Investments | 2) Investments The Company’s investments as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: Schedule of Investments Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Allowance for Credit Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2023: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 111,450,753 $ 344,425 $ (1,416,448 ) $ - $ 110,378,730 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 6,524,083 500 (319,260 ) - 6,205,323 Corporate securities including public utilities 232,299,727 3,688,642 (7,145,507 ) (308,500 ) 228,534,362 Mortgage-backed securities 40,359,878 506,647 (4,702,905 ) (6,049 ) 36,157,571 Redeemable preferred stock 250,000 10,000 - - 260,000 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 390,884,441 $ 4,550,214 $ (13,584,120 ) $ (314,549 ) $ 381,535,986 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 10,571,505 $ 3,504,141 $ (439,575 ) $ 13,636,071 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 10,571,505 $ 3,504,141 $ (439,575 ) $ 13,636,071 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential $ 103,153,587 Residential construction 104,052,748 Commercial 74,176,538 Less: Unamortized deferred loan fees, net (1,623,226 ) Less: Allowance for credit losses (3,818,653 ) Less: Net discounts (324,157 ) Total mortgage loans held for investment $ 275,616,837 Real estate held for investment - net of accumulated depreciation: Residential $ 40,924,865 Commercial 142,494,427 Total real estate held for investment $ 183,419,292 Real estate held for sale: Residential $ - Commercial 3,028,973 Total real estate held for sale $ 3,028,973 Other investments and policy loans at amortized cost: Policy loans $ 13,264,183 Insurance assignments 45,605,322 Federal Home Loan Bank stock (2) 2,279,800 Other investments 9,809,148 Less: Allowance for credit losses (1,553,836 ) Total policy loans and other investments $ 69,404,617 Accrued investment income $ 10,170,790 Total investments $ 936,812,566 (1) Gross unrealized losses are net of allowance for credit losses (2) Includes $ 530,900 1,748,900 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The Company’s investments as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2022: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 93,182,210 $ 180,643 $ (2,685,277 ) $ 90,677,576 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 6,675,071 13,869 (458,137 ) 6,230,803 Corporate securities including public utilities 229,141,544 1,909,630 (11,930,773 ) 219,120,401 Mortgage-backed securities 33,501,686 168,700 (4,100,674 ) 29,569,712 Redeemable preferred stock 250,000 10,000 - 260,000 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 362,750,511 $ 2,282,842 $ (19,174,861 ) $ 345,858,492 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 9,942,265 $ 2,688,375 $ (948,114 ) $ 11,682,526 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 9,942,265 $ 2,688,375 $ (948,114 ) $ 11,682,526 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential $ 93,355,623 Residential construction 172,516,125 Commercial 46,311,955 Less: Unamortized deferred loan fees, net (1,746,605 ) Less: Allowance for loan losses (1,970,311 ) Less: Net discounts (342,860 ) Total mortgage loans held for investment $ 308,123,927 Real estate held for investment - net of accumulated depreciation: Residential $ 38,437,960 Commercial 152,890,656 Total real estate held for investment $ 191,328,616 Real estate held for sale: Residential $ 11,010,029 Commercial 151,553 Total real estate held for sale $ 11,161,582 Other investments and policy loans at amortized cost: Policy loans $ 13,095,473 Insurance assignments 46,942,536 Federal Home Loan Bank stock (1) 2,600,300 Other investments 9,479,798 Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts (1,609,951 ) Total policy loans and other investments $ 70,508,156 Accrued investment income $ 10,299,826 Total investments $ 948,963,125 (1) Includes $ 938,500 1,661,800 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments There were no investments, aggregated by issuer, of more than 10% of shareholders’ equity (before net unrealized gains and losses on equity securities and fixed maturity securities) as of December 31, 2023, other than investments issued or guaranteed by the United States Government. Fixed Maturity Securities The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturities securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The fair values of fixed maturity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. For fixed maturity securities not actively traded, fair values are estimated using values obtained from independent pricing services, or in the case of private placements, are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a current market value applicable to the coupon rate, credit, and maturity of the investments. