Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses and Credit Quality | NOTE 4 – LOANS, ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND CREDIT QUALITY Loans Loans that the Company has the intent and ability to hold until maturity or payoff are carried at amortized cost (net of the allowance for credit losses). Amortized cost is the principal amount outstanding, adjusted by partial charge-offs and net of deferred loan costs or fees. For originated loans, loan fees and certain direct origination costs are deferred and amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the level-yield method. When a loan is paid off, the unamortized portion is recognized in interest income. Interest income on loans is accrued based upon the daily principal amount outstanding except for loans on nonaccrual status. As a general rule, loans more than 90 days past due with respect to principal or interest are classified as nonaccrual loans, or sooner if management considers such action to be prudent. However, loans that are more than 90 days past due may be kept on an accruing status if the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Income accruals are suspended on all nonaccrual loans in a timely manner and all previously accrued and uncollected interest is reversed against current income. A loan can be returned to accrual status when collectibility of principal and interest is reasonably assured and the loan has performed for a period of time, generally six months. When doubt exists as to the collectability of a loan, any payments received are applied to reduce the amortized cost of the loan to the extent necessary to eliminate such doubt. For all loan portfolios, a charge-off occurs when the Company determines that a specific loan, or portion thereof, is uncollectible. This determination is made based on management's review of specific facts and circumstances of the individual loan, including the expected cash flows to repay the loan, the value of the collateral and the ability and willingness of any guarantors to perform. Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Held for Investment The allowance for credit losses is established based upon the Company's current estimate of expected lifetime credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost. Credit losses are charged against the allowance when management's assessments confirm that the Company will not collect the full amortized cost basis of a loan. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Under the CECL methodology, the Company estimates credit losses for financial assets on a collective basis for loans sharing similar risk characteristics using a quantitative model combined with an assessment of certain qualitative factors designed to address forecast risk and model risk inherent in the quantitative model output. The quantitative model utilizes a loss factor based approach to estimate expected credit losses, which are derived from internal historical and industry loss experience. The model estimates expected credit losses using loan level data over the estimated life of the exposure, considering the effect of prepayments. Economic forecasts are incorporated into the estimate over a reasonable and supportable forecast period, beyond which is a reversion to the historical long-run average. Management has determined a reasonable and supportable period of 12 months, and a reversion period of 12 months, to be appropriate for purposes of estimating expected credit losses. The qualitative risk factors impacting the expected risk of loss within the portfolio include the following: • Lending policies and procedures • Economic and business conditions • Nature and volume of loans • Changes in management • Changes in credit quality • Changes in loan review system • Changes to underlying collateral values • Concentrations of credit risk • Other external factors Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with any pools of assets are subject to individual assessment and are removed from the collectively assessed pools to avoid double counting. For the loans that will be individually assessed, the Company will use either a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) approach or a fair value of collateral approach. The latter approach will be used for loans deemed to be collateral dependent or when foreclosure is probable. Accrued interest receivable amounts are excluded from balances of loans held at amortized cost and are included within accrued interest receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. Management has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses on these amounts as the Company employs a timely write-off policy. Consistent with the Company's policy for nonaccrual loans, accrued interest receivable is typically written off when loans reach 90 days past due and are placed on nonaccrual status. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into commitments to extend credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded. The credit risk associated with these commitments is evaluated in a manner similar to the allowance for credit losses. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Loans consisted of the following as of the dates indicated: At September 30, At December 31, 2023 2022 Amount Percent Amount Percent (Dollars in thousands) Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ 395,290 39.3 % $ 355,381 39.8 % Multi-family 281,192 28.0 % 241,951 27.1 % Commercial 185,657 18.5 % 156,212 17.5 % Home equity lines of credit and loans 33,407 3.3 % 27,783 3.1 % Construction 101,615 10.1 % 107,317 12.0 % Other loans: Commercial loans 8,471 0.8 % 4,266 0.5 % Consumer 248 0.0 % 222 0.0 % 1,005,880 100.0 % 893,132 100.0 % Less: Net deferred loan fees ( 229 ) ( 258 ) Allowance for credit losses ( 8,292 ) ( 7,200 ) Total loans, net $ 997,359 $ 885,674 Certain directors and executive officers of the Company and companies in which they have a significant ownership interest are also customers of the Bank. Total outstanding loan balances to such persons and their companies amounted to $ 889,000 and $ 943,000 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively. The following table sets forth the activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, September 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in thousands) (in thousands) Beginning Balance $ 909 $ 1,223 $ 943 $ 1,257 New Loans — — — — Advances — 75 — 375 Paydowns ( 20 ) ( 325 ) ( 54 ) ( 659 ) Ending Balance $ 889 $ 973 $ 889 $ 973 The carrying value of loans pledged to secure advances from the FHLBB were $ 558.3 million and $ 333.5 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The following tables set forth information regarding the allowance for credit losses as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023: For the three months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Beginning Charge-offs Recoveries Provision (benefit) Ending (1) Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ 1,980 $ - $ - $ 40 $ 2,020 Multi-family 2,150 - - 79 2,229 Commercial 2,348 - - ( 154 ) 2,194 Home equity lines of credit and loans 203 - - 4 207 Construction 1,570 - - ( 126 ) 1,444 Other loans: Commercial loans 218 - - ( 21 ) 197 Consumer 1 ( 1 ) 1 - 1 Total $ 8,470 $ ( 1 ) $ 1 $ ( 178 ) $ 8,292 For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Beginning Cumulative effect accounting adjustment (2) Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Ending (1) Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ 1,703 $ 130 $ - $ - $ 187 $ 2,020 Multi-family 1,839 77 - - 313 2,229 Commercial 1,797 145 - - 252 2,194 Home equity lines of credit and loans 194 ( 20 ) - - 33 207 Construction 1,286 136 - - 22 1,444 Other loans: Commercial loans 60 34 - - 103 197 Consumer 1 - ( 1 ) 1 - 1 Unallocated 320 ( 320 ) - - - - Total $ 7,200 $ 182 $ ( 1 ) $ 1 $ 910 $ 8,292 (1) Balances of accrued interest receivable excluded from amortized cost and the calculation of allowance for credit losses amounted to $ 2.9 million as of September 30, 2023. (2) Represents an adjustment needed to reflect the cumulative day one impact pursuant to the Company's adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13. The adjustment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 represents a $ 182,000 increase to the allowance attributable to the change in accounting methodology for estimating the allowance for credit losses resulting from the Company's adoption of the standard. The following table shows the age analysis of past due loans as of the date indicated: 30–59 Days 60–89 Days 90 Days Total Total Total 90 days (in thousands) As of September 30, 2023 Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ 507 $ — $ 274 $ 781 $ 394,509 $ 395,290 $ — Multi-family — — — — 281,192 281,192 — Commercial — — — — 185,657 185,657 — Home equity lines of credit and loans 97 8 16 121 33,286 33,407 — Construction — — — — 101,615 101,615 — Other loans: Commercial — — — — 8,471 8,471 — Consumer — — — — 248 248 — $ 604 $ 8 $ 290 $ 902 $ 1,004,978 $ 1,005,880 $ — The following table shows information regarding nonaccrual loans as of the dates indicated: As of September 30, 2023 Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 With Allowance for Credit Losses Without Allowance for Credit Losses Total Interest Income Recognized Interest Income Recognized (in thousands) Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ — $ 1,195 $ 1,195 $ 12 $ 26 Multi-family — — — — — Commercial — — — — — Home equity lines of credit and loans — 16 16 — — Construction — — — — — Other loans: Commercial — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Total nonaccrual loans $ — $ 1,211 $ 1,211 $ 12 $ 26 Credit Quality Information The Company utilizes a seven grade internal loan rating system for multi-family and commercial real estate, construction, commercial loans and certain residential and home equity lines of credit as follows: Loans rated 1 – 3: Loans in these categories are considered “pass” rated loans with low to average risk. Loans rated 4: Loans in this category are considered “special mention.” These loans are starting to show signs of potential weakness and are being closely monitored by management. Loans rated 5: Loans in this category are considered “substandard.” Generally, a loan is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the weakness is not corrected. Loans rated 6: Loans in this category are considered “doubtful.” Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Loans rated 7: Loans in this category are considered uncollectible (loss) and of such little value that their continuance as loans is not warranted. On an annual basis, or more often if needed, the Company formally reviews the ratings on all commercial loans with aggregate potential outstanding balances of $ 500,000 or more, and all commercial real estate loans (including multi-family and construction loans as well as residential and home equity line of credit loans to commercial borrowers) with aggregate potential outstanding balances of $ 1.0 million or more. For loans that are not formally rated, the Company initially assesses credit quality based upon the borrower’s ability to pay and subsequently monitors these loans based on the borrower’s payment activity. The following table details the amortized cost balances of the Company's loan portfolios, presented by credit quality indicator and origination year as of September 30, 2023: Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Total 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior As of September 30, 2023 (in thousands) One-to-four family residential Pass $ 2,956 $ 36,791 $ 15,626 $ 5,206 $ 4,268 $ 9,320 $ — $ — $ 74,167 Special Mention — — — 810 — 457 — — 1,267 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) 35,886 89,996 73,559 52,081 7,482 60,852 — — 319,856 Total $ 38,842 $ 126,787 $ 89,185 $ 58,097 $ 11,750 $ 70,629 $ — $ — $ 395,290 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Multi-family Pass $ 40,732 $ 195,365 $ 24,872 $ 8,942 $ — $ 10,031 $ 1,050 $ — $ 280,992 Special Mention 200 — — — — — — — 200 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) — — — — — — — — — Total $ 40,932 $ 195,365 $ 24,872 $ 8,942 $ — $ 10,031 $ 1,050 $ — $ 281,192 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial real estate Pass $ 32,013 $ 72,933 $ 24,286 $ 16,663 $ 4,096 $ 31,970 $ 3,696 $ — $ 185,657 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) — — — — — — — — — Total $ 32,013 $ 72,933 $ 24,286 $ 16,663 $ 4,096 $ 31,970 $ 3,696 $ — $ 185,657 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Home equity lines of credit and loans Pass $ 327 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 6,252 $ — $ 6,579 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) 377 37 12 — 67 41 25,734 560 26,828 Total $ 704 $ 37 $ 12 $ — $ 67 $ 41 $ 31,986 $ 560 $ 33,407 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Construction Pass $ 20,653 $ 54,145 $ 18,883 $ — $ 2,006 $ 2,988 $ — $ — $ 98,675 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) 1,303 1,637 — — — — — — 2,940 Total $ 21,956 $ 55,782 $ 18,883 $ — $ 2,006 $ 2,988 $ — $ — $ 101,615 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial loans Pass $ 3,402 $ 3,454 $ 440 $ 40 $ 87 $ 159 $ 817 $ — $ 8,399 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) — — 72 — — — — — 72 Total $ 3,402 $ 3,454 $ 512 $ 40 $ 87 $ 159 $ 817 $ — $ 8,471 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Consumer Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Loans not formally rated (1) 38 40 48 — — 74 48 — 248 Total $ 38 $ 40 $ 48 $ — $ — $ 74 $ 48 $ — $ 248 Current-period gross charge-offs (2) $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — (1) There was one home equity line of credit loan originated prior to 2019 with an amortized cost of $ 16,000 that is not formally rated and was on non-accrual as of September 30, 2023. All other loans not formally rated were accruing as of September 30, 2023. (2) Gross charge-off disclosures are made starting in the period of adoption and prospectively. At September 30, 2023 , the Company had one consumer mortgage loan secured by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure with a carrying amount of $ 110,000 . For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 , the Company did no t provide loan restructurings involving borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. Prior Period Disclosures Pre Adoption of ASC 326 The following tables set forth information regarding the allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022: For the three months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Beginning Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Ending Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ 1,469 $ - $ - $ 183 $ 1,652 Multi-family 779 - - 386 1,165 Commercial 1,353 - - 201 1,554 Home equity lines of credit and loans 193 - 1 10 204 Construction 950 - - 131 1,081 Other loans: Commercial loans 46 - - 14 60 Consumer 1 - - - 1 Unallocated 320 - - - 320 Total $ 5,111 $ - $ 1 $ 925 $ 6,037 For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Beginning Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Ending Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ 1,271 $ - $ - $ 381 $ 1,652 Multi-family 417 - - 748 1,165 Commercial 1,099 - - 455 1,554 Home equity lines of credit and loans 185 - 1 18 204 Construction 855 - - 226 1,081 Other loans: Commercial loans 60 - - - 60 Consumer 2 - - ( 1 ) 1 Unallocated 347 - - ( 27 ) 320 Total $ 4,236 $ - $ 1 $ 1,800 $ 6,037 The following table sets forth information regarding the allowance for loan losses and portfolio evaluation method as of December 31, 2022: As of December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Allowance for loans individually Allowance for loans collectively Total allowance for loan losses Loans individually Loans collectively Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ - $ 1,703 $ 1,703 $ 656 $ 354,725 Multi-family - 1,839 1,839 - 241,951 Commercial - 1,797 1,797 - 156,212 Home equity lines of credit and loans - 194 194 - 27,783 Construction - 1,286 1,286 - 107,317 Other loans: Commercial loans - 60 60 - 4,266 Consumer - 1 1 - 222 Unallocated - 320 320 - - Total $ - $ 7,200 $ 7,200 $ 656 $ 892,476 The following table shows the age analysis of past due financing receivables as of the date indicated: 30–59 Days 60–89 Days 90 Days Total Total Total 90 days Loans on (in thousands) As of December 31, 2022 Real estate loans: One-to-four family residential $ — $ — $ 189 $ 189 $ 355,192 $ 355,381 $ — $ 656 Multi-family — — — — 241,951 241,951 — — Commercial — — — — 156,212 156,212 — — Home equity lines of credit and loans — — — — 27,783 27,783 — — Construction — — — — 107,317 107,317 — — Other loans: Commercial — — — — 4,266 4,266 — — Consumer — — — — 222 222 — — $ — $ — $ 189 $ 189 $ 892,943 $ 893,132 $ — $ 656 The following table presents the Bank’s loans by credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2022: Real Estate Home Equity Residential Multi-family Commercial Lines of Credit Construction Commercial Consumer Total (In Thousands) As of December 31, 2022 Grade Pass $ 63,817 $ 241,951 $ 156,212 $ 2,995 $ 103,272 $ 4,266 $ — $ 572,513 Special mention 467 — — — — — — 467 Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loans not 291,097 — — 24,788 4,045 — 222 320,152 $ 355,381 $ 241,951 $ 156,212 $ 27,783 $ 107,317 $ 4,266 $ 222 $ 893,132 Information about loans that meet the definition of an impaired loan in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 310-10-35 is as follows as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022: As of September 30, 2022 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (in thousands) September 30, 2022 With no related allowance recorded: One-to-four family residential $ 699 $ 699 $ — $ 701 $ 29 $ 694 $ 41 Home equity lines of credit and loans — — — — — 33 1 Total impaired loans $ 699 $ 699 $ — $ 701 $ 29 $ 727 $ 42 There were no impaired loans with an allowance recorded as of or during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Information about loans that meet the definition of an impaired loan in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 310-10-35 is as follows as of December 31, 2022: As of December 31, 2022 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance (in thousands) December 31, 2022 With no related allowance recorded: One-to-four family residential $ 656 $ 656 $ — Total impaired loans $ 656 $ 656 $ — There were no impaired loans with an allowance recorded as of December 31, 2022. There were no consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2022. During three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 , there were no loans that were modified in a troubled debt restructuring and there were no loans modified as TDR loans that subsequently defaulted within one year of the modification. |