8
Qifeng Sun(2)		23,180,333		22.3
Nan Hu(3)		7,905,876		7.6
Jiaming Zhu****		—		—
Li Zhang****		4,171,000		4.0
Lizhen Xie(4)****		—		—
Bing Chen(5)		2,000,000		1.9
Huawei Kong		—		—
Bingbo Li		*		—
Directors and executive officers as a group		71,262,958		68.7
Principal Shareholders:
Jianping Kong(1)		33,997,821		32.8
Qifeng Sun(2)		23,180,333		22.3
Nanometa Ltd(6)		11,253,356		10.8
Nan Hu(3)		7,905,876		7.6

* Represents less than 1% of our total outstanding shares on an as converted basis.

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** Except as indicated otherwise below, the business address of our directors and executive officers is 30th Floor, Dikaiyinzuo, No. 29, East Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China.

*** Beneficial ownership information disclosed herein represents direct and indirect holdings of entities owned, controlled or otherwise affiliated with the applicable holder as determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC.

**** Each of Mr. Jiaming Zhu, Ms. Li Zhang and Ms. Lizhen Xie has accepted appointment as our independent director, effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part.

† For each person or group included in this column, percentage of total voting power represents voting power based on both Class A and Class B ordinary shares held by such person or group with respect to all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of our Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share. Each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to 15 votes per share. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

(1) Represents 33,997,821 ordinary shares held of record by JIANPING KONG LTD, a British Virgin Islands company owned by Jianping Kong. The registered address of JIANPING KONG LTD is Intershore Consult Ltd. of Intershore Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Island.

(2) Represents 23,180,333 ordinary shares held of record by Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, a British Virgin Islands company owned by Qifeng Sun. The registered address of Star Spectrum Capital Ltd is Intershore Consult Ltd. of Intershore Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Island.

(3) Represents 7,726,778 ordinary shares held of record by Topqick Ltd, a British Virgin Islands company owned by Nan Hu, and 179,098 restricted shares held by Nanometa Ltd., the nominee of our equity incentive trust designated to certain employees of ours, which were granted to Nan Hu and have become vested as of the date of this prospectus. The registered address of Topqick Ltd is Intershore Consult Ltd. of Intershore Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Island.

(4) Represents 4,171,000 ordinary shares held of record by Luckylily Ltd, a British Virgin Islands company owned by Li Zhang. The registered address of Luckylily Ltd is Intershore Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Island.

(5) Represents 2,000,000 ordinary shares held of record by Dualities Link C Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company owned by Bing Chen. The registered address of Dualities Link C Ltd. is Sertus Incorporations (BVI) Limited of Sertus Chambers, P.O. Box 905, Quastisky Building, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

(6) Represents 11,253,356 ordinary shares held of record by Nanometa Ltd, a British Virgin Islands company and the nominee of our equity incentive trust designated to certain employees of ours. The registered address of Nanometa Ltd. is Intershore Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

As of the date of this prospectus, none of our ordinary shares is held by record holders in the United States. None of our shareholders has informed us that it is affiliated with a registered broker-dealer or is in the business of underwriting securities. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

Historical Changes in Our Shareholding

See “Description of Share Capital—History of Securities Issuances” for historical changes in our shareholding.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Transactions with Certain Related Parties

In 2020, 2021 and up till the date of this prospectus, we entered into certain transactions with the following related parties:

Name of Entity or Individual	Relationship with Us
Jianping Kong	Principal shareholder, chairman of the board and chief executive officer
Qifeng Sun	Principal shareholder and director
Yingying Jin	Family member of Jianping Kong
Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd., or Weiditu	Company controlled by Jianping Kong

During 2020 and 2021, we borrowed RMB17.7 million and nil, respectively, from Mr. Jianping Kong, our principal shareholder and the chairman of our board. During 2021, we repaid RMB19.3 million to Mr. Kong. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due to Mr. Kong were RMB19.3 million and nil, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into any other transactions with Mr. Kong, and the amount due to Mr. Kong was nil.

During the year ended 2020, we borrowed RMB12.1 million from Mr. Qifeng Sun, our principal shareholder and a director. During 2021, we repaid RMB12.1 million to Mr. Sun. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due to Mr. Sun were RMB12.1 million and nil, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into any other transactions with Mr. Sun, and the amount due to Mr. Sun was nil.

During 2020, we borrowed RMB0.5 million from and repaid RMB0.9 million to Yingying Jin, a family member of Mr. Jianping Kong. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due to Yingying Jin were nil and nil, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into any other transactions with Yingying Jin, and the amount due to Yingying Jin was nil.

We borrowed from principal shareholders or their associates primarily for the replenishment of our working capital at the early stage of our development.

During 2020, we lent RMB2.3 million to, and collected RMB1.6 million from, Weiditu, a company controlled by Mr. Jianping Kong. During 2021, we lent RMB0.1 million to, and collected RMB4.5 million from, Weiditu. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and the date of this prospectus, the amounts due from Weiditu were RMB4.4 million, nil and nil, respectively. The borrowings to Weiditu were primarily made to facilitate Weiditu’s research and development initiatives.

During 2021, we purchased raw materials and services in amount of RMB0.3 million from Weiditu, and made payment in amount of RMB5.0 million to it. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the accounts payable to Weiditu were RMB4.7 million and nil, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into any other transactions with Weiditu, and no amount was due to or from Weiditu.

The amounts due from related party and due to related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

Private Placements

See “Description of Share Capital—History of Securities Issuances.”

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Management—Employment Agreements” and “—Indemnification Agreements.”

Share Incentive Plan

See “Management—Share Incentive Plan.”

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL

We were incorporated as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, as amended, or the Companies Act, on January 8, 2021. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time and the Companies Act, and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital is US$50,000 divided into 500,000,000 shares with par value of US$0.0001 each. As of the date of this prospectus, there are 103,790,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding. Immediately prior to completion of this offering, each of the ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Jianping Kong and Mr. Qifeng Sun, the founders of our company, will be re-designated as Class B ordinary shares of our company with a par value of US$0.0001 each, or Class B ordinary shares, and 242,821,846 ordinary shares in the capital of our company, including all issued (save for the ordinary shares beneficially owned by any of the founders) and certain authorized but unissued ordinary shares will be re-designated and converted into Class A ordinary shares of our company with a par value of US$0.0001 each, or Class A ordinary shares, and 200,000,000 authorized but unissued ordinary shares will be re-designated as shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with our post-offering memorandum and articles of association. Subject to the approval of our existing shareholders, immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our authorized share capital will be US$50,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares, with a par value of US$0.0001 each, comprising of 242,821,846 Class A ordinary shares, 57,178,154 Class B ordinary shares and 200,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, among which,                Class A ordinary shares will be issued and outstanding, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs.

Our Post-offering Memorandum and Articles of Association

We plan to adopt, subject to the approval of the existing shareholders, the second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or the post-offering memorandum and articles of association, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering and replace our current memorandum and articles of association in its entirety.

The following are summaries of material provisions of our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares that we expect will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

The following description of our share capital and provisions of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association are summaries and are qualified by reference to our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Copies of these documents have been filed with the SEC as exhibits to our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus forms a part. The descriptions of the ordinary shares reflect changes to our capital structure that will occur when our post-offering memorandum and articles of association becomes effective.

The following discussion primarily concerns ordinary shares and the rights of holders of ordinary shares. The holders of ADSs will not be treated as our shareholders and will be required to surrender their ADSs for cancellation and withdrawal from the depositary facility in which the ordinary shares are held in order to exercise shareholders’ rights with respect to the ordinary shares. The depositary will agree, so far as it is practical, to vote or cause to be voted the amount of ordinary shares represented by ADSs in accordance with the non-discretionary written instructions of the holders of such ADSs. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.”

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Objects of our company

Under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, which will be effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, the objects of our company are unrestricted and we have the full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the law of the Cayman Islands.

Ordinary shares

All of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. We may not issue shares to bearer. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and transfer their ordinary shares.

Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. The Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares carry equal rights and rank pari passu with one another, including the rights to dividends and other capital distributions. Each Class A ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to one (1) vote on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings, and each Class B ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to fifteen (15) votes on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members.

Conversion

Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity that is not Mr. Jianping Kong, Mr. Qifeng Sun or their affiliate (as defined in our post-offering memorandum and articles of association), or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary share to any person who is not Mr. Jianping Kong, Mr. Qifeng Sun or their affiliate, such Class B ordinary shares will be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A ordinary shares.

Voting rights

Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and our Class B ordinary shares shall, at all times, vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote by our shareholders at any general meeting of our company. Each Class A ordinary share shall be entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share shall be entitled to 15 votes, on all matters subject to a vote at general meetings of our company. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands).

A poll may be demanded by the chairman of such meeting or any shareholder present in person or by proxy. No shareholder shall be entitled to vote or be counted in a quorum, in respect of any share, unless such shareholder is duly registered as our shareholder.

An ordinary resolution to be passed at a general meeting requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to all issued and outstanding ordinary shares cast at a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of votes attached to all issued and outstanding ordinary shares cast at a general meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our post-offering memorandum and articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We may, among other things, subdivide or consolidate our shares by ordinary resolution.

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General meetings of shareholders

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors.

Shareholders’ general meetings may be convened by a majority of our board of directors or the chairman of our board of directors. Advance notice of at least ten calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least one or more shareholder(s) holding shares which carry in aggregate not less than one-third (1/3) of all votes attaching to all shares which carry the right to attend and vote at such general meeting, present in person or by proxy, or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative.

The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our post-offering amended and memorandum and articles of association provide that upon the requisition of shareholders representing in aggregate not less than one-third (1/3) of all votes attaching to the issued and outstanding shares of our company entitled to vote at general meetings as at the date of the deposit of the requisition, our board is obliged to convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. However, our post-offering memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders.

Dividends

Subject to the Companies Act, our directors may declare dividends in any currency to be paid to our shareholders. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits or out of the share premium account. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that dividends may be declared and paid out of the funds of our company lawfully available therefor. In no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Holders of our ordinary shares will be entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors.

Transfer of ordinary shares

Subject to any applicable restrictions set forth in our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in a form that our directors may approve.

Our directors may decline to register any transfer of any share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our directors may also decline to register any transfer of any share unless:

• the instrument of transfer is lodged with us and is accompanied by the certificate for the shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

• the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of share;

• the instrument of transfer is properly stamped (in circumstances where stamping is required);

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• in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

• a fee of such maximum sum as the Nasdaq Global Market may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within three calendar months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice requirement of the Nasdaq Global Market, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 calendar days in any calendar year as our board may determine.

Liquidation

Subject to any future shares which are issued with specific rights, on the winding up of our company (1) if the assets available for distribution among our shareholders are more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, the excess shall be distributed among those shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise, and (2) if the assets available for distribution among the shareholders as such are insufficient to repay the whole of the paid-up capital, those assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by the shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them.

Calls on ordinary shares and forfeiture of ordinary shares

Subject to our post-offering memorandum and articles of association and to the terms of allotment, our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 calendar days prior to the specified time of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption of shares, repurchase and surrender of ordinary shares

We are empowered by the Companies Act and our post-offering memorandum and articles of association to purchase our own shares, subject to certain restrictions. We may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined by our board of directors.

We may also repurchase any of our shares on such terms and in such manner as have been approved by our board of directors or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders.

Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of the company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if the company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act, no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (i) unless it is fully paid up, (ii) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares issued and outstanding, or (iii) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of rights of shares

If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any such class may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class, only be materially

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adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation, allotment or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to them or the redemption or purchase of any shares of any class by our company. The rights of the holders of shares shall not be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Issuance of additional shares

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association authorizes our board of directors to issue additional shares (including, without limitation, preferred shares) from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares.

Our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association also authorizes our board of directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preference shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preference shares, the terms and rights of that series, including:

• the designation of the series;

• the number of shares of the series;

• the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights; and

• the rights and terms of redemption and liquidation preferences.

Our board of directors may issue preference shares without action by our shareholders to the extent authorized but unissued. Issuance of these shares may dilute the voting power of holders of ordinary shares.

Inspection of books and records

Holders of our ordinary shares have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (except for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders). However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

Anti-takeover provisions.

Some provisions of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that (1) authorize our board of directors to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders, and (2) limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

Appointment and removal of directors

Unless otherwise determined by our company in general meeting, our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that our board of directors will consist of not less than three directors. There are no

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provisions relating to retirement of directors upon reaching any age limit. The directors have the power to appoint any person as a director either to fill a casual vacancy on the board or as an addition to the existing board. Our shareholders may also appoint any person to be a director by way of ordinary resolution.

Subject to restrictions contained in our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, a director may be removed with or without cause by ordinary resolution of our company. In addition, the office of any director shall be vacated if the director (1) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors, (2) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company, (4) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from three consecutive board meetings and our board resolves that his office be vacated, or (5) is removed from office pursuant to our post-offering memorandum and articles of association.

Proceedings of board of directors

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that our business is to be managed and conducted by our board of directors. The quorum necessary for board meetings may be fixed by the board and, unless so fixed at another number, will be a majority of the directors. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that the board may from time to time at their discretion exercise all the powers of our company to raise or borrow money, to mortgage or charge all or any part of the undertaking, property, assets (present and future) and uncalled capital of our company and to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds and other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

Alteration of capital

We may from time to time by ordinary resolution in accordance with the Companies Act alter the conditions of post-offering our amended and restated memorandum of association to:

• increase our capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such amounts, as the resolution shall prescribe;

• consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger amounts than our existing shares;

• cancel any shares which at the date of the passing of the resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person, and diminish the amount of its share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled subject to the provisions of the Companies Act;

• sub-divide our shares or any of them into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by our amended and restated memorandum of association, subject nevertheless to the Companies Act; and

• divide shares into several classes and without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of existing shares, attach to the shares respectively any preferential, deferred, qualified or special rights, privileges, conditions or such restrictions that in the absence of any such determination in a general meeting may be determined by our directors.

