Investments | Note 4—Investments Portfolio Composition : Summaries of fixed maturities available for sale by amortized cost, fair value, and allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows. Redeemable preferred stock is included within the corporates by sector. As noted in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies , the Company prospectively adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2020 for the available-for-sale fixed maturities. Results after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASU 2016-13, while prior periods continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. See additional discussion of the allowance for credit losses later in this note. At June 30, 2020 Allowance for Credit Losses Gross Gross Fair Value (1) % of Total Fixed Maturities (2) Fixed maturities available for sale: U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $ 377,555 $ — $ 89,319 $ (58) $ 466,816 2 States, municipalities, and political subdivisions 1,617,951 — 206,554 (478) 1,824,027 9 Foreign governments 33,900 — 2,633 (17) 36,516 — Corporates, by sector: Financial 4,303,589 — 798,500 (53,564) 5,048,525 26 Utilities 1,930,929 — 518,495 (1,616) 2,447,808 13 Energy 1,663,051 (32,719) 209,597 (53,861) 1,786,068 9 Other corporate sectors 6,584,590 — 1,294,194 (21,202) 7,857,582 40 Total corporates 14,482,159 (32,719) 2,820,786 (130,243) 17,139,983 88 Collateralized debt obligations 57,031 — 21,988 (9,920) 69,099 — Other asset-backed securities 129,304 — 2,866 (7,429) 124,741 1 Total fixed maturities $ 16,697,900 $ (32,719) $ 3,144,146 $ (148,145) $ 19,661,182 100 (1) Amount reported in the balance sheet. (2) At fair value. At December 31, 2019 Amortized Gross Gross Fair Value (1) % of Total Fixed Maturities (2) Fixed maturities available for sale: U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $ 396,079 $ 41,737 $ (296) $ 437,520 2 States, municipalities, and political subdivisions 1,559,736 158,546 (626) 1,717,656 9 Foreign governments 25,874 2,073 (396) 27,551 — Corporates, by sector: Financial 4,101,917 701,196 (22,307) 4,780,806 25 Utilities 1,937,738 416,114 (1,565) 2,352,287 13 Energy 1,678,969 269,640 (33,725) 1,914,884 10 Other corporate sectors 6,514,677 955,908 (16,765) 7,453,820 40 Total corporates 14,233,301 2,342,858 (74,362) 16,501,797 88 Collateralized debt obligations 56,990 24,298 (7,184) 74,104 — Other asset-backed securities 143,796 5,094 (371) 148,519 1 Total fixed maturities $ 16,415,776 $ 2,574,606 $ (83,235) $ 18,907,147 100 (1) Amount reported in the balance sheet. (2) At fair value. A schedule of fixed maturities available for sale by contractual maturity date at June 30, 2020 is shown below on an amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses basis and on a fair value basis. Actual disposition dates could differ from contractual maturities due to call or prepayment provisions. At June 30, 2020 Amortized Fair Fixed maturities available for sale: Due in one year or less $ 62,732 $ 63,550 Due after one year through five years 745,715 816,256 Due after five years through ten years 1,783,317 2,065,078 Due after ten years through twenty years 5,788,845 7,141,059 Due after twenty years 8,097,882 9,381,016 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 186,690 194,223 $ 16,665,181 $ 19,661,182 Analysis of Investment Operations: Net investment income for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change Fixed maturities available for sale $ 217,556 $ 215,867 1 $ 434,683 $ 431,630 1 Policy loans 11,213 10,821 4 22,331 21,457 4 Other long-term investments (1) 7,146 3,991 79 11,769 7,379 59 Short-term investments 134 763 (82) 441 1,582 (72) 236,049 231,442 2 469,224 462,048 2 Less investment expense (4,481) (4,017) 12 (8,665) (7,950) 9 Net investment income $ 231,568 $ 227,425 2 $ 460,559 $ 454,098 1 (1) For the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the investment funds, accounted for under the fair value option method, recorded $4.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively in net investment income. For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the investment funds, accounted for under the fair value option method, recorded $6.