| Significant Accounting Policies | 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to Regulation S-X. Certain financial information that is included in annual consolidated financial statements, including certain financial statement disclosures, prepared in accordance with GAAP, is not required for interim reporting purposes and has been condensed or omitted herein. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes related thereto for the period ended December 31, 2023, included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 8, 2024 (the “Annual Report”). The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year, any other interim period, or any future year or period. As an investment company, the Company applies the accounting and reporting guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 946, Financial Services – Investment Companies (“ASC 946”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Such amounts could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material. Assumptions and estimates regarding the valuation of investments involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity and these assumptions and estimates may be significant to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates. Basis of Consolidation As provided under ASC Topic 946 and Regulation S-X, the Company will not consolidate its investment in a company other than an investment company subsidiary or a controlled operating company whose business consists of providing services to the Company. All material intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation. The Company consolidated the results of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary which is considered to be an investment company. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s only consolidated subsidiary was Financing SPV. Revenue Recognition Interest Income Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis and includes the accretion of discounts and amortizations of premiums. Discounts from and premiums to par value on debt investments purchased are accreted/amortized into interest income over the life of the respective security using the effective interest method. The amortized cost of debt investments represents the original cost, including loan origination fees and upfront fees received that are deemed to be an adjustment to yield, adjusted for the accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums, if any. Upon prepayment of a loan or debt security, any prepayment premiums, unamortized upfront loan origination fees and unamortized discounts are recorded as interest income in the current period. PIK Income The Company may have loans in its portfolio that contain payment-in-kind (“PIK”) provisions. PIK income (i) represents interest that is accrued and recorded as interest income at the contractual rates, (ii) increases the loan principal on the respective capitalization dates, and (iii) is generally due at maturity. Such income is included in payment in-kind interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. If at any point the Company believes PIK is not expected to be realized, the investment generating PIK will be placed on non-accrual status. When a PIK investment is placed on non-accrual status, the accrued, uncapitalized interest is generally reversed through interest income. To maintain the Company’s status as a RIC, this non-cash source of income must be paid out to Stockholders in the form of dividends, even though the Company has not yet collected cash. Dividend Income Dividend income on preferred equity securities, if any, is recorded on the accrual basis to the extent that such amounts are payable by the portfolio company and are expected to be collected. Dividend income on common equity securities is recorded on the record date for private portfolio companies or on the ex-dividend date for publicly traded portfolio companies. Fee Income The Company may receive various fees in the ordinary course of business such as structuring, consent, waiver, amendment, syndication and other miscellaneous fees as well as fees for managerial assistance rendered by the Company to the portfolio companies. Such fees, if any, are recognized as income when earned or the services are rendered. Non-Accrual Income Loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when there is reasonable doubt that principal or interest will be collected in full. Accrued interest is generally reversed when a loan is placed on non-accrual status. Additionally, any original issue discount and market discount are no longer accreted to interest income as of the date the loan is placed on non-accrual status. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon management’s judgment regarding collectability. Non-accrual loans are restored to accrual status when past due principal and interest is paid current and, in management’s judgment, are likely to remain current. Management may make exceptions to this treatment and determine to not place a loan on non-accrual status if the loan has sufficient collateral value and is in the process of collection. As of June 30, 2024 and for the three and six months then ended, no loans in the portfolio were on non-accrual status. Other Income Dividends earned on money market balances are recorded on an accrual basis. Such income is included in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Investments Investment transactions are recorded on a trade date basis. Realized gains or losses are measured by the difference between the net proceeds received (excluding prepayment fees, if any) and the amortized cost basis of the investment using the specific identification method without regard to unrealized gains or losses previously recognized, and include investments charged off during the period, net of recoveries, and would be recorded within Net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, if any. The net change in unrealized gains or losses primarily reflects the change in investment values, including the reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses with respect to investments realized during the period, and is recorded within Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Valuation of Investments The Company is required to report its investments, including those for which current market values are not readily available, at fair value. U.S. GAAP for an investment company requires investments to be recorded at fair value. The Company values its investments in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), which defines fair value as the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the applicable measurement date, and Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act. Fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters when such quotations are readily available. In accordance with Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, a market quotation is “readily available” only when it is a quoted price (unadjusted) in active markets for identical instruments that a fund can access at the measurement date, provided that such a quotation is not considered to be readily available if it is not reliable. The Company utilizes mid-market pricing (i.e., mid-point of average bid and ask prices) to value these investments. These market quotations are obtained from independent pricing services, if available; otherwise generally from at least two principal market makers or primary market dealers. Where prices or inputs are not available or, in the judgment of the Board, not reliable, valuation techniques based on the facts and circumstances of the particular investment will be utilized. These valuation approaches involve some level of management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency for the investments or market and the investments’ complexity. In the absence of observable, reliable market prices, the Company values its investments using various valuation methodologies applied on a consistent basis. Market Approach Transaction prices quoted by exchanges are generally deemed to be the most reliable evidence of the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants and shall be used without adjustment to measure fair value whenever available. The use of transaction prices is consistent with the market approach. ASC 820 defines the market approach as, “a valuation approach that uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable (that is, similar) assets or liabilities.” Our Adviser will apply the market approach as the preferred valuation methodology unless another approach is deemed to be more appropriate. It is noted, however, that quoted transaction prices need to be from a sufficiently active market that can sustain the quantity of an investment held by the Company. If the valuation committee determines that the transaction prices are not from an active market or are in quantities that are not comparable to the amounts owned by the Company, then the exchange price may be disregarded in favor of a more appropriate method. Our Adviser seeks to stay informed of the creation of new markets or the occurrence of private transactions that would be relevant to the fair value of investments held by the Company. However, due to the nature of these private market transactions, our Adviser will not always become aware of such developments. Our Adviser will incorporate relevant market transaction information and other relevant data points into the valuation of assets and liabilities from the point in time when it becomes aware of the new information. Such data points will generally not be retroactively applied to prior period valuations. Income Approach As an alternative to the market approach, the income approach may be used to value equity investments in private companies where recent observable market transactions are not available. The income approach converts future amounts (for example, cash flows or income and expenses) to a single current (that is generally discounted) amount. When the income approach is used, the fair value measurement reflects current market expectations about those future amounts. While the market approach is preferred as the most reliable indication of fair value, certain of the Company’s investments may require alternative valuation methodologies if an observable market transaction has not occurred for an extended period of time. In all cases, our Adviser will consider the facts and circumstances and retains the right, in its sole judgement and discretion, to apply alternative valuation techniques as it deems fit to approximate the fair value of any investment in keeping with the intent of ASC 820. ASC 820 prioritizes the use of observable market prices derived from such prices. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The levels used for classifying investments are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in these securities. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
• Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date. An active market is defined as a market in which transactions for the financial instrument occur with sufficient pricing information on an ongoing basis. Equity securities, including preferred stock, that are traded on major securities exchanges and publicly traded equity options are generally valued using Level 1 inputs.
• Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other observable inputs other than quoted prices. Level 2 inputs include: (i) quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; (ii) quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; (iii) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market-corroborated inputs); and (iv) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the instrument. Loans and debt securities where there is an observable secondary trading market and through which pricing inputs are available through pricing services or broker quotes generally are valued using Level 2 inputs. Instruments valued using Level 2 inputs will be priced based on bid-ask prices that can be observed in the marketplace. It is not required that fair value always be a predetermined point in the bid-ask range. The policy is to allow for mid-market pricing and adjusting to the point within the bid-ask range that meets the best estimate of fair value.
• Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The inputs into the determination of fair value are based upon the best information available and may require significant management judgment or estimation. Tightly held bank debt positions, where there are no broker quotes available, would be valued using Level 3 inputs such as internally generated pricing models. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the overall fair value measurement. The Adviser’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the investment. Transfers between levels, if any, are recognized at the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurs. The Company evaluates the source of the inputs, including any markets in which its investments are trading (or any markets in which securities with similar attributes are trading), in determining fair value. When an investment is valued based on prices provided by reputable dealers or pricing services (that is, broker quotes), the Company subjects those prices to various criteria in making the determination as to whether a particular investment would qualify for treatment as a Level 2 or Level 3 investment. The estimate of fair value will be undertaken in good faith and will be based on the consistent application of a variety of factors in accordance with this policy, with the objective being to determine the approximate value that would be received upon the current sale of the instrument or paid to transfer the instrument in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the valuation process, however, the Company’s estimate of fair value may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the securities existed, and the differences could be material. Additionally, changes in the market environment and other events that may occur over the life of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be different than the valuations assigned. See “ Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs represent fees and other direct incremental costs incurred in connection with the Company’s borrowings. A of Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand deposits and highly liquid investments (e.g., money market funds, U.S. treasury notes) with original maturities of three months or less. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held at the Company’s custodian. Cash equivalents are carried at amortized cost which approximates fair value. Cash equivalents are classified as Level 1 in the GAAP valuation hierarchy. The Company deposits its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions and, at times, these deposits may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limit. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of the Company’s $154.7 million and $67.7 million cash and cash equivalents, respectively, were held in Dreyfus Treasury Obligations Cash Management (“Dreyfus Cash Management”), which is a money market fund registered under the 1940 Act and managed in accordance with the requirements of Rule 2a-7 thereunder. Dreyfus Cash Management had a 7-day yield of 5.2% and 5.3% as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Income Taxes The Company intends to elect to be treated as a RIC under the Code beginning with the tax year ended December 31, 2023. So long as the Company maintains its status as a RIC, it generally will not pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that it distributes at least annually to its stockholders (“Stockholders”) as dividends. Rather, any tax liability related to income earned and distributed by the Company would represent obligations of the Company’s investors and would not be reflected in the consolidated financial statements of the Company. The Company evaluates tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing its consolidated financial statements to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold are reserved and recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. All penalties and interest associated with income taxes are included in income tax expense. Conclusions regarding tax positions are subject to review and may be adjusted at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, on-going analyses of tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof. To qualify for and maintain qualification as a RIC, the Company must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. In addition, to qualify for RIC tax treatment, the Company must distribute to its Stockholders, for each taxable year, at least 90% of the sum of (i) its “investment company taxable income” for that year (without regard to the deduction for dividends paid), which is generally its ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of its realized net short-term capital gains over its realized net long-term capital losses and (ii) its net tax-exempt income. In addition, based on the excise tax distribution requirements, the Company is subject to a 4% nondeductible federal excise tax on undistributed income unless the Company distributes in a timely manner in each taxable year an amount at least equal to the sum of (i) 98% of its ordinary income for the calendar year, (ii) 98.2% of capital gain net income (both long-term and short-term) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (iii) any income realized, but not distributed, in prior years. For this purpose, however, any ordinary income or capital gain net income retained by the Company that is subject to corporate income tax is considered to have been distributed. The Company will accrue excise tax on estimated undistributed taxable income as required. Distributions To the extent that the Company has taxable income available, the Company intends to make quarterly distributions to its Stockholders. Distributions to Stockholders are recorded on the record date. All distributions will be paid at the discretion of the Board and will depend on the Company’s earnings, financial condition, maintenance of the Company’s tax treatment as a RIC, compliance with applicable BDC regulations and such other factors as the Board may deem relevant from time to time. The Company has adopted a dividend reinvestment plan that provides for reinvestment of dividends and other distributions on behalf of Stockholders, unless a Stockholder elects to receive cash distributions. As a result, if the Board of Directors authorizes, and the Company declares, a cash dividend or other distribution, then the Stockholders who have not ‘opted out’ of the dividend reinvestment plan will have their cash distribution automatically reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s Common Stock, rather than receiving the cash distribution. Stockholders who receive dividends and other distributions in the form of stock are generally subject to the same U.S. federal, state and local tax consequences as Stockholders who elect to receive their distributions in cash. Since a participating Stockholder’s cash distributions will be reinvested, however, such Stockholder will not receive cash with which to pay any applicable taxes on reinvested distributions. A Stockholder’s basis for determining gain or loss upon the sale of stock received in a dividend or other distribution from the Company will generally be equal to the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to the Stockholder. Any stock received in a dividend or other distribution will have a new holding period for tax purposes commencing on the day following the day on which the shares are credited to the Stockholder’s account. Organizational and Offering Costs Organizational and offering costs consist primarily of legal fees and other costs of organizing the Company. Organizational costs to establish the Company were expensed on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations as incurred. Costs associated with the offering of common shares of the Company are capitalized as deferred offering costs and included on the Consolidated Statement of Assets and Liabilities and amortized over a twelve-month period. Under the Investment Advisory Agreement and the Administration Agreement (each as defined below), the Company, is responsible for bearing its organizational and offering costs as well as other costs and expenses of its operations and transactions. The Company’s initial organizational costs of $3.1 million were expensed as incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023, which the Adviser has elected to pay, subject to conditional reimbursement by the Company as described below in Note 3, pursuant to the Expense Support Agreement (as defined below). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company expensed Adviser of such offering costs The Adviser did not elect to pay any such offering costs for the three months ended June 30, 2024. New Accounting Pronouncement In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), which expanded the scope of Topic 848 to include derivative instruments impacted by discounting transition. ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 are effective for all entities through December 31, 2022. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for hedging transactions as of December 31, 2022, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which deferred the sunset day of this guidance to December 31, 2024. There has been no material impact |
