Corporate income tax expenses (benefit) | 28. Corporate income tax expenses (benefit) Details of corporate income tax expense (benefit) for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, are as follows: (Unit: USD) Classification For the six For the six Corporate tax paid(refund) — (3,035 ) Changes in deferred tax due to temporary differences — 23,116 Corporate tax expense directly reflected in capital — — Others (*) — — Income tax expense (benefit) — 20,081 (*) The Company has elected not to recognize deferred tax assets due to the determination that it was improbable that taxable profit could be generated to offset the deductible temporary differences. Consequently, the amounts of deferred tax assets previously recognized have been recognized as corporate tax expense in the year 2023. The details of the increase or decrease in temporary differences deducted or added from future corporate income tax for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and year ended December 31, 2023, are as follows: (Unit: USD) As of June 30, 2024 Temporary differences to be deducted Deferred tax Classification Beginning Inc (Dec) Ending Provision for retirement benefits 1,689,974 (106,263 ) 1,583,711 330,996 Retirement pension assets (116,768 ) 7,342 (109,426 ) (22,870 ) Accumulated depreciation_1 1,165,723 (73,299 ) 1,092,424 228,317 Accumulated depreciation_2 490,510 (30,843 ) 459,667 96,070 Investment in subsidiaries and associates 46,341,396 (2,913,886 ) 43,427,510 9,076,350 Available-for-sale (187,507 ) 11,790 (175,717 ) (36,725 ) (Unit: USD) As of June 30, 2024 Temporary differences to be deducted Deferred tax Classification Beginning Inc (Dec) Ending Revaluation of non-current financial asset 29,380 (1,848 ) 27,532 5,754 Capital change from equity method 560,867 (35,266 ) 525,601 109,851 Raw material allowance 208,834 (13,131 ) 195,703 40,902 Provision for warranties 30,957 (1,946 ) 29,011 6,063 Accrued income (243,741 ) 15,326 (228,415 ) (47,739 ) Loss on equity method investment impairment 4,066,707 (255,709 ) 3,810,998 796,499 Lease liabilities 161,586 (10,160 ) 151,426 31,648 Rent deposits 9,237 (580 ) 8,657 1,809 Right of use assets (165,171 ) 10,385 (154,786 ) (32,350 ) Bad debt 7,204,865 (453,033 ) 6,751,832 1,411,133 Net operating loss 12,968,581 453,033 13,421,614 2,805,117 Gain from equity method (3,315,592 ) 208,480 (3,107,112 ) (649,386 ) Convertible bond 30,589 (1,923 ) 28,666 5,991 Total 70,930,427 (3,191,531 ) 67,738,896 14,157,430 Valuation allowance (14,157,430 ) Deferred tax asset, net — (Unit: USD) For the year ended 2023 Temporary differences to be deducted Deferred tax Classification Beginning Inc (Dec) Ending Loss on foreign currency translation 136,353 (136,353 ) — — Gain from foreign currency translation (65,353 ) 65,353 — — Provision for retirement benefits 1,315,937 374,037 1,689,974 353,205 Retirement pension assets (118,121 ) 1,353 (116,768 ) (24,405 ) Accumulated depreciation_1 1,195,828 (30,105 ) 1,165,723 243,636 Accumulated depreciation (revaluation) — — — — Machineries (revaluation) — — — — Land (revaluation) — — — — Accumulated depreciation_2 503,178 (12,668 ) 490,510 102,517 Investment in subsidiaries and associates 43,979,927 2,361,469 46,341,396 9,685,352 Available-for-sale (192,349 ) 4,842 (187,507 ) (39,189 ) Revaluation of non-current financial asset 30,139 (759 ) 29,380 6,140 Capital change from equity method 575,352 (14,485 ) 560,867 117,221 Raw material allowance 196,385 12,449 208,834 43,646 Provision for warranties 36,099 (5,142 ) 30,957 6,470 Trade receivables 3,397,671 (3,397,671 ) — — Short-term borrowings 6,407,370 (6,407,370 ) — — (Unit: USD) For the year ended 2023 Temporary differences to be deducted Deferred tax Classification Beginning Inc (Dec) Ending Other receivables 420,117 (420,117 ) — — Accrued income 335,158 (578,899 ) (243,741 ) (50,942 ) Advanced payment 149,420 (149,420 ) — — Loss on equity method investment impairment 2,187,346 1,879,361 4,066,707 849,942 Lease liabilities 122,962 38,624 161,586 33,771 Rent deposits 7,483 1,754 9,237 1,931 Right of use assets (124,051 ) (41,120 ) (165,171 ) (34,521 ) Bad debt — 7,204,865 7,204,865 1,505,817 Net operating loss 20,173,446 (7,204,865 ) 12,968,581 2,710,433 Gain from equity method — (3,315,592 ) (3,315,592 ) (692,959 ) Convertible bond — 30,589 30,589 6,393 Total 80,670,297 (9,739,870 ) 70,930,427 14,824,458 Valuation allowance (14,824,458 ) Deferred tax asset, net — Statutory tax rate in Republic of Korea is 20.9% for fiscal year 2024 and 2023. The future feasibility of deferred tax assets is evaluated by considering various factors such as the Company’s ability to generate taxable income during the period when temporary differences are realized, the overall economic environment, and the outlook for the industry. The Company is reviewing these matters periodically. M year | 28. Corporate income tax expenses (benefit) Details of corporate income tax expense (benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, are as follows: (Unit: USD) Classification For the year ended 2023 For the year ended 2022 Corporate tax