Policy Liabilities and Short Duration Contracts | LIABILITY FOR FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS The following tables summarize balances of and changes in the liability for future policy benefits for our reporting cohorts: Permanent, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable over the lifetime of the policy, and Permanent Limited Pay, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable for a limited time after which the policy is fully paid up. Both reporting cohorts include whole life and endowment policies. December 31, 2023 (In thousands) Life Insurance Home Service Insurance Permanent Permanent Limited Pay Total Permanent Permanent Limited Pay Total Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: Balance, beginning of year $ 235,228 10,209 245,437 93,508 13,255 106,763 Beginning balance at original discount rate 247,601 10,682 258,283 100,225 14,394 114,619 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions (210) 38 (172) (343) 85 (258) Effects of actual variances from expected experience 4,184 1,536 5,720 (8,287) (6,402) (14,689) Adjusted beginning of year balance 251,575 12,256 263,831 91,595 8,077 99,672 Issuances 34,285 3,607 37,892 17,668 3,951 21,619 Interest accrual 9,291 355 9,646 4,045 468 4,513 Net premiums collected (43,307) (2,955) (46,262) (11,901) 2,832 (9,069) Derecognition and other 582 270 852 638 184 822 Ending balance at original discount rate 252,426 13,533 265,959 102,045 15,512 117,557 Effect of changes in discount rates (7,509) (273) (7,782) (3,214) (586) (3,800) Balance, end of year $ 244,917 13,260 258,177 98,831 14,926 113,757 Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits: Balance, beginning of year $ 947,415 195,612 1,143,027 200,351 116,356 316,707 Beginning balance at original discount rate 996,169 208,051 1,204,220 214,188 121,908 336,096 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions (389) (702) (1,091) (257) 331 74 Effects of actual variances from expected experience 7,370 5,330 12,700 (8,126) (2,103) (10,229) Adjusted beginning of year balance 1,003,150 212,679 1,215,829 205,805 120,136 325,941 Issuances 34,922 3,792 38,714 17,664 3,973 21,637 Interest accrual 43,275 8,355 51,630 9,339 5,667 15,006 Benefit payments (85,257) (22,129) (107,386) (15,891) (6,002) (21,893) Derecognition and other (128) 58 (70) 607 167 774 Ending balance at original discount rate 995,962 202,755 1,198,717 217,524 123,941 341,465 Effect of changes in discount rates (22,612) (7,633) (30,245) (5,578) (1,157) (6,735) Balance, end of year $ 973,350 195,122 1,168,472 211,946 122,784 334,730 Net liability for future policy benefits $ 728,433 181,862 910,295 113,115 107,858 220,973 December 31, 2022 (In thousands) Life Insurance Home Service Insurance Permanent Permanent Limited Pay Total Permanent Permanent Limited Pay Total Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: Balance, beginning of year $ 269,528 4,939 274,467 104,556 10,196 114,752 Beginning balance at original discount rate 246,386 5,093 251,479 90,012 9,532 99,544 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions (3,662) 237 (3,425) 4,253 1,214 5,467 Effects of actual variances from expected experience 3,466 1,534 5,000 (3,744) (8,407) (12,151) Adjusted beginning of year balance 246,190 6,864 253,054 90,521 2,339 92,860 Issuances 35,826 4,086 39,912 19,030 5,288 24,318 Interest accrual 8,382 82 8,464 3,454 244 3,698 Net premiums collected (41,560) (258) (41,818) (11,202) 6,752 (4,450) Derecognition and other (1,237) (92) (1,329) (1,578) (229) (1,807) Ending balance at original discount rate 247,601 10,682 258,283 100,225 14,394 114,619 Effect of changes in discount rates (12,373) (473) (12,846) (6,717) (1,139) (7,856) Balance, end of year $ 235,228 10,209 245,437 93,508 13,255 106,763 Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits: Balance, beginning of year $ 1,168,282 240,679 1,408,961 266,206 161,715 427,921 Beginning balance at original discount rate 990,921 207,105 1,198,026 205,340 117,425 322,765 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions (3,916) 374 (3,542) 4,822 1,765 6,587 Effects