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively in net investment income. Selected information about sales of fixed maturities available for sale is as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2020 2019 2020 2019 Fixed maturities available for sale: Proceeds from sales (1) $ 1,660 $ — $ 52,020 $ 34,997 Gross realized gains — — 2,642 46 Gross realized losses (371) — (371) (3,027) (1) There were no unsettled sales in the periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. An analysis of realized gains (losses) is as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2020 2019 2020 2019 Realized investment gains (losses): Fixed maturities available for sale: Sales and other (1) $ 5,928 $ 2,237 $ 10,862 $ 5,907 Provision for credit losses (865) — (32,719) — Fair value option—change in fair value (19,434) 2,869 (18,851) 684 Other investments 9,581 48 9,821 (108) Realized gains (losses) from investments (4,790) 5,154 (30,887) 6,483 Applicable tax 1,006 (1,082) 6,486 (1,361) Realized gains (losses), net of tax $ (3,784) $ 4,072 $ (24,401) $ 5,122 (1) During the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $80.4 million and $48.3 million of exchanges of fixed maturities (noncash transactions) that resulted in $7.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively in realized gains (losses). During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $86.3 million and $117.2 million of exchanges of fixed maturities (noncash transactions) that resulted in $7.9 million and $8.3 million, respectively in realized gains (losses). Fair Value Measurements: The following tables represent the fair value of fixed maturities measured on a recurring basis at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019: Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2020 Using: Quoted Prices in Significant Other Significant Total Fair Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $ — $ 466,816 $ — $ 466,816 States, municipalities, and political subdivisions — 1,824,027 — 1,824,027 Foreign governments — 36,516 — 36,516 Corporates, by sector: Financial — 4,900,057 148,468 5,048,525 Utilities — 2,286,065 161,743 2,447,808 Energy — 1,748,616 37,452 1,786,068 Other corporate sectors — 7,546,329 311,253 7,857,582 Total corporates — 16,481,067 658,916 17,139,983 Collateralized debt obligations — — 69,099 69,099 Other asset-backed securities — 111,861 12,880 124,741 Total fixed maturities $ — $ 18,920,287 $ 740,895 $ 19,661,182 Percentage of total — % 96 % 4 % 100 % Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2019 Using: Quoted Prices in Significant Other Significant Total Fair Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $ — $ 437,520 $ — $ 437,520 States, municipalities, and political subdivisions — 1,717,656 — 1,717,656 Foreign governments — 27,551 — 27,551 Corporates, by sector: Financial — 4,628,875 151,931 4,780,806 Utilities — 2,195,539 156,748 2,352,287 Energy — 1,873,482 41,402 1,914,884 Other corporate sectors — 7,131,773 322,047 7,453,820 Total corporates — 15,829,669 672,128 16,501,797 Collateralized debt obligations — — 74,104 74,104 Other asset-backed securities — 135,342 13,177 148,519 Total fixed maturities $ — $ 18,147,738 $ 759,409 $ 18,907,147 Percentage of total — % 96 % 4 % 100 % The following tables represent changes in fixed maturities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): Analysis of Changes in Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Asset- backed Securities Collateralized Corporates Total Balance at January 1, 2020 $ 13,177 $ 74,104 $ 672,128 $ 759,409 Included in realized gains / losses — — 1,213 1,213 Included in other comprehensive income (250) (5,046) 11,765 6,469 Acquisitions — — — — Sales — — — — Amortization — 2,275 4 2,279 Other (1) (47) (2,234) (26,194) (28,475) Transfers into Level 3 (2) — — — — Transfers out of Level 3 (2) — — — — Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 12,880 $ 69,099 $ 658,916 $ 740,895 Percent of total fixed maturities — % 1 % 3 % 4 % (1) Includes capitalized interest, foreign exchange adjustments, and principal repayments. (2) Considered to be transferred at the end of the period. Transfers into Level 3 occur when observable inputs are no longer