paid(refund) (678 ) — Changes in deferred tax due to temporary differences — (1,031,269 ) Corporate tax expense directly reflected in capital — 171,218 Others(*) 2,861,757 (651,645 ) Income tax expense (benefit) 2,861,079 (1,511,696 ) (*) The Company has elected not to recognize deferred tax assets due to the determination that it was improbable that taxable profit could be generated to offset the deductible temporary differences. Consequently, the amounts of deferred tax assets previously recognized have been recognized as corporate tax expense in the year 2023. The details of the increase or decrease in temporary differences deducted or added from future corporate income tax for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows: (Unit: USD) For the year ended 2023 Temporary differences to be deducted Deferred tax assets (liabilities) Classification Beginning Inc (Dec) Ending Loss on foreign currency translation 136,353 (136,353 ) — — Gain from foreign currency translation (65,353 ) 65,353 — — Provision for retirement benefits 1,315,937 374,037 1,689,974 353,205 Retirement pension assets (118,121 ) 1,353 (116,768 ) (24,405 ) Accumulated depreciation_1 1,195,828 (30,105 ) 1,165,723 243,636 Accumulated depreciation (revaluation) — — — — Machineries (revaluation) — — — — Land (revaluation) — — — — Accumulated depreciation_2 503,178 (12,668 ) 490,510 102,517 Investment in subsidiaries and associates 43,979,927 2,361,469 46,341,396 9,685,352 Available-for-sale (192,349 ) 4,842 (187,507 ) (39,189 ) Revaluation of non-current 30,139 (759 ) 29,380 6,140 Capital change from equity method 575,352 (14,485 ) 560,867 117,221 Raw material allowance 196,385 12,449 208,834 43,646 Provision for warranties 36,099 (5,142 ) 30,957 6,470 Trade receivables 3,397,671 (3,397,671 ) — — Short-term borrowings 6,407,370 (6,407,370 ) — — Other receivables 420,117 (420,117 ) — — Accrued income 335,158 (578,899 ) (243,741 ) (50,942 ) Advanced payment 149,420 (149,420 ) — — Loss on equity method investment impairment 2,187,346 1,879,361 4,066,707 849,942 Lease liabilities 122,962 38,624 161,586 33,771 Rent deposits 7,483 1,754 9,237 1,931 Right of use assets (124,051 ) (41,120 ) (165,171 ) (34,521 ) Bad debt — 7,204,865 7,204,865 1,505,817 Net operating loss 20,173,446 (7,204,865 ) 12,968,581 2,710,433 Gain from equity method — (3,315,592 ) (3,315,592 ) (692,959 ) Convertible bond — 30,589 30,589 6,393 Total 80,670,297 (9,739,870 ) 70,930,427 14,824,458 Valuation allowance (14,824,458 ) Deferred tax asset, net — (Unit: USD) For the year ended 2022 Temporary differences to be deducted Deferred tax assets (liabilities) Classification Beginning Inc (Dec) Ending Loss on foreign currency translation 75,676 60,677 136,353 28,498 Gain from foreign currency translation (423,358 ) 358,005 (65,353 ) (13,659 ) Provision for retirement benefits 950,940 364,997 1,315,937 275,031 Retirement pension assets (123,845 ) 5,724 (118,121 ) (24,687 ) Accumulated depreciation 1,269,315 (73,487 ) 1,195,828 249,928 Accumulated depreciation (revaluation) (734,647 ) 734,647 — — Machineries (revaluation) 255,884 (255,884 ) — — Land (revaluation) (1,495,641 ) 1,495,641 — — Accumulated depreciation 534,099 (30,921 ) 503,178 105,164 Investment in subsidiaries and associates 32,840,759 11,139,168 43,979,927 9,191,805 Available-for-sale (204,170 ) 11,821 (192,349 ) (40,201 ) Revaluation of non-current 31,991 (1,852 ) 30,139 6,299 Capital change from equity method (358,416 ) 933,768 575,352 120,249 Raw material allowance — 196,385 196,385 41,044 Provision for warranties — 36,099 36,099 7,545 Trade receivables — 3,397,671 3,397,671 710,113 Short-term borrowings — 6,407,370 6,407,370 1,339,140 Other receivables — 420,117 420,117 87,805 Accrued income (1,622,198 ) 1,957,356 335,158 70,048 Advanced payment 171,310 (21,890 ) 149,420 31,229 Loss on equity method investment impairment — 2,187,346 2,187,346 457,155 Lease liabilities — 122,962 122,962 25,699 Rent deposits — 7,483 7,483 1,564 Right of use assets — (124,051 ) (124,051 ) (25,927 ) Bad debt 20,173,446 (20,173,446 ) — — Net operating loss — 20,173,446 20,173,446 4,216,250 Total 51,341,145 29,329,152 80,670,297 16,860,092 Valuation allowance — (13,898,245 ) Deferred tax asset, net — 2,961,847 Statutory tax rate in Republic of Korea is 20.9% for fiscal year 2023 and 2022. The future feasibility of deferred tax assets is evaluated by considering various factors such as the Company’s ability to generate taxable income during the period when temporary differences are realized, the overall economic environment, and the outlook for the industry. The Company is reviewing these matters periodically. Management reserved a valuation allowance of approximately 80% of the total deferred tax assets calculated as of December 31, 2022. This allowance was increased to 100% as of December 31, 2023, due to the management’s assessment that generating taxable profit to offset deductible temporary difference was doubtful. Consequently, the amounts of deferred tax assets previously recognized have been recognized as corporate tax expense in the year 2023. |