We may, by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Companies Act, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner authorized by law.

Register of members

Under the Companies Act, we must keep a register of members and there should be entered therein:

• the names and addresses of our members, together with a statement of the shares held by each member, and such statement shall confirm (i) the amount paid on the shares of each member, (ii) the number and

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category of shares held by each member, and (iii) whether each relevant category of shares held by a member carries voting rights under the memorandum and articles of association of the company and if so, whether such voting rights are conditional;

• the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and

• the date on which any person ceased to be a member.

Under the Companies Act, the register of members is prima facie evidence of the registered holder or member of shares of a company. Therefore, a person becomes a registered holder or member of shares of the company only upon entry being made in the register of members. A member registered in the register of members is deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members.

Upon the completion of this offering, the depositary will be included in our register of members as the only holder of the shares represented by the ADSs in this offering.

If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from our register of members or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member of our company, the person or member aggrieved (or any member of our company or our company itself) may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for an order that the register be rectified. The Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

Exempted company

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except that an exempted company:

• does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

• is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

• does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

• may issue negotiable or bearer shares or shares with no par value;

• may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance);

• may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

• may register as a limited duration company; and

• may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

Differences in Corporate Law

The Companies Act is modeled after that of England and Wales but does not follow recent statutory enactments in England. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to United States

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corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States.

	Cayman Islands	Delaware
Title of Organizational Documents	Memorandum and Articles of Association	Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
Duties of Directors	As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company—a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him to do so) and a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.	Under Delaware law, the business and affairs of a corporation are managed by or under the direction of its board of directors. In exercising their powers, directors are charged with a fiduciary duty of care to protect the interests of the corporation and a fiduciary duty of loyalty to act in the best interests of the company and its stockholders. The duty of care requires that directors act in an informed and deliberative manner and inform themselves, prior to making a business decision, of all material information reasonably available to them. The duty of care also requires that directors exercise care in overseeing and investigating the conduct of the corporation’s employees. The duty of loyalty may be summarized as the duty to act in good faith, not out of self-interest, and in a manner which the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the stockholders.
Limitations on Personal Liability of Directors	The Companies Act has no equivalent provision to Delaware law regarding the limitation of director’s liability. However, as a matter of public policy, Cayman Islands law will not allow the limitation of a director’s liability to the extent that the liability is a consequence of the director committing a crime or of the director’s own fraud, dishonesty or willful default.	Subject to the limitations described below, a certificate of incorporation may provide for the elimination or limitation of the personal liability of a director for money damages to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. Such provision cannot limit liability for breach of loyalty, acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, unlawful payment of dividends or unlawful stock repurchase or

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	Cayman Islands	Delaware
		redemption. In addition, an exculpatory provision with terms described in the previous sentence cannot limit liability for any act or omission occurring prior to the date when such provision becomes effective.
Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Agents and Others	Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provides that our directors and officers (but not including our auditors) shall be indemnified and secured harmless against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities sustained by them, other than by reason of their own wilful default or fraud, in or about the conduct of the our business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such persons in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning us or our affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and senior executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our memorandum and articles of association.	A corporation has the power to indemnify any director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation who was, is or is threatened to be made a party to an action, suit or proceeding who acted in good faith and in a manner they believed to be in the best interests of the corporation, and if with respect to a criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct would be unlawful, against amounts actually and reasonably incurred. Additionally, under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a Delaware corporation must indemnify its present or former directors and officers against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred to the extent that the officer or director has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding brought against him or her by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the corporation.
	Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be

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	Cayman Islands	Delaware
	permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Interested Directors	Under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, directors who are in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company must declare the nature of their interest at a meeting of the board of directors. Following such declaration, a director may vote in respect of any contract or proposed contract notwithstanding his or her interest, provided that in exercising any such vote, such director’s duties remain as described above.	Under Delaware law, a transaction in which a director has an interest is not void or voidable solely because such interested director is present at or participates in the meeting that authorizes the transaction if: (1) the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors are less than a quorum; (2) such material facts are disclosed or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the stockholders; or (3) the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified by the board of directors, a committee of the board, or the stockholders. Under Delaware law, a director could be held liable for any transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.
Voting Requirements	As a matter of Cayman Islands law, certain matters must be approved by special resolution of the shareholders, including amending or adopting memorandum or articles of association of a Cayman Islands company, reduction of share capital, change of name, authorization of a plan of merger, voluntary winding up of the company or the recalling of the voluntary liquidation of the company. The Companies Act requires that a special resolution be passed by a	Under Delaware law, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder as of the applicable record date, unless otherwise provided in a corporation’s certificate of incorporation. Except as otherwise provided under the Delaware General Corporation Law or by the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, under Delaware law, all matters brought before a meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present (other than the election of directors) require the

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	Cayman Islands	Delaware
	majority of at least two-thirds or such higher percentage as set forth in the articles of association, of shareholders being entitled to vote and do vote in person or by proxy at a general meeting, or by unanimous written consent of shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting. Our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association require that a special resolution be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of shareholders being entitled to vote and do vote in person or by proxy at a general meeting, or by unanimous written consent of shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting.	affirmative vote of the majority of the shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote at that meeting. Certain matters for stockholder approval, including the approval of certain merger agreements, certain amendments to the certificate of incorporation, and the sale, lease, or exchange of all or substantially all of the corporation’s assets will require approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding capital stock. The certificate of incorporation may also include a provision requiring supermajority approval by the directors or stockholders for any corporate action.
	The Companies Act defines “special resolutions” only. A company’s articles of association can therefore tailor the definition of “ordinary resolutions” as a whole, or with respect to specific provisions. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that an ordinary resolution is a resolution (1) passed by a simple majority of such shareholders as, being entitled to do so, vote in person (or, where proxies are allowed, by proxy) at a general meeting and regard shall be had in computing a majority to the number of votes to which each shareholder is entitled or (2) approved in writing by all of the shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting in one or more instruments each signed by one or more of the shareholders and the effective date of the resolution so adopted shall be the date on which the instrument (or the last of such instruments, if more than one) is executed.	In addition, under Delaware law, certain business combinations involving interested stockholders of publicly traded corporations may require approval by a supermajority of the non-interested stockholders.
Voting for Directors	Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that our directors may be appointed by a resolution of our board of directors to fill a casual vacancy on the board of directors or as an addition to the board of	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise specified in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of the corporation, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares present in person or represented by

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	directors or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders.	proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the election of directors.
Cumulative Voting	There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting on the election of the directors as described above.	Under the Delaware law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it.
Directors’ Powers Regarding Bylaws	Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association may only be amended by a special resolution of the shareholders of the company.	The certificate of incorporation may grant the directors the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws.
Nomination and Removal of Directors and Filling Vacancies on Board	Nomination and removal of directors and filling of board vacancies are governed by the terms of the articles of association. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. In addition, a director’s office shall be vacated if the director (1) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (2) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind or dies; (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company; (4) becomes unable to serve; (5) is removed from office pursuant to any other provisions of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association.; or (6) is prohibited by any applicable law or listing rules of applicable securities exchanges from being a director.	Stockholders may generally nominate directors if they comply with any applicable advance notice provisions and other procedural requirements in company bylaws. Holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors may remove a director with or without cause, except in certain cases involving a classified board or if the company uses cumulative voting. Unless otherwise provided for in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, directorship vacancies may be filled by a majority of the directors elected or then in office, or by the stockholders.
Mergers and Similar Arrangements	The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (1) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company and (2) a “consolidation” means the combination of	Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, a consolidation, or a sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. However, unless required by its certificate of incorporation, approval is not required by the holders of the outstanding stock of a

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two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (i) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company and (ii) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The written plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a list of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.	constituent corporation surviving a merger if: •  the merger agreement does not amend in any respect its certificate of incorporation; •  each share of its stock outstanding prior to the merger will be an identical share of stock following the merger; and •  either no shares of the surviving corporation’s common stock and no shares, securities or obligations convertible into such stock will be issued or delivered pursuant to the merger, or the authorized unissued shares or treasury shares of the surviving corporation’s common stock to be issued or delivered pursuant to the merger plus those initially issuable upon conversion of any other shares, securities or obligations to be issued or delivered pursuant to the merger do not exceed 20% of the shares of the surviving corporation’s common stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective date of the merger.
In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors (representing 75% by value) with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must, in addition, represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be

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sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that: •  the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met; •  the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class; •  the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and •  the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act. When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion. If an arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, the dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receive

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	Cayman Islands	Delaware
	payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.
Shareholder Suits	Generally legal proceedings can be originated in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands courts can be expected to apply and follow the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptions thereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against, or derivative actions in the name of, a company to challenge: •  an act which is illegal or ultra vires; •  an action which requires a resolution with a qualified or special majority which has not been obtained; and •  an act which constitutes a fraud on the minority where the wrongdoers are themselves in control of the company.	Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to stockholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court generally has discretion to permit a winning plaintiff to recover attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action.
Inspection of Corporate Records	Shareholders of a Cayman Islands exempted company have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of the register of members or other corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association and the register of mortgages and charges) of the company. However, these rights may be provided in the company’s articles of association. Holders of our ordinary shares do not have general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (save for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders). However, our	Under Delaware law, stockholders of a Delaware corporation have the right during normal business hours to inspect for any proper purpose, and to obtain copies of lists of stockholders and other books and records of the corporation and its subsidiaries, if any, to the extent the books and records of such subsidiaries are available to the corporation. A complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at a stockholders’ meeting generally must be available for stockholder inspection at least ten days before the meeting.

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	directors are empowered to allow our shareholders to inspect our list of shareholders and to receive annual audited financial statements.
Shareholder Proposals and Calling of Special Shareholder Meetings	Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association allow our shareholders holding not less than one-third of our voting share capital to requisition a special meeting of the shareholders, in which case the directors are obliged to call such meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting; however, our post-offering memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders. As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors.	Unless provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, Delaware law does not include a provision restricting the manner in which stockholders may bring business before a meeting. Delaware law permits the board of directors or any person who is authorized under a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws to call a special meeting of stockholders.
Approval of Corporate Matters by Written Consent	Cayman Islands law and our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such	Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, stockholders may take action by written consent signed by the holders of outstanding shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to

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	matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.	authorize or take such action at a meeting of stockholders.
Dissolution; Winding Up	Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, our company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by special resolution, or by an ordinary resolution on the basis that our company is unable to pay its debt as they become due.	Under Delaware law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by stockholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board. A Delaware corporation may also be dissolved by decree or judgment of a Delaware court in certain circumstances.
Variation of Rights of Shares	Under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may vary the rights attached to any class only with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued shares of the relevant Class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of such Class by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast at such a meeting.	Under Delaware law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise.
Dividends and Stock Repurchases	The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. In addition, our shareholders may declare dividends by ordinary resolution, but no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that the directors may, before recommending or declaring any dividend, set aside out of the funds legally available for distribution such sums as they think proper as a reserve or	The Delaware General Corporation Law provides that, subject to any restrictions in a corporation’s certificate of incorporation, dividends may be declared from the corporation’s surplus, or, if there is no surplus, from its net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and for the preceding fiscal year, and Delaware common law also imposes a solvency requirement with respect to the payment of dividends. Dividends may not be declared out of

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	reserves which shall, in the absolute discretion of the directors, be applicable for meeting contingencies or for equalizing dividends or for any other purpose to which those funds may be properly applied. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, our company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.	net profits, however, if the corporation’s capital has been diminished to an amount less than the aggregate amount of all capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets until the deficiency in the amount of capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets is repaired. Furthermore, applicable Delaware statutory and common law generally provides that a corporation may redeem or repurchase its shares only if the redemption or repurchase would not impair the capital of the corporation and only if the corporation is solvent at the time of the redemption or repurchase, and the redemption or repurchase would not render the corporation insolvent.
Transactions with Interested Shareholders	Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and for a proper corporate purpose and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.	The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware public corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws that is approved by its shareholders, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting stock or who or which is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and owned 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if,

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among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

History of Securities Issuances

Upon our incorporation, we issued one ordinary share at nominal value to the initial subscriber and this one ordinary share was transferred to JIANPING KONG LTD, a company controlled by Mr. Jianping Kong, our controlling shareholder, on the same day. Additionally, we issued 25,499 and 24,500 ordinary shares to JIANPING KONG LTD and Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, respectively, on the same date.

On March 30, 2021, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd transferred 2,500, 5,000, 750, 1,000 and 250 ordinary shares to JIANPING KONG LTD, Topqick Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd. and Hami Melon Technology Ltd, respectively.

On May 12, 2021, we completed a one-for-10,000 shares subdivision, following which our authorized share capital of US$50,000 with par value of US$1.00 each was divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares with par value of US$0.0001 each.

On the same date, we repurchased 150,000,000, 50,000,000, 7,500,000, 10,000,000 and 2,500,000 ordinary shares from Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Topqick Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd. and Hami Melon Technology Ltd, respectively, and issued 15,000, 5,000, 750, 1,000 and 250 ordinary shares to Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Topqick Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd. and Hami Melon Technology Ltd, respectively, on the same date.

On May 13, 2021, we repurchased 280,000,000 ordinary shares from JIANPING KONG LTD and issued 28,000 ordinary shares to JIANPING KONG LTD on the same date.

On July 8, 2021, we issued 44,351,440, 23,759,700, 3,995,000, 1,187,985, 1,583,980, 395,995, 3,924,900, 4,171,000, 2,580,000, 1,000,000, 3,400,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 504,000, 706,000, 2,000,000, 290,000, 100,000 and 2,000,000 ordinary shares to JIANPING KONG LTD, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Topqick Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd., Hami Melon Technology Ltd, Toqiteck Ltd, Luckylily Ltd, Zebra J Ltd., GREAT SCENERY VENTURES LIMITED, Root Grace Ltd., Wayne&Elizabeth Yao Ltd., Tujia Ltd., NANHE Ltd., Appleple W Ltd., M-Dreamer Ltd., Nicefollow Ltd., Dream Candy Ltd., Weast Possum Ltd., Bitrise Capital Ltd. and Dualities Link C Ltd, respectively.