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities. Schedule of Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Losses for Less than Twelve Months Fair Value Unrealized Losses for More than Twelve Months Fair Value Total Unrealized Loss Fair Value At December 31, 2023 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 29,394 $ 9,436,090 $ 1,387,054 $ 70,885,403 $ 1,416,448 $ 80,321,493 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 11,105 470,325 308,155 5,284,498 319,260 5,754,823 Corporate securities including public utilities 529,660 32,507,773 6,615,847 107,556,216 7,145,507 140,063,989 Mortgage and other asset-backed securities 29,799 2,260,445 4,673,106 22,184,174 4,702,905 24,444,619 Total unrealized losses $ 599,958 $ 44,674,633 $ 12,984,162 $ 205,910,291 $ 13,584,120 $ 250,584,924 At December 31, 2022 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 2,685,277 $ 79,400,753 $ - $ - $ 2,685,277 $ 79,400,753 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 378,067 5,467,910 80,070 429,020 458,137 5,896,930 Corporate securities including public utilities 10,935,114 162,995,969 995,659 5,781,822 11,930,773 168,777,791 Mortgage and other asset-backed securities 2,884,731 19,909,907 1,215,943 6,978,745 4,100,674 26,888,652 Total unrealized losses $ 16,883,189 $ 267,774,539 $ 2,291,672 $ 13,189,587 $ 19,174,861 $ 280,964,126 Relevant holdings were comprised of 606 securities with fair values aggregating 94.9 93.6 325,314 nil SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Evaluation of Allowance for Credit Losses See Note 1 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale to identify any potential credit losses. This evaluation includes a review of current ratings by the National Association of Insurance Commissions (“NAIC”) and other industry rating agencies. Securities with a rating of 1 or 2 are considered investment grade and are not reviewed for credit loss unless current market data or recent company news could lead to a credit downgrade. Securities with ratings of 3 to 5 are evaluated for credit loss. The evaluation involves assessing all facts and circumstances surrounding each security including, but not limited to, historical values, interest payment history, projected earnings, and revenue growth rates as well as a review of the reason for a downgrade in the NAIC rating. Based on the analysis of a security that is rated 3 to 5, a determination is made whether the security will likely make interest and principal payments in accordance with the terms of the financial instrument. Securities with a rating of 6 are automatically determined to be impaired and a credit loss is recognized in earnings. Where the decline in fair value of fixed maturity securities is attributable to changes in market interest rates or to factors such as market volatility, liquidity and spread widening, and the Company anticipates recovery of all contractual or expected cash flows, the Company does not consider these securities to have credit loss because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery of amortized cost, which may be at maturity. If the Company intends to sell a fixed maturity security or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, a credit loss has occurred and the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value that relates to the expected credit loss is recognized as a loss in earnings, included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. If the Company does not intend to sell a debt security and it is less likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security but the Company also does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss is recognized in earnings for the amount of the expected credit loss with a corresponding allowance for credit losses as a contra-asset account. The credit loss is included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. The recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security due to a change in credit. Amounts on available for sale fixed maturities that are deemed to be uncollectible are written off and removed from the allowance for credit loss. A write-off may also occur if the Company intends to sell a security or when it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. The Company does not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable, included in accrued investment income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as the Company writes off any accrued interest receivable balance to net investment income in a timely manner (after 90 days) when the Company has concerns regarding collectability. SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Credit Quality Indicators The NAIC assigns designations to fixed maturity securities. These designations range from Class 1 (highest quality) to Class 6 (lowest quality). The NAIC designations are utilized by insurers in preparing their annual statutory statements. NAIC Class 1 and 2 are considered investment grade while the NAIC Class 3 through 6 designations are considered non-investment grade. Based on the NAIC designations, the Company had 98.2 97.7 Schedule of Credit Quality of Fixed Maturity Security Portfolio by NAIC Designation December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 NAIC Designation Amortized Estimated Fair Amortized Estimated Fair 1 $ 221,933,425 $ 216,975,288 $ 197,753,818 $ 189,691,540 2 161,062,016 157,346,803 156,261,804 148,073,873 3 6,418,829 5,953,542 7,080,305 6,635,786 4 982,290 948,478 1,377,541 1,157,454 5 236,648 51,875 25,736 39,155 6 1,233 - 1,307 684 Total $ 390,634,441 $ 381,275,986 $ 362,500,511 $ 345,598,492 The following tables presents a roll forward of the Company’s allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale: Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses on Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale Year Ended December 31, 2023 U.S. Treasury Securities And Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate securities including public utilities Mortgage-backed securities Total Beginning balance - December 31, 2022 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Additions for credit losses not previously recorded - - 261,500 6,049 267,549 Change in allowance on securities with previous allowance - - 57,764 - 57,764 Reductions for securities sold during the period - - (10,764 ) - (10,764 ) Reductions for securities with credit losses due to intent to sell - - - - - Write-offs charged against the allowance - - - - - Recoveries of amounts previously written off - - - - - Ending Balance - December 31, 2023 $ - $ - $ 308,500 $ 6,049 $ 314,549 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The following table presents a roll forward of the Company’s cumulative other than temporary credit impairments (“OTTI”) recognized in earnings on fixed maturity securities available for sale which was required to be presented prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13: Schedule of Earnings on Fixed Maturity Securities 2022 Balance of credit-related OTTI at January 1 $ 264,977 Additions for credit impairments recognized on: Securities not previously impaired - Securities previously impaired - Reductions for credit impairments previously recognized on: Securities that matured or were sold during the period (realized) (39,502 ) Securities due to an increase in expected cash flows - Balance of credit-related OTTI at December 31 $ 225,475 The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Schedule of Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date Amortized Estimated Fair Cost Value Due in 1 year $ - $ - Due in 2-5 years 168,831,608 166,186,132 Due in 5-10 years 95,804,878 95,031,727 Due in more than 10 years 85,638,077 83,900,556 Mortgage-backed securities 40,359,878 36,157,571 Redeemable preferred stock 250,000 260,000 Total $ 390,884,441 $ 381,535,986 Information regarding sales of fixed maturity securities available for sale is presented as follows. Schedule of Major Categories of Net Investment Income 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Proceeds from sales $ 2,557,074 $ 3,091,105 Gross realized gains 11,508 24,281 Gross realized losses (57,861 ) (32,976 ) SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust, and Pledged as Collateral Assets on deposit with life insurance regulatory authorities as required by law were as follows: Schedule of Assets on Deposit With Life Insurance 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 6,206,650 $ 8,817,959 Other investments 400,000 - Cash and cash equivalents 1,909,215 2,214,206 Total assets on deposit $ 8,515,865 $ 11,032,165 Assets held in trust related to third-party reinsurance agreements were as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 27,903,952 $ 27,955,297 Cash and cash equivalents 2,101,052 1,866,453 Total assets on deposit $ 30,005,004 $ 29,821,750 The Company is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines and Dallas (“FHLB”). Assets pledged as collateral with the FHLB are presented below. These pledged securities are used as collateral for any FHLB cash advances. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about the FHLB. Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 93,903,089 $ 93,034,880 Total assets pledged as collateral $ 93,903,089 $ 93,034,880 Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale The Company strategically deploys resources into real estate assets to match the income and yield durations of its primary obligations. The sources for these real estate assets come through its various business segments in the form of acquisition, development, and mortgage foreclosures. The Company reports real estate held for investment and held for sale pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Commercial Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale The Company owns and manages commercial real estate assets as a means of generating investment income. These assets are acquired in accordance with the Company’s goals and objectives for risk-adjusted returns. Due diligence is conducted on each asset using internal and third-party resources. The geographic locations and asset classes of investments are determined by senior management under the direction of the Board of Directors. SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The Company employs full-time employees to attend to the day-to-day operations of those assets within the greater Salt Lake area and close surrounding markets. The Company utilizes third party property managers where the geographic location does not warrant full-time staff or through strategic lease-up periods. The Company generally looks to acquire assets that are in regions expected to have high growth in employment and population and that provide operational efficiencies. The Company currently owns and operates nine commercial properties in three states. These properties include office buildings, flex office space, and the redevelopment and expansion of its corporate campus (“Center53”) in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Company uses bank debt in strategic cases, primarily where it is anticipated to improve yields, or facilitate the acquisition of higher quality assets or asset class diversification. The aggregated net book value of commercial real estate serving as collateral for bank loans was $ 124,381,467 129,330,119 97,807,614 97,112,131 During 2023 and 2022, the Company did not record any impairment losses on commercial real estate held for investment or held for sale. Impairment losses, if any, are included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the consolidated statements of earnings. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded depreciation expense on commercial real estate held for investment of $ 6,278,828 6,090,575 The Company’s commercial real estate held for investment is summarized as follows: Schedule of Commercial Real Estate Investment Net Book Value Total Square Footage December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Utah (1) $ 142,475,177 $ 147,627,946 625,920 625,920 Louisiana 19,250 2,380,847 1,622 31,778 Mississippi (2) - 2,881,863 - 19,694 $ 142,494,427 $ 152,890,656 627,542 677,392 (1) Includes Center53 (2) This property was moved to held for sale (1) Consists of approximately 93 acres of undeveloped land for $ 151,553 Operating leases arise from the leasing of the Company’s commercial real estate held for investment. Initial lease terms generally range from three ten years SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows of the operating lease payments expected to be received. Schedule of Annual Undiscounted Cash Flows of Operating Lease Payments 2024 $ 11,816,339 2025 11,843,124 2026 10,695,017 2027 9,198,450 2028 9,009,534 Thereafter 46,371,762 Total $ 98,934,226 The Company’s commercial real estate held for sale is summarized as follows: Net Book Value Total Square Footage December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Mississippi (1) $ 3,028,973 $ 151,553 19,694 - $ 3,028,973 $ 151,553 19,694 - (1) Consists of approximately 93 acres of undeveloped land for $ 151,553 2,877,420 250,000 These properties are being marketed with the assistance of commercial real estate brokers in Mississippi. Residential Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale The Company occasionally acquires a small portfolio of residential homes primarily because of loan foreclosures. The Company has the option to sell these properties or to continue to hold them for expected cash flow and price appreciation. The Company also invests in residential subdivision development. The Company established Security National Real Estate Services (“SNRE”) to manage its residential property portfolio. SNRE cultivates and maintains the preferred vendor relationships necessary to manage costs and quality of work performed on the Company’s entire residential property portfolio. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded impairment losses on residential real estate held for sale of nil 94,000 During 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded depreciation expense on residential real estate held for investment of $ 10,592 10,592 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The Company’s residential real estate held for investment is summarized as follows: Schedule of Residential Real Estate Investment Net Book Value December 31, 2023 2022 Utah (1) $ 40,924,865 $ 38,437,960 $ 40,924,865 $ 38,437,960 (1) Includes multiple residential subdivision development projects The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s residential subdivision development in Utah. December 31, 2023 2022 Lots available for sale 42 80 Lots to be