available. Transfers out of Level 3 occur when observable inputs become available. Analysis of Changes in Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Asset- backed Securities Collateralized Corporates Total Balance at January 1, 2019 $ 12,982 $ 73,369 $ 553,471 $ 639,822 Included in realized gains / losses — — — — Included in other comprehensive income 441 6,306 23,620 30,367 Acquisitions — — — — Sales — — — — Amortization — 2,315 7 2,322 Other (1) (220) (2,912) (6,927) (10,059) Transfers into Level 3 (2) — — — — Transfers out of Level 3 (2) — — — — Balance at June 30, 2019 $ 13,203 $ 79,078 $ 570,171 $ 662,452 Percent of total fixed maturities — % 1 % 3 % 4 % (1) Includes capitalized interest, foreign exchange adjustments, and principal repayments. (2) Considered to be transferred at the end of the period. Transfers into Level 3 occur when observable inputs are no longer available. Transfers out of Level 3 occur when observable inputs become available. The following table presents changes in unrealized gains or (losses) for the period included in other comprehensive income for assets held at the end of the reporting period for Level 3s: Changes in Unrealized Gains/Losses included in Other Comprehensive Income for Assets Held at the End of the Period Asset- Collateralized Corporates Total At June 30, 2020 $ (250) $ (5,046) $ 11,765 $ 6,469 At June 30, 2019 441 6,306 23,620 30,367 Unrealized Loss Analysis : The following table discloses information about fixed maturities available for sale in an unrealized loss position. Less than Twelve Months Twelve Months or Longer Total Number of issues (CUSIPs) held: As of June 30, 2020 102 35 137 As of December 31, 2019 82 51 133 Globe Life's entire fixed maturity portfolio consisted of 1,731 issues by 711 different issuers at June 30, 2020 and 1,633 issues by 656 different issuers at December 31, 2019. The weighted-average quality rating of all unrealized loss positions at amortized cost as of June 30, 2020 was BB+ compared with BBB- as of December 31, 2019. The following table discloses unrealized investment losses by class and major sector of fixed maturities available for sale for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at June 30, 2020. Analysis of Gross Unrealized Investment Losses At June 30, 2020 Less than Twelve Months Twelve Months or Longer Total Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fixed maturities available for sale: Investment grade securities: U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $ — $ — $ 1,968 $ (58) $ 1,968 $ (58) States, municipalities and political subdivisions 21,170 (478) — — 21,170 (478) Foreign governments 4,690 (17) — — 4,690 (17) Corporates, by sector: Financial 205,161 (10,765) 5,594 (2,906) 210,755 (13,671) Utilities — — — — — — Energy 299,831 (23,252) 1,736 (212) 301,567 (23,464) Other corporate sectors 106,389 (7,081) 17,844 (155) 124,233 (7,236) Total corporates 611,381 (41,098) 25,174 (3,273) 636,555 (44,371) Other asset-backed securities 47,730 (5,642) 8 — 47,738 (5,642) Total investment grade securities 684,971 (47,235) 27,150 (3,331) 712,121 (50,566) Below investment grade securities: States, municipalities and political subdivisions — — — — — — Corporates, by sector: Financial 33,256 (6,676) 99,492 (33,217) 132,748 (39,893) Utilities 11,387 (246) 14,307 (1,370) 25,694 (1,616) Energy 62,252 (8,099) 55,653 (22,298) 117,905 (30,397) Other corporate sectors 33,629 (2,741) 68,808 (11,225) 102,437 (13,966) Total corporates 140,524 (17,762) 238,260 (68,110) 378,784 (85,872) Collateralized debt obligations — — 10,080 (9,920) 10,080 (9,920) Other asset-backed securities — — 12,314 (1,787) 12,314 (1,787) Total below investment grade securities 140,524 (17,762) 260,654 (79,817) 401,178 (97,579) Total fixed maturities $ 825,495 $ (64,997) $ 287,804 $ (83,148) $ 1,113,299 $ (148,145) Gross unrealized losses may fluctuate quarter over quarter due to adverse factors in the market that affect our holdings, such as changes in interest rates or credit spreads. As noted in Note 1 , the Company considers many factors when determining whether a credit loss exists. While the Company holds securities that may be in an unrealized loss position from time to time, Globe Life does