On November 1, 2021, we issued 1,540,000, 800,000, 600,000, 600,000, 200,000 and 50,000 ordinary shares to Yongwan Ltd., Liu JiaSheng, Jade Investments Holding Limited, HashKey FinTech Investment Fund LP, HUANG YONG and LI JINPENG, respectively.

On January 13, 2022, JIANPING KONG LTD, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Toqiteck Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd and Hami Melon Technology Ltd. transferred 10,381,619, 594,367, 198,122, 29,718, 39,624 and 9,906 ordinary shares to Nanometa Ltd, the nominee of our equity incentive trust designated to certain employees of ours.

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On May 11, 2022, Toqiteck Ltd transferred 3,726,778 ordinary shares to Topqick Ltd.

Except for JIANPING KONG LTD, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Topqick Ltd, Toqiteck Ltd and Dualities Link C Ltd., which are companies controlled by our directors and executive officers and/or principal shareholders, none of the other entities to which we have issued ordinary shares is affiliated with us.

Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, issued and outstanding ordinary shares held by JIANPING KONG LTD, a company controlled by Mr. Jianping Kong, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, a company controlled by Mr. Qifeng Sun, will be re-designated as Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis, and the remaining issued and outstanding ordinary shares will be re-designated as Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

Agreement with Certain Investors

We entered into an investment agreement on August 26, 2021 with certain investors, including Yongwan Ltd., HashKey FinTech Investment Fund LP, Liu JiaSheng, LU ZHENYU, HUANG YONG and LI JINPENG, which was further amended on December 30, 2021, to provide certain preferential rights, including dividend rights, liquidation preferences, preemptive rights, right of first refusal and co-sale rights and anti-dilution rights to these investors. These preferential rights and the corporate governance provisions will automatically terminate upon the completion of this offering.

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DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES

Citibank, N.A. has agreed to act as the depositary for the American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.” The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank, N.A.—Hong Kong, located at 9/F Citi Tower, One Bay East, 83 Hoi Bun Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333-            when retrieving such copy.

We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs will be determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety. The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement.

Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in,             Class A ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, and the depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement. 

If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as an owner of ADSs and those of the depositary. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of Class A ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which may be different from the laws in the United States.

In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting

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requirements and obtaining such approvals. Neither the depositary, the custodian, us or any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.

As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary will hold on your behalf the shareholder rights attached to the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs you will be able to exercise the shareholders rights for the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder.    

The manner in which you own the ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary’s services are made available to you. As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. Please consult with your broker or bank if you have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC, which nominee will be the only “holder” of such ADSs for purposes of the deposit agreement and any applicable ADR. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” When we refer to “you,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.

The registration of the Class A ordinary shares in the name of the depositary or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable Class A ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such Class A ordinary shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the Class A ordinary shares. The depositary or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.

Dividends and Distributions

As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.

Distributions of Cash

Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will

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arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of the Cayman Islands.

The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.

The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.

Distributions of Shares

Whenever we make a free distribution of Class A ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of Class A ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the Class A ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-Class A ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional Class A ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.

The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-Class A ordinary shares ratio upon a distribution of Class A ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new Class A ordinary shares so distributed.

No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the Class A ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.

Distributions of Rights

Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional Class A ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.

The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new Class A ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.

The depositary will not distribute the rights to you if:

• We do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or

• We fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

• It is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.

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The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.

Elective Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.

The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.

If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in the Cayman Islands would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.

Other Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, Class A ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional Class A ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.

If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.

The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.

The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:

• We do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or

• We do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

• The depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.

The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Redemption

Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.

The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to

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pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.

Changes Affecting Class A Ordinary Shares

The Class A ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such Class A ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the Company.

If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the Class A ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.

Issuance of ADSs upon Deposit of Class A Ordinary Shares

Upon completion of the offering, the Class A ordinary shares being offered pursuant to the prospectus will be deposited by us with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in the prospectus.

After the closing of the offer, the depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit Class A ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the Class A ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit Class A ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.

The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the Class A ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.

When you make a deposit of Class A ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:

• The Class A ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained.

• All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such Class A ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised.

• You are duly authorized to deposit the Class A ordinary shares.

• The Class A ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement).

• The Class A ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.

If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.

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Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs

As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:

• ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;

• provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate;

• provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and

• pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.

To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.

Withdrawal of Class A Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs

As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying Class A ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands legal considerations applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the Class A ordinary shares. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.

If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.

You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:

• Temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the Class A ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) Class A ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends.

• Obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges.

• Restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.

The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.

Voting Rights

As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of Class A ordinary shares are described in the section of this prospectus titled “Description of Share Capital”.

At our request, the depositary will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities

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represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.

If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.

Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement). Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.

Fees and Charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:

Service	Fees
•   Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of Class A ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Class A ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of Class A ordinary shares	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS issued
•   Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Class A ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS cancelled
•   Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
•   Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
•   Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
•   ADS Services	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary
•   Registration of ADS transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred
•   Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs (each as defined in the Deposit Agreement) into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa).	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted

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As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

• taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

• the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of Class A ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of Class A ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

• certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

• the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the depositary and/or service providers (which may be a division, branch or affiliate of the depositary) in the conversion of foreign currency;

• the reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to Class A ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs;

• the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program; and

• the amounts payable to the Depositary by any party to the Deposit Agreement pursuant to any ancillary agreement to the Deposit Agreement in respect of the ADR program, the ADSs and the ADRs.

ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary agree from time to time.

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Amendments and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders of ADSs 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.

You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).

We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.

After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).

In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary may make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary of such Class A ordinary shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary. The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees.

Books of Depositary

The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.

The depositary will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.

Transmissions of Notices, Reports and Proxy Soliciting Material

The depositary will make available for your inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, the depositary will send you copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to you if we ask it to.

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Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities

The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. Please note the following:

• We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.

• The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

• The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to accurately determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in Class A ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the Class A ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs or other deposited property, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice or for any act or omission of or information provided by DTC or any DTC participant.

• The depositary shall not be liable for acts or omissions of any successor depositary in connection with any matter arising wholly after the resignation or removal of the depositary.

• We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.

• We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, including regulations of any stock exchange, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our articles of association, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.

• We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our articles of association or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.

• We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.

• We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder or beneficial owner to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of Class A ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.

• We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.

• We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.

• We and the depositary disclaim liability arising out of losses, liabilities, taxes, charges or expenses resulting from the manner in which a holder or beneficial owner of ADSs holds ADSs, including resulting from holding ADSs through a brokerage account.

• No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the deposit agreement.

• Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary and you as ADS holder.

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• Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions.

As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the Class A ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the Class A ordinary shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the Class A ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the Class A ordinary shares and not under the deposit agreement.

In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Taxes

You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.

The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.

Foreign Currency Conversion

The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.

If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:

• Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.

• Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.

• Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.

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Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial

The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of Class A ordinary shares (including Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands.

As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the Depositary, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.

AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY.

The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our Class A ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Upon completion of this offering, assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs, we will have                ADSs outstanding representing                Class A ordinary shares, or approximately    % of our ordinary shares in issue. All of the ADSs sold in this offering will be freely transferable by persons other than our “affiliates” (as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act) without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. Sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs in the public market could materially adversely affect prevailing market prices of the ADSs.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares or the ADSs. We intend to apply to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market. However, we cannot assure you that a regular trading market will develop in the ADSs. Our ordinary shares will not be listed on any exchange or quoted for trading on any over-the-counter trading system. We do not expect that a trading market will develop for our ordinary shares not represented by the ADSs. Future sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares or ADSs in the public markets after this offering, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time.

Lock-up Agreements

We [have] agreed, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, grant any option or contract to purchase, make any short sale, lend or otherwise dispose of, except in this offering, any of our ordinary shares or ADSs or securities that are substantially similar to our ordinary shares or ADSs, including but not limited to any options or warrants to purchase our ordinary shares, ADSs or any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, our ordinary shares, ADSs or any such substantially similar securities (other than pursuant to employee equity incentive plans existing on, or upon the conversion or exchange of convertible or exchangeable securities outstanding as of, the date such lock-up agreement was executed), without the prior written consent of the underwriters.

Furthermore, each of [our directors and executive officers and existing shareholders] [have] also entered into a similar lock-up agreement for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, with respect to our ordinary shares, ADSs and securities that are substantially similar to our ordinary shares or ADSs. These restrictions also apply to any ADSs acquired by our directors and executive officers in the offering pursuant to the directed share program, if any. These parties collectively own all of our outstanding ordinary shares, without giving effect to this offering.

Other than this offering, we are not aware of any plans by any significant shareholders to dispose of significant numbers of the ADSs or ordinary shares. However, one or more existing shareholders or owners of securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for the ADSs or ordinary shares may dispose of significant numbers of the ADSs or ordinary shares in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, future sales of the ADSs or ordinary shares, or the availability of ADSs or ordinary shares for future sale, will have on the trading price of the ADSs from time to time. Sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs.

Rule 144

All of our ordinary shares that will be outstanding upon the completion of this offering, other than those ordinary shares sold in this offering, are “restricted securities” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act and may be sold publicly in the United States only if they are subject to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirement such as those provided by Rule 144 and Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act.

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In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who at the time of a sale is not, and has not been during the three months preceding the sale, an affiliate of ours and has beneficially owned our restricted securities for at least six months is entitled to sell the restricted securities without registration under the Securities Act, subject to the availability of current public information about us, and will be entitled to sell restricted securities beneficially owned for at least one year without restriction. Persons who are our affiliates (including persons beneficially owning 10% or more of our outstanding shares) and have beneficially owned our restricted securities for at least six months may sell within any three-month period a number of restricted securities that does not exceed the greater of the following:

• 1% of the then outstanding ordinary shares of the same class, including shares represented by ADSs, which will equal approximately                Class A ordinary shares immediately after this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs, (or                Class A ordinary shares if the underwriters in full their option to purchase additional ADSs); and

• the average weekly trading volume of our ordinary shares of the same class, including shares represented by ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale on Form 144 is filed with the SEC.

Such sales are also subject to manner-of-sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. In addition, in each case, these shares would remain subject to lock-up arrangements and would only become eligible for sale when the lock-up period expires.

Rule 701

Beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, persons other than affiliates who purchased ordinary shares under a written compensatory plan or other written agreement executed prior to the completion of this offering may be entitled to sell such shares in the United States in reliance on Rule 701 under the Securities Act, or Rule 701. Rule 701 permits affiliates to sell their Rule 701 shares under Rule 144 without complying with the holding period requirements of Rule 144. Rule 701 further provides that non-affiliates may sell these shares in reliance on Rule 144 subject only to its manner-of-sale requirements. However, the Rule 701 shares would remain subject to any applicable lock-up arrangements and would only become eligible for sale when the lock-up period expires.

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TAXATION

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change. The following summary does not constitute legal or tax advice. The discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in ADSs. In particular, the discussion does not address U.S. state or local tax laws, or tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the PRC and the federal tax law of the United States. Accordingly, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it represents the opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of PRC tax law, it represents the opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm, our PRC legal counsel.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties applicable to payments to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

PRC Taxation

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of China with a “de facto management body” within China is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, SAT issued SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although SAT Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 may reflect the general position of SAT on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in China; (2) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (3) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (4) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

We do not believe that our Cayman Islands holding company meets all of the conditions above. Our Cayman Islands holding company is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside

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China. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with ours.

Zhong Lun Law Firm, our legal counsel as to PRC law, has advised us that if the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of the ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including the ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders (including the ADS holders) would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our Cayman Islands holding company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and China in the event that our Cayman Islands holding company is treated as a PRC resident enterprise.

Provided that our Cayman Islands holding company is not deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, holders of the ADSs and ordinary shares who are not PRC residents will not be subject to PRC income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares or ADSs. However, under SAT Circular 7, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee or the PRC entity which directly owned such taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. We and our non-PRC resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under SAT Circular 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Circular 7, or to establish that we should not be taxed thereunder. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Conducting Business in China—We may be subject to enterprise income tax on our worldwide income if our company or any of our subsidiaries were considered a PRC ‘resident enterprise’ under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law.”

United States Federal Income Taxation

The following discussion is a summary of United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder, as defined below, that acquires the ADSs in this offering and holds the ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).

This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to any United States federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position.

This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules, including:

• financial institutions;

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• insurance companies; regulated investment companies;

• real estate investment trusts;

• broker-dealers;

• traders in securities or other persons that elect mark-to-market treatment;

• partnerships or other pass-through entities and their partners or investors;

• tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations);

• investors that own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our stock by vote or value;

• investors that hold their ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction);

• investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar; or

• investors required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement.

In addition, this discussion does not address any state, local, alternative minimum tax, or non-United States tax considerations, or the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income. Each potential investor is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the United States federal, state, local and non-United States income and other tax considerations of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares.

General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of the ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (1) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (2) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (3) an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (4) a trust (a) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (b) that has otherwise elected to be treated as a United States person under the Code.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of the ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships and partners of a partnership holding the ADSs or ordinary shares are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares.

For United States federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of ADSs will generally be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to United States federal income tax.

Passive foreign investment company considerations

A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, if, in the case of any particular taxable year, either (1) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (2) 50% or more of its average quarterly assets during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with

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active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other non-U.S. corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat our affiliated entities, as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we combine and consolidate their results of operations in our combined and consolidated financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of our affiliated entities for United States federal income tax purposes, based upon our current income and assets (taking into account the proceeds from this offering) and projections as to the value of the ADSs and ordinary shares following the offering, we do not presently expect to be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.