developed 1,145 1,131 Ending Balance $ 40,739,201 $ 38,241,705 The Company’s residential real estate held for sale is summarized as follows: Net Book Value December 31, 2023 2022 Utah $ - $ 11,010,029 (1) $ - $ 11,010,029 (1) All sold in 2023 The net book value of foreclosed residential real estate included in residential real estate held for investment or sale was nil 11,010,029 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Real Estate Owned and Occupied by the Company The primary business units of the Company occupy a portion of the commercial real estate owned by the Company. As of December 31, 2023, real estate owned and occupied by the Company is summarized as follows: Schedule of Real Estate Owned and Occupied by the Company Location Business Segment Approximate Square Footage Square Footage Occupied by the Company 433 Ascension Way, Floors 4, 5 and 6, Salt Lake City, UT - Center53 Building 2 (1) Corporate Offices, Life Insurance, Cemetery/Mortuary Operations, and Mortgage Operations and Sales 221,000 50 % 1044 River Oaks Dr., Flowood, MS (1) (3) Life Insurance Operations 19,694 28 % 1818 Marshall Street, Shreveport, LA (2) Life Insurance Operations 12,274 100 % 909 Foisy Street, Alexandria, LA (2) (4) Life Insurance Sales 8,059 100 % 812 Sheppard Street, Minden, LA (2) (5) Life Insurance Sales 1,560 100 % 1550 N 3rd Street, Jena, LA (2) (3) Life Insurance Sales 1,737 100 % (1) Included in real estate held for investment on the consolidated balance sheets (2) Included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets (3) Listed for sale and sold during the first quarter of 2024 (4) Listed for sale and currently under contract (5) Listed for sale Mortgage Loans Held for Investment The Company reports mortgage loans held for investment pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Concentrations of credit risk arise when several mortgage loan debtors have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. Although the Company has a diversified mortgage loan portfolio consisting of residential mortgages, commercial loans and residential construction loans and requires collateral on all real estate exposures, a substantial portion of the relevant debtors’ ability to honor obligations is dependent upon the economic stability of the geographic region in which the debtors do business or are employed. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 44 11 10 7 6 64 10 5 5 Evaluation of Allowance for Credit Losses See Note 1 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment to present the net amount expected to be collected. The Company reports in net earnings, as a credit loss expense, the amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses for the Company’s current estimate of expected credit losses on mortgage loans held for investment. This credit loss expense is included in other expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Once a mortgage loan is past due 90 days, it is the policy of the Company to end the accrual of interest income on the loan and reverse any interest income that had been accrued. Given this policy, the Company does not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is included in accrued investment income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Payments received for mortgage loans on a non-accrual status are recognized when received. The interest income recognized from payments received for mortgage loans on a non-accrual status was immaterial. Accrual of interest resumes if a mortgage loan is brought current. Interest not accrued on these loans totaled approximately $ 237,000 226,000 The Company measures expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral when the Company determines that foreclosure is probable. When a mortgage loan becomes delinquent, the Company proceeds to foreclose and all expenses for foreclosure are expensed as incurred. Once foreclosed, the property is classified as real estate held for investment or held for sale. To determine the allowance for credit losses, the Company has segmented its mortgage loans held for investment by loan type. The Company’s loan types are commercial, residential, and residential construction. The inherent risks within the portfolio vary depending upon the loan type as follows: Commercial Commercial loans are evaluated for credit loss by analyzing common metrics that are predictors for future credit losses such as debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”), loan to value (“LTV”), local market conditions, borrower quality, and underlying collateral. The fair value of the underlying collateral is based on a third-party appraisal of the property at origination of the loan. The fair value is assessed if the loan becomes 90 days delinquent. The Company uses these metrics to pool similar loans. The allowance for credit losses is based on estimates, historical