Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans | 3. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans The Company's lending activities are primarily conducted in and around Dover, New Hampshire, and in the areas surrounding its branches. The Company grants commercial real estate loans, multifamily 5+ dwelling unit loans, commercial and industrial loans, acquisition, development and land loans, 1–4 family residential loans, home equity line of credit loans and consumer loans. Most loans are collateralized by real estate. The ability and willingness of real estate, commercial and construction loan borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the health of the real estate sector in the borrowers’ geographic area and the general economy. Loans consisted of the following at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023: March 31, December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate (CRE) $ 87,779 $ 86,566 Multifamily (MF) 7,493 7,582 Commercial and industrial (C+I) 25,394 25,511 Acquisition, development, and land (ADL) 15,205 17,520 1-4 family residential (RES) 270,765 268,943 Home equity line of credit (HELOC) 15,230 14,093 Consumer (CON) 9,985 9,816 Total loans 431,851 430,031 Allowance for credit losses on loans ( 3,420 ) ( 3,390 ) Total loans, net $ 428,431 $ 426,641 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans ("ACL") Effective January 1, 2023 , the Company adopted the accounting standard for credit losses, ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended ("ASU 2016-13"). This new accounting standard, commonly referred to as "CECL," significantly changed the methodology for accounting for reserves on loans and unfunded off-balance sheet credit exposures, including certain unfunded loan commitments and standby guarantees. ASU 2016-13 replaced the "incurred loss" methodology used to establish an allowance on loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures, with an "expected loss" approach. Under CECL, the ACL at each reporting period serves as a best estimate of projected credit losses over the contractual life of certain assets, adjusted for expected prepayments, given an expectation of economic conditions and forecasts as of the valuation date. Upon adoption of CECL, the Company made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (i) present accrued interest receivable balances separately on the balance sheet on the consolidated statements of condition; (ii) exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the ACL, including investments and loans; and (iii) continue to write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. The Company has a policy in place to write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. Accrued interest is written-off by reversing previously recorded interest income. For loans, write-off typically occurs when a loan has been in default for 90 days or more. An immaterial amount of accrued interest on non-accrual loans was written off during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, by reversing interest income. Historically, the Company has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on its securities available-for-sale. The ACL is the sum of various components including the following: (a) historical loss experience, (b) a reasonable and supportable forecast, (c) loans evaluated individually, and (d) changes in relevant environmental factors. The historical loss component is segmented by loan type and serves as the core of the ACL adequacy methodology. The Company has selected the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity Model (“WARM”), for the loss calculation of each of the Bank’s loan pools utilizing a third-party software application. The WARM uses a quarterly loss rate and future expectations of loan balances to calculate an ACL. A loss rate is applied to pool balances over time. CECL may create more volatility in the ACL, specifically the ACL on loans and ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures. Under CECL, the ACL may increase or decrease period to period based on many factors, including, but not limited to: (i) macroeconomic forecasts and conditions; (ii) forecast period and reversion speed; (iii) prepayment speed assumption; (iv) loan portfolio volumes and changes in mix; (v) credit quality; and (vi) various qualitative factors outlined in ASU 2016-13. The significant key assumptions used with the ACL calculation at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 using the CECL methodology, included: Macroeconomic factors (loss drivers) : Monitoring and assessing local and national unemployment, changes in national GDP and other macroeconomic factors which may be the most predictive indicator of losses within the loan portfolio. The macroeconomic factors considered in determining the ACL may change from time to time. Forecast Period and Reversion speed : ASU 2016-13 requires a company to use a reasonable and supportable forecast period in developing the ACL, which represents the time period that management believes it can reasonably forecast the identified loss drivers. Generally, the forecast period management believes to be reasonable and supportable will be set annually and validated through an assessment of economic leading indicators. In periods of greater volatility and uncertainty, such as the current interest rate environment, management will likely use a shorter forecast period, whereas when markets, economies, interest rate environment, political matters, and other factors are considered to be more stable and certain, a longer forecast period may be used. Also, in times of greater uncertainty, management may consider a range of possible forecasts and evaluate the probability of each scenario. Generally, the forecasted period is expected to range from one to three years. Once the reasonable and supportable forecast period is determined, ASU 2016-13 requires a company to revert its loss expectations to