While we do not expect to become a PFIC in the current or future taxable years, the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will depend upon the composition of our income (which may differ from our historical results and current projections) and assets and the value of our assets from time to time, including, in particular the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles (which may depend upon the market value of the ADSs or ordinary shares from time-to-time and may be volatile). In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our anticipated market capitalization following the close of this offering. Among other matters, if our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, we may be classified as a PFIC for the current or future taxable years. It is also possible that the IRS, may challenge our classification or valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being, or becoming classified as, a PFIC for the current or one or more future taxable years.

The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC may also depend, in part, on how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. Under circumstances where we retain significant amounts of liquid assets including cash raised in this offering, or if our affiliated entities were not treated as owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, our risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. If we were classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder held the ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder held the ADSs or ordinary shares.

The discussion below under “Dividends” and “Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares” is written on the basis that we will not be classified as a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. The United States federal income tax rules that apply if we are classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or any subsequent taxable year are discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Dividends

Subject to the PFIC rules described below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC tax withheld) paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary bank, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distribution will generally be treated as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes. Under current law, a non-corporate recipient of dividend income will generally be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at the lower applicable net capital gains rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met.

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A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (1) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (2) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. We have applied to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market. Provided the listing is approved, we believe that the ADSs will be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and that we will be a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on the ADSs. Since we do not expect that our ordinary shares will be listed on established securities markets, it is unclear whether dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not backed by ADSs currently meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. There can be no assurance that the ADSs will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. In the event we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law, we may be eligible for the benefits of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (the “United States-PRC income tax treaty”) (which the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States has determined is satisfactory for this purpose), in which case we would be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends in their particular circumstances. Dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations.

For United States foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will generally be treated as income from foreign sources and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid, if any, on the ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction for United States federal income tax purposes in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss, if any, upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term gain or loss if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate tax payers are currently eligible for reduced rates of taxation. In the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law, and gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in China, such gain may be treated as PRC source gain for foreign tax credit purposes under the United States-PRC income tax treaty. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Passive foreign investment company rules

If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will,

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except as discussed below, be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, on (1) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (2) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

• the excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

• the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC, or a pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income; and

• the amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than the current taxable year or a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect applicable to the individuals or corporations, and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs, provided that the ADSs are “regularly traded” (as specially defined) on the NASDAQ. No assurances may be given regarding whether the ADSs will qualify, or will continue to be qualified, as being regularly traded in this regard. If a mark-to-market election is made, the U.S. Holder will generally (1) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (2) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, in each year that we are a PFIC any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of the ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. Because our ordinary shares are not listed on a stock exchange, U.S. Holders will not be able to make a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares.

If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that a PFIC may own, a U.S. Holder who makes a mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs may continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any of our non-United States subsidiaries that is classified as a PFIC.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

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As discussed above under “Dividends,” dividends that we pay on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the reduced tax rate that applies to qualified dividend income if we are classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year. In addition, if a U.S. Holder owns the ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the holder must file an annual information return with the IRS. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election and the unavailability of the qualified electing fund election.

Information reporting

Certain U.S. Holders are required to report information to the IRS relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets,” including shares issued by a non-United States corporation, for any year in which the aggregate value of all specified foreign financial assets exceeds US$50,000 (or a higher dollar amount prescribed by the IRS), subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in custodial accounts maintained with a United States financial institution). These rules also impose penalties if a U.S. Holder is required to submit such information to the IRS and fails to do so.

In addition, U.S. Holders may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and backup withholding with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. Information reporting will apply to payments of dividends on, and to proceeds from the sale or other disposition of, ordinary shares or ADSs by a paying agent within the United States to a U.S. Holder, other than U.S. Holders that are exempt from information reporting and properly certify their exemption. A paying agent within the United States will be required to withhold at the applicable statutory rate, currently 24%, in respect of any payments of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, ordinary shares or ADSs within the United States to a U.S. Holder (other than U.S. Holders that are exempt from backup withholding and properly certify their exemption) if the holder fails to furnish its correct taxpayer identification number or otherwise fails to comply with applicable backup withholding requirements. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide a properly completed IRS Form W-9.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. A U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS in a timely manner and furnishing any required information. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult with its tax advisor regarding the application of the United States information reporting rules to their particular circumstances.

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UNDERWRITING

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the underwriting agreement, dated             , among us and the underwriters named below, for whom AMTD Global Markets Limited, Maxim Group LLC and US Tiger Securities, Inc. are acting as the representatives, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, and each of the underwriters has agreed, severally and not jointly, to purchase from us, the respective number of ADSs shown opposite its name below:

Underwriter	Number of ADSs
AMTD Global Markets Limited
Maxim Group LLC
US Tiger Securities, Inc.
Total

The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriters are subject to certain conditions precedent such as the receipt by the underwriters of certain officers’ certificates and legal opinions and approval of certain legal matters by their counsel. The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters will purchase all of the ADSs if any of them are purchased, other than those covered by the option to purchase additional ADSs described below. If an underwriter defaults, the underwriting agreement provides that the purchase commitments of the non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the underwriting agreement may be terminated. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters and certain of their controlling and related persons against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.

The underwriters have advised us that, following the completion of this offering, they currently intend to make a market in the ADSs as permitted by applicable laws and regulations. However, the underwriters are not obligated to do so, and the underwriters may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice in their sole discretion. Accordingly, no assurance can be given as to the liquidity of the trading market for the ADSs, that you will be able to sell any of the ADSs held by you at a particular time or that the prices that you receive when you sell will be favorable.

The underwriters are offering the ADSs subject to their acceptance of the ADSs from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.

Certain of the underwriters are expected to make offers and sales both inside and outside the United States through their respective selling agents. Any offers or sales in the United States will be conducted by broker-dealers registered with the SEC. AMTD Global Markets Limited is not a broker-dealer registered with the SEC, and, to the extent that its conduct may be deemed to involve participation in offers or sales of ADSs in the United States, those offers or sales will be made through one or more SEC-registered broker-dealers in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

The ADSs to be sold outside of the United States have not been registered under the Securities Act for their offer and sale as part of the initial distribution in the offering. These ADSs initially will be offered outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. These ADSs have, however, been registered under the Securities Act solely for purposes of their resale in the United States in transactions that require registration under the Securities Act. This prospectus may be used in connection with resales of such ADSs in the United States to the extent such transactions would not be exempt from registration under the Securities Act.

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Option to Purchase Additional ADSs

We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase, from time to time, in whole or in part, up to an aggregate of              ADSs from us at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts and commissions. If the underwriters exercise this option, each underwriter will be severally and not jointly obligated, subject to specified conditions, to purchase a number of additional ADSs proportionate to that underwriter’s initial purchase commitment as indicated in the table above. This option may be exercised only if the underwriters sell more ADSs than the total number set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

Commission and Expenses

The underwriters have advised us that they propose to offer the ADSs to the public at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and to certain dealers, which may include the underwriters, at that price less a concession not in excess of US$             per ADS. After the offering, the initial public offering price and concession to dealers may be reduced by the representatives. No such reduction will change the amount of proceeds to be received by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

The following table shows the public offering price, the underwriting discounts and commissions that we are to pay the underwriters and the proceeds, before expenses, to us in connection with this offering. Such amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs.

	Per ADS	Total
		No Exercise	Full Exercise
Public offering price
Underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us
Proceeds to us, before expenses

We estimate expenses payable by us in connection with this offering, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions referred to above, will be approximately US$             million. Expenses include the SEC registration fees, FINRA filing fees, the Nasdaq Stock Market entry and listing fee, and legal, accounting, printing and miscellaneous expenses. [We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain expenses incurred in connection with this offering up to an amount of US$            ].

The address of AMTD Global Markets Limited is 23/F-25/F, Nexxus Building, 41 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong. The address of Maxim Group LLC is 300 Park Avenue, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10022. The address of US Tiger Securities, Inc. is 437 Madison Ave 27th Floor New York, NY 10022.

Determination of Offering Price

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our ADSs. Consequently, the initial public offering price for our ADSs will be determined by negotiations between us and the representatives. Among the factors to be considered in these negotiations will be prevailing market conditions, our financial information, market valuations of other companies that we and the underwriters believe to be comparable to us, estimates of our business potential, the present state of our development and other factors deemed relevant.

We offer no assurances that the initial public offering price will correspond to the price at which the ADSs will trade in the public market subsequent to the offering or that an active trading market for the ADSs will develop and continue after the offering.

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Listing

We have applied to have the ADSs listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “NA.”

Stamp Taxes

If you purchase ADSs offered in this prospectus, you may be required to pay stamp taxes and other charges under the laws and practices of the country of purchase, in addition to the offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus.

Lock Up Agreements

We have agreed that we will not offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, or enter into any transaction or device that is designed to, or could be expected to, result in the disposition, directly or indirectly, any ADSs, our ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any ADSs or our ordinary shares, enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the ADSs or our ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any ADSs or our ordinary shares, whether any of these transactions is to be settled by delivery of ADSs or our ordinary shares or other securities, in cash or otherwise, make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any ADSs, our ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any ADSs or our ordinary shares or any other securities of us, or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing, without the prior written consent of the representatives of the underwriters for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions and applicable notice requirements.

[Our directors and executive officers and our existing shareholders] have agreed that they will not offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, or enter into any transaction or device that is designed to, or could be expected to, result in the disposition, directly or indirectly, of any ADSs, our ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any ADSs or our ordinary shares, or enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the ADSs, our ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any ADSs or our ordinary shares, whether any of these transactions is to be settled by delivery of ADSs or our ordinary shares or other securities, in cash or otherwise, make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any ADSs, our ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any ADSs or our ordinary shares or any other securities of us, or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing, without the prior written consent of the representatives of the underwriters for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions and applicable notice requirements.

Stabilization

The underwriters have advised us that they, pursuant to Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and certain persons participating in the offering may engage in short sale transactions, stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions or the imposition of penalty bids in connection with this offering. These activities may have the effect of stabilizing or maintaining the market price of the ADSs at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. Establishing short sales positions may involve either “covered” short sales or “naked” short sales.

“Covered” short sales are sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs in this offering. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising

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their option to purchase additional ADSs or purchasing the ADSs in the open market. In determining the source of ADSs to close out the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of ADSs available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase ADSs through the option to purchase additional ADSs.

“Naked” short sales are sales in excess of the option to purchase additional ADSs. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing ADSs in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the ADSs in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering.

A stabilizing bid is a bid for the purchase of ADSs on behalf of the underwriters for the purpose of fixing or maintaining the price of the ADSs. A syndicate covering transaction is the bid for or the purchase of ADSs on behalf of the underwriters to reduce a short position incurred by the underwriters in connection with the offering. Similar to other purchase transactions, the underwriter’s purchases to cover the syndicate short sales may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our ADSs or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our ADSs. As a result, the price of our ADSs may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. A penalty bid is an arrangement permitting the underwriters to reclaim the selling concession otherwise accruing to a syndicate member in connection with the offering if the ADSs originally sold by such syndicate member are purchased in a syndicate covering transaction and therefore have not been effectively placed by such syndicate member.

None of we, or any of the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of the ADSs. The underwriters are not obligated to engage in these activities and, if commenced, any of the activities may be discontinued at any time.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available by e-mail or on the websites or through online services maintained by one or more of the underwriters or their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may view offering terms online and may be allowed to place orders online. The underwriters may agree with us to allocate a specific number of ADSs for sale to online brokerage account holders. Any such allocation for online distributions will be made by the underwriters on the same basis as other allocations. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on the underwriters’ websites and any information contained in any other website maintained by any of the underwriters is not part of this prospectus, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the underwriters and should not be relied upon by investors.

Relationships

The underwriters and certain of their affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The underwriters and certain of their affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various commercial and investment banking and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and certain of their affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by us and our affiliates. If the underwriters or their respective affiliates have a lending relationship with us, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to us consistent with their customary risk management policies. The

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underwriters and their respective affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering into transactions which consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in our securities or the securities of our affiliates, including potentially the ADSs offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect future trading prices of the ADSs offered hereby. The underwriters and certain of their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

Selling Restrictions

No action has been taken in any jurisdiction (except in the United States) that would permit a public offering of the ADSs, or the possession, circulation or distribution of this prospectus or any other material relating to us or the ADSs in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. Accordingly, the ADSs may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, and neither this prospectus nor any other material or advertisements in connection with the ADSs may be distributed or published, in or from any country or jurisdiction except in compliance with any applicable laws, rules and regulations of any such country or jurisdiction.

Australia

This prospectus does not constitute a product disclosure document or a prospectus under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (the “Corporations Act”), has not been, and will not be, lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”), as a disclosure document for the purposes of the Corporations Act and does not purport to include the information required of a disclosure document under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act. It does not constitute or involve a recommendation to acquire, an offer or invitation for issue or sale, an offer or invitation to arrange the issue or sale, or an issue or sale, of interests to a “retail client” (as defined in section 761G of the Corporations Act and applicable regulations) in Australia and may only be provided in Australia to select investors who are able to demonstrate that they fall within one or more of the categories of investors, or Exempt Investors, available under section 708 of the Corporations Act as set out below. Accordingly, if you receive this prospectus in Australia:

A. You confirm and warrant that you are either:

• a “sophisticated investor” under section 708(8)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act;

• a “sophisticated investor” under section 708(8)(c) or (d) of the Corporations Act and that you have provided an accountant’s certificate to the Company which complies with the requirements of section 708(8)(c)(i) or (ii) of the Corporations Act and related regulations before the offer has been made;

• a person associated with the Company under Section 708(12) of the Corporations Act; or

• a “professional investor” within the meaning of section 708(11)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act.

The ADSs may not be directly or indirectly offered for subscription or purchased or sold, and no invitations to subscribe for or buy the ADSs may be issued, and no draft or definitive offering memorandum, advertisement or other offering material relating to any ADSs may be distributed in Australia, except where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act or is otherwise in compliance with all applicable Australian laws and regulations. By submitting an application for the ADSs, you represent and warrant to us that you are an Exempt Investor. To the extent that you are unable to confirm or warrant that you are an exempt sophisticated investor, associated person or professional investor under the Corporations Act any offer made to you under this prospectus is void and incapable of acceptance.

