LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES | LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES Loans The Bank engages in a full complement of lending activities, including real estate-related loans, agriculture-related loans, commercial and financial loans and consumer installment loans within select markets in Georgia, Alabama, Florida and South Carolina. During 2015 and 2016, the Bank purchased residential mortgage loan pools collateralized by properties located outside our Southeast markets, specifically in California, Washington and Illinois. During the third quarter of 2016, the Bank began purchasing from unrelated third parties consumer installment home improvement loans made to borrowers throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the net carrying value of these consumer installment home improvement loans was approximately $399.9 million and $273.7 million , respectively, and such loans are reported in the consumer installment loan category. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Bank purchased a pool of commercial insurance premium finance loans made to borrowers throughout the United States and began a division to originate, administer and service these types of loans. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the net carrying value of commercial insurance premium finance loans was approximately $413.5 million and $482.5 million , respectively, and such loans are reported in the commercial, financial and agricultural loan category. The Bank concentrates the majority of its lending activities in real estate loans. While risk of loss in the Company’s portfolio is primarily tied to the credit quality of the various borrowers, risk of loss may increase due to factors beyond the Company’s control, such as local, regional and/or national economic downturns. General conditions in the real estate market may also impact the relative risk in the real estate portfolio . A substantial portion of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate in the Bank’s primary market area. In addition, a substantial portion of the OREO is located in those same markets. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio and the recovery of a substantial portion of the carrying amount of OREO are susceptible to changes in real estate conditions in the Bank’s primary market area. Commercial, financial and agricultural loans include both secured and unsecured loans for working capital, expansion, crop production, commercial insurance premium finance and other business purposes. Commercial, financial and agricultural loans also include SBA loans and municipal loans. Short-term working capital loans are secured by non-real estate collateral such as accounts receivable, crops, inventory and equipment. The Bank evaluates the financial strength, cash flow, management, credit history of the borrower and the quality of the collateral securing the loan. The Bank often requires personal guarantees and secondary sources of repayment on commercial, financial and agricultural loans. Real estate loans include construction and development loans, commercial and farmland loans and residential loans. Construction and development loans include loans for the development of residential neighborhoods, one-to-four family home residential construction loans to builders and consumers, and commercial real estate construction loans, primarily for owner-occupied properties. The Company limits its construction lending risk through adherence to established underwriting procedures. Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by owner-occupied commercial buildings for office, storage, retail, farmland and warehouse space. They also include non-owner occupied commercial buildings such as leased retail and office space. Commercial real estate loans may be larger in size and may involve a greater degree of risk than one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. Payments on such loans are often dependent on successful operation or management of the properties. The Company's residential loans represent permanent mortgage financing and are secured by residential properties located within the Bank's market areas, along with warehouse lines of credit secured by residential mortgages. Consumer installment loans and other loans include home improvement loans, automobile loans, boat and recreational vehicle financing, and both secured and unsecured personal loans. Consumer loans carry greater risks than other loans, as the collateral can consist of rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles and equipment that may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the loan in the case of default. Loans are stated at unpaid balances, net of unearned income and deferred loan fees. Balances within the major loans receivable categories are presented in the following table, excluding purchased loans. December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 1,316,359 $ 1,362,508 Real estate – construction and development 671,198 624,595 Real estate – commercial and farmland 1,814,529 1,535,439 Real estate – residential 1,403,000 1,009,461 Consumer installment 455,371 324,511 $ 5,660,457 $ 4,856,514 Purchased loans are defined as loans that were acquired in bank acquisitions including those that are covered by a loss-sharing agreement with the FDIC. Purchased loans totaling $2.59 billion and $861.