experience, probability of loss, value of the underlying collateral, and other factors that affect the collectability of the loan. The Company applies a future loss factor to the outstanding balance of each group to arrive at the allowance for credit losses. Residential Residential loans are evaluated for credit loss by using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Among other things, the Company uses its historical delinquency information and considers current and forecasted economic conditions. External sources include a monthly analysis of its residential portfolio by a third party. The third party uses the Company’s current loan data and runs it through various models to project cash flows and provide a projected life of loan loss. The models consider loan features such as loan type, loan to value, payment status, age, and current property values. Analyzing the information from the various sources allows the Company to arrive at the allowance for credit losses. Residential construction (including land acquisition and development) Additionally, land acquisition and development loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s underwriting policies, which include independent appraisal valuations as well as the estimated value associated with the land upon completion of development into finished lots. These loans are of a higher risk than other mortgage loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to general economic conditions, availability of long-term or construction financing, and interest rate sensitivity. SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Residential construction mortgage loans are evaluated for credit loss by considering historical activity and current housing market trends to arrive at a per loan basis point allowance that is recognized at loan origination and for subsequent draws. The per loan basis point is reviewed at least annually or as loan losses or market trends require. The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses as of the dates indicated: Schedule of Allowance for Loan Losses Commercial Residential Residential Construction Total December 31, 2023 Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance - January 1, 2023 $ 187,129 $ 1,739,980 $ 43,202 $ 1,970,311 Adoption of ASU 2016-13 (1) 555,807 (192,607 ) 301,830 665,030 Change in provision for credit losses (2) 476,717 843,521 (136,926 ) 1,183,312 Charge-offs - - - - Ending balance - December 31, 2023 $ 1,219,653 $ 2,390,894 $ 208,106 $ 3,818,653 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance - January 1, 2022 $ 187,129 $ 1,469,571 $ 43,202 $ 1,699,902 Change in provision for credit losses (2) - 270,409 - 270,409 Charge-offs - - - - Ending balance - December 31, 2022 $ 187,129 $ 1,739,980 $ 43,202 $ 1,970,311 (1) See Note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements (2) Included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The following table presents the aging of mortgage loans held for investment by loan type. Schedule of Aging of Mortgage Loans Commercial Residential Residential Total December 31, 2023 30-59 days past due $ - $ 3,387,673 $ - $ 3,387,673 60-89 days past due - 3,472,760 - 3,472,760 Over 90 days past due (1) 405,000 3,480,931 - 3,885,931 In process of foreclosure (1) 1,241,508 1,021,790 - 2,263,298 Total past due 1,646,508 11,363,154 - 13,009,662 Current 72,530,030 91,790,433 104,052,748 268,373,211 Total mortgage loans 74,176,538 103,153,587 104,052,748 281,382,873 Allowance for credit losses (1,219,653 ) (2,390,894 ) (208,106 ) (3,818,653 ) Unamortized deferred loan fees, net (172,989 ) (1,135,491 ) (314,746 ) (1,623,226 ) Unamortized discounts, net (216,705 ) (107,452 ) - (324,157 ) Net mortgage loans held for investment $ 72,567,191 $ 99,519,750 $ 103,529,896 $ 275,616,837 December 31, 2022 30-59 days past due $ 1,000,000 $ 3,553,390 $ - $ 4,553,390 60-89 days past due - 814,184 - 814,184 Over 90 days past due (1) - 1,286,211 - 1,286,211 In process of foreclosure (1) 405,000 876,174 - 1,281,174 Total past due 1,405,000 6,529,959 - 7,934,959 Current 44,906,955 86,825,664 172,516,125 304,248,744 Total mortgage loans 46,311,955 93,355,623 172,516,125 312,183,703 Allowance for credit losses (187,129 ) (1,739,980 ) (43,202 ) (1,970,311 ) Unamortized deferred loan fees, net (199,765 ) (1,212,994 ) (333,846 ) (1,746,605 ) Unamortized discounts, net (230,987 ) (111,873 ) - (342,860 ) Net mortgage loans held for investment $ 45,694,074 $ 90,290,776 $ 172,139,077 $ 308,123,927 (1) Interest income is not recognized on loans which are more than 90 days past due or in foreclosure. SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments Credit Quality Indicators The Company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its commercial loans by analyzing LTV and DSCR. Monitoring a commercial mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment. The |