of actual variances from expected experience 4,528 4,910 9,438 (3,278) (992) (4,270) Adjusted beginning of year balance 991,533 212,389 1,203,922 206,884 118,198 325,082 Issuances 36,604 4,187 40,791 19,054 5,286 24,340 Interest accrual 42,547 8,474 51,021 8,754 5,452 14,206 Benefit payments (72,383) (16,765) (89,148) (18,870) (6,770) (25,640) Derecognition and other (2,132) (234) (2,366) (1,634) (258) (1,892) Ending balance at original discount rate 996,169 208,051 1,204,220 214,188 121,908 336,096 Effect of changes in discount rates (48,754) (12,439) (61,193) (13,837) (5,552) (19,389) Balance, end of year $ 947,415 195,612 1,143,027 200,351 116,356 316,707 Net liability for future policy benefits $ 712,187 185,403 897,590 106,843 103,101 209,944 Plus: Flooring impact 1 — 1 — — — Net liability for future policy benefits, after flooring impact $ 712,188 185,403 897,591 106,843 103,101 209,944 Net premiums collected is defined as the transactional gross premiums collected in the current period times the net premium ratio. Issuances are calculated as the present value, using the locked-in discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new policies issued during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Interest accrual is the interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the locked-in discount rate. Benefit payments are the transactional benefits (death, lapse, surrenders and maturities) paid in the current period. Derecognition refers to a subset of the issuances or the present value of future premiums released on new issues that lapsed during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 as well as other reconciling items. The effects of actual variances from expected experience lines are primarily impacted by the actual policy cash flows during the period compared to that which was expected in the reserve assumptions. If the net of the two lines is a positive number, the implication is an unfavorable result with policy cash flows less favorable than assumed while a negative number implies a favorable result compared to assumptions. Our policy experience will vary from actual experience in any one period, either favorably or unfavorably. The following table reconciles the net liability for future policy benefits shown above to the liability for future policy benefits reported in the consolidated balance sheets. December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 (In thousands) Life Home Service Consolidated Life Home Service Consolidated Life Insurance: Permanent $ 728,433 113,115 841,548 712,188 106,843 819,031 Permanent limited pay 181,862 107,858 289,720 185,403 103,101 288,504 Deferred profit liability 28,933 26,804 55,737 25,655 24,459 50,114 Other 28,319 13,929 42,248 27,370 13,628 40,998 Total life insurance 967,547 261,706 1,229,253 950,616 248,031 1,198,647 Accident & Health: Other 588 301 889 533 234 767 Total future policy benefit reserves $ 968,135 262,007 1,230,142 951,149 248,265 1,199,414 The following table provides the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments for long-term duration contracts. December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 (In thousands) Life Home Service Life Home Service Undiscounted: Permanent: Expected future gross premiums $ 621,935 455,552 612,531 461,298 Expected future benefit payments 1,495,206 484,740 1,479,562 473,039 Permanent Limited Pay: Expected future gross premiums 47,161 77,266 47,447 74,278 Expected future benefit payments 326,821 320,810 323,559 316,225 Discounted: Permanent: Expected future gross premiums $ 481,963 275,629 472,754 271,440 Expected future benefit payments 973,350 211,946 947,415 200,351 Permanent Limited Pay: Expected future gross premiums 42,138 53,075 41,853 52,030 Expected future benefit payments 195,122 122,784 195,612 116,356 The following tables summarize the amount of revenue and interest related to long-term duration contracts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss): Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 (In thousands) Gross Premiums Interest Expense Gross Premiums Interest Expense Gross