B. As any offer of ADSs under this prospectus will be made without disclosure in Australia under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act, the offer of those securities for resale in Australia within 12 months may,

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under section 707 of the Corporations Act, require disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D.2 if none of the exemptions in section 708 applies to that resale. By applying for the ADSs, you warrant and agree that you will not offer any of the securities issued to you pursuant to this prospectus for resale in Australia within 12 months of those securities being issued unless any such resale offer is exempt from the requirement to issue a disclosure document under section 708 of the Corporations Act.

Bermuda

ADSs may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Investment Business Act of 2003 of Bermuda which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. Additionally, non-Bermudian persons (including companies) may not carry on or engage in any trade or business in Bermuda unless such persons are permitted to do so under applicable Bermuda legislation.

British Virgin Islands

The ADSs are not being, and may not be offered to the public or to any person in the British Virgin Islands for purchase or subscription by or on behalf of the Company. The ADSs may be offered to companies incorporated under the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 (British Virgin Islands), (“BVI Companies”), but only where the offer will be made to, and received by, the relevant BVI Company entirely outside of the British Virgin Islands.

This prospectus has not been, and will not be, registered with the Financial Services Commission of the British Virgin Islands. No registered prospectus has been or will be prepared in respect of the ADSs for the purposes of the Securities and Investment Business Act, 2010, or SIBA or the Public Issuers Code of the British Virgin Islands.

The ADSs may be offered to persons located in the British Virgin Islands who are “qualified investors” for the purposes of SIBA. Qualified investors include (i) certain entities which are regulated by the Financial Services Commission in the British Virgin Islands, including banks, insurance companies, licensees under SIBA and public, professional and private mutual funds; (ii) a company, any securities of which are listed on a recognized exchange; and (iii) persons defined as “professional investors” under SIBA, which is any person (a) whose ordinary business involves, whether for that person’s own account or the account of others, the acquisition or disposal of property of the same kind as the property, or a substantial part of our property; or (b) who has signed a declaration that he, whether individually or jointly with his spouse, has a net worth in excess of US$1,000,000 and that he consents to being treated as a professional investor.

Canada

The securities may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

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Pursuant to section 3A.3 (or, in the case of securities issued or guaranteed by the government of a non-Canadian jurisdiction, section 3A.4) of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

Cayman Islands

This prospectus does not constitute a public offer of the ADSs, whether by way of sale or subscription, in the Cayman Islands. Each underwriter has represented and agreed that it has not offered or sold, and will not offer or sell, directly or indirectly, any ADSs in the Cayman Islands.

Dubai International Financial Centre

This document relates to an Exempt Offer, as defined in the Offered Securities Rules module of the DFSA Rulebook, or the OSR, in accordance with the Offered Securities Rules of the Dubai Financial Services Authority. This document is intended for distribution only to Persons, as defined in the OSR, of a type specified in those rules. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other Person. The Dubai Financial Services Authority has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The Dubai Financial Services Authority has not approved this document nor taken steps to verify the information set out in it, and has no responsibility for it. The ADSs to which this document relates may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of the ADSs offered should conduct their own due diligence on the ADSs. If you do not understand the contents of this document you should consult an authorized financial adviser.

European Economic Area

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area an offer to the public of any ADSs which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus may not be made in that Member State unless the prospectus has been approved by the competent authority in such Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Member State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Regulation, except that an offer to the public in that Member State of any ADSs may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Regulation:

• to any legal entity which is a “qualified investor” as defined in the Prospectus Regulation;

• to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than “qualified investors” as defined in the Prospectus Regulation) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or

• in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation; provided that no such offer of ADSs shall result in a requirement for the publication by us or any representative of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation.

Any person making or intending to make any offer of ADSs within the EEA should only do so in circumstances in which no obligation arises for us or any of the underwriters to produce a prospectus for such offer. Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized, nor do they authorize, the making of any offer of ADSs through any financial intermediary, other than offers made by the underwriters which constitute the final offering of shares contemplated in this prospectus.

For the purposes of this provision, and your representation below, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any shares in any Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase any ADSs, and the expression “Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129.

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Hong Kong

No securities have been offered or sold, and no securities may be offered or sold, in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong, or the SFO, and any rules made under that Ordinance; or in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies (Winding up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong, or the CEO, or which do not constitute an offer or invitation to the public for the purpose of the CEO and the SFO. No document, invitation or advertisement relating to the securities has been issued or may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the content of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to securities which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” as defined in the SFO and any rules made under that Ordinance.

This prospectus has not been registered with the Registrar of Companies in Hong Kong. Accordingly, this prospectus may not be issued, circulated or distributed in Hong Kong, and the securities may not be offered for subscription to members of the public in Hong Kong. Each person acquiring the securities will be required, and is deemed by the acquisition of the securities, to confirm that he is aware of the restriction on offers of the securities described in this prospectus and the relevant offering documents and that he is not acquiring, and has not been offered any securities in circumstances that contravene any such restrictions.

Israel

The common shares offered by this prospectus have not been approved or disapproved by the Israeli Securities Authority (the ISA), nor has it been registered for sale in Israel. The shares may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in Israel, absent the publication of a prospectus. The ISA has not issued permits, approvals or licenses in connection with the offering or publishing the prospectus; nor has it authenticated the details included herein, confirmed their reliability or completeness, or rendered an opinion as to the quality of the common shares being offered. Any resale in Israel, directly or indirectly, to the public of the common shares offered by this prospectus is subject to restrictions on transferability and must be effected only in compliance with the Israeli securities laws and regulations.

Japan

The offering has not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948 of Japan, as amended), or FIEL, and the Initial Purchaser will not offer or sell any securities, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the FIEL and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.

Korea

The ADSs have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Investments Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea and the decrees and regulations thereunder (the “FSCMA”), and the ADSs have been and will be offered in Korea as a private placement under the FSCMA. None of the ADSs may be offered, sold or delivered directly or indirectly, or offered or sold to any person for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any resident of Korea except pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea, including the FSCMA and the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law of Korea and the decrees and regulations thereunder (the “FETL”). The ADSs have not been listed on any of securities exchanges in the world including, without limitation, the Korea Exchange in Korea. Furthermore, the purchaser of the ADSs shall comply with all

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applicable regulatory requirements (including but not limited to requirements under the FETL) in connection with the purchase of the ADSs. By the purchase of the ADSs, the relevant holder thereof will be deemed to represent and warrant that if it is in Korea or is a resident of Korea, it purchased the ADSs pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea.

Kuwait

Unless all necessary approvals from the Kuwait Ministry of Commerce and Industry required by Law No. 31/1990 “Regulating the Negotiation of Securities and Establishment of Investment Funds,” its Executive Regulations and the various Ministerial Orders issued pursuant thereto or in connection therewith, have been given in relation to the marketing and sale of the ADSs, these may not be marketed, offered for sale, nor sold in the State of Kuwait. Neither this prospectus (including any related document), nor any of the information contained therein is intended to lead to the conclusion of any contract of whatsoever nature within Kuwait.

Malaysia

No prospectus or other offering material or document in connection with the offer and sale of the ADSs has been or will be registered with the Securities Commission of Malaysia, or the Commission, for the Commission’s approval pursuant to the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the ADSs may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the ADSs be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Malaysia other than (i) a closed end fund approved by the Commission; (ii) a holder of a Capital Markets Services License; (iii) a person who acquires the ADSs, as principal, if the offer is on terms that the ADSs may only be acquired at a consideration of not less than RM250,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies) for each transaction; (iv) an individual whose total net personal assets or total net joint assets with his or her spouse exceeds RM3 million (or its equivalent in foreign currencies), excluding the value of the primary residence of the individual; (v) an individual who has a gross annual income exceeding RM300,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies) per annum in the preceding twelve months; (vi) an individual who, jointly with his or her spouse, has a gross annual income of RM400,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies), per annum in the preceding twelve months; (vii) a corporation with total net assets exceeding RM10 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currencies) based on the last audited accounts; (viii) a partnership with total net assets exceeding RM10 million (or its equivalent in foreign currencies); (ix) a bank licensee or insurance licensee as defined in the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010; (x) an Islamic bank licensee or takaful licensee as defined in the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010; and (xi) any other person as may be specified by the Commission; provided that, in the each of the preceding categories (i) to (xi), the distribution of the ADSs is made by a holder of a Capital Markets Services License who carries on the business of dealing in securities. The distribution in Malaysia of this prospectus is subject to Malaysian laws. This prospectus does not constitute and may not be used for the purpose of public offering or an issue, offer for subscription or purchase, invitation to subscribe for or purchase any securities requiring the registration of a prospectus with the Commission under the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007.

People’s Republic of China

This prospectus may not be circulated or distributed in China and the ADSs may not be offered or sold, and will not offer or sell to any person for re-offering or resale directly or indirectly to any resident of the PRC or for the benefit of, legal or natural persons of the PRC except pursuant to applicable laws and regulations of the PRC. Further, no legal or natural persons of the PRC may directly or indirectly purchase any of the ADSs or any beneficial interest therein without obtaining all prior PRC’s governmental approvals that are required, whether statutorily or otherwise. Persons who come into possession of this prospectus are required by the issuer and its representatives to observe these restrictions. For the purpose of this paragraph, PRC does not include Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

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Qatar

In the State of Qatar, the offer contained herein is made on an exclusive basis to the specifically intended recipient thereof, upon that person’s request and initiative, for personal use only and shall in no way be construed as a general offer for the sale of securities to the public or an attempt to do business as a bank, an investment company or otherwise in the State of Qatar. This prospectus and the underlying securities have not been approved or licensed by the Qatar Central Bank or the Qatar Financial Centre Regulatory Authority or any other regulator in the State of Qatar. The information contained in this prospectus shall only be shared with any third parties in Qatar on a need to know basis for the purpose of evaluating the contained offer. Any distribution of this prospectus by the recipient to third parties in Qatar beyond the terms hereof is not permitted and shall be at the liability of such recipient.

Saudi Arabia

This prospectus may not be distributed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia except to such persons as are permitted under the Offers of Securities Regulations issued by the Capital Market Authority pursuant to resolution number 2-11-2004 dated October 4, 2004 as amended by resolution number 1-28-2008, as amended. The Capital Market Authority does not make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of this prospectus, and expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss arising from, or incurred in reliance upon, any part of this prospectus. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered hereby should conduct their own due diligence on the accuracy of the information relating to the securities. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus you should consult an authorized financial adviser.

Singapore

This prospectus has not been and will not be lodged or registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the notes may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the notes be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the SFA, (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275, of the SFA, or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.

Where the notes are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

(a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

(b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor,

securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the notes pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:

(i) to an institutional investor or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA;

(ii) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

(iii) where the transfer is by operation of law;

(iv) as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

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(v) as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore.

Notification under Section 309B(1)(c) of the SFA: We have determined that the ADSs shall be (A) prescribed capital markets products (as defined in the Securities and Futures (Capital Markets Products) Regulations 2018) and (B) Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notice SFA 04-N12: Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice FAA-N16: Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products).

Switzerland

The securities may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange, or the SIX, or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This prospectus has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this prospectus nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the securities or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

Neither this prospectus nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, the Company or the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this prospectus will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, and the offer of securities has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes, or the CISA. The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of securities.

Taiwan

The ADSs have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be sold, issued or offered within Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitutes an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan that requires a registration or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer, sell, give advice regarding or otherwise intermediate the offering and sale of the ADSs in Taiwan.

United Arab Emirates

This prospectus is not intended to constitute an offer, sale or delivery of ADSs or other securities under the laws of the United Arab Emirates, or the UAE. The ADSs have not been and will not be registered under Federal Law No. 4 of 2000 Concerning the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority and the Emirates Security and Commodity Exchange, or with the UAE Central Bank, the Dubai Financial Market, the Abu Dhabi Securities Market or with any other UAE exchange.

The offering, the ADSs and interests therein have not been approved or licensed by the UAE Central Bank or any other relevant licensing authorities in the UAE, and do not constitute a public offer of securities in the UAE in accordance with the Commercial Companies Law, Federal Law No. 8 of 1984 (as amended) or otherwise.

In relation to its use in the UAE, this prospectus is strictly private and confidential and is being distributed to a limited number of investors and must not be provided to any person other than the original recipient, and may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose. The interests in the ADSs may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly to the public in the UAE.

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United Kingdom

This prospectus is only being distributed to, and is only directed at, persons in the United Kingdom that are qualified investors within the meaning of Article 2(1)(e) of the Prospectus Directive that are also (i) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended, or the Order, and/or (ii) high net worth entities falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order and other persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated (each such person being referred to as a “relevant person”).

This prospectus and its contents are confidential and should not be distributed, published or reproduced (in whole or in part) or disclosed by recipients to any other persons in the United Kingdom. Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this prospectus or any of its contents.]

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EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, expected to be incurred in connection with the offer and sale of the ADSs by us. Except for the SEC registration fee, the Nasdaq Global Market listing fee and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Inc. filing fee, all amounts are estimates.

SEC registration fee	US$
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Inc. filing fee
Nasdaq Global Market listing fee
Printing and engraving expenses
Legal fees and expenses
Accounting fees and expenses
Miscellaneous
Total	US$

We will bear these expenses and the underwriting discounts and commissions incurred in connection with the offer and sale of the ADSs by us.

198

LEGAL MATTERS

We are being represented by Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation with respect to certain legal matters as to United States federal securities and New York State law. The underwriters are being represented by Hogan Lovells with respect to certain legal matters as to United States federal securities and New York State law. The validity of the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs offered in this offering will be passed upon for us by Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP. Certain legal matters as to PRC law will be passed upon for us by Zhong Lun Law Firm and for the underwriters by DeHeng Law Offices (Shenzhen). Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation may rely upon Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP with respect to matters governed by Cayman Islands law and Zhong Lun Law Firm with respect to matters governed by PRC law. Hogan Lovells may rely upon DeHeng Law Offices (Shenzhen) with respect to matters governed by PRC law.