not intend to sell and it is likely that management will not be required to sell the fixed maturities prior to their anticipated recovery due to the strong cash flows generated by its insurance operations. The following table discloses unrealized investment losses by class and major sector of fixed maturities available for sale at December 31, 2019. Globe Life considered these investments to be only temporarily impaired. Analysis of Gross Unrealized Investment Losses At December 31, 2019 Less than Twelve Months Twelve Months or Longer Total Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fixed maturities available for sale: Investment grade securities: U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $ 1,255 $ (2) $ 21,044 $ (294) $ 22,299 $ (296) States, municipalities and political subdivisions 66,774 (626) — — 66,774 (626) Foreign governments 6,496 (396) — — 6,496 (396) Corporates, by sector: Financial 117,389 (1,733) 7,183 (1,317) 124,572 (3,050) Utilities 8,400 (166) — — 8,400 (166) Energy 52,312 (1,058) 1,833 (115) 54,145 (1,173) Other corporate sectors 136,386 (1,584) 61,473 (3,260) 197,859 (4,844) Total corporates 314,487 (4,541) 70,489 (4,692) 384,976 (9,233) Other asset-backed securities — — — — — — Total investment grade securities 389,012 (5,565) 91,533 (4,986) 480,545 (10,551) Below investment grade securities: States, municipalities and political subdivisions — — — — — — Corporates, by sector: Financial — — 113,481 (19,257) 113,481 (19,257) Utilities 7,529 (135) 14,985 (1,264) 22,514 (1,399) Energy 14,968 (146) 69,956 (32,406) 84,924 (32,552) Other corporate sectors — — 67,655 (11,921) 67,655 (11,921) Total corporates 22,497 (281) 266,077 (64,848) 288,574 (65,129) Collateralized debt obligations — — 12,816 (7,184) 12,816 (7,184) Other asset-backed securities — — 13,879 (371) 13,879 (371) Total below investment grade securities 22,497 (281) 292,772 (72,403) 315,269 (72,684) Total fixed maturities $ 411,509 $ (5,846) $ 384,305 $ (77,389) $ 795,814 $ (83,235) Fixed Maturities, Allowance for Credit Losses : A summary of the activity in the allowance for credit losses is as follows. Based on key factors considered by management, a provision for credit losses of $33 million was recorded for one energy issuer during the six months ended June 30, 2020. Refer to Note 1 for factors considered in the recording of the allowance for credit losses. Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2020 2019 2020 2019 Allowance for credit losses beginning balance $ 31,854 $ — $ — $ — Additions to allowance for which credit losses were not previously recorded — — 31,854 — Additions (reductions) to allowance for fixed maturities that previously had an allowance 865 — 865 — Reduction of allowance for which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell — — — — Allowance for credit losses ending balance $ 32,719 $ — $ 32,719 $ — As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company did not have any fixed maturities in non-accrual status. Other Long-Term Investments : Other long-term investments consist of the following assets: June 30, December 31, Investment funds $ 264,246 $ 185,851 Commercial mortgage loan participations 164,420 137,692 Other 3,659 2,804 Total $ 432,325 $ 326,347 The investment funds consist of limited partnerships whereby the Company has a pro-rata share of ownership ranging from 1% to 20%. For each investment, the Company has elected the fair value option, but would have been otherwise accounted for as an equity method investment. The fair value option is assessed for each individual investment and concluded at the inception of the investment. Additionally, each investment is evaluated under ASC 810, Consolidation to determine if it is a variable interest entity and would qualify for consolidation; none of the investments qualify for consolidation as the Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of these investments. The investments are reported at the Company's pro-rata share of the investment fund's net asset value or its equivalent (NAV) as a practical expedient for fair value. Changes in the net asset value are recorded in Realized gains (losses) on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations |