Bank segment (HEI only) | Note 4 · Bank segment (HEI only) Selected financial information American Savings Bank, F.S.B. Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income Data Years ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Interest and dividend income Interest and fees on loans $ 233,632 $ 220,463 $ 207,255 Interest and dividends on investment securities 32,922 37,762 28,823 Total interest and dividend income 266,554 258,225 236,078 Interest expense Interest on deposit liabilities 16,830 13,991 9,660 Interest on other borrowings 1,610 1,548 2,496 Total interest expense 18,440 15,539 12,156 Net interest income 248,114 242,686 223,922 Provision for loan losses 23,480 14,745 10,901 Net interest income after provision for loan losses 224,634 227,941 213,021 Noninterest income Fees from other financial services 19,275 18,937 22,796 Fee income on deposit liabilities 20,877 21,311 22,204 Fee income on other financial products 6,507 7,052 7,205 Bank-owned life insurance 7,687 5,057 5,539 Mortgage banking income 4,943 1,493 2,201 Gain on sale of real estate 10,762 — — Gains on sale of investment securities, net 653 — — Other income, net 2,074 2,200 1,617 Total noninterest income 72,778 56,050 61,562 Noninterest expense Compensation and employee benefits 103,009 98,387 94,931 Occupancy 21,272 17,073 16,699 Data processing 15,306 14,268 13,280 Services 10,239 10,847 10,994 Equipment 8,760 7,186 7,232 Office supplies, printing and postage 5,512 6,134 6,182 Marketing 4,490 3,567 3,501 FDIC insurance 1,204 2,713 2,904 Other expense 15,586 17,238 20,144 Total noninterest expense 185,378 177,413 175,867 Income before income taxes 112,034 106,578 98,716 Income taxes 23,061 24,069 31,719 Net income 88,973 82,509 66,997 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 29,406 (7,119 ) (3,139 ) Comprehensive income $ 118,379 $ 75,390 $ 63,858 Reconciliation to amounts per HEI Consolidated Statements of Income*: Years ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Interest and dividend income $ 266,554 $ 258,225 $ 236,078 Noninterest income 72,778 56,050 61,562 Less: Gain on sale of real estate (10,762 ) — — *Revenues-Bank 328,570 314,275 297,640 Total interest expense 18,440 15,539 12,156 Provision for loan losses 23,480 14,745 10,901 Noninterest expense 185,378 177,413 175,867 Less: Retirement defined benefits credit (expense)—other than service costs 472 (1,657 ) (820 ) Add: Gain on sale of real estate (10,762 ) — — *Expenses-Bank 217,008 206,040 198,104 *Operating income-Bank 111,562 108,235 99,536 Add back: Retirement defined benefits expense (credit)—other than service costs (472 ) 1,657 820 Income before income taxes $ 112,034 $ 106,578 $ 98,716 Balance Sheets Data December 31 2019 2018 (in thousands) Assets Cash and due from banks $ 129,770 $ 122,059 Interest-bearing deposits 48,628 4,225 Investment securities Available-for-sale, at fair value 1,232,826 1,388,533 Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $143,467 and $142,057 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) 139,451 141,875 Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank, at cost 8,434 9,958 Loans held for investment 5,121,176 4,843,021 Allowance for loan losses (53,355 ) (52,119 ) Net loans 5,067,821 4,790,902 Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value 12,286 1,805 Other 511,611 486,347 Goodwill 82,190 82,190 Total assets $ 7,233,017 $ 7,027,894 Liabilities and shareholder’s equity Deposit liabilities–noninterest-bearing $ 1,909,682 $ 1,800,727 Deposit liabilities–interest-bearing 4,362,220 4,358,125 Other borrowings 115,110 110,040 Other 146,954 124,613 Total liabilities 6,533,966 6,393,505 Commitments and contingencies Common stock 1 1 Additional paid in capital 349,453 347,170 Retained earnings 358,259 325,286 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities $ 2,481 $ (24,423 ) Retirement benefit plans (11,143 ) (8,662 ) (13,645 ) (38,068 ) Total shareholder’s equity 699,051 634,389 Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity $ 7,233,017 $ 7,027,894 December 31 2019 2018 (in thousands) Other assets Bank-owned life insurance $ 157,465 $ 151,172 Premises and equipment, net 204,449 214,415 Accrued interest receivable 19,365 20,140 Mortgage servicing rights 9,101 8,062 Low-income housing investments 66,302 67,626 Real estate acquired in settlement of loans, net — 406 Other 54,929 24,526 $ 511,611 $ 486,347 Other liabilities Accrued expenses $ 45,822 $ 54,084 Federal and state income taxes payable 14,996 2,012 Cashier’s checks 23,647 26,906 Advance payments by borrowers 10,486 10,183 Other 52,003 31,428 $ 146,954 $ 124,613 Bank-owned life insurance is life insurance purchased by ASB on the lives of certain key employees, with ASB as the beneficiary. The insurance is used to fund employee benefits through tax-free income from increases in the cash value of the policies and insurance proceeds paid to ASB upon an insured’s death. The decrease in premises and equipment, net was due to the sale of two building facilities. Investment securities. The major components of investment securities were as follows: Gross unrealized losses Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized Estimated fair value Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (dollars in thousands) Amortized cost Number of issues Fair value Amount Number of issues Fair value Amount December 31, 2019 Available-for-sale U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations $ 117,255 $ 652 $ (120 ) $ 117,787 2 $ 4,110 $ (11 ) 3 $ 27,637 $ (109 ) Mortgage-backed securities — issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or sponsored agencies 1,024,892 6,000 (4,507 ) 1,026,385 19 152,071 (819 ) 75 318,020 (3,688 ) Corporate bonds 58,694 1,363 — 60,057 — — — — — — Mortgage revenue bonds 28,597 — — 28,597 — — — — — — $ 1,229,438 $ 8,015 $ (4,627 ) $ 1,232,826 21 $ 156,181 $ (830 ) 78 $ 345,657 $ (3,797 ) Held-to-maturity Mortgage-backed securities — issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or sponsored agencies $ 139,451 $ 4,087 $ (71 ) $ 143,467 1 $ 12,986 $ (71 ) — $ — $ — $ 139,451 $ 4,087 $ (71 ) $ 143,467 1 $ 12,986 $ (71 ) — $ — $ — Gross unrealized losses Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized Estimated fair value Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (dollars in thousands) Amortized cost Number of issues Fair value Amount Number of issues Fair value Amount December 31, 2018 Available-for-sale U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations $ 156,694 $ 62 $ (2,407 ) $ 154,349 5 $ 25,882 $ (208 ) 19 $ 118,405 $ (2,199 ) Mortgage-backed securities — issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or sponsored agencies 1,192,169 789 (31,542 ) 1,161,416 22 129,011 (1,330 ) 145 947,890 (30,212 ) Corporate bonds 49,398 103 (369 ) 49,132 6 23,175 (369 ) — — — Mortgage revenue bond 23,636 — — 23,636 — — — — — — $ 1,421,897 $ 954 $ (34,318 ) $ 1,388,533 33 $ 178,068 $ (1,907 ) 164 $ 1,066,295 $ (32,411 ) Held-to-maturity Mortgage-backed securities — issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or sponsored agencies $ 141,875 $ 1,446 $ (1,264 ) $ 142,057 3 $ 29,814 $ (400 ) 2 $ 31,505 $ (864 ) $ 141,875 $ 1,446 $ (1,264 ) $ 142,057 3 $ 29,814 $ (400 ) 2 $ 31,505 $ (864 ) ASB does not believe that the investment securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 , represent an OTTI. Total gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to change in market conditions. On a quarterly basis the investment securities are evaluated for changes in financial condition of the issuer. Based upon ASB’s evaluation, all securities held within the investment portfolio continue to be investment grade by one or more agencies. The contractual cash flows of the U.S. Treasury, federal agency obligations and agency mortgage-backed securities are backed by the full faith and credit guaranty of the United States government or an agency of the government. ASB does not intend to sell the securities before the recovery of its amortized cost basis and there have been no adverse changes in the timing of the contractual cash flows for the securities. ASB did not recognize OTTI for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . U.S. Treasury, federal agency obligations, corporate bonds, and mortgage revenue bonds have contractual terms to maturity. Mortgage-backed securities have contractual terms to maturity, but require periodic payments to reduce principal. In addition, expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay the underlying mortgages. The contractual maturities of investment securities were as follows: Amortized Fair December 31, 2019 Cost value (in thousands) Available-for-sale Due in one year or less $ 60,200 $ 60,249 Due after one year through five years 75,694 77,225 Due after five years through ten years 53,225 53,540 Due after ten years 15,427 15,427 204,546 206,441 Mortgage-backed securities — issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or sponsored agencies 1,024,892 1,026,385 Total available-for-sale securities $ 1,229,438 $ 1,232,826 Held-to-maturity Mortgage-backed securities — issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or sponsored agencies $ 139,451 $ 143,467 Total held-to-maturity securities $ 139,451 $ 143,467 The proceeds, gross gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were as follows: Years ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 (in millions) Proceeds $ 19.8 $ — $ — Gross gains 0.7 — — Gross losses — — — Interest income from taxable and non-taxable investment securities were as follows: Years ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Taxable $ 31,847 $ 37,153 $ 28,398 Non-taxable 1,074 609 425 $ 32,921 $ 37,762 $ 28,823 ASB pledged securities with a market value of approximately $546 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , as collateral for public funds and other deposits, automated clearinghouse transactions with Bank of Hawaii, borrowing at the discount window of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and deposits in ASB’s bankruptcy account with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , securities with a carrying value of $130 million and $92 million , respectively, were pledged as collateral for securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Stock in FHLB . As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , ASB’s stock in FHLB was carried at cost ( $8.4 million and $10.0 million , respectively) because it can only be redeemed at par and it is a required investment based on measurements of ASB’s capital, assets and borrowing levels. Quarterly and as conditions warrant, ASB reviews its investment in the stock of the FHLB for impairment. ASB evaluated its investment in FHLB stock for OTTI as of December 31, 2019 , consistent with its accounting policy. ASB did not recognize an OTTI loss for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 based on its evaluation of the underlying investment. Future deterioration in the FHLB’s financial position and/or negative developments in any of the factors considered in ASB’s impairment evaluation may result in future impairment losses. Loans. The components of loans were summarized as follows: December 31 2019 2018 (in thousands) Real estate: Residential 1-4 family $ 2,178,135 $ 2,143,397 Commercial real estate 824,830 748,398 Home equity line of credit 1,092,125 978,237 Residential land 14,704 13,138 Commercial construction 70,605 92,264 Residential construction 11,670 14,307 Total real estate 4,192,069 3,989,741 Commercial 670,674 587,891 Consumer 257,921 266,002 Total loans 5,120,664 4,843,634 Less: Deferred fees and discounts 512 (613 ) Allowance for loan losses (53,355 ) (52,119 ) Total loans, net $ 5,067,821 $ 4,790,902 ASB’s policy is to require private mortgage insurance on all real estate loans when the loan-to-value ratio of the property exceeds 80% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price at origination. For non-owner occupied residential property purchases, the loan-to-value ratio may not exceed 75% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price at origination. ASB services real estate loans for investors (principal balance of $1.3 billion , $ 1.2 billion and $ 1.2 billion as of December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively), which are not included in the accompanying balance sheets data. ASB reports fees earned for servicing such loans as income when the related mortgage loan payments are collected and charges loan servicing cost to expense as incurred. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , ASB had pledged loans with an amortized cost of approximately $2.9 billion and $ 2.7 billion , respectively, as collateral to secure advances from the FHLB. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , the aggregate amount of loans to directors and executive officers of ASB and its affiliates and any related interests (as defined in Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Regulation O) of such individuals, was $24.1 million and $24.0 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , $18.0 million and $18.3 million of the loan balances, respectively, were to related interests of individuals who are directors of ASB. All such loans were made at ASB’s normal credit terms. Allowance for loan losses. As discussed in Note 1 , ASB must maintain an allowance for loan losses that is adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses associated with its loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses (balances and changes) and financing receivables were as follows: (in thousands) Residential 1-4 family Commercial Home equity Residential land Commercial construction Residential construction Commercial Consumer Total December 31, 2019 Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 1,976 $ 14,505 $ 6,371 $ 479 $ 2,790 $ 4 $ 9,225 $ 16,769 $ 52,119 Charge-offs (26 ) — (144 ) (4 ) — — (6,811 ) (21,677 ) (28,662 ) Recoveries 854 — 17 229 — — 2,351 2,967 6,418 Provision (424 ) 548 678 (255 ) (693 ) (1 ) 5,480 18,147 23,480 Ending balance $ 2,380 $ 15,053 $ 6,922 $ 449 $ 2,097 $ 3 $ 10,245 $ 16,206 $ 53,355 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 898 $ 2 $ 322 $ — $ — $ — $ 1,015 $ 454 $ 2,691 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 1,482 $ 15,051 $ 6,600 $ 449 $ 2,097 $ 3 $ 9,230 $ 15,752 $ 50,664 Financing Receivables: Ending balance $ 2,178,135 $ 824,830 $ 1,092,125 $ 14,704 $ 70,605 $ 11,670 $ 670,674 $ 257,921 $ 5,120,664 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 15,600 $ 1,048 $ 12,073 $ 3,091 $ — $ — $ 8,418 $ 507 $ 40,737 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 2,162,535 $ 823,782 $ 1,080,052 $ 11,613 $ 70,605 $ 11,670 $ 662,256 $ 257,414 $ 5,079,927 December 31, 2018 Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 2,902 $ 15,796 $ 7,522 $ 896 $ 4,671 $ 12 $ 10,851 $ 10,987 $ 53,637 Charge-offs (128 ) — (353 ) (18 ) — — (2,722 ) (17,296 ) (20,517 ) Recoveries 74 — 257 179 — — 2,136 1,608 4,254 Provision (872 ) (1,291 ) (1,055 ) (578 ) (1,881 ) (8 ) (1,040 ) 21,470 14,745 Ending balance $ 1,976 $ 14,505 $ 6,371 $ 479 $ 2,790 $ 4 $ 9,225 $ 16,769 $ 52,119 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 876 $ 7 $ 701 $ 6 $ — $ — $ 628 $ 4 $ 2,222 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 1,100 $ 14,498 $ 5,670 $ 473 $ 2,790 $ 4 $ 8,597 $ 16,765 $ 49,897 Financing Receivables: Ending balance $ 2,143,397 $ 748,398 $ 978,237 $ 13,138 $ 92,264 $ 14,307 $ 587,891 $ 266,002 $ 4,843,634 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 16,494 $ 915 $ 14,800 $ 2,059 $ — $ — $ 5,340 $ 89 $ 39,697 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 2,126,903 $ 747,483 $ 963,437 $ 11,079 $ 92,264 $ 14,307 $ 582,551 $ 265,913 $ 4,803,937 December 31, 2017 Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 2,873 $ 16,004 $ 5,039 $ 1,738 $ 6,449 $ 12 $ 16,618 $ 6,800 $ 55,533 Charge-offs (826 ) — (14 ) (210 ) — — (4,006 ) (11,757 ) (16,813 ) Recoveries 157 — 308 482 — — 1,852 1,217 4,016 Provision 698 (208 ) 2,189 (1,114 ) (1,778 ) — (3,613 ) 14,727 10,901 Ending balance $ 2,902 $ 15,796 $ 7,522 $ 896 $ 4,671 $ 12 $ 10,851 $ 10,987 $ 53,637 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,248 $ 65 $ 647 $ 47 $ — $ — $ 694 $ 29 $ 2,730 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 1,654 $ 15,731 $ 6,875 $ 849 $ 4,671 $ 12 $ 10,157 $ 10,958 $ 50,907 Financing Receivables: Ending balance $ 2,118,047 $ 733,106 $ 913,052 $ 15,797 $ 108,273 $ 14,910 $ 544,828 $ 223,564 $ 4,671,577 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 18,284 $ 1,016 $ 8,188 $ 1,265 $ — $ — $ 4,574 $ 66 $ 33,393 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 2,099,763 $ 732,090 $ 904,864 $ 14,532 $ 108,273 $ 14,910 $ 540,254 $ 223,498 $ 4,638,184 Credit quality . ASB performs an internal loan review and grading on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of its lending policies and procedures. The objectives of the loan review and grading procedures are to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit trends so that appropriate steps can be initiated to manage risk and avoid or minimize future losses. Loans subject to grading include commercial, commercial real estate and commercial construction loans. Each commercial and commercial real estate loan is assigned an Asset Quality Rating (AQR) reflecting the likelihood of repayment or orderly liquidation of that loan transaction pursuant to regulatory credit classifications: Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss. The AQR is a function of the probability of default model rating, the loss given default, and possible non-model factors which impact the ultimate collectability of the loan such as character of the business owner/guarantor, interim period performance, litigation, tax liens and major changes in business and economic conditions. Pass exposures generally are well protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the value of the asset or underlying collateral. Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, could jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Substandard loans have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that ASB may sustain some loss. An asset classified Doubtful has the weaknesses of those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. An asset classified Loss is considered uncollectible and has such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted. The credit risk profile by internally assigned grade for loans was as follows: December 31 2019 2018 (in thousands) Commercial real estate Commercial construction Commercial Total Commercial real estate Commercial construction Commercial Total Grade: Pass $ 756,747 $ 68,316 $ 621,657 $ 1,446,720 $ 658,288 $ 89,974 $ 547,640 $ 1,295,902 Special mention 4,451 — 29,921 34,372 32,871 — 11,598 44,469 Substandard 63,632 2,289 19,096 85,017 57,239 2,290 28,653 88,182 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — Total $ 824,830 $ 70,605 $ 670,674 $ 1,566,109 $ 748,398 $ 92,264 $ 587,891 $ 1,428,553 The credit risk profile based on payment activity for loans was as follows: (in thousands) 30-59 days past due 60-89 days past due Greater than 90 days Total past due Current Total financing receivables Recorded investment> 90 days and accruing December 31, 2019 Real estate: Residential 1-4 family $ 2,588 $ 290 $ 1,808 $ 4,686 $ 2,173,449 $ 2,178,135 $ — Commercial real estate — — — — 824,830 824,830 — Home equity line of credit 813 — 2,117 2,930 1,089,195 1,092,125 — Residential land — — 25 25 14,679 14,704 — Commercial construction — — — — 70,605 70,605 — Residential construction — — — — 11,670 11,670 — Commercial 1,077 311 172 1,560 669,114 670,674 — Consumer 4,386 3,257 2,907 10,550 247,371 257,921 — Total loans $ 8,864 $ 3,858 $ 7,029 $ 19,751 $ 5,100,913 $ 5,120,664 $ — December 31, 2018 Real estate: Residential 1-4 family $ 3,757 $ 2,773 $ 2,339 $ 8,869 $ 2,134,528 $ 2,143,397 $ — Commercial real estate — — — — 748,398 748,398 — Home equity line of credit 1,139 681 2,720 4,540 973,697 978,237 — Residential land 9 — 319 328 12,810 13,138 — Commercial construction — — — — 92,264 92,264 — Residential construction — — — — 14,307 14,307 — Commercial 315 281 548 1,144 586,747 587,891 — Consumer 5,220 3,166 2,702 11,088 254,914 266,002 — Total loans $ 10,440 $ 6,901 $ 8,628 $ 25,969 $ 4,817,665 $ 4,843,634 $ — The credit risk profile based on nonaccrual loans, accruing loans 90 days or more past due, and TDR loans was as follows: Nonaccrual loans Accruing loans 90 days or more past due Troubled debt restructured loans not included in nonaccrual loans December 31 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) Real estate: Residential 1-4 family $ 11,395 $ 12,037 $ — $ — $ 9,869 $ 10,194 Commercial real estate 195 — — — 853 915 Home equity line of credit 6,638 6,348 — — 10,376 11,597 Residential land 448 436 — — 2,644 1,622 Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 5,947 4,278 — — 2,614 1,527 Consumer 5,113 4,196 — — 57 62 Total $ 29,736 $ 27,295 $ — $ — $ 26,413 $ 25,917 The total carrying amount and the total unpaid principal balance of impaired loans were as follows: December 31 2019 2018 (in thousands) Recorded investment Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Recorded investment Unpaid principal balance Related allowance With no related allowance recorded Real estate: Residential 1-4 family $ 6,817 $ 7,207 $ — $ 7,822 $ 8,333 $ — Commercial real estate 195 200 — — — — Home equity line of credit 1,984 2,135 — 2,743 3,004 — Residential land 3,091 3,294 — 2,030 2,228 — Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 1,948 2,285 — 3,722 4,775 — Consumer 2 2 — 32 32 — 14,037 15,123 — 16,349 18,372 — With an allowance recorded Real estate: Residential 1-4 family 8,783 8,835 898 8,672 8,875 876 Commercial real estate 853 853 2 915 915 7 Home equity line of credit 10,089 10,099 322 12,057 12,086 701 Residential land — — — 29 29 6 Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 6,470 6,470 1,015 1,618 1,618 628 Consumer 505 505 454 57 57 4 26,700 26,762 2,691 23,348 23,580 2,222 Total Real estate: Residential 1-4 family 15,600 16,042 898 16,494 17,208 876 Commercial real estate 1,048 1,053 2 915 915 7 Home equity line of credit 12,073 12,234 322 14,800 15,090 701 Residential land 3,091 3,294 — 2,059 2,257 6 Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 8,418 8,755 1,015 5,340 6,393 628 Consumer 507 507 454 89 89 4 $ 40,737 $ 41,885 $ 2,691 $ 39,697 $ 41,952 $ 2,222 ASB’s average recorded investment of, and interest income recognized from, impaired loans were as follows: December 31 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Average Interest Average Interest Average Interest With no related allowance recorded Real estate: Residential 1-4 family $ 8,169 $ 907 $ 8,595 $ 445 $ 9,440 $ 316 Commercial real estate 16 — — — 91 11 Home equity line of credit 2,020 84 2,206 75 1,976 101 Residential land 2,662 129 1,532 40 1,094 117 Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 4,534 276 3,275 28 2,776 54 Consumer 21 4 22 — 1 — 17,422 1,400 15,630 588 15,378 599 With an allowance recorded Real estate: Residential 1-4 family 8,390 359 8,878 363 9,818 493 Commercial real estate 886 37 982 42 1,241 54 Home equity line of credit 11,319 567 10,617 440 5,045 251 Residential land 27 — 37 3 1,308 97 Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 6,990 132 1,789 122 3,691 723 Consumer 360 24 57 4 57 3 27,972 1,119 22,360 974 21,160 1,621 Total Real estate: Residential 1-4 family 16,559 1,266 17,473 808 19,258 809 Commercial real estate 902 37 982 42 1,332 65 Home equity line of credit 13,339 651 12,823 515 7,021 352 Residential land 2,689 129 1,569 43 2,402 214 Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 11,524 408 5,064 150 6,467 777 Consumer 381 28 79 4 58 3 $ 45,394 $ 2,519 $ 37,990 $ 1,562 $ 36,538 $ 2,220 * Since loan was classified as impaired. Troubled debt restructurings. A loan modification is deemed to be a TDR when the borrower is determined to be experiencing financial difficulties and ASB grants a concession it would not otherwise consider. When a borrower experiencing financial difficulty fails to make a required payment on a loan or is in imminent default, ASB takes a number of steps to improve the collectability of the loan and maximize the likelihood of full repayment. At times, ASB may modify or restructure a loan to help a distressed borrower improve its financial position to eventually be able to fully repay the loan, provided the borrower has demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to fulfill the modified terms. TDR loans are considered an alternative to foreclosure or liquidation with the goal of minimizing losses to ASB and maximizing recovery. ASB may consider various types of concessions in granting a TDR including maturity date extensions, extended amortization of principal, temporary deferral of principal payments, and temporary interest rate reductions. ASB rarely grants principal forgiveness in its TDR modifications. Residential loan modifications generally involve interest rate reduction, extending the amortization period, or capitalizing certain delinquent amounts owed not to exceed the original loan balance. Land loans at origination are typically structured as a three -year term, interest-only monthly payment with a balloon payment due at maturity. Land loan TDR modifications typically involve extending the maturity date up to five five years and converting the payments from interest-only to principal and interest monthly, at the same or higher interest rate. Commercial loan modifications generally involve extensions of maturity dates, extending the amortization period, and temporary deferral or reduction of principal payments. ASB generally does not reduce the interest rate on commercial loan TDR modifications. Occasionally, additional collateral and/or guaranties are obtained. All TDR loans are classified as impaired and are segregated and reviewed separately when assessing the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses based on the appropriate method of measuring impairment: (1) present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective original contractual rate, (2) fair value of collateral less cost to sell or (3) observable market price. The financial impact of the calculated impairment amount is an increase to the allowance associated with the modified loan. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible (confirmed losses), these amounts are charged off against the allowance for loan losses. Loan modifications that occurred during 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 were as follows: Years ended December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands) Number of contracts Outstanding (as of period end) 1 Related allowance (as of period end) Number of contracts Outstanding (as of period end) 1 Related allowance (as of period end) Real estate: Residential 1-4 family 11 $ 1,770 $ 190 3 $ 566 $ 26 Commercial real estate — — — — — — Home equity line of credit 3 442 73 53 6,659 578 Residential land 3 1,086 — 2 1,338 — Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial 8 5,523 417 12 2,165 211 Consumer — — — — — — 25 $ 8,821 $ 680 70 $ 10,728 $ 815 Year ended December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands) Number of contracts Outstanding (as of period end) 1 Related allowance (as of period end) Real estate: Residential 1-4 family 3 $ 469 $ 65 Commercial real estate — — — Home equity line of credit 44 2,791 545 Residential land 1 92 — Commercial construction — — — Residential construction — — — Commercial 8 525 250 Consumer 1 58 29 57 $ 3,935 $ 889 1 The period end balances reflect all paydowns and charge-offs since the modification period. TDRs fully paid off, charged-off, or foreclosed upon by period end are not included. Loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default of 90 days or more in 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification, were as follows: Years ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 (dollars in thousands) Number of contracts Recorded investment Number of contracts Recorded investment Number of Recorded Troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted Real estate: Residential 1-4 family — $ — — $ — 1 $ 222 Commercial real estate — — — — — — Home equity line of credit — — 1 81 — — Residential land — — — — — — Commercial construction — — — — — — Residential construction — — — — — — Commercial — — 1 246 — — Consumer — — — — — — — $ — 2 $ 327 1 $ 222 If loans modified in a TDR subsequently default, ASB evaluates the loan for further impairment. Based on its evaluation, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan. Commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loan terms have been modified in a TDR were nil at December 31, 2019 and 2018 . The Company had $3.5 million and $4.2 million of consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs). In its mortgage banking business, ASB sells residential mortgage loans to government-sponsored entities and other parties, who may issue securities backed by pools of such loans. ASB retains no beneficial interests in these loans other than the servicing rights of certain loans sold. ASB received $277.1 million , $112.2 million and $128.0 million of proceeds from the sale of residential mortgages in 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 , respectively, and recognized gains on such sales of $4.9 million , $1.5 million , and $2.2 million in 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 , respectively. Repurchased mortgage loans were nil for 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . The repurchase reserve was $0.1 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Mortgage servicing fees, a component of other income, net, were $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 . Changes in the carrying value of MSRs were as follows: (in thousands) Gross 1 Accumulated amortization 1 Valuation allowance Net December 31, 2019 $ 21,543 $ (12,442 ) $ — $ 9,101 December 31, 2018 $ 18,556 $ (10,494 ) $ — $ 8,062 1 Reflects impact of loans paid in full. Changes related to MSRs were as follows: (in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Mortgage servicing rights Balance, January 1 $ 8,062 $ 8,639 $ 9,373 Amount capitalized 2,987 1,045 1,239 Amortization (1,948 ) (1,622 ) (1,973 ) Sale of mortgage servicing rights — — — Other-than-temporary impairment — — — Carrying amount before valuation allowance, December 31 9,101 8,062 8,639 Valuation allowance for mortgage servicing rights Balance, January 1 — — — Provision (recovery) — — — Other-than-temporary impairment — — — Balance, December 31 — — — Net carrying value of mortgage servicing rights $ 9,101 $ 8,062 $ 8,639 The estimated aggregate amortization expenses of MSRs for 2020 , 2021 , 2022 , 2023 and 2024 are $1.5 million , $1.2 million , $1.1 million , $0.9 million and $0.8 million , respectively. ASB capitalizes MSRs acquired upon the sale of mortgage loans with servicing rights retained. On a monthly basis, ASB compares the net carrying value of the MSRs to its fair value to determine if there are any changes to the valuation allowance and/or other-than-temporary impairment for the MSRs. ASB uses a present value cash flow model to estimate the fair value of MSRs. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for each stratum when the carrying amount exceeds fair value, with any associated provision recorded as a component of loan servicing fees included in “Revenues - bank” in the consolidated statements of income. A direct write-down is recorded when the recoverability of the valuation allowance is deemed to be unrecoverable. Key assumptions used in estimating the fair value of ASB’s MSRs used in the impairment analysis were as follows: December 31 2019 2018 (dollars in thousands) Unpaid principal balance $ 1,276,437 $ 1,188,514 Weighted average note rate 3.96 % 3.98 % Weighted average discount rate 9.3 % 10.0 % Weighted average prepayment speed 11.4 % 6.5 % The sensitivity analysis of fair value of MSRs to hypothetical adverse changes of 25 and 50 basis points in certain key |