the long-run historical mean for the remainder of the contract life of the asset, adjusted for prepayments. In determining the length of time over which the reversion will take place (i.e. "reversion speed"), factors such as, historical credit loss experience over previous economic cycles, as well as where the Company believes it is within the current economic cycle, will be considered. The Company has chosen a forecast period of six quarters which will be similar to the historical loss period between January 2014 and December 2016 and then reverting to the long-term average over the following two quarters using the straight-line reversion method. The Company believes this historical forecast period to be representative of potential economic conditions over the next eighteen months. Prepayment speeds: Prepayment speeds are determined for each loan segment utilizing the Company's historical loan data, as well as consideration of current environmental factors. The prepayment speed assumption is utilized with the WARM method to forecast expected cash flows over the contractual life of the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments. A higher prepayment speed assumption will drive a lower ACL, and vice versa. Qualitative factors: As within previous accounting guidance used for the "incurred loss" model, ASU 2016-13 requires companies to consider various qualitative factors that may impact expected credit losses. The Company continues to consider qualitative factors in determining and arriving at an ACL at each reporting period such as: (i) actual or expected changes in economic trends and conditions, (ii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for loans, (iii) changes to lending policies, underwriting standards and/or management personnel performing such functions, (iv) delinquency and other credit quality trends, (v) credit risk concentrations, if any, (vi) changes to the nature of the Company's business impacting the loan portfolio, (vii) and other external factors, that may include, but are not limited to, results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies. Certain loans which may not share similar risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio may be tested individually for estimated credit losses, including (i) loans classified as special mention, substandard or doubtful and are on non-accrual, (ii) a loan modified for a borrower experiencing financial difficulty or (iii) loans that have other unique characteristics. Factors considered in measuring the extent of the expected credit loss for these loans may include payment status, collateral value, borrower's financial condition, guarantor support and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. January 1, 2023 CECL Transition (Day 1) Impact The CECL methodology reflects the Company's view of the state of the economy and forecasted macroeconomic conditions and their impact on the Company's loan portfolio as of the adoption date. The following table illustrates the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13: January 1, 2023 As reported under ASC 326 Pre-ASC 326 Adoption Impact of ASC 326 Adoption (Dollars in thousands) ASSETS Allowance for credit losses on loans: Commercial real estate (CRE) $ 788 $ 942 $ ( 154 ) Multifamily (MF) 55 54 1 Commercial and industrial (C+I) 273 184 89 Acquisition, development, and land (ADL) 120 138 ( 18 ) 1-4 family residential (RES) 1,847 2,048 ( 201 ) Home equity line of credit (HELOC) 88 81 7 Consumer (CON) 114 100 14 Unallocated 1 34 ( 33 ) Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 3,286 $ 3,581 ( 295 ) LIABILITIES Allowance for credit losses on OBS credit exposures $ 308 $ 18 $ 290 Changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, by portfolio segment, are summarized as follows: (Dollars in thousands) CRE MF C+I ADL RES HELOC CON Unallocated Total Balance, December 31, 2023 $ 830 $ 76 $ 236 $ 105 $ 1,601 $ 156 $ 357 $ 29 $ 3,390 (Release) provision for credit losses on loans ( 85 ) ( 1 ) 15 ( 25 ) ( 1 ) 13 15 99 30 Charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Recoveries — — — — — — — — — Balance, March 31, 2024 $ 745 $ 75 $ 251 $ 80 $ 1,600 $ 169 $ 372 $ 128 $ 3,420 (Dollars in thousands) CRE MF C+I ADL RES HELOC CON Unallocated Total Balance, December 31, 2022, Prior to Adoption of ASC 326 $ 942 $ 54 $ 184 $ 138 $ 2,048 $ 81 $ 100 $ 34 $ 3,581 Impact of adopting ASC 326 ( 154 ) 1 89 ( 18 ) ( 201 ) 7 14 ( 33 ) ( 295 ) (Release) provision for credit losses on loans ( 63 ) ( 6 ) 8 ( 24 ) 57 — 4 24 — Recoveries — — — — — — 1 — 1 Balance, March 31, 2023 $ 725 $ 49 $ 281 $ 96 $ 1,904 $ 88 $ 119 $ 25 $ 3,287 The following is an aging analysis of past due loans by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 including non-accrual loans without an ACL: March 31, 2024: (Dollars in thousands) 30-59 Days 60-89 Days 90 + Days Total Past Due Current Total Loans Non-Accrual CRE $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 87,779 $ 87,779 $ — MF — — — — 7,493 7,493 — C+I — — — — 25,394 25,394 — ADL — — — — 15,205 15,205 — RES — — 127 127 270,638 270,765 127 HELOC — — 14 14 15,216 15,230 14 CON — — — — 9,985 9,985 — $ — $ — $ 141 $ 141 $ 431,710 $ 431,851 $ 141 December 31, 2023: (Dollars in thousands) 30-59 60-89 90 + Total Current Total Non- CRE $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 86,566 $ 86,566 $ — MF — — — — 7,582 7,582 — C+I — — — — 25,511 25,511 — ADL — — — — 17,520 17,520 — RES — 131 — 131 268,812 268,943 127 HELOC — — 14 14 14,079 14,093 14 CON — — — — 9,816 9,816 — $ — $ 131 $ 14 $ 145 $ 429,886 $ 430,031 $ 141 The Company's collateral-dependent non-accrual RES and HELOC loans with one borrower had an amortized cost basis of $ 141,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and was secured by real estate with an appraised value of $ 216,000 . There was no significant change in the extent to which the collateral secures the loan. Interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $- 0 -. There were no loans past due over 90 days still accruing interest at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There were no loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There were no loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification, if applicable. The ACL incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon origination. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty would already be included in the ACL as a result of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change in the ACL is generally not recorded upon modification. Credit Quality Information The Company utilizes a ten-grade internal loan rating system for its commercial real estate, multifamily, commercial and industrial, and acquisition, development, and land loans. Residential real estate, home equity line of credit and consumer loans are considered “pass” rated loans until they become delinquent. Once delinquent, loans can be rated an 8, 9 or 10 as applicable. Loans rated 1 through 6: Loans in these categories are considered “pass” rated loans with low to average risk. Loans rated 7: Loans in this category are considered “special mention.” These loans are starting to show signs of potential weakness and are being closely monitored by management. Loans rated 8: Loans in this category are considered “substandard.” Generally, a loan is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the weakness is not corrected. Loans rated 9: Loans in this category are considered “doubtful.” Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Loans rated 10: Loans in this category are considered uncollectible (“loss”) and of such little value that their continuance as loans is not warranted and should be charged off. On an annual basis, or more often if needed, the Company formally reviews the ratings on its commercial and industrial, commercial real estate and multifamily loans. On a periodic basis, the Company engages an independent third party to review a significant portion of loans within these segments and to assess the credit risk management practices of its commercial lending department. Management uses the results of these reviews as part of its annual review process, adequacy of the ACL on loans and overall credit risk administration. On a quarterly basis, the Company formally reviews the ratings on its applicable residential real estate and home equity loans if they have become classified as non-accrual. Criteria used to determine ratings consist of loan-to-value ratios and days delinquent. Based upon the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by portfolio segment by vintage, reported under the CECL methodology, was as follows as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023: March 31, 2024: (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Total CRE: Risk rating: Pass $ 1,298 $ 7,949 $ 10,655 $ 11,498 $ 1,595 $ 20,623 $ 33,926 $ — $ 87,544 Special mention — — — — — 235 — — 235 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total CRE 1,298 7,949 10,655 11,498 1,595 20,858 33,926 — 87,779 MF: Risk rating: Pass — — 142 5,113 1,069 836 333 — 7,493 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total MF — — 142 5,113 1,069 836 333 — 7,493 C+I: Risk rating: Pass 1,220 5,604 6,357 3,767 2,739 3,151 2,556 — 25,394 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total C+I 1,220 5,604 6,357 3,767 2,739 3,151 2,556 — 25,394 ADL: Risk rating: Pass 97 11,569 593 1,502 — 1,444 — — 15,205 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total ADL 97 11,569 593 1,502 — 1,444 — — 15,205 RES: Risk rating: Pass 8,420 14,888 47,659 60,073 50,784 88,814 — — 270,638 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 127 — — 127 Total RES 8,420 14,888 47,659 60,073 50,784 88,941 — — 270,765 HELOC: Risk rating: Pass — — — — — — 15,216 — 15,216 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — 14 — 14 Total HELOC — — — — — — 15,230 — 15,230 CON: Risk rating: Pass 518 2,780 3,013 1,932 1,476 266 — — 9,985 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total CON 518 2,780 3,013 1,932 1,476 266 — — 9,985 Total $ 11,553 $ 42,790 $ 68,419 $ 83,885 $ 57,663 $ 115,496 $ 52,045 $ — $ 431,851 December 31, 2023: (Dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Total CRE: Risk rating: Pass $ 7,552 $ 10,849 $ 11,977 $ 2,268 $ 2,724 $ 18,713 $ 32,244 $ — $ 86,327 Special mention — — — — — 239 — — 239 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total CRE 7,552 10,849 11,977 2,268 2,724 18,952 32,244 — 86,566 MF: Risk rating: Pass — 145 5,157 1,081 — 852 347 — 7,582 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total MF — 145 5,157 1,081 — 852 347 — 7,582 C+I: Risk rating: Pass 5,745 6,580 4,151 2,875 1,537 1,917 2,704 — 25,509 Special mention — — 2 — — — — — 2 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total C+I 5,745 6,580 4,153 2,875 1,537 1,917 2,704 — 25,511 ADL: Risk rating: Pass 10,511 4,048 1,507 — 1,454 — — — 17,520 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total ADL 10,511 4,048 1,507 — 1,454 — — — 17,520 RES: Risk rating: Pass 19,533 43,517 64,226 50,675 20,021 70,844 — — 268,816 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 127 — — 127 Total RES 19,533 43,517 64,226 50,675 20,021 70,971 — — 268,943 HELOC: Risk rating: Pass — — — — — — 14,079 — 14,079 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — 14 — 14 Total HELOC — — — — — — 14,093 — 14,093 CON: Risk rating: Pass 2,902 3,145 1,966 1,512 215 76 — — 9,816 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total CON 2,902 3,145 1,966 1,512 215 76 — — 9,816 Total $ 46,243 $ 68,284 $ 88,986 $ 58,411 $ 25,951 $ 92,768 $ 49,388 $ — $ 430,031 Certain directors and executive officers of the Company and entities in which they have significant ownership interests are customers of the Company. Loans outstanding to these persons and entities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $ 5.0 million and $ 5.2 million, respectively. |