Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities | 10. Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis The Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include certain cash equivalents, certain investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes, other securities owned, and securities available for sale. The Company uses the market approach to determine the fair value of assets and liabilities. When available, the Company uses quoted prices in active markets to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities. When utilizing market data and bid-ask spread, the Company uses the price within the bid-ask spread that best represents fair value. When quoted prices do not exist, the Company uses prices obtained from independent third-party pricing services to measure the fair value of investment assets. The Company generally obtains prices from at least three independent pricing sources for assets recorded at fair value. The Company’s primary independent pricing service provides prices based on observable trades and discounted cash flows that incorporate observable information such as yields for similar types of securities (a benchmark interest rate plus observable spreads) and weighted-average maturity for the same or similar “to-be-issued” securities. The Company compares the prices obtained from its primary independent pricing service to the prices obtained from the additional independent pricing services to determine if the price obtained from the primary independent pricing service is reasonable. The Company does not adjust the prices received from independent third-party pricing services unless such prices are inconsistent with the definition of fair value and result in a material difference in the recorded amounts. Fair value of other financial instruments Descriptions of the valuation methodologies and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of other financial instruments are described below. The Company’s financial instruments not recorded at fair value but for which fair value can be approximated and disclosed include: · Cash and cash equivalents are short-term in nature and accordingly are recorded at amounts that approximate fair value. · Cash and investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes include cash and securities purchased under resale agreements. Securities purchased under resale agreements are short-term in nature and are backed by collateral that both exceeds the carrying value of the resale agreement and is highly liquid in nature. Accordingly, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values. · Receivables from/payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations are short-term in nature, recorded at contractual amounts and historically have been settled at those values. Accordingly, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values. · Receivables from/payables to brokerage clients — net are short-term in nature, recorded at contractual amounts and historically have been settled at those values. Accordingly, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values. · Securities held to maturity – The fair values of securities held to maturity are obtained using an independent third-party pricing service similar to investment assets recorded at fair value as discussed above. · Bank loans – The fair values of the Company’s First Mortgages and HELOCs are estimated based on prices of mortgage-backed securities collateralized by similar types of loans. PALs are non-purpose revolving lines of credit secured by eligible assets; accordingly, the carrying values of these loans approximate their fair values. · Financial instruments included in other assets primarily consist of LIHTC investments, cost method investments and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock, whose carrying values approximate their fair values. FHLB stock is recorded at par, which approximates fair value. · Bank deposits have no stated maturity and are recorded at the amount payable on demand as of the balance sheet date. The Company considers the carrying value s of these deposits to approximate their fair values. · Financial instruments included in accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of drafts payable and certain amounts due under contractual obligations, including unfunded LIHTC commitments. These instruments are short-term in nature and accordingly are recorded at amounts that approximate fair value. · Short-term borrowings consist of commercial paper and funds drawn on Schwab Bank’s secured credit facility with the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco. Due to the short-term nature of these borrowings, carrying value approximates fair value. · Long-term debt – Except for the finance lease obligation, the fair values of long-term debt are estimated using indicative, non-binding quotes from independent brokers. The Company validates indicative prices for its debt through comparison to other independent non-binding quotes. The finance lease obligation is recorded at carrying value, which approximates fair value. · Firm commitments to extend credit – The Company extends credit to banking clients through HELOCs and PALs. The Company considers the fair value of these unused commitments to not be material because the interest rates earned on these balances are based on floating interest rates that reset monthly. For a description of the fair value hierarchy, see “Notes – 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. There were no significant changes in these policies and methodologies during the first three months of 2016. The Company did not transfer any assets or liabilities between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2016 , or the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, the Company did not adjust prices received from the primary independent third-party pricing service at March 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The following tables present the fair value hierarchy for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Liabilities recorded at fair value were not material, and therefore are not included in the following tables: Quoted Prices in Active Markets Significant Significant for Identical Other Observable Unobservable Assets Inputs Inputs Balance at March 31, 2016 (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Fair Value Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 1,400 $ - $ - $ 1,400 Commercial paper - 388 - 388 Total cash equivalents 1,400 388 - 1,788 Investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes: Certificates of deposit - 3,201 - 3,201 U.S. Government securities - 4,807 - 4,807 Total investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes - 8,008 - 8,008 Other securities owned: Schwab Funds ® money market funds 205 - - 205 Equity and bond mutual funds 209 - - 209 State and municipal debt obligations - 41 - 41 Equity, U.S. Government and corporate debt, and other securities 1 29 - 30 Total other securities owned 415 70 - 485 Securities available for sale: U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities - 27,240 - 27,240 Asset-backed securities - 21,554 - 21,554 Corporate debt securities - 10,785 - 10,785 U.S. Treasury securities - 5,746 - 5,746 U.S. agency notes - 3,376 - 3,376 Certificates of deposit - 2,080 - 2,080 U.S. state and municipal securities - 454 - 454 Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities - 277 - 277 Other securities - 4 - 4 Total securities available for sale - 71,516 - 71,516 Total $ 1,815 $ 79,982 $ - $ 81,797 Quoted Prices in Active Markets Significant Significant for Identical Other Observable Unobservable Assets Inputs Inputs Balance at December 31, 2015 (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Fair Value Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 1,968 $ - $ - $ 1,968 Commercial paper - 360 - 360 Total cash equivalents 1,968 360 - 2,328 Investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes: Certificates of deposit - 3,430 - 3,430 U.S. Government securities - 4,517 - 4,517 Total investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes - 7,947 - 7,947 Other securities owned: Schwab Funds ® money market funds 261 - - 261 Equity and bond mutual funds 205 - - 205 State and municipal debt obligations - 50 - 50 Equity, U.S. Government and corporate debt, and other securities 1 16 - 17 Total other securities owned 467 66 - 533 Securities available for sale: U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities - 22,149 - 22,149 Asset-backed securities - 21,485 - 21,485 Corporate debt securities - 10,747 - 10,747 U.S. Treasury securities - 5,704 - 5,704 U.S. agency notes - 3,150 - 3,150 Certificates of deposit - 1,683 - 1,683 U.S. state and municipal securities - 424 - 424 Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities - 299 - 299 Other securities - 5 - 5 Total securities available for sale - 65,646 - 65,646 Total $ 2,435 $ 74,019 $ - $ 76,454 Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments The following tables present the fair value hierarchy for other financial instruments: Quoted Prices in Active Markets Significant Significant for Identical Other Observable Unobservable Carrying Assets Inputs Inputs Balance at March 31, 2016 Amount (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Fair Value Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 8,669 $ - $ 8,669 $ - $ 8,669 Cash and investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes 12,246 - 12,246 - 12,246 Receivables from brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations 1,105 - 1,105 - 1,105 Receivables from brokerage clients – net 15,958 - 15,958 - 15,958 Securities held to maturity: U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities 51,833 - 53,104 - 53,104 Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 998 - 1,024 - 1,024 U.S. Treasury securities 223 - 230 - 230 Total securities held to maturity 53,054 - 54,358 - 54,358 Bank loans: (1) Residential real estate mortgages 8,404 - 8,512 - 8,512 Home equity loans and lines of credit 2,653 - 2,788 - 2,788 Pledged asset lines 3,321 - 3,321 - 3,321 Other 72 - 72 - 72 Total bank loans 14,450 - 14,693 - 14,693 Other assets 189 - 189 - 189 Total $ 105,671 $ - $ 107,218 $ - $ 107,218 Liabilities: Bank deposits $ 135,689 $ - $ 135,689 $ - $ 135,689 Payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations 2,848 - 2,848 - 2,848 Payables to brokerage clients 32,282 - 32,282 - 32,282 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 945 - 945 - 945 Short-term borrowings 800 - 800 - 800 Long-term debt 2,877 - 3,008 - 3,008 Total $ 175,441 $ - $ 175,572 $ - $ 175,572 (1) The carrying value of bank loans excludes the allowance for loan losses of $ 33 million at March 31, 2016. Quoted Prices in Active Markets Significant Significant for Identical Other Observable Unobservable Carrying Assets Inputs Inputs Balance at December 31, 2015 Amount (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Fair Value Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 9,650 $ - $ 9,650 $ - $ 9,650 Cash and investments segregated and on deposit for regulatory purposes 11,647 - 11,647 - 11,647 Receivables from brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations 582 - 582 - 582 Receivables from brokerage clients – net 17,310 - 17,310 - 17,310 Securities held to maturity: U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities 48,785 - 48,883 - 48,883 Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 999 - 985 - 985 U.S. Treasury securities 223 - 220 - 220 Total securities held to maturity 50,007 - 50,088 - 50,088 Bank loans: (1) Residential real estate mortgages 8,334 - 8,347 - 8,347 Home equity loans and lines of credit 2,735 - 2,857 - 2,857 Pledged asset lines 3,232 - 3,232 - 3,232 Other 64 - 64 - 64 Total bank loans 14,365 - 14,500 - 14,500 Other assets 184 - 184 - 184 Total $ 103,745 $ - $ 103,961 $ - $ 103,961 Liabilities: Bank deposits $ 129,502 $ - $ 129,502 $ - $ 129,502 Payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations 2,588 - 2,588 - 2,588 Payables to brokerage clients 33,185 - 33,185 - 33,185 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 1,115 - 1,115 - 1,115 Long-term debt (2) 2,877 - 2,967 - 2,967 Total $ 169,267 $ - $ 169,357 $ - $ 169,357 (1) The carrying value of bank loans excludes the allowance for loan losses of $31 million at December 31, 2015. (2) The amounts as of December 31, 2015 have been recast as a result of the adoption of ASU 2015-03, to present debt issuance costs of $ 13 million as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the associated debt liability, consistent with the recording of debt discounts. |