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, are not included in the above schedule. The carrying value of purchased loans are shown below according to major loan type as of the end of the years shown. (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 372,686 $ 74,378 Real estate – construction and development 227,900 65,513 Real estate – commercial and farmland 1,337,859 468,246 Real estate – residential 623,199 250,539 Consumer installment 27,188 2,919 $ 2,588,832 $ 861,595 A rollforward of purchased loans for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is shown below. (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Balance, January 1 $ 861,595 $ 1,069,191 Charge-offs (1,803 ) (3,411 ) Additions due to acquisitions 2,053,744 — Accretion 11,918 11,308 Transfers to purchased other real estate owned (6,396 ) (5,023 ) Payments received (330,226 ) (210,470 ) Ending balance $ 2,588,832 $ 861,595 The following is a summary of changes in the accretable discounts of purchased loans during years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 : (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Balance, January 1 $ 20,192 $ 30,624 Additions due to acquisitions 30,037 — Accretion (11,918 ) (11,308 ) Accretable discounts removed due to charge-offs (42 ) (17 ) Transfers between non-accretable and accretable discounts, net 2,227 893 Ending balance $ 40,496 $ 20,192 Purchased loan pools are defined as groups of residential mortgage loans that were not acquired in bank acquisitions or FDIC-assisted transactions. As of December 31, 2018 , purchased loan pools totaled $262.6 million and consisted of whole-loan, adjustable rate residential mortgages on properties outside the Company’s markets, with principal balances totaling $260.5 million and $2.1 million of remaining purchase premium paid at acquisition. As of December 31, 2017 , purchased loan pools totaled $328.2 million with principal balances totaling $324.4 million and $3.8 million of purchase premium paid at acquisition. As of December 31, 2018 , all loans in purchased loan pools were performing current loans risk-rated 3 (Good Credit). As of December 31, 2018 , purchased pool loans had no loans on nonaccrual status and had no loans classified as troubled debt restructurings. As of December 31, 2017 , purchased loan pools included principal balance of $904,000 risk-rated (Substandard), while all other loans included in purchased loan pools were performing current loans risk-rated 3 (Good Credit). As of December 31, 2017 , purchased pool loans had no loans on nonaccrual status and had one loan classified as an accruing troubled debt restructuring with a principal balance of $904,000 . At December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had allocated $732,000 and $1.1 million , respectively, of allowance for loan losses for the purchased loan pools. As part of the due diligence process prior to purchasing an individual mortgage pool, a complete re-underwrite of the individual loan files was conducted. The underwriting process included a review of all income, asset, credit and property related documentation that was used to originate the loan. Underwriters utilized the originating lender’s program guidelines, as well as general prudent mortgage lending standards to assess each individual loan file. Additional research was conducted in order to assess the real estate market conditions and market expectations in the geographic areas where a collateral concentration existed. As part of this review, an automated valuation model was employed to provide current collateral valuations and to support individual loan-to-value ratios. Additionally, a sample of site inspections was completed to provide further assurance. The results of the due diligence review were evaluated by officers of the Company in order to determine overall conformance to the Bank’s credit and lending policies. Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s judgment, the collection of the interest income appears doubtful. Interest receivable that has been accrued and is subsequently determined to have doubtful collectability is charged to interest income. Interest on loans that are classified as nonaccrual is subsequently applied to principal until the loans are returned to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Past due loans are loans whose principal or interest is past due 30 days or more. In some cases, where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulties, loans may be restructured to provide terms significantly different from the original contractual terms. The following table presents an analysis of loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis, excluding purchased loans. (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 1,412 $ 1,306 Real estate – construction and development 892 554 Real estate – commercial and farmland 4,654 2,665 Real estate – residential 10,465 9,194 Consumer installment 529 483 $ 17,952 $ 14,202 The following table presents an analysis of purchased loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis. (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 1,199 $ 813 Real estate – construction and development 6,119 3,139 Real estate – commercial and farmland 5,534 5,685 Real estate – residential 10,769 5,743 Consumer installment 486 48 $ 24,107 $ 15,428 The following table presents an analysis of past due loans, excluding purchased loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . (dollars in thousands) Loans 30-59 Days Past Due Loans 60-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Days Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans Total Loans Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing As of December 31, 2018 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 6,479 $ 5,295 $ 4,763 $ 16,537 $ 1,299,822 $ 1,316,359 $ 3,808 Real estate – construction and development 1,218 481 725 2,424 668,774 671,198 — Real estate – commercial and farmland 1,625 530 3,645 5,800 1,808,729 1,814,529 — Real estate – residential 11,423 4,631 8,923 24,977 1,378,023 1,403,000 — Consumer installment 2,344 1,167 735 4,246 451,125 455,371 414 Total $ 23,089 $ 12,104 $ 18,791 $ 53,984 $ 5,606,473 $ 5,660,457 $ 4,222 (dollars in thousands) Loans 30-59 Days Past Due Loans 60-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Days Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans Total Loans Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing As of December 31, 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 8,124 $ 3,285 $ 6,978 $ 18,387 $ 1,344,121 $ 1,362,508 $ 5,991 Real estate – construction and development 810 23 288 1,121 623,474 624,595 — Real estate – commercial and farmland 869 787 1,940 3,596 1,531,843 1,535,439 — Real estate – residential 8,772 2,941 7,041 18,754 990,707 1,009,461 — Consumer installment 1,556 472 329 2,357 322,154 324,511 — Total $ 20,131 $ 7,508 $ 16,576 $ 44,215 $ 4,812,299 $ 4,856,514 $ 5,991 The following table presents an analysis of purchased past due loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . (dollars in thousands) Loans 30-59 Days Past Due Loans 60-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Days Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans Total Loans Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing As of December 31, 2018 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 421 $ 416 $ 1,015 $ 1,852 $ 370,834 $ 372,686 $ — Real estate – construction and development 627 370 5,273 6,270 221,630 227,900 — Real estate – commercial and farmland 1,935 736 1,698 4,369 1,333,490 1,337,859 — Real estate – residential 12,531 2,407 7,005 21,943 601,256 623,199 — Consumer installment 679 237 249 1,165 26,023 27,188 — Total $ 16,193 $ 4,166 $ 15,240 $ 35,599 $ 2,553,233 $ 2,588,832 $ — (dollars in thousands) Loans 30-59 Days Past Due Loans 60-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Days Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans Total Loans Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing As of December 31, 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ — $ 33 $ 760 $ 793 $ 73,585 $ 74,378 $ — Real estate – construction and development 87 31 2,517 2,635 62,878 65,513 — Real estate – commercial and farmland 1,190 701 2,724 4,615 463,631 468,246 — Real estate – residential 2,722 1,585 2,320 6,627 243,912 250,539 — Consumer installment 57 4 43 104 2,815 2,919 — Total $ 4,056 $ 2,354 $ 8,364 $ 14,774 $ 846,821 $ 861,595 $ — Impaired Loans Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreements. Impaired loans include loans on nonaccrual status and accruing troubled debt restructurings. When determining if the Company will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, the Company considers the borrower’s capacity to pay, which includes such factors as the borrower’s current financial statements, an analysis of global cash flow sufficient to pay all debt obligations and an evaluation of secondary sources of repayment, such as guarantor support and collateral value. The Company individually assesses for impairment all nonaccrual loans greater than $100,000 and all troubled debt restructurings greater than $100,000 (including all troubled debt restructurings, whether or not currently classified as such). The tables below include all loans deemed impaired, whether or not individually assessed for impairment. If a loan is deemed impaired, a specific valuation allowance is allocated, if necessary, so that the loan is reported net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Interest payments on impaired loans are typically applied to principal unless collectability of the principal amount is reasonably assured, in which case interest is recognized on a cash basis. The following is a summary of information pertaining to impaired loans, excluding purchased loans: As of and For the Years Ended (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Nonaccrual loans $ 17,952 $ 14,202 $ 18,114 Troubled debt restructurings not included above 9,323 13,599 14,209 Total impaired loans $ 27,275 $ 27,801 $ 32,323 Interest income recognized on impaired loans $ 827 $ 1,867 $ 1,033 Foregone interest income on impaired loans $ 853 $ 950 $ 977 The following table presents an analysis of information pertaining to impaired loans, excluding purchased loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . (dollars in thousands) Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded Investment With Allowance Total Recorded Investment Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment As of December 31, 2018 