Investments | Investments Our investments in fixed maturity securities have been designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included within AOCI, net of deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings. The Company’s consolidated investments are summarized as follows (in millions): September 30, 2024 Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 15,979 $ (12) $ 264 $ (275) $ 15,956 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,304 (49) 60 (191) 5,124 Corporates 22,302 — 381 (2,072) 20,611 Hybrids 609 — 6 (19) 596 Municipals 1,635 — 20 (182) 1,473 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,608 (1) 61 (77) 2,591 U.S. Government 352 — 2 (2) 352 Foreign Governments 237 — 3 (34) 206 Total AFS securities $ 49,026 $ (62) $ 797 $ (2,852) $ 46,909 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 14,623 $ (11) $ 191 $ (469) $ 14,334 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 4,732 (22) 23 (323) 4,410 Corporates 18,780 — 178 (2,379) 16,579 Hybrids 668 — 3 (53) 618 Municipals 1,776 — 14 (223) 1,567 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,501 (2) 29 (104) 2,424 U.S. Government 258 — 4 (1) 261 Foreign Governments 263 — 2 (39) 226 Total AFS securities $ 43,601 $ (35) $ 444 $ (3,591) $ 40,419 As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held $29 million and $47 million, respectively, of investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance was $ 531 469 In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to us for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $5,123 million and $4,345 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below (in millions). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal, Foreign and U.S. Government Securities: Due in one year or less $ 451 $ 450 $ 383 $ 374 Due after one year through five years 3,945 3,943 3,207 3,129 Due after five years through ten years 4,570 4,571 2,822 2,680 Due after ten years 16,169 14,274 15,333 13,068 Subtotal 25,135 23,238 21,745 19,251 Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: Asset-backed securities 15,979 15,956 14,623 14,334 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,304 5,124 4,732 4,410 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,608 2,591 2,501 2,424 Subtotal 23,891 23,671 21,856 21,168 Total fixed maturity AFS securities $ 49,026 $ 46,909 $ 43,601 $ 40,419 Allowance for Current Expected Credit Loss We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss: • The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; • The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); • The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength); • Current delinquencies and non-performing assets of underlying collateral; • Expected future default rates; • Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type; • Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and • Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations. We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e., the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage-backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and (losses), net in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income because we write-off accrued interest through Interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise. We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost are necessary: • We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible; • We intend to sell a security; or • It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, we will write down the security to current fair value, with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and (losses), net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. If we do not intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but believe amounts related to a security are uncollectible, an impairment is deemed to have occurred and the amortized cost is written down to the estimated recovery value with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and (losses), net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The remainder of unrealized loss is held in other comprehensive income in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity. The activity in the allowance for expected credit losses of AFS securities aggregated by investment category was as follows (in millions): Three months ended September 30, 2024 Additions Reductions Balance at Beginning of Period For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities For securities sold during the period For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis Write offs charged against the allowance Recoveries of amounts previously written off Balance at End of Period AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ (11) $ (1) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (12) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (46) (3) — — — — — (49) Residential mortgage-backed securities (1) 1 (1) — — — — (1) Total AFS securities $ (58) $ (3) $ (1) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (62) Three months ended September 30, 2023 Additions Reductions Balance at Beginning of Period For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities For securities sold during the period For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis Write offs charged against the allowance Recoveries of amounts previously written off Balance at End of Period AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ (7) $ (7) $ (4) $ — $ — $ — — $ (18) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (18) (1) 2 — — — — (17) Residential