Description of business and summary of significant accounting policies | Note 1. Description of business and summary of significant accounting policies Overview MIRA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“MIRA” or the “Company” and formerly known as MIRA1a Therapeutics, Inc.) is a pre-clinical-stage pharmaceutical development company with two neuroscience programs targeting a broad range of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. The Company has an exclusive licensing agreement for Ketamir-2, a unique, patent pending novel oral ketamine analog under investigation to potentially deliver ultra-rapid antidepressant effects, providing hope for individuals battling treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation (MDSI). The Company’s novel oral pharmaceutical marijuana, MIRA-55, is currently under investigation for treating adult patients suffering from anxiety and cognitive decline, often associated with early-stage dementia. MIRA-55, if approved by the FDA, could mark a significant advancement in addressing various neuropsychiatric, inflammatory, and neurologic diseases and disorders. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)’s scientific review of Ketamir-2 concluded that it would not be considered a controlled substance or listed chemical under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and its governing regulations. Additionally, we have submitted the required paperwork for MIRA-55 to be evaluated by the DEA. The Company was organized as a Florida corporation in September 2020 and commenced substantive operations in late 2020, at which time the Company commenced its pharmaceutical development program. The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). As used herein, the Company’s Common Stock, par value $ 0.0001 0.0001 Operating updates In early February 2024, we made a significant discovery during the manufacturing and scale-up process of our patented molecule known as “MIRA1a,” which we had been utilizing with a contract manufacturer. Through this process, we identified a novel and improved version of the molecule, MIRA-55. MIRA-55 exhibits enhanced potency and holds promise for improved efficacy compared to MIRA1a. As part of our due diligence and subsequent testing, we discovered that the pre-clinical studies we conducted, previously attributed to MIRA1a, were in fact performed on MIRA-55. Following this revelation, we promptly filed a provisional patent for MIRA-55, which encompasses all pre-clinical studies disclosed in our two registration statements on Form S-1, declared effective on August 2, 2023 and December 27, 2023 (File Nos. 333-273024 and 333-276118, respectively). Moreover, based on our pre-clinical analyses to date, we believe that MIRA-55 is an improvement over MIRA1a in that it displays enhanced potency and potential for efficacy. In early March 2024, we filed a provisional patent application for MIRA-55, aiming for global patent protection. If such patent is issued, we would own the patent rights to both MIRA1a and MIRA-55. Additional testing is required to confirm our preliminary beliefs. However, based on our discoveries to date, the Company has decided to advance MIRA-55 as our lead compound for our oral pharmaceutical marijuana drug candidate while still retaining our rights to MIRA1a. As such, we do not intend to move MIRA1a forward as of the date of this Report. Initial public offering On August 7, 2023, the Company closed its initial public offering consisting of 1,275,000 7.00 8.9 1.2 7.7 The shares were offered and sold pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-273024), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on June 29, 2023 (the “Registration Statement”) and the final quarterly report filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Registration Statement was declared effective by the Commission on August 2, 2023. The common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market on August 3, 2023 under the symbol “MIRA”. The closing of the IPO occurred on August 7, 2023. As of the completion of the IPO, among other things, certain of the Company’s then-outstanding convertible debt was converted into shares of common stock. See Note 5 for more information. Revenue recognition The Company currently has no source of revenue. Miscellaneous income, including interest, is recognized when earned by the Company. Income taxes The Company is taxed as a C corporation. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amount of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are recognized for temporary differences that will result in deductible amounts in future years and for loss carryovers. A valuation allowance is recognized regarding deferred tax assets, if any, if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Research and development expenses Research and development costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred and include the expenses paid to third parties, such as contract research organizations and consultants, who conduct research and development activities on behalf of the Company. Patent-related costs, including registration costs, documentation costs and other legal fees associated with the application, are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. General and administrative expense General and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of personnel costs, marketing expenses, amortization, insurance expenses, professional services fees, travel and office expenses, and stock-based compensation. Advertising expenses The Company expenses advertising costs when incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: Schedule of Advertising Expenses December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Advertising expenses $ 102,000 $ - Leases The Company accounts for leases under the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases”, which requires the Company to recognize right-to-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for operating leases on the balance sheet. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from such estimates and such differences could be material. Cash The Company maintains cash balances with financial institutions that management believes are of high credit quality. The Company’s cash account at times may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk from its cash account. Stock-based compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the provisions of FASB ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation”, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees, directors and consultants based on estimated fair values on the grant date. The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods using the straight-line method. The Company has elected to account for forfeiture of stock-based awards as they occur. Segment information ASC Topic 280, “ Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” Management has considered all other recent accounting pronouncements that are issued, but not effective, and it does not believe that they will have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial position. Change in accounting principle In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes existing guidance for accounting for leases under Topic 840, Leases. The FASB also subsequently issued additional ASUs which amend and clarify Topic 842. The most significant change in the new leasing guidance is the requirement to recognize right-to-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for operating leases on the balance sheet. The Company adopted these ASUs effective January 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective approach. As a result of adopting these ASUs, the Company recorded ROU assets and lease liabilities of approximately $ 0.2 0.2 Fair value of financial instruments The Company measures the fair value of financial instruments in accordance with GAAP which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. GAAP defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company considers the carrying amount of deferred offering costs to approximate fair value due to short-term nature of this instrument. GAAP describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable. Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions). Contingencies In the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings, amounts arising from contractual arrangements and claims arising out of the Company’s business that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, and tax matters. In accordance with ASC Topic 450, Accounting for Contingencies, |