199

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Nano Labs Ltd as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, and for the years then ended, have been included herein and in the registration statement in reliance upon the report of MaloneBailey LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The office of MaloneBailey LLP is located at 10370 Richmond Avenue, Suite 600, Houston, Texas 77042.

200

WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1, including relevant exhibits and schedules under the Securities Act with respect to underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs, to be sold in this offering. We [have] also filed with the SEC a related registration statement on Form F-6 to register the ADSs. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information contained in the registration statement. You should read the registration statements on Form F-1 and Form F-6 and their exhibits and schedules for further information with respect to us and the ADSs.

Immediately upon completion of this offering we will become subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we will be required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. All information filed with the SEC can be inspected over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we intend to furnish the depositary with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meeting and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our written request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.

201

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Deficit for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December  31, 2020 and 2021	F-6
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Nano Labs Ltd

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nano Labs Ltd and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ MaloneBailey, LLP

www.malonebailey.com

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Houston, Texas

April 7, 2022

F-2

NANO LABS LTD

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	As of December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899
Short-term investments.		—			31,888,500			5,001,568
Accounts receivable, net		1,165,716			—			—
Inventories, net		7,238,293			213,870,251			33,544,591
Prepayments		7,985,676			372,355,129			58,402,235
Due from related party		4,390,000			—			—
Other current assets		2,895,895			41,460,490			6,502,892
Total current assets		59,008,752			893,428,024			140,130,185
						��
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net		1,066,759			7,249,044			1,136,980
Intangible asset, net		99,301			—			—
Long-term prepaid expense		550,000			—			—
Operating lease right-of-use assets		768,678			9,155,665			1,436,025
Total non-current assets		2,484,738			16,404,709			2,573,005
TOTAL ASSETS		61,493,490			909,832,733			142,703,190
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities：
Accounts payable		899,687			2,837,638			445,071
Accounts payable – related party		4,716,981			—			—
Advance from customers		65,404,664			917,391,899			143,888,812
Loan payable		5,000,000			—			—
Due to related parties		31,355,000			—			—
Operating lease liabilities, current		462,313			5,224,757			819,480
Other current liabilities		1,898,524			6,917,757			1,085,018
Total current liabilities		109,737,169			932,372,051			146,238,381
Non-current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		276,653			2,122,357			332,882
TOTAL LIABILITIES		110,013,822			934,494,408			146,571,263
Shareholders’ deficit:
Ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 79,249,000 and 103,790,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively)		51,135			66,970			10,504
Additional paid-in capital		163,747			201,418,380			31,591,571
Accumulated deficit		(48,735,214	)		(223,679,698	)		(35,083,159	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss.		—			(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
Total shareholders’ deficit		(48,520,332	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT		61,493,490			909,832,733			142,703,190

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-3

NANO LABS LTD

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net revenues		2,126,676			39,440,897			6,186,128
Cost of revenues		1,270,544			43,530,708			6,827,597
Gross profit (loss)		856,132			(4,089,811	)		(641,469	)
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		108,567			5,119,072			802,904
General and administrative expenses		3,187,033			24,121,823			3,783,400
Research and development expenses		34,476,484			145,455,181			22,813,994
Total operating expenses		37,772,084			174,696,076			27,400,298
Loss from operations		(36,915,952	)		(178,785,887	)		(28,041,767	)
Other expenses (income):
Finance expenses		3,747			509,764			79,954
Interest income		(17,915	)		(3,495,208	)		(548,208	)
Other expenses (income)		800,000			(855,959	)		(134,253	)
Total other expenses (income)		785,832			(3,841,403	)		(602,507	)
Loss before income tax provision		(37,701,784	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Income tax provision		2,293			—			—
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—			(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
Total comprehensive loss		(37,704,077	)		(177,411,811	)		(27,826,249	)
Net loss per ordinary share:
– Basic and diluted		(0.48	)		(1.95	)		(0.31	)
Weighted average number of shares used in per share calculation:
– Basic and diluted		79,249,000			89,877,975			89,877,975

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-4

NANO LABS LTD

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	Ordinary Shares				Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Shareholders’ Deficit
	Number of Shares		Amount
			RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance, January 1, 2020		79,249,000		51,135		(51,135	)		(11,031,137	）		—			(11,031,137	)
Net loss		—		—		—			(37,704,077	)		—			(37,704,077	)
Share-based compensation		—		—		214,882			—			—			214,882
Balance, December 31, 2020		79,249,000		51,135		163,747			(48,735,214	)		—			(48,520,332	)
Issuance of ordinary shares for cash		24,541,000		15,835		201,184,154			—			—			201,199,989
Cash contribution from shareholders		—		—		51,135			—			—			51,135
Share-based compensation		—		—		19,344			—			—			19,344
Net loss		—		—		—			(174,944,484	)		—			(174,944,484	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—			—			(2,467,327	)		(2,467,327	)
Balance, December 31, 2021		103,790,000		66,970		201,418,380			(223,679,698	)		(2,467,327	)		(24,661,675	)
Balance, December 31, 2021, in US$				10,504		31,591,571			(35,083,159	)		(386,989	)		(3,868,073	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-5

NANO LABS LTD

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization of right-of-use assets		269,315			2,920,433			458,057
Depreciation and amortization expenses		353,557			2,609,699			409,320
Gain on lease termination		—			(12,088	)		(1,896	)
Share-based compensation		214,882			19,344			3,034
Inventory write-down		—			26,753,768			4,196,209
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(1,165,716	)		1,165,716			182,837
Inventories, net		(7,238,293	)		(233,385,726	)		(36,605,506	)
Prepayments		(2,126,527	)		(364,369,453	)		(57,149,717	)
Other current assets		(2,575,074	)		(38,564,595	)		(6,048,684	)
Accounts payable		390,152			1,937,951			303,959
Accounts payable – related party		—			(4,716,981	)		(739,837	)
Advance from customers		45,033,520			851,987,235			133,630,383
Other payables		168,553			(175,721	)		(27,561	)
Operating lease liabilities, current		(302,256	)		(4,687,184	)		(735,164	)
Other current liabilities		1,654,065			5,194,954			814,806
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(3,027,899	)		71,732,868			11,250,980
Cash flow from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		(936,776	)		(8,692,683	)		(1,363,408	)
Refund of prepayment for property and equipment		—			550,000			86,265
Purchase of short-term investment		—			(32,293,440	)		(5,065,081	)
Loan provided to a related party		(2,270,000	)		(100,000	)		(15,685	)
Collection of loan provided to a related party		1,560,000			4,490,000			704,236
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,646,776	)		(36,046,123	)		(5,653,673	)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Proceeds from related parties		30,255,000			—			—
Repayment to related parties		(890,000	)		(31,355,000	)		(4,917,891	)
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares		—			201,199,989			31,557,317
Cash contribution from shareholders		—			51,135			8,020
Repayment of loan payable		—			(5,000,000	)		(784,228	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		29,365,000			164,896,124			25,863,218
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—			(2,062,387	)		(323,476	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		24,690,325			198,520,482			31,137,049
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year		10,642,847			35,333,172			5,541,850
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year		35,333,172			233,853,654			36,678,899
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Income taxes paid		2,336			276,186			43,319
Interest paid		—			—			—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-6

NANO LABS LTD

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(all amounts in RMB, except share or as otherwise noted)

1. Organization and nature of operations

Nano Labs Ltd (“Nano Labs”), incorporated on January 8, 2021, is a holding company, as an exempted company with limited liability in the Cayman Islands. Nano Labs principally engages in fabless integrated circuit (“IC”) design and sale of product solutions by integrating its self-designed IC products in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) and other countries and regions. The Company utilizes third-party suppliers to fabricate, pack and test the IC products.

Prior to the incorporation of the Company, the Company’s business was carried out by Zhejiang Haowei Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang Haowei”) and its subsidiaries. Zhejiang Haowei was established by Mr. Jianping Kong, the principal shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer, in July 2019. Nano Labs underwent a series of onshore and offshore reorganizations, which were completed in September 2021 (the “Reorganization”).

Immediately before and after the Reorganization, the controlling shareholders of Zhejiang Haowei controlled Zhejiang Haowei and Nano Labs; therefore, for accounting purposes, the Reorganization is accounted for as a transaction of entities under common control. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared as if the current corporate structure had been in existence throughout the periods presented. The number of outstanding shares in the consolidated balance sheets, the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ deficit, and per share information including the net loss per ordinary share have been presented retrospectively as of the beginning of the earliest period presented on the consolidated financial statements to reflect the final shares issued in the Reorganization.

The Company does not conduct any substantive operations on its own but instead conducts its business operations through its wholly-owned subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, the Company’s major subsidiaries are as follows:

Name of subsidiaries	Date of incorporation	Place of incorporation	Ownership percentage			Principal activities
Zhejiang Haowei Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang Haowei”)	July 16, 2019	Hangzhou, China		100	%	Research and development of ICs
Zhejiang Nanomicro Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang Nanomicro”)	July 16, 2019	Hangzhou, China		100	%	Research and development of ICs
Zhejiang NanoBlock Technology Co., Ltd.	July 16, 2019	Hangzhou, China		100	%	Research and development of ICs
HongKong Metacomputer Internation Limited	November 5, 2019	Hong Kong		100	%	Investment
Zhejiang Ipollo Technology Co., Ltd.	August 18, 2020	Hangzhou, China		100	%	Distribution of products
Nano Labs HK Limited	September 8, 2020	Hong Kong		100	%	Investment
Xinjiang Ipollo Technology Co., Ltd.	December 8, 2020	Xinjiang, China		100	%	Distribution of products
Nano Labs Inc	December 22, 2020	BVI		100	%	Investment

F-7

Name of subsidiaries	Date of incorporation	Place of incorporation	Ownership percentage			Principal activities
Zhejiang Weike Technology Co., Ltd.	June 2, 2021	Hangzhou, China		100	%	Research and development of software
IPOLLO PTE. LTD. (formerly IPOLLO MINER PTE. LTD.)	June 9, 2021	Singapore		100	%	Distribution of products
Ipollo Tech Inc	June 29, 2021	BVI		100	%	Investment
Nano Technology HK Limited	July 7, 2021	Hong Kong		100	%	Investment
Ipollo HK Limited	July 7, 2021	Hong Kong		100	%	Distribution of products
Nano Tech Cayman Ltd	July 6, 2021	Cayman		100	%	Investment
Zhejiang Metaverse Technology Co., Ltd.	August 12, 2021	Hangzhou, China		100	%	Investment
Ipollo Tech Ltd	October 27, 2021	Cayman		100	%	Investment
Haowei Technology (Shaoxing) Co., Ltd.	November 3, 2021	Shaoxing, China		100	%	Investment
Shenzhen Matamata Technology Co., Ltd.	Novemeber17, 2021	Shenzhen, China		100	%	Distribution of products
Meta Step HK Limited	November 18, 2021	Hong Kong		100	%	Distribution of products
Tsuki HK Limited	November 18, 2021	Hong Kong		100	%	Distribution of products
Shanghai Metameta Technology Co., Ltd.	December 10, 2021	Shanghai, China		100	%	Distribution of products
Hainan Metameta Technology Co., Ltd.	December 13, 2021	Hainan, China		100	%	Distribution of products
Shenzhen Matavos Technology Co., Ltd.	December 21, 2021	Shenzhen, China		100	%	Distribution of products
Haoweiverse (Shaoxing) Technology Co., Ltd.	January 13, 2022	Shaoxing, China		65	%	Inventory purchase and assembling
Metaski (Shaoxing) Technology Co., Ltd.	January 13, 2022	Shaoxing, China		100	%	Investment
Metameta (Shaoxing) Technology Co., Ltd.	January 25, 2022	Shaoxing, China		100	%	Distribution of products

Nano Labs and its consolidated subsidiaries are collectively referred to herein as the “Company”, “we” and “us”, unless specific reference is made to an entity.

F-8

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of preparation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for information pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 include allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory write-down, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and share-based compensation.

Principles of consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All transactions and balances among the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The Company uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated outside of PRC is the United States dollar (“US$”), while the functional currency of the PRC entities in the Company is RMB as determined based on the criteria of ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”.

Transactions denominated in other than the functional currencies are re-measured into the functional currency of the entity at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Financial assets and liabilities denominated in other than the functional currency are re-measured at the balance sheet date exchange rate. The resulting exchange differences are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The financial statements of the Company are translated from the functional currency to the reporting currency, RMB. Assets and liabilities of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated outside of PRC are translated into RMB at fiscal year-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal year, representing the index rates stipulated by the People’s Bank of China. Translation adjustments arising from these are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated financial statement.

Convenience translation

The United States dollar (“US$”) amounts disclosed in the accompanying financial statements are presented solely for the convenience of the readers. Translations of amounts from RMB into US$ were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB6.3757 on December 31, 2021, representing the central parity rate on December 31, 2021 published by the People’s Bank of China. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2021, or at any other rate.

F-9

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions with high credit ratings and quality.

The Company conducts credit evaluations of customers, and generally does not require collateral or other security from its customers. The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts primarily based upon the age of the receivables and factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers.

Fair value measurement

The Company adopted the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 for fair value measurements which clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable, market-based inputs, other than quoted prices, in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

ASC 820 also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities:

(1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

Financial instruments included in current assets and current liabilities except for short-term investments, due from/to related parties and accounts payable—related party are reported in the consolidated balance sheets at face value or cost, which approximate to fair value because of their short-term maturities. Short-term investments represent wealth management products that have original maturities of less than three months. The Company values its wealth management products using alternative market observable inputs and accordingly classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2.

Related party transactions

A transaction is considered to be a related party transaction when there is a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties. Related parties may be individuals or corporate entities.

Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive, free market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s-length transactions unless such representations can be substantiated. It is not, however, practical to determine the fair value of amounts due from/to related parties due to their related party nature.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in bank and time deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, which have original maturities of three months or less and are readily convertible to known amounts of cash. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, cash and cash equivalents in banks was RMB35,333,172 and RMB233,853,654 , respectively.

F-10

Short-term investments

Short-term investments include wealth management products purchased from banks, which are certain deposits with variable interest rates or principal not-guaranteed. The wealth management products have short original maturities of less than three months and the carrying value approximates to fair value.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable is carried at original invoiced amount less an allowance for doubtful accounts when collection of the amount is no longer probable. In evaluating the collectability of receivable balances, the Company considers factors such as customer circumstances or age of the receivable. Receivables are written off after all collection efforts have ceased. Collateral is not typically required, nor is interest charged on receivables.

Inventories, net

Inventories, consisting of raw materials, work in process and finished goods. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of inventory is determined using the weighted average cost method. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventory to the estimated net realizable value due to slow-moving and obsolete inventory, which is dependent upon factors such as historical and forecasted consumer demand, and promotional environment.

Prepayments

Prepayments primarily consist of advances to suppliers for future inventory purchases and prepaid processing fees.

Long-term prepaid expenses

Long-term prepaid expenses represent the prepayment made for property and equipment.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment loss, if any. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Computers and electronic equipment	2 to 3 years
Office furniture	5 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the remaining lease term.

Intangible asset, net

The Company’s intangible asset consist of a franchise right. The Company amortizes its franchise right on a straight-line basis over the contractual term. The estimated useful life is as follows:

Franchise right 2 years

Impairment of long-lived assets

For long-lived assets including property and equipment and intangible asset with finite lives, the Company evaluates for impairment whenever events or changes (triggering events) indicate that the carrying amount

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of an asset may no longer be recoverable. The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, no impairment of long-lived assets was recognized.

Revenue from contracts with customers

Consistent with the criteria of ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, the Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue consists of the invoiced value for the sales net of value-added tax (“VAT”), business tax and applicable local government levies.

Product sales revenue

The Company generates revenue primarily from the sale of product solutions by integrating its self-designed IC products (e.g., high throughput computing, or HTC, solutions) directly to a customer, such as a business or individual engaged in mining activities.

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when the control of the products has been transferred to customers. The transfer of control is considered complete when products have been picked up by or shipped to customers. The Company’s sales arrangements usually require prepayment before the delivery of products. The advance payment is not considered a significant financing component. The Company elected to account for shipping and handling fees as a fulfillment cost.

Service revenue

The Company also generates revenue from its design services under separate contracts. Revenue from the design service to the customer is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied over time over the service period.

Revenue disaggregation

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers by revenue stream. The Company determined that disaggregating revenue into these categories meets the disclosure objective in ASC 606 which is to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by regional economic factors. The following table summarizes the net revenues generated from different revenue streams:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020		2021
	RMB		RMB
Product sales revenue		2,004,074		39,440,897
Service revenue		122,602		—
Net revenue		2,126,676		39,440,897

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities are recorded when consideration is received from a customer prior to transferring the control of goods or services to the customer. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company recorded contract liabilities of RMB65,404,664 and RMB917,391,899, respectively, which were presented as

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advance from customers on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company recognized RMB1,165,716 and RMB4,241,270 of contract liabilities as revenue, respectively.

Cost of revenues

Amounts recorded as cost of revenue relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate revenue. Such costs are recorded as incurred. Cost of revenues consists of product costs and service costs. Product costs include costs of raw material, contract manufacturers for production, shipping and handling costs, and warehousing costs. Service costs include labor costs. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company recorded inventory write-down of nil and RMB26,753,768 as cost of revenues, respectively.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salary and welfare for research and development personnel, raw materials used, consulting and contractor expenses, testing and processing expenses and other expenses in associated with research and development activities. The Company recognizes research and development expenses as expense when incurred.

Leases

Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option, if any. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which it calculates based on the credit quality of the Company and by comparing interest rates available in the market for similar borrowings, and adjusting this amount based on the impact of collateral over the term of each lease.

The Company elected not to record assets and liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet for lease arrangements with terms of 12 months or less. The Company recognizes lease expenses for such leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Employee social security and welfare benefits

Employees of the Company in the PRC are entitled to staff welfare benefits including pension, work-related injury benefits, maternity insurance, medical insurance, unemployment benefit and housing fund plans through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Company is required to contribute to the plan based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government.

The PRC government is responsible for the medical benefits and the pension liability to be paid to these employees and the Company’s obligations are limited to the amounts contributed and no legal obligation beyond the contributions made.

Share-based compensation

Restricted shares granted to employees and directors are accounted for under ASC Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock compensation” (“ASC 718”). In accordance with ASC 718, the Company determines whether restricted shares should be classified and accounted for as an equity award. All grants of restricted shares to employees and directors classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately

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expected to vest is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service periods in the statements of operations. In addition, compensation expense must be recognized for the change in fair value of any awards modified, repurchased or cancelled after the grant date.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the tax income rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future.

In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, “Income taxes”, the Company recognizes in its financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon examination based solely on the technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the recognition threshold are measured using a cumulative probability approach, at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes are computed in accordance with the applicable tax law and is classified in the consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive income/(loss) is defined as the changes in equity of the Company during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments from shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Comprehensive loss for the periods presented includes net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments.

Earnings (loss) per share

The Company computes earnings (loss) per share in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. ASC 260 requires companies to present basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share. Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalents shares outstanding during the year. Dilutive equivalent shares are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share if their effects would be anti- dilutive. Ordinary share equivalents consist of the ordinary shares issuable in connection with the Company’s ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the share-based awards, using the treasury stock method.

Segment Reporting

The Company uses the “management approach” in determining reportable segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company’s reportable segments. The Company’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the chief executive officer of the Company who reviews financial information of operating segments based on U.S. GAAP. The chief operating decision maker now reviews results analyzed by marketing channel. This analysis is only presented at the revenue level with no allocation of direct or indirect costs. Consequently, the Company has determined that it has only one operating segment.

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Recently adopted or issued accounting pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326)”, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, transitional guidance and other interpretive guidance between November 2018 and March 2020 within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, ASU 2020-02 and ASU 2020-03. ASU 2016-13 introduces new guidance for credit losses on instruments within its scope, which significantly changes the way entities recognize impairment of many financial assets by requiring immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over their remaining life, instead of when incurred. For the Company, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. All entities may adopt this ASU through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740)”: which simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 as of January 1, 2021. The adoption has no impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

3. Inventories, net

Inventories, net consist of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2020		2021
	RMB		RMB
Raw materials		5,447,069		61,673,722
Work in process		1,107,007		115,246,904
Finished goods		684,217		63,703,393
Less: write-down of inventories		—		(26,753,768	)
Inventories, net		7,238,293		213,870,251

4. Prepayments

	As of December 31,
	2020		2021
	RMB		RMB
Prepayments – inventories and processing fee		6,228,173		369,183,083
Prepayments – short-term lease		1,559,832		—
Prepayments – others		197,671		3,172,046
Prepayments		7,985,676		372,355,129

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5. Other current assets

Other current assets consist of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2020		2021
	RMB		RMB
Value-added tax recoverable		1,780,025		33,077,492
Deferred offering related expenses		—		7,108,562
Advances to employees		341,307		—
Deposits		400,179		919,630
Others		374,384		354,806
Total		2,895,895		41,460,490

6. Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB
Cost:
Computers and electronic equipment		1,290,803			8,349,956
Office furniture.		—			238,222
Leasehold improvement.		—			1,395,308
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(224,044	)		(2,734,442	)
Property and equipment, net		1,066,759			7,249,044

Depreciation expenses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 were RMB187,277 and RMB2,510,398, respectively.

7. Operating leases

The Company entered into various operating lease agreements for offices space. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

The following component of lease cost are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

	For the year ended December 31, 2020		For the year ended December 31, 2021
	RMB		RMB
Operating lease cost		389,799		3,277,780
Short-term lease cost		48,000		1,867,850
Total lease cost		437,799		5,145,630

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Supplemental disclosure related to operating leases were as follows:

	For the year ended December 31, 2020			For the year ended December 31, 2021
	RMB			RMB
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows for operating leases		335,162			5,068,864
	As of December 31, 2020			As of December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases (years)		1.68			1.86
Weighted average discount rate of operating leases		6.24	%		6.24	%

The following table summarizes the maturity of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021:

As of December 31,	2021
	RMB
2022		5,563,362
2023		1,757,028
2024		456,371
Thereafter		—
Total lease payments		7,776,761
Less: imputed interest		(429,647	)
Total lease liabilities		7,347,114

8. Loan payable

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company borrowed an unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand loan of RMB5,000,000 from an individual. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company fully repaid the loan. The loan payable as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 was RMB5,000,000 and nil, respectively.

9. Shareholders’ deficit

On January 8, 2021, Nano Labs Ltd was incorporated in the Cayman Islands. In April 2021, the Board of the Company approved a one-for-10,000 shares subdivision, following which the authorized share capital of US$50,000 was divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.0001 each.

The shareholders’ deficit structures as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 were presented after giving retroactive effect to the reorganization of the Company that was completed in the September 2021.

In January and March 2021, the Company issued ordinary shares, which equivalent to a total of 79,249,000 ordinary shares after the reorganization, to six original shareholders of Zhejiang Haowei with cash proceeds of US$7,925. In April and May 2021, the Company entered into agreements with fourteen new shareholders to issue a total of 20,751,000 ordinary shares for total cash proceeds of RMB 81,000,000 (approximately US$12,600,000). In July 2021, the total of 20,751,000 ordinary shares were issued and the proceeds had been fully collected as of December 31, 2021. In August 2021, the Company entered into agreements with six new shareholders to issue a total of 3,790,000 ordinary shares for total consideration of US$18,950,000 (approximately RMB122,300,000). In November 2021, the total of 3,790,000 shares were issued and the proceeds had been fully collected as of December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, there were 79,249,000 and 103,790,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively.

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10. Statutory Reserve

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC are required on an annual basis to make appropriations of retained earnings set at certain percentage of after-tax profit determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations (“PRC GAAP”).

Appropriation to the statutory general reserve should be at least 10% of the after tax net income determined in accordance with the legal requirements in the PRC until the reserve is equal to 50% of the entities’ registered capital. The Company is not required to make appropriation to other reserve funds and the Company does not have any intentions to make appropriations to any other reserve funds.

The general reserve fund can only be used for specific purposes, such as offsetting the accumulated losses, enterprise expansion or increasing the registered capital. Appropriations to the general reserve funds are classified in the consolidated balance sheets as statutory reserves.

There are no legal requirements in the PRC to fund these reserves by transfer of cash to restricted accounts, and the Company has not done so.

Relevant laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the PRC subsidiaries and affiliated companies only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with respective accounting standards and regulations. Accordingly, the above balances are not allowed to be transferred to the Company in terms of cash dividends, loans or advances.

The Company has made nil appropriations to statutory reserve for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021.

11. Share-based Compensation

On January 31, 2020, Jianping Kong, principal shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer, granted, on behalf of Zhejiang Haowei, a total of 800,000 restricted shares of Zhejiang Haowei to its employees and directors, representing 8% of the equity interest of Zhejiang Haowei then. For these rewards, 33.3% will be vested on December 31, 2022 or one year after Zhejiang Haowei completed the initial public offering, whichever is earlier; 33.3% will be vested on December 31, 2023 or two years after Zhejiang Haowei completed the initial public offering, whichever is earlier; and 33.3% will be vested on December 31, 2024 or three years after Zhejiang Haowei completed the initial public offering, whichever is earlier.

On December 10, 2020, Jianping Kong, on behalf of Zhejiang Haowei, granted a total of 400,000 restricted shares of Zhejiang Haowei to its employees and directors, representing 4% of the equity interest of Zhejiang Haowei then. The restricted shares were fully vested at the grant date.

As part of the reorganization completed in September 2021, upon mutual agreement of Jianping Kong and the equity reward holders, the equity rewards of Zhejiang Haowei described above were replaced with restricted shares of the Company while maintaining the same percentage of equity interest held by each equity reward holder. No incremental fair value was recognized. A total of 9,272,131 restricted ordinary shares of Nano Labs were transferrable by Jianping Kong with the respective terms and vesting schedules unchanged.

On December 10, 2020, Zhejiang Haowei granted a total of 256,411 restricted shares to its employees and directors, representing 2.5% of the total equity interest of Zhejiang Haowei then. The restricted shares were fully vested at the grant date. As part of the reorganization completed in September 2021, the equity rewards granted by Zhejiang Haowei were replaced with restricted shares of the Company while maintaining the same percentage of equity interest held by each equity reward holder. No incremental fair value was recognized. 1,981,225 restricted ordinary shares of Nano Labs previously issued to and held by the original shareholders of Zhejiang Haowei on behalf of the respective equity reward holders were to be transferred with the terms and vesting schedules unchanged.

On November 1, 2021, the Board of the Company approved the establishment of an employee benefit trust for the purpose of holding the Company’s ordinary shares to be transferred to the recipient employees and

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directors of the incentive share awards. In January 2022, Jianping Kong and other original shareholders of Zhejiang Haowei transferred a total of 11,253,356 ordinary shares held by them on behalf of the respective equity reward holders to the employee benefit trust. All share awards described above will be transferred to recipient employees and directors from the employee benefit trust.

During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, share-based compensation recognized by the Company were RMB214,882 and RMB19,344, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, unvested number of restricted shares were 6,181,420 shares with unrecognized compensation cost of RMB53,218 and RMB35,323, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3 and 2 years, respectively.

12. Income Taxes

Cayman Islands

Under the current tax laws of Cayman Islands, the holding companies incorporated in the Cayman Islands are not subject to income, corporation or capital gains tax, and no withholding tax is imposed upon the payment of dividends.

British Virgin Islands

The holding companies incorporated in the British Virgin Islands are not subject to tax on income or capital gains under current British Virgin Islands law. In addition, upon payments of dividends by these entity to the shareholders, no British Virgin Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

The companies incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. These companies did not make any provisions for Hong Kong profit tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Hong Kong since inception.