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 1,902 $ 1,155 $ 513 $ 1,668 $ 4 $ 1,637 Real estate – construction and development 1,378 613 424 1,037 3 984 Real estate – commercial and farmland 8,950 867 6,649 7,516 1,591 7,879 Real estate – residential 16,885 5,144 11,365 16,509 867 15,029 Consumer installment 561 545 — 545 — 534 Total $ 29,676 $ 8,324 $ 18,951 $ 27,275 $ 2,465 $ 26,063 (dollars in thousands) Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded Investment With Allowance Total Recorded Investment Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment As of December 31, 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 1,453 $ 734 $ 613 $ 1,347 $ 145 $ 2,173 Real estate – construction and development 1,467 471 500 971 48 1,122 Real estate – commercial and farmland 10,646 729 8,873 9,602 1,047 11,053 Real estate – residential 17,416 4,828 10,565 15,393 1,005 14,930 Consumer installment 523 488 — 488 — 541 Total $ 31,505 $ 7,250 $ 20,551 $ 27,801 $ 2,245 $ 29,819 The following is a summary of information pertaining to purchased impaired loans: As of and For the Years Ended (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Nonaccrual loans $ 24,107 $ 15,428 $ 22,966 Troubled debt restructurings not included above 18,740 20,472 23,543 Total impaired loans $ 42,847 $ 35,900 $ 46,509 Interest income recognized on impaired loans $ 2,203 $ 1,625 $ 2,755 Foregone interest income on impaired loans $ 1,483 $ 1,239 $ 1,637 The following table presents an analysis of information pertaining to purchased impaired loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . (dollars in thousands) Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded Investment With Allowance Total Recorded Investment Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment As of December 31, 2018 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 5,717 $ 473 $ 757 $ 1,230 $ — $ 836 Real estate – construction and development 13,714 623 6,511 7,134 476 5,712 Real estate – commercial and farmland 14,766 1,115 10,581 11,696 684 12,349 Real estate – residential 24,839 8,185 14,116 22,301 773 21,433 Consumer installment 526 486 — 486 — 229 Total $ 59,562 $ 10,882 $ 31,965 $ 42,847 $ 1,933 $ 40,559 (dollars in thousands) Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded Investment With Allowance Total Recorded Investment Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment As of December 31, 2017 Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 4,170 $ 70 $ 744 $ 814 $ 400 $ 827 Real estate – construction and development 9,060 282 3,875 4,157 1,114 3,877 Real estate – commercial and farmland 14,596 1,224 11,173 12,397 906 15,329 Real estate – residential 20,867 6,574 11,910 18,484 821 20,743 Consumer installment 57 48 — 48 — 41 Total $ 48,750 $ 8,198 $ 27,702 $ 35,900 $ 3,241 $ 40,817 Credit Quality Indicators The Company uses a nine category risk grading system to assign a risk grade to each loan in the portfolio. The following is a description of the general characteristics of the grades: Grade 1 – Prime Credit – This grade represents loans to the Company’s most creditworthy borrowers or loans that are secured by cash or cash equivalents. Grade 2 – Strong Credit – This grade includes loans that exhibit one or more characteristics better than that of a Good Credit. Generally, the debt service coverage and borrower’s liquidity is materially better than required by the Company’s loan policy. Grade 3 – Good Credit – This grade is assigned to loans to borrowers who exhibit satisfactory credit histories, contain acceptable loan structures and demonstrate ability to repay. Grade 4 – Satisfactory Credit – This grade includes loans which exhibit all the characteristics of a Good Credit, but warrant more than normal level of banker supervision due to (i) circumstances which elevate the risks of performance (such as start-up operations, untested management, heavy leverage and interim losses); (ii) adverse, extraordinary events that have affected, or could affect, the borrower’s cash flow, financial condition, ability to continue operating profitability or refinancing (such as death of principal, fire and divorce); (iii) loans that require more than the normal servicing requirements (such as any type of construction financing, acquisition and development loans, accounts receivable or inventory loans and floor plan loans); (iv) existing technical exceptions which raise some doubts about the Bank’s perfection in its collateral position or the continued financial capacity of the borrower; or (v) improvements in formerly criticized borrowers, which may warrant banker supervision. Grade 5 – Fair Credit – This grade is assigned to loans that are currently performing and supported by adequate financial information that reflects repayment capacity but exhibits a loan-to-value ratio greater than 110% , based on a documented collateral valuation. Grade 6 – Other Assets Especially Mentioned – This grade includes loans that exhibit potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Grade 7 – Substandard – This grade represents loans which are inadequately protected by the current credit worthiness and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. These assets exhibit a well-defined weakness or are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. These weaknesses may be characterized