Premiums Interest Expense Life Insurance Segment: Life Insurance: Permanent $ 93,917 33,984 94,905 34,165 96,766 34,067 Permanent Limited Pay 16,396 8,923 15,023 9,214 13,678 9,331 Other 12,813 — 16,047 — 16,856 — Less: Reinsurance 1,702 — 1,819 — 1,742 — Total, net of reinsurance 121,424 42,907 124,156 43,379 125,558 43,398 Accident & Health: Other 725 — 502 — 505 — Less: Reinsurance 4 — 5 — 5 — Total, net of reinsurance 721 — 497 — 500 — Total $ 122,145 42,907 124,653 43,379 126,058 43,398 Home Service Insurance Segment: Life Insurance: Permanent $ 33,263 5,294 33,312 5,300 33,706 5,447 Permanent Limited Pay 8,576 6,388 8,396 6,255 8,324 6,187 Other 1,371 — 1,749 — 2,236 — Less: Reinsurance 25 — 27 — 23 — Total, net of reinsurance 43,185 11,682 43,430 11,555 44,243 11,634 Accident & Health: Other 916 — 781 — 750 — Total $ 44,101 11,682 44,211 11,555 44,993 11,634 The following table provides the weighted-average durations of the liability for future policy benefits. December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 (In years) Life Home Service Life Home Service Permanent: Duration at original discount rate 8.5 16.4 8.0 15.4 Duration at current discount rate 8.5 16.4 8.5 16.2 Permanent Limited Pay: Duration at original discount rate 8.2 14.8 7.6 14.3 Duration at current discount rate 8.1 15.3 7.5 15.7 The following table provides the weighted-average interest rates for the liability for future policy benefits. December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Life Home Service Life Home Service Permanent: Interest rate at original discount rate 4.89 % 4.97 % 4.93 % 5.00 % Interest rate at current discount rate 4.79 % 4.96 % 5.10 % 5.22 % Permanent Limited Pay: Interest rate at original discount rate 4.29 % 5.04 % 4.30 % 5.05 % Interest rate at current discount rate 4.77 % 4.95 % 5.07 % 5.21 % LIABILITY FOR POLICYHOLDERS’ ACCOUNT BALANCES The following table presents the policyholders' account balances by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of the difference, in basis points, between rates being credited and the respective guaranteed minimums. At Guaranteed Minimum 1 Basis Point-50 Basis Points Above 51 Basis Points-150 Basis Points Above Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above Total December 31, 2023 (In thousands) Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates: 0.00% - 1.49% $ 784 — 1,146 34,886 36,816 1.50% - 2.99% 33,073 671 49 — 33,793 3.00% - 4.49% 105,684 9 — — 105,693 Greater or equal to 4.50% 31,400 — — — 31,400 Total $ 170,941 680 1,195 34,886 207,702 At Guaranteed Minimum 1 Basis Point-50 Basis Points Above 51 Basis Points-150 Basis Points Above Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above Total December 31, 2022 (In thousands) Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates: 0.00% - 1.49% $ 736 — 1,089 38,671 40,496 1.50% - 2.99% 24,155 631 51 — 24,837 3.00% - 4.49% 98,902 9 — — 98,911 Greater or equal to 4.50% 31,825 — — — 31,825 Total $ 155,618 640 1,140 38,671 196,069 The following tables summarize balances of and changes in policyholders' account balances. December 31, 2023 (In thousands, except for %) Supplemental Contracts Without Life Contingencies Fixed Annuity Dividend Accumulations Premiums Paid in Advance Balance, beginning of year $ 32,995 86,807 41,663 34,603 Issuances 22,387 2,741 660 3,693 Premiums received 123 4,387 5,860 793 Interest credited 1,483 2,653 1,364 1,627 Other 1 — — — Less: Surrenders and withdrawals — 9,454 4,587 9,677 Benefit payments 12,420 — — — Balance, end of year $ 44,569 87,134 44,960 31,039 Weighted-average crediting rates 4.00 % 3.56 % 3.04 % 2.95 % Cash surrender value $ 44,569 87,134 44,960 31,039 December 31, 2022 (In thousands, except for %) Supplemental Contracts Without Life Contingencies Fixed Annuity Dividend Accumulations Premiums Paid in Advance Balance, beginning of year $ 23,950 83,917 37,760 38,875 Issuances 12,071 3,044 683 2,820 Premiums received 176 4,940 5,538 779 Interest credited 1,067 2,631 1,216 964 Other 2 — — — Less: Surrenders and withdrawals — 7,725 3,534 8,835 Benefit payments 4,271 — — — Balance, end of year $ 32,995 