Singapore

The company incorporated in Singapore is subject to Singapore Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Singapore tax laws. The applicable tax rate is 17% in Singapore, with 75% of the first SGD100,000 (approximately RMB470,000) and 50% of the next SGD100,000 (approximately RMB470,000) taxable income exempted from income tax. The company did not make any provisions for Singapore income tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Singapore since inception.

PRC

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC are subject to PRC Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) on the taxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income tax laws. A new enterprise income tax law (the “EIT Law”) in the PRC was enacted and became effective on January 1, 2008. The EIT Law applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax (“EIT”) rate to both foreign invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. Accordingly, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to the EIT rate of 25%. EIT grants preferential tax treatment to certain High and New Technology Enterprises (“HNTEs”). Under this preferential tax treatment, HNTEs are entitled to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. Zhejiang Nanomicro obtained the “high-tech enterprise” tax status in December 2021, which reduced its statutory income tax rate to 15% from December 2021 to December 2024.

F-19

A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the PRC statutory income tax rate is as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
PRC statutory income tax rates		25.00	%		25.00	%
Effect of expenses not deductible for tax purposes		(0.38	)%		(0.22	)%
Effect of additional deduction of research and development expense		21.50	%		15.18	%
Effect of income tax exemptions and reliefs		0.02	%		(13.14	)%
Effect of valuation allowance on deferred income tax assets		(46.16	)%		(26.35	)%
Income tax difference under different tax jurisdictions		—			(0.47	)%
Total		(0.02	)%		0.00	%

The provision for income taxes consists of the following:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020		2021
	RMB		RMB
Current income tax expense		2,293		—
Deferred tax expense		—		—
Income tax expense		2,293		—

Significant component of deferred tax assets are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020			2021
Net operating loss carryforward		19,850,869			53,517,161
Accrued expense and others		—			3,960,446
Inventory impairment		—			5,004,834
Deferred tax assets		19,850,869			62,482,441
Less: valuation allowance		(19,850,869	)		(62,482,441	)
Deferred tax assets.		—			—

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the cumulative earnings and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. Recovery of the Company’s deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future income, exclusive of reversing taxable temporary differences.

Uncertain tax positions

The tax authority of the PRC Government conducts periodic and ad hoc tax filing reviews on business enterprises operating in the PRC after those enterprises complete their relevant tax filings. In general, the PRC tax authority has up to five years to conduct examinations of the tax filings of the Company’s PRC entities. Accordingly, the PRC subsidiaries’ tax years of 2020 and 2021 remain open to examination by the respective tax authorities. It is therefore uncertain as to whether the PRC tax authority may take different views about the Company’s PRC entities’ tax filings, which may lead to additional tax liabilities.

F-20

The Company evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measure the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.

13. Related party transactions

Related parties with whom the Company conducted business consist of the following:

Name of related party	Nature of Relationship
Jianping Kong	Principal shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer
Qifeng Sun	Principal shareholder and vice chairman
Yingying Jin	Family member of Jianping Kong
Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd.	Company controlled by Jianping Kong

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company borrowed RMB17,670,000 from Jianping Kong. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repaid RMB19,270,000 to Jianping Kong. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due to Jianping Kong were RMB19,270,000 and nil, respectively.

During the year ended 2020, the Company borrowed RMB12,085,000 from Qifeng Sun. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repaid RMB12,085,000 to Qifeng Sun. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due to Qifeng Sun were RMB12,085,000 and nil, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company borrowed RMB500,000 from and repaid RMB890,000 to Yingying Jin. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due to Yingying Jin were nil and nil, respectively.

During the year ended 2020, the Company lent RMB2,270,000 to and collected RMB1,560,000 from Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd. During the year ended 2021, the Company lent RMB100,000 to and collected RMB4,490,000 from Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the amounts due from Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd. were RMB4,390,000 and nil, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company purchased raw materials and services in amount of RMB328,411 from Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd., and made payment in amount of RMB5,045,392 to it. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the accounts payable to Hangzhou Weiditu Technology Co., Ltd. were RMB4,716,981 and nil, respectively.

The amounts due from related party and due to related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

14. Concentrations

The following table sets forth information as to each customer that accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
Customer A		47	%		59	%
Customer B		22	%		—
Customer C		14	%		—
Customer D		—			15	%

Customer A also accounted for 100% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020.

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The following table sets forth information as to each supplier that accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s purchase for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2021
Supplier A		38	%		—
Supplier B		36	%		—
Supplier C		—			50	%
Supplier D		—			34	%
Supplier E		—			13	%

15. Commitments and contingencies

Operating lease commitments

The information of lease commitments is provided in Note 7.

16. Subsequent events

The following subsequent events were evaluated on April 7, 2022, the date the financial statements were issued. Except as set forth below, there were no events that occurred subsequent to December 31, 2021 that require adjustment to or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

On January 1, 2022, the Company granted an employee an option to purchase 500,000 ordinary shares of the Company with exercise price of US$0.0002 per share. For the reward, 33.3% will be vested on December 31, 2022 or one year after the Company completed the initial public offering, whichever is earlier; 33.3% will be vested on December 31, 2023 or two years after the Company completed the initial public offering, whichever is earlier; and 33.3% will be vested on December 31, 2024 or three years after the Company completed the initial public offering, whichever is earlier.

On February 1, 2022, a total of 162,262 restricted shares were forfeited as a result of the resignation of an employee.

17. Parent-only financial statements

The Company performed a test on the restricted net assets of the consolidated subsidiaries in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Rule 4-08 (e) (3), “General Notes to Financial Statements” and concluded that it was applicable for the Company to disclose the financial information for the parent company only.

The subsidiaries did not pay any dividend to the Company for the periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures generally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed and omitted. These statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Basis of presentation

The financial information of the parent company has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the Company’s consolidated financial statements except that the parent company used the equity method to account for investments in its subsidiaries.

The following represents condensed financial information of the parent company:

F-22

NANO LABS LTD

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	As of December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
ASSETS/(LIABILITIES)
Cash and cash equivalents		—			88,571			13,892
Short-term investments		—			31,878,500			5,000,000
Prepayments		—			374,120			58,679
Due from intercompany		—			168,505,129			26,429,275
Investment in subsidiaries		(48,520,332	)		(225,380,481	)		(35,349,919	)
Other payables		—			(127,514	)		(20,000	)
TOTAL ASSETS (LIABILITIES)		(48,520,332	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)
SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Shareholders’ deficit:
Ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 79,249,000 and 103,790,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively)		51,135			66,970			10,504
Additional paid-in capital		163,747			201,418,380			31,591,571
Accumulated deficit		(48,735,214	)		(223,679,698	)		(35,083,159	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		—			(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
TOTAL NANO LABS LTD SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT		(48,520,332	)		(24,661,675	)		(3,868,073	)

F-23

NANO LABS LTD

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2020			2021
	RMB			RMB			US$
Net revenues		—			—			—
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		—			980			154
General and administrative expenses		—			306,775			48,116
Total operating expenses		—			307,755			48,270
Loss from operations		—			(307,755	)		(48,270	)
Loss from investment in subsidiaries		(37,704,077	)		(174,636,729	)		(27,390,990	)
Net loss attributable to Nano Labs Ltd		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss		(37,704,077	)		(174,944,484	)		(27,439,260	)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—			(2,467,327	)		(386,989	)
Total comprehensive loss attributable to Nano Labs Ltd		(37,704,077	)		(177,411,811	)		(27,826,249	)

F-24

NANO LABS LTD

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(all amounts in RMB and US$, except number of shares or as otherwise noted)

	For the years ended December 31
	2020		2021
	RMB		RMB			US$
Net cash used in operating activities		—		(535,017	)		(83,916	)
Net cash used in investing activities		—		(201,554,446	)		(31,612,912	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		—		201,251,124			31,565,338
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—		926,910			145,382
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		—		88,571			13,892
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year		—		—			—
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year		—		88,571			13,892

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PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 6. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent that any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as providing indemnification against fraud, dishonesty or the consequences of committing a crime.

Our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering provide that each officer or director of our company (but not auditors) shall be indemnified out of our assets against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by such director or officer, other than by reason of such person’s own dishonesty or fraud, in or about the conduct of our company’s business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his or her duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such director or officer in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning our company or its affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere.

Under the form of indemnification agreement filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this registration statement, we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being such a director or executive officer.

The form of underwriting agreement to be filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this registration statement will also provide for indemnification of us and our officers and directors.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

II-1

Item 7. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the past three years, we have issued and sold the securities. We believe that each of the following issuances was exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act regarding sales by an issuer in offshore transactions. We believe that our issuances of options to our employees, directors, officers and consultants were exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 701 under the Securities Act. No underwriters were involved in these issuances of securities.

Purchaser	Date of Issuance	Class of Securities	Number of Securities	Total Consideration
JIANPING KONG LTD, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd	January 8, 2021	Ordinary shares	25,500, 24,500	US$25,500, US$24,500
Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Topqick Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd. and Hami Melon Technology Ltd	May 12, 2021	Ordinary shares	15,000, 5,000, 750, 1,000, 250	US$1.5, US$0.5, US$0.08, US$0.1, US$0.03
JIANPING KONG LTD	May 13, 2021	Ordinary shares	28,000	US$2.8
JIANPING KONG LTD, Star Spectrum Capital Ltd, Topqick Ltd, VICTORBTC Ltd., Koala TC Ltd., Hami Melon Technology Ltd, Toqiteck Ltd, Luckylily Ltd, Szebra J Ltd., Great Scenery Ventures Limited, Root Grace Ltd., Wayne&Elizabeth Yao Ltd., Tujia Ltd., NANHE Ltd., Applepie W Ltd., M-Dreamer Ltd., Nicefollow Ltd., Dream Candy Ltd., Weast Possum Ltd., Bitrise Capital Ltd. and Dualities Link C Ltd.	July 8, 2021	Ordinary shares	44,351,440, 23,759,700, 3,995,000, 1,187,985, 1,583,980, 395,995, 3,924,900, 4,171,000, 2,580,000, 1,000,000, 3,400,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000, 504,000, 706,000, 2,000,000, 290,000, 100,000 and 2,000,000	US$4,435.14, US$2,375.97, US$399.5, US118.80, US$158.40, US$39.60, US$392.49, US$774,893.5, US$929,872.1, US$774,893.5, US$2,634,637.7, US$774,893.5, US$774,893.5, US$774,893.5, US$774,893.5, US$390,546.3, US$547,074.8, US$1,549,786.9, US$224,719.1, US$77,489.3, US$1,549,786.9
Yongwan Ltd., Liu JiaSheng, Jade Investments Holding Limited, HashKey FinTech Investment Fund LP, HUANG YONG, LI JINPENG	November 1, 2021	Ordinary shares	1,540,000, 800,000, 600,000, 600,000, 200,000, 50,000	US$7,700,000, US$4,000,000, US$3,000,000, US$3,000,000, US$1,000,000, US$250,000

Item 8. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)    Exhibits

See Exhibits Index beginning on page II-4 of this registration statement.

(b)    Financial Statement Schedules

Schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the Notes thereto.

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Item 9. Undertakings

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 6, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

II-3

EXHIBITS INDEX

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
1.1*	Form of Underwriting Agreement
3.1	Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant, as currently in effect
3.2	Form of Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering)
4.1*	Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 4.3)
4.2*	Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares
4.3*	Form of Deposit Agreement, among the Registrant, the depositary and holder of the American Depositary Receipts
5.1	Opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP regarding the validity of the Class A ordinary shares being registered and certain Cayman Islands tax matters
8.1	Opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP regarding certain Cayman Islands tax matters (included in Exhibit 5.1)
8.2	Opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm regarding certain PRC tax matters (included in Exhibit 99.2)
10.1	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers
10.2	Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and each of its executive officers
10.3	2022 Share Incentive Plan
21.1	Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1	Consent of MaloneBailey LLP
23.2	Consent of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)
23.3	Consent of Zhong Lun Law Firm (included in Exhibit 99.2)
24.1	Powers of Attorney (included on signature page)
99.1	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant
99.2	Opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm regarding certain PRC law matters
99.3	Consent of Frost & Sullivan
99.4	Consent of Jiaming Zhu, independent director appointee
99.5	Consent of Li Zhang, independent director appointee
99.6	Consent of Lizhen Xie, independent director appointee
107	Filing Fee Table

* To be filed by amendment

II-4

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, on June 10, 2022.

Nano Labs Ltd
By:	/s/ Jianping Kong
	Name: Jianping Kong
	Title:   Chairman

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Jianping Kong as attorney-in-fact with full power of substitution for him or her in any and all capacities to do any and all acts and all things and to execute any and all instruments which said attorney and agent may deem necessary or desirable to enable the registrant to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and any rules, regulations and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder, in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of ordinary shares of the registrant, or the ‘Shares’, including, without limitation, the power and authority to sign the name of each of the undersigned in the capacities indicated below to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, or the ‘Registration Statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to such Shares, to any and all amendments or supplements to such Registration Statement, whether such amendments or supplements are filed before or after the effective date of such Registration Statement, to any related Registration Statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, and to any and all instruments or documents filed as part of or in connection with such Registration Statement or any and all amendments thereto, whether such amendments are filed before or after the effective date of such Registration Statement; and each of the undersigned hereby ratifies and confirms all that such attorney and agent shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Jianping Kong Name: Jianping Kong	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)	June 10, 2022
/s/ Qifeng Sun Name: Qifeng Sun	Vice Chairman	June 10, 2022
/s/ Nan Hu Name: Nan Hu	Director	June 10, 2022
/s/ Bing Chen Name: Bing Chen	Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President (principal financial and accounting officer)	June 10, 2022

II-5

SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of Nano Labs Ltd, has signed this registration statement or amendment thereto in New York on June 10, 2022.

Authorized U.S. Representative
By:	/s/ Colleen A. De Vries
	Name: Colleen A. De Vries
	Title:   Senior Vice President on behalf of Cogency Global Inc.

II-6