mortgage-backed securities (7) (3) 7 — — — — (3) Total AFS securities $ (32) $ (11) $ 5 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (38) Nine months ended September 30, 2024 Additions Reductions Balance at Beginning of Period For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities For securities sold during the period For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis Write offs charged against the allowance Recoveries of amounts previously written off Balance at End of Period AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ (11) $ (2) $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (12) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (22) (8) (19) — — — — (49) Residential mortgage-backed securities (2) — 1 — — — — (1) Total AFS securities $ (35) $ (10) $ (17) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (62) Nine months ended September 30, 2023 Additions Reductions Balance at Beginning of Period For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities For securities sold during the period For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis Write offs charged against the allowance Recoveries of amounts previously written off Balance at End of Period AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ (8) $ (13) $ 3 $ — $ — $ — — $ (18) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (1) (21) 5 — — — — (17) Corporates (15) — — 15 — — — — Residential mortgage-backed securities (7) (4) 8 — — — — (3) Total AFS securities $ (31) $ (38) $ 16 $ 15 $ — $ — $ — $ (38) There were no purchases of purchased credit deteriorated AFS securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or for the year ended December 31, 2023. The fair value and gross unrealized losses of AFS securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (dollars in millions): September 30, 2024 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 583 $ (19) $ 3,447 $ (237) $ 4,030 $ (256) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 199 (5) 1,674 (168) 1,873 (173) Corporates 1,223 (7) 9,973 (2,065) 11,196 (2,072) Hybrids 47 (1) 393 (18) 440 (19) Municipals 82 (1) 1,047 (181) 1,129 (182) Residential mortgage-backed securities 188 (3) 445 (68) 633 (71) U.S. Government 256 (1) 10 (1) 266 (2) Foreign Government — — 145 (34) 145 (34) Total AFS securities $ 2,578 $ (37) $ 17,134 $ (2,772) $ 19,712 $ (2,809) Total number of AFS in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months 529 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer 2,200 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position 2,729 December 31, 2023 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 1,707 $ (56) $ 5,835 $ (404) $ 7,542 $ (460) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 798 (53) 1,916 (234) 2,714 (287) Corporates 2,273 (128) 9,779 (2,251) 12,052 (2,379) Hybrids 60 (2) 483 (51) 543 (53) Municipals 392 (48) 884 (174) 1,276 (222) Residential mortgage-backed securities 334 (5) 660 (89) 994 (94) U.S. Government 5 — 9 (1) 14 (1) Foreign Government 25 (1) 145 (38) 170 (39) Total AFS securities $ 5,594 $ (293) $ 19,711 $ (3,242) $ 25,305 $ (3,535) Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months 927 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer 2,602 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position 3,529 We determined the unrealized losses were caused by higher treasury rates compared to those at the time of the FNF acquisition or the purchase of the security if later. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024, our allowance for expected credit loss was $62 million. We believe the unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and other macroeconomic uncertainties as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties. Commercial Mortgage Loans Commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) represented approximately 4% and 5% of our total investments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The mortgage loans in our investment portfolio, are generally comprised of high quality commercial first lien and mezzanine real estate loans. Mortgage loans are primarily on income producing properties including industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties and office buildings. We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables (dollars in millions): September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Gross Carrying Value % of Total Gross Carrying Value % of Total Property Type: Hotel $ 17 1 % $ 18 1 % Industrial 617 24 616 24 Mixed Use 11 — 11 — Multifamily 1,006 39 1,012 40 Office 356 14 316 13 Retail 99 4 102 4 Student Housing 83 3 83 3 Other 401 15 392 15 Total CMLs, gross of valuation allowance 2,590 100 % 2,550 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (18) (12) Total CMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 2,572 $ 2,538 U.S. Region: East North Central $ 98 4 % $ 151 6 % East South Central 75 3 75 3 Middle Atlantic 354 14 354 14 Mountain 409 16 352 14 New England 164 6 168 6 Pacific 713 27 766 30 South Atlantic 595 23 563 22 West North Central 22 1 4 — West South Central 160 6 117 5 Total CMLs, gross of valuation allowance 2,590 100 % 2,550 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (18) (12) Total CMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 2,572 $ 2,538 CMLs segregated by aging of the loans and charge offs (by year of origination) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances (in millions): September 30, 2024 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 140 $ 221 $ 289 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 209 $ 2,581 30-89 days past due — — — — — 9 9 90 days or more past due — — — — — — — Total CMLs $ 140 $ 221 $ 289 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 218 $ 2,590 Charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — — — Total CMLs (a) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 Charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ 3 (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million. Loan-to-value (“LTV”) and debt service coverage (“DSC”) ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25-year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation. The following tables present the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios, gross of valuation allowances at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) : Debt-Service Coverage Ratios Total Amount % of Total Estimated Fair Value % of Total >1.25 1.00 - 1.25 <1.00 September 30, 2024 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 499 $ 8 $ 9 $ 516 20 % $ 501 21 % 50.00% to 59.99% 749 59 12 820 31 752 32 60.00% to 74.99% 1,182 57 — 1,239 48 1,074 46 75.00% to 84.99% — 6 9 15 1 15 1 Total CMLs $ 2,430 $ 130 $ 30 $ 2,590 100 % $ 2,342 100 % December 31, 2023 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 519 $ 4 $ 10 $ 533 21 % $ 510 23 % 50.00% to 59.99% 764 — — 764 30 679 30 60.00% to 74.99% 1,160 56 — 1,216 48 1,028 46 75.00% to 84.99% — 6 9 15 1 14 1 Total CMLs (a) $ 2,443 $ 66 $ 19 $ 2,528 100 % $ 2,231 100 % (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million. September 30, 2024 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 58 $ 93 $ 18 $ 74 $ 189 $ 84 $ 516 50.00% to 59.99% 59 53 149 267 158 134 820 60.00% to 74.99% 23 69 113 912 122 — 1,239 75.00% to 84.99% — 6 9 — — — 15 Total CMLs $ 140 $ 221 $ 289 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 218 $ 2,590 DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 72 $ 161 $ 278 $ 1,241 $ 469 $ 209 $ 2,430 1.00x - 1.25x 67 60 3 — — — 130 Less than 1.00x 1 — 8 12 — 9 30 Total CMLs $ 140 $ 221 $ 289 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 218 $ 2,590 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 85 $ 17 $ 77 $ 232 $ — $ 122 $ 533 50.00% to 59.99% 53 149 267 158 — 137 764 60.00% to 74.99% 69 113 912 122 — — 1,216 75.00% to 84.99% 6 9 — — — — 15 Total CMLs (a) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 154 $ 276 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 245 $ 2,443 1.00x - 1.25x 59 3 — — — 4 66 Less than 1.00x — 9 — — — 10 19 Total CMLs (a) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million. We recognize a mortgage loan as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At September 30, 2024, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table above compared to none at December 31, 2023. Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans (“RMLs”) represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Our RMLs are primarily closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions): September 30, 2024 Amortized Cost % of Total U.S. State: Florida $ 160 5 % All other states (a) 2,945 95 Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance 3,105 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (51) Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 3,054 (a) The individual concentration of each state is less than 5% as of September 30, 2024. December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost % of Total U.S. State: Florida $ 163 6 % New York 129 5 Texas 129 5 All other states (a) 2,431 84 Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance 2,852 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (54) Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 2,798 (a) The individual concentration of each state is less than 5% as of December 31, 2023. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or non-performing loan. We define non-performing residential mortgage loans as those that are 90 or more days past due or in non-accrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was as follows (dollars in millions): September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Performance indicators: Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total Performing $ 3,031 98 % $ 2,795 98 % Non-performing 74 2 57 2 Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance 3,105 100 % 2,852 100 % Allowance for expected loan loss (51) (54) Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 3,054 $ 2,798 There were no charge offs recorded by RMLs during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or during the year ended December 31, 2023. RMLs segregated by aging of the loans (by year of origination) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances (in millions): September 30, 2024 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 387 $ 372 $ 928 $ 822 $ 168 $ 317 $ 2,994 30-89 days past due 6 3 9 8 4 7 37 90 days or more past due — 2 9 28 10 25 74 Total RML mortgages $ 393 $ 377 $ 946 $ 858 $ 182 $ 349 $ 3,105 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 373 $ 985 $ 854 $ 192 $ 183 $ 192 $ 2,779 30-89 days past due — 4 7 3 — 2 16 90 days or more past due — 6 16 13 21 1 57 Total RML mortgages $ 373 $ 995 $ 877 $ 208 $ 204 $ 195 $ 2,852 Non-accrual loans by amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows (in millions): Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Residential mortgage: $ 74 $ 57 Commercial mortgage: — — Total non-accrual mortgages $ 74 $ 57 Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are delinquent for 90 days or more. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $74 million and $57 million respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $73 million and $41 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure. Loan Modifications Under certain circumstances, modifications are granted to mortgage loans. Generally, the types of concessions may include interest rate reduction, term extension, payment deferrals, principal forgiveness or a combination of these concessions. We had an immaterial amount of mortgage loans modified during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three-year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and (losses), net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio are summarized as follows (in millions): Three months ended September 30, 2024 Nine months ended September 30, 2024 Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Beginning Balance $ (50) $ (14) $ (64) $ (54) $ (12) $ (66) Provision (expense) benefit for loan losses (1) (4) (5) 3 (6) (3) Ending Balance $ (51) $ (18) $ (69) $ (51) $ (18) $ (69) Three months ended September 30, 2023 Nine months ended September 30, 2023 Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Beginning Balance $ (51) $ (13) $ (64) $ (32) $ (10) $ (42) Provision (expense) benefit for loan losses 2 (2) — (17) (5) (22) Ending Balance $ (49) $ (15) $ (64) $ (49) $ (15) $ (64) An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for commercial mortgage loans as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for residential mortgage loans and were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows (in millions): Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 562 $ 476 $ 1,620 $ 1,356 Equity securities 5 5 16 14 Preferred securities 5 9 18 31 Mortgage loans 69 59 200 167 Invested cash and short-term investments 53 19 115 52 Limited partnerships 83 68 234 169 Other investments 9 5 25 19 Gross investment income 786 641 2,228 1,808 Investment expense (74) (63) (216) (186) Interest and investment income $ 712 $ 578 $ 2,012 $ 1,622 Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $181 million and $463 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $102 million and $236 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Recognized Gains and (Losses), Net Details underlying Recognized gains and (losses), net reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows (in millions): Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities $ (2) $ (32) $ 2 $ (128) Net realized/unrealized gains on equity securities (a) 3 7 11 15 Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on preferred securities (b) 9 2 17 (2) Net realized/unrealized gains on other invested assets 4 12 69 27 Change in allowance for expected credit losses (10) (4) (33) (33) Derivatives and embedded derivatives: Realized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments 30 (30) 65 (184) Unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments 347 (297) 450 14 Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (c) (178) 36 (186) 34 Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives 3 (3) 6 — Realized gains (losses) on derivatives and embedded derivatives 202 (294) 335 (136) Recognized gains and (losses), net $ 206 $ (309) $ 401 $ (257) (a) Includes net valuation gains of $4 million and $7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, and net valuation gains of $12 million and $15 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. (b) Includes net valuation gains of $9 million and $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, and net valuation gains of $17 million and $47 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. (c) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to reinsurance treaties. Recognized gains and (losses), net is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which are passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Recognized gains and (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, were $(177) million and $(186) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $43 million and $42 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows (in millions): Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 Proceeds $ 1,471 $ 868 $ 2,626 $ 1,921 Gross gains 18 2 36 7 Gross losses (20) (27) (52) (106) Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We own investments in variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary,’ a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While we participate in the benefits from VIEs in which we invest, but do not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under our common control. It is for this reason that we are not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments, which may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum loss exposure with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note N - Commitments and Contingencies ). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions): September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Investment in unconsolidated affiliates $ 3,666 $ 4,814 $ 3,071 $ 4,806 Fixed maturity securities 23,343 24,120 20,837 22,346 Total unconsolidated VIE investments $ 27,009 $ 28,934 $ 23,908 $ 27,152 Concentrations Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity are as follows (in millions): September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (a) $ 716 $ 725 Blackstone Cooper Asset Holdco (a) 522 — Elba (b) (c) — 463 COLI (c) — 324 (a) Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries. (b) Represents special purpose vehicles that ho |