86,807 41,663 34,603 Weighted-average crediting rates 4.08 % 3.59 % 3.07 % 3.04 % Cash surrender value $ 32,995 86,807 41,663 34,603 The following table reconciles policyholders' account balances shown above to the policyholders' account balances liability in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, (In thousands) 2023 2022 Annuities: Supplemental contracts without life contingencies $ 44,569 32,995 Fixed annuity 87,134 86,807 Unearned revenue reserve 1,513 1,619 Other — 1 Total annuities $ 133,216 121,422 Premiums Paid in Advance: Premiums paid in advance $ 31,039 34,603 Other 1,407 1,781 Total premiums paid in advance $ 32,446 36,384 The following table presents information on changes in the liability for life, accident and health and property policy and contract claims. Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Policy claims payable: Balance at January 1 $ 9,884 14,590 13,206 Less: reinsurance recoverable 2,070 2,469 3,012 Net balance at January 1 7,814 12,121 10,194 Add claims incurred, related to: Current year 25,630 28,720 32,595 Prior years (1) (522) (46) 1,052 25,108 28,674 33,647 Deduct claims paid, related to: Current year 20,786 22,771 23,369 Prior years 6,797 10,210 8,351 27,583 32,981 31,720 Net balance December 31 5,339 7,814 12,121 Plus: reinsurance recoverable 1,298 2,070 2,469 Balance at December 31 $ 6,637 9,884 14,590 (1) This line is primarily impacted by the level of claim resolutions in the period compared to that which is expected by the reserve assumption. A positive number implies an unfavorable result where claim resolutions were less favorable than assumed while a negative number implies a favorable result compared to assumptions. Our claim assumptions will vary from actual experience in any one period, either favorably or unfavorably. SHORT DURATION CONTRACTS The Company's short duration contracts consist of credit life and credit disability in the Life Insurance segment and property insurance in the Home Service Insurance segment. The credit insurance lines are an immaterial part of short duration contracts so the following disclosures cover only the property insurance line of business in the Home Service Insurance segment. Special Property Insurance (Allied and Fire) The following table presents incurred claims development as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. This information is presented for the last five years as these claims rarely pay out over a longer period of time. As of December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims For the Years Ended December 31, ($ In thousands) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Accident Year: (Unaudited) 2019 $ 1,549 1,150 1,161 1,106 1,105 — 610 2020 2,598 2,670 2,577 2,694 — 2,415 2021 2,087 1,644 1,312 2 2,397 2022 1,213 1,262 4 362 2023 776 27 191 Total $ 7,149 The following table presents paid claims development as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance. Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Accident Year: (Unaudited) 2019 $ 1,166 1,071 1,091 1,105 1,105 2020 1,997 2,639 2,576 2,694 2021 1,435 1,638 1,311 2022 1,011 1,259 2023 755 Total $ 7,124 All outstanding liabilities before 2019, net of reinsurance $ — Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 33 The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows: As of December 31, (In thousands) 2023 2022 Net outstanding liabilities: Special property $ 33 263 Other short duration insurance lines 151 158 Liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance 184 421 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims: Special property 1,220 1,275 Other short duration insurance lines 78 798 Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims 1,298 2,073 Insurance lines other than short duration 5,155 7,390 Total gross liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense $ 6,637 9,884 The following is supplementary information to the consolidated financial statements about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2023. Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 Special property 93 % 13 % (8) % 3 % — % |