by past due performance, operating losses or questionable collateral values. Grade 8 – Doubtful – This grade includes loans which exhibit all of the characteristics of a substandard loan with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable or improbable. Grade 9 – Loss – This grade is assigned to loans which are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as active assets of the Bank is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing it off. The following table presents the loan portfolio, excluding purchased loans, by risk grade as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands). As of December 31, 2018 Risk Grade Commercial, Financial and Agricultural Real Estate - Construction and Development Real Estate - Commercial and Farmland Real Estate - Residential Consumer Installment Total 1 - Prime credit $ 530,864 $ 40 $ 500 $ 16 $ 10,744 $ 542,164 2 - Strong credit 452,250 681 37,079 33,043 48 523,101 3 - Good credit 174,811 74,657 888,433 1,246,383 23,844 2,408,128 4 - Satisfactory credit 137,038 582,456 814,068 94,143 419,983 2,047,688 5 - Fair credit 13,714 6,264 30,364 8,634 78 59,054 6 - Other assets especially mentioned 5,130 4,091 20,959 4,881 57 35,118 7 - Substandard 2,552 3,009 23,126 15,900 617 45,204 8 - Doubtful — — — — — — 9 - Loss — — — — — — Total $ 1,316,359 $ 671,198 $ 1,814,529 $ 1,403,000 $ 455,371 $ 5,660,457 As of December 31, 2017 Risk Grade Commercial, Financial and Agricultural Real Estate - Construction and Development Real Estate - Commercial and Farmland Real Estate - Residential Consumer Installment Total 1 - Prime credit $ 539,899 $ — $ 5,790 $ 47 $ 9,243 $ 554,979 2 - Strong credit 568,557 1,005 68,507 49,742 670 688,481 3 - Good credit 125,740 59,318 966,391 843,178 39,352 2,033,979 4 - Satisfactory credit 117,358 552,918 454,506 88,537 274,462 1,487,781 5 - Fair credit 330 4,474 6,408 5,781 3 16,996 6 - Other assets especially mentioned 5,236 4,207 15,108 5,339 185 30,075 7 - Substandard 5,381 2,673 18,729 16,837 596 44,216 8 - Doubtful 7 — — — — 7 9 - Loss — — — — — — Total $ 1,362,508 $ 624,595 $ 1,535,439 $ 1,009,461 $ 324,511 $ 4,856,514 The following table presents the purchased loan portfolio by risk grade as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands). As of December 31, 2018 Risk Grade Commercial, Financial and Agricultural Real Estate - Construction and Development Real Estate - Commercial Real Estate - Residential Consumer Installment Total 1 - Prime credit $ 90,205 $ — $ — $ — $ 570 $ 90,775 2 - Strong credit 2,648 — 7,407 74,398 164 84,617 3 - Good credit 20,489 18,022 230,089 385,279 2,410 656,289 4 - Satisfactory credit 215,096 195,079 1,034,943 118,082 23,177 1,586,377 5 - Fair credit 14,445 2,728 29,468 16,937 35 63,613 6 - Other assets especially mentioned 11,601 1,459 10,063 7,231 94 30,448 7 - Substandard 18,202 10,612 25,889 21,272 738 76,713 8 - Doubtful — — — — — — 9 - Loss — — — — — — Total $ 372,686 $ 227,900 $ 1,337,859 $ 623,199 $ 27,188 $ 2,588,832 As of December 31, 2017 Risk Grade Commercial, Financial and Agricultural Real Estate - Construction and Development Real Estate - Commercial Real Estate - Residential Consumer Installment Total 1 - Prime credit $ 3,358 $ — $ — $ — $ 606 $ 3,964 2 - Strong credit 4,541 — 5,047 91,270 240 101,098 3 - Good credit 8,517 13,014 186,187 50,988 1,166 259,872 4 - Satisfactory credit 43,085 39,877 230,570 70,837 711 385,080 5 - Fair credit — 2,306 6,081 11,349 — 19,736 6 - Other assets especially mentioned 13,718 4,076 13,637 5,637 53 37,121 7 - Substandard 1,159 6,240 26,724 20,458 143 54,724 8 - Doubtful — — — — — — 9 - Loss — — — — — — Total $ 74,378 $ 65,513 $ 468,246 $ 250,539 $ 2,919 $ 861,595 Troubled Debt Restructurings The restructuring of a loan is considered a “troubled debt restructuring” if both (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and (ii) the Company has granted a concession. Concessions may include interest rate reductions to below market interest rates, principal forgiveness, restructuring amortization schedules and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. The Company has exhibited the greatest success for rehabilitation of the loan by a reduction in the rate alone (maintaining the amortization of the debt) or a combination of a rate reduction and the forbearance of previously past due interest or principal. This has most typically been evidenced in certain commercial real estate loans whereby a disruption in the borrower’s cash flow resulted in an extended past due status, of which the borrower was unable to catch up completely as the cash flow of the property ultimately stabilized at a level lower than its original level. A reduction in rate, coupled with a forbearance of unpaid principal and/or interest, allowed the net cash flows to service the debt under the modified terms. The Company’s policy requires a restructure request to be supported by a current, well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and a collateral evaluation that is no older than six months from the date of the restructure. Key factors of that evaluation include the documentation of current, recurring cash flows, support provided by the guarantor(s) and the current valuation of the collateral. If the appraisal in file is older than six months, an evaluation must be made as to the continued reasonableness