Supplemental Oil and Gas Information (Unaudited) | 20. Supplemental Oil and Gas Information (Unaudited) The Company’s oil and natural gas reserves are attributable solely to properties within the United States. Capitalized oil and natural gas costs Aggregate capitalized costs related to oil and natural gas production activities with applicable accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Oil and natural gas interests: Unproved $ 3,244,436 $ 817,873 Proved 1,926,214 447,369 Total oil and natural gas interests 5,170,650 1,265,242 Accumulated depletion and impairment ( 222,072 ) ( 118,175 ) Net oil and natural gas interests capitalized $ 4,948,578 $ 1,147,067 Costs incurred in oil and natural gas activities Costs incurred in oil and natural gas property acquisition, exploration and development activities are as follows (in thousands): December 31, December 31, Acquisition costs Unproved properties $ 283,341 $ 20,192 Proved properties 274,228 18,278 Total $ 557,569 $ 38,470 Results of Operations from Oil and Natural Gas Producing Activities The following schedule sets forth the revenues and expenses related to the production and sale of oil and natural gas (in thousands). It does not include any interest costs or general and administrative costs and, therefore, is not necessarily indicative of the net operating results of the Company’s oil, natural gas and NGL operations. Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids revenues $ 355,430 $ 118,548 $ 44,194 Severance and ad valorem taxes ( 25,572 ) ( 6,934 ) ( 3,167 ) Depletion ( 103,898 ) ( 40,318 ) ( 31,440 ) Impairment of oil and natural gas properties — — ( 812 ) Income tax expense ( 5,681 ) ( 486 ) ( 22 ) Results of operations from oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids $ 220,279 $ 70,810 $ 8,753 The reserves at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 presented below were prepared by Cawley, Gillespie & Associates, Inc. (“CG&A”), independent petroleum engineers. Estimates of proved reserves are inherently imprecise and are continually subject to revision based on production history, results of additional exploration and development, price changes and other factors. The reserves are located in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. Guidelines prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 932 Extractive Industries – Oil and Gas (“ASC Topic 932”) have been followed for computing a standardized measure of future net cash flows and changes therein related to estimated proved reserves. Future cash inflows and future production costs are determined by applying prices and costs, including transportation, quality, and basis differentials, to the period-end estimated quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL to be produced in the future. The resulting future net cash flows are reduced to present value amounts by applying a ten percent annual discount factor. Future ad valorem taxes are determined based on estimates of expenditures to be incurred in producing the proved oil and gas reserves in place at the end of the period using period-end costs and assuming continuation of existing economic conditions. The assumptions used to compute the standardized measure are those prescribed by the FASB and the SEC. These assumptions do not necessarily reflect management’s expectations of actual revenues to be derived from those reserves, nor their present value. The limitations inherent in the reserve quantity estimation process, as discussed previously, are equally applicable to the standardized measure computations since these reserve quantity estimates are the basis for the valuation process. Reserve estimates are inherently imprecise and estimates of new discoveries and undeveloped locations are more imprecise than estimates of established proved producing oil and gas properties. Accordingly, these estimates are expected to change as future information becomes available. Analysis of Changes in Proved Reserves The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s net ownership interest in estimated quantities of proved developed and undeveloped oil and natural gas quantities and the changes therein for each of the periods presented: Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids Total Balance as of December 31, 2019 5,839 24,493 2,774 12,695 Revisions ( 1,098 ) ( 867 ) 65 ( 1,178 ) Extensions 995 3,486 423 1,999 Acquisition of reserves 445 633 77 628 Divestiture of reserves ( 173 ) ( 209 ) ( 26 ) ( 234 ) Production ( 933 ) ( 4,134 ) ( 488 ) ( 2,110 ) Balance as of December 31, 2020 5,075 23,402 2,825 11,800 Revisions 180 6,531 405 1,674 Extensions 610 1,991 216 1,158 Acquisition of reserves 7,240 19,165 2,076 12,511 Production ( 1,261 ) ( 4,746 ) ( 499 ) ( 2,551 ) Balance as of December 31, 2021 11,844 46,343 5,023 24,592 Revisions ( 231 ) 2,926 1,093 1,349 Extensions 3,280 8,986 1,160 5,938 Acquisition of reserves 23,025 110,718 12,183 53,660 Production ( 2,861 ) ( 9,531 ) ( 1,100 ) ( 5,550 ) Balance as of December 31, 2022 35,057 159,442 18,359 79,989 Proved developed and undeveloped reserves: Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids Total Developed as of December 31, 2019 4,223 20,293 2,298 9,903 Undeveloped as of December 31, 2019 1,616 4,200 476 2,792 Balance at December 31, 2019 5,839 24,493 2,774 12,695 Developed as of December 31, 2020 3,731 19,505 2,352 9,334 Undeveloped as of December 31, 2020 1,344 3,897 473 2,466 Balance at December 31, 2020 5,075 23,402 2,825 11,800 Developed as of December 31, 2021 9,285 40,747 4,417 20,494 Undeveloped as of December 31, 2021 2,559 5,596 606 4,098 Balance at December 31, 2021 11,844 46,343 5,023 24,592 Developed as of December 31, 2022 27,407 133,489 15,169 64,824 Undeveloped as of December 31, 2022 7,650 25,953 3,190 15,165 Balance at December 31, 2022 35,057 159,442 18,359 79,989 For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had downward revisions of 231 MBbls of oil, offset by upward revisions of 2,926 MMcf of gas and 1,093 MBbls of NGL. Total upward revisions of 1,349 MBOE were primarily due to upward revisions of 831 MBOE related to changes in estimated ultimate recovery and upward revisions of 377 MBOE due to increases in pricing. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had extensions of 3,280 MBbls of oil, 8,986 MMcf of gas, and 1,160 MBbls of NGLs of which 814 MBbls of oil, 1,748 MMcf of gas, and 224 MBbls of NGLs were from conversions of non-proved resources to proved developed producing and proved developed not producing due to operator drilling activity and 2,466 MBbls of oil, 7,238 MMcf of gas, and 936 MBbls of NGLs were from additional proved undeveloped reserves. In 2022, the Company acquired royalty and mineral interests of 23,025 MBbls of oil, 110,718 MMcf of gas, and 12,183 MBbls of NGLs through multiple acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not divest any royalty and mineral interests. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Predecessor had upward revisions of 180 MBbls of oil and 6,531 MMcf of gas and 405 MBbls of NGL. Total upward revisions of 1,674 MBOE were primarily due to upward revisions of 1,184 MBOE related to changes in estimated ultimate recovery and upward revisions of 490 MBOE due to increases in pricing. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Predecessor had extensions of 610 MBbls of oil, 1,991 MMcf of gas, and 216 MBbls of NGLs of which 289 MBbls of oil, 883 MMcf of gas, and 96 MBbls of NGLs were from conversions of non-proved resources to proved developed producing and proved developed not producing due to operator drilling activity and 321 MBbls of oil, 1,108 MMcf of gas, and 120 MBbls of NGLs were from additional proved undeveloped reserves. In 2021, the Predecessor acquired royalty and mineral interests of 7,240 MBbls of oil, 19,165 MMcf of gas, and 2,076 MBbls of NGLs through multiple acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Predecessor did not divest any royalty and mineral interests. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Partnership had downward revisions of 1,098 MBbls of oil and 867 MMcf of gas and upward revisions of 65 MBbls of NGL. Total downward revisions of 1,178 MBOE were primarily due to downward revisions of 887 MBOE related to changes in estimated ultimate recovery and downward revisions of 239 MBOE due to decreases in pricing. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Partnership had extensions of 995 MBbls of oil, 3,486 MMcf of gas, and 423 MBbls of NGLs of which 192 MBbls of oil, 672 MMcf of gas, and 81 MBbls of NGLs were from conversions of non-proved resources to proved developed producing due to operator drilling activity and 803 MBbls of oil, 2,814 MMcf of gas, and 342 MBbls of NGLs were from additional proved undeveloped reserves. In 2020, the Partnership acquired royalty and mineral interests of 445 MBbls of oil, 633 MMcf of gas, and 77 MBbls of NGLs through multiple acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Partnership divested royalty and mineral interests of 173 MBbls, 209 MMcf, and 26 MBbls of proved oil, natural gas, and NGL, respectively, in conjunction with the conveyances to DRC described in “Note 7 - Acquisitions.” Standardized Measure of Oil and Gas The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows is based on the unweighted average, first-day-of-the-month price. The projections should not be viewed as realistic estimates of future cash flows, nor should the “standardized measure” be interpreted as representing current value to the Company. Material revisions to estimates of proved reserves may occur in the future; development and production of the reserves may not occur in the periods assumed; actual prices realized are expected to vary significantly from those used; and actual costs may vary. Our calculations of the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows and the related changes therein include Texas margin tax and include the effect of estimated federal income tax expenses. As of December 31, 2022, the reserves are comprised of 44 % crude oil, 33 % natural gas and 23 % NGL on an energy equivalent basis. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, future cash inflows are calculated by applying the 12-month arithmetic average of the first-of-month price from January to December, of oil and gas relating to the Company’s proved reserves, to the year-end quantities of those reserves. The values for the December 31, 2022 and 2021 proved reserves were derived based on prices presented in the table below. The crude oil pricing was based on the West Texas Intermediate (“WTI”) price; the NGL pricing was 37 % of WTI for 2022 and 45 % of WTI for 2021; the natural gas pricing was based on the Henry Hub price. All prices have been adjusted for transportation, quality and basis differentials. Oil Natural Gas NGL December 31, 2022 (Average) $ 93.05 $ 5.70 $ 34.97 December 31, 2021 (Average) $ 64.33 $ 3.35 $ 30.14 The following summary sets forth the future net cash flows related to proved oil and gas reserves based on the standardized measure prescribed in ASC Topic 932 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Future oil and natural gas sales $ 4,812,767 $ 1,068,652 $ 238,977 Future production costs ( 404,982 ) ( 90,137 ) ( 19,379 ) Future income tax expense ( 438,049 ) ( 5,302 ) ( 1,236 ) Future net cash flows 3,969,736 973,213 218,362 10 % annual discount ( 1,792,681 ) ( 437,910 ) ( 94,803 ) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows $ 2,177,055 $ 535,303 $ 123,559 The principal sources of change in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows are (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Balance at the beginning of the period $ 535,303 $ 123,559 $ 183,225 Net change in prices and production costs 250,889 119,993 ( 59,911 ) Sales, net of production costs ( 329,858 ) ( 111,691 ) ( 41,043 ) Extensions and discoveries 234,973 29,853 25,196 Acquisitions of reserves 1,645,909 326,192 9,137 Divestiture of reserves — — ( 3,563 ) Revisions of previous quantity estimates 40,803 43,843 ( 18,140 ) Net change in income taxes ( 244,815 ) ( 2,205 ) 343 Accretion of discount 53,820 12,426 18,427 Changes in timing and other ( 9,969 ) ( 6,667 ) 9,888 Balance at the end of the period $ 2,177,055 $ 535,303 $ 123,559 |