of the valuation. For certain income-producing properties, current rent rolls and/or other income information can be utilized to support the appraisal valuation, when coupled with documented cap rates within our markets and a physical inspection of the collateral to validate the current condition. The Company’s policy states in the event a loan has been identified as a troubled debt restructuring, it should be assigned a grade of substandard and placed on nonaccrual status until such time that the borrower has demonstrated the ability to service the loan payments based on the restructured terms – generally defined as six months of satisfactory payment history. Missed payments under the original loan terms are not considered under the new structure; however, subsequent missed payments are considered non-performance and are not considered toward the six month required term of satisfactory payment history. The Company’s loan policy states that a nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when (i) none of its principal and interest is due and unpaid, and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or (ii) it otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection. Restoration to accrual status on any given loan must be supported by a well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and the prospects for full repayment, approved by the Company’s Chief Credit Officer. In the normal course of business, the Company renews loans with a modification of the interest rate or terms that are not deemed as troubled debt restructurings because the borrower is not experiencing financial difficulty. The Company modified loans in 2018 and 2017 totaling $111.7 million and $103.0 million , respectively, under such parameters. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had a balance of $11.0 million and $15.6 million , respectively, in troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans. The Company has recorded $890,000 and $2.8 million in previous charge-offs on such loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The Company’s balance in the allowance for loan losses allocated to such troubled debt restructurings was $820,000 and $1.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. At December 31, 2018 , the Company did not have any commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose terms have been modified in troubled restructurings. During the year ending December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company modified loans as troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans, with principal balances of $2.3 million and $4.2 million , respectively, and these modifications did not have a material impact on the Company's allowance for loan losses. The following table presents the loans by class modified as troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans, which occurred during the year ending December 31, 2018 and 2017 . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Loan Class # Balance (in thousands) # Balance (in thousands) Commercial, financial and agricultural 11 $ 348 2 $ 7 Real estate – construction and development 1 3 — — Real estate – commercial and farmland 2 440 7 3,516 Real estate – residential 13 1,430 12 656 Consumer installment 6 35 11 33 Total 33 $ 2,256 32 $ 4,212 Troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans, with an outstanding balance of $1.3 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016 defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and these defaults did not have a material impact on the Company’s allowance for loan loss. The following table presents the troubled debt restructurings by class that defaulted (defined as 30 days past due) during the year ending December 31, 2018 and 2017 . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Loan Class # Balance (in thousands) # Balance (in thousands) Commercial, financial and agricultural 8 $ 107 2 $ 47 Real estate – construction and development 1 — 2 261 Real estate – commercial and farmland 1 246 4 419 Real estate – residential 16 911 12 838 Consumer installment 7 34 7 22 Total 33 $ 1,298 27 $ 1,587 The following table presents the amount of troubled debt restructurings by loan class, excluding purchased loans, classified separately as accrual and non-accrual at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . As of December 31, 2018 Accruing Loans Non-Accruing Loans Loan Class # Balance (in thousands) # Balance (in thousands) Commercial, financial and agricultural 5 $ 256 14 $ 138 Real estate – construction and development 5 145 1 2 Real estate – commercial and farmland 12 2,863 3 426 Real estate – residential 71 6,043 20 1,119 Consumer installment 6 16 24 69 Total 99 $ 9,323 62 $ 1,754 As of December 31, 2017 Accruing Loans Non-Accruing Loans Loan Class # Balance (in thousands) # Balance (in thousands) Commercial, financial and agricultural 4 $ 41 12 $ 120 Real estate – construction and development 6 417 2 34 Real estate – commercial and farmland 17 6,937 5 204 Real estate – residential 74 6,199 18 1,508 Consumer installment 4 5 33 98 Total 105 $ 13,599 70 $ 1,964 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had a balance of $22.2 million and $24.9 million , respectively, in troubled debt restructurings included in purchased loans. The Company has recorded $9 |