INVESTMENT OPERATIONS | INVESTMENT OPERATIONS Major categories of net investment income are summarized as follows: For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities $ 2,051,505 $ 1,631,565 $ 1,552,999 Equity securities 35,299 39,806 38,838 Mortgage loans 322,207 298,387 270,749 Investment real estate 1,888 2,481 2,153 Short-term investments 102,857 108,476 106,828 2,513,756 2,080,715 1,971,567 Investment expenses 30,006 29,127 29,111 Net investment income $ 2,483,750 $ 2,051,588 $ 1,942,456 Net realized investment gains (losses) for all other investments are summarized as follows: For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities $ 9,912 $ 12,941 $ 32,210 Equity gains and losses (1) (48,964 ) (2,330 ) 92 Impairments (29,724 ) (11,742 ) (17,748 ) Modco trading portfolio (185,900 ) 119,206 67,583 Other investments 1,303 (8,389 ) (9,226 ) Total realized gains (losses) - investments $ (253,373 ) $ 109,686 $ 72,911 (1) Beginning January 1, 2018, all changes in the fair market value of equity securities are recorded as a realized gain (loss) as a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01. Gross realized gains and gross realized losses on investments available-for-sale (fixed maturities and short-term investments) are as follows: For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars In Thousands) Gross realized gains $ 28,095 $ 18,868 $ 42,085 Gross realized losses: Impairments losses $ (29,724 ) $ (11,742 ) $ (17,748 ) Other realized losses $ (18,183 ) $ (8,257 ) $ (9,783 ) The chart below summarizes the fair value (proceeds) and the gains/losses realized on securities the Company sold that were in an unrealized gain position and an unrealized loss position. For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars In Thousands) Securities in an unrealized gain position: Fair value (proceeds) $ 1,300,866 $ 879,181 $ 1,198,333 Gains realized $ 28,095 $ 18,868 $ 42,085 Securities in an unrealized loss position (1) : Fair value (proceeds) $ 472,371 $ 185,157 $ 85,835 Losses realized $ (18,183 ) $ (8,257 ) $ (9,783 ) (1) The Company made the decision to exit these holdings in conjunction with its overall asset liability management process. The chart below summarizes the realized gains (losses) on equity securities sold during the period and equity securities still held at the reporting date. For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 (Dollars In Thousands) Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities $ (48,964 ) Less: net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold during the period $ (6,165 ) Gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities still held $ (42,799 ) The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s investments classified as available-for-sale are as follows: As of December 31, 2018 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Total OTTI Recognized in OCI (1) (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities: Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 3,650,539 $ 23,247 $ (62,196 ) $ 3,611,590 $ (18 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 2,349,274 3,911 (58,101 ) 2,295,084 — Other asset-backed securities 1,410,059 17,232 (35,398 ) 1,391,893 — U.S. government-related securities 1,683,432 1,795 (45,722 ) 1,639,505 — Other government-related securities 545,522 4,292 (33,850 ) 515,964 — States, municipals, and political subdivisions 3,682,037 25,706 (118,902 ) 3,588,841 876 Corporate securities 38,634,888 112,992 (2,385,052 ) 36,362,828 (29,685 ) Redeemable preferred stock 94,362 — (11,560 ) 82,802 — 52,050,113 189,175 (2,750,781 ) 49,488,507 (28,827 ) Short-term investments 776,357 — — 776,357 — $ 52,826,470 $ 189,175 $ (2,750,781 ) $ 50,264,864 $ (28,827 ) As of December 31, 2017 Fixed maturities: Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 2,330,832 $ 19,413 $ (23,033 ) $ 2,327,212 $ 41 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,914,998 5,010 (30,186 ) 1,889,822 — Other asset-backed securities 1,234,376 20,936 (5,763 ) 1,249,549 — U.S. government-related securities 1,255,244 185 (32,177 ) 1,223,252 — Other government-related securities 282,767 9,463 (4,948 ) 287,282 — States, municipals, and political subdivisions 1,770,299 16,959 (45,613 ) 1,741,645 (37 ) Corporate securities 29,606,484 623,713 (528,187 ) 29,702,010 (2,564 ) Redeemable preferred stock 94,362 232 (3,503 ) 91,091 — 38,489,362 695,911 (673,410 ) 38,511,863 (2,560 ) Equity securities 735,569 22,318 (8,771 ) 749,116 — Short-term investments 558,949 — — 558,949 — $ 39,783,880 $ 718,229 $ (682,181 ) $ 39,819,928 $ (2,560 ) (1) These amounts are included in the gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses columns above. The Company holds certain investments pursuant to certain modified coinsurance (“Modco”) arrangements. The fixed maturities held as part of these arrangements are classified as trading securities. The fair value of the investments held pursuant to these Modco arrangements are as follows: As of December 31, 2018 2017 (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities: Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 241,836 $ 259,694 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 188,925 146,804 Other asset-backed securities 159,907 138,097 U.S. government-related securities 59,794 27,234 Other government-related securities 44,207 63,925 States, municipals, and political subdivisions 286,413 326,925 Corporate securities 1,423,833 1,698,183 Redeemable preferred stock 11,277 3,327 2,416,192 2,664,189 Equity securities 9,892 5,244 Short-term investments 30,926 56,261 $ 2,457,010 $ 2,725,694 The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity fixed maturities as of December 31, 2018 , by expected maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities of securities without a single maturity date are allocated based on estimated rates of prepayment that may differ from actual rates of prepayment. Available-for-sale Held-to-maturity Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (Dollars In Thousands) (Dollars In Thousands) Due in one year or less $ 1,146,730 $ 1,142,140 $ — $ — Due after one year through five years 9,272,731 9,120,056 — — Due after five years through ten years 9,200,724 8,947,546 — — Due after ten years 32,429,928 30,278,765 2,633,474 2,547,210 $ 52,050,113 $ 49,488,507 $ 2,633,474 $ 2,547,210 The chart below summarizes the Company’s other-than-temporary impairments of investments. All of the impairments were related to fixed maturities or equity securities. Fixed Maturities Equity Securities Total Securities (Dollars In Thousands) For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 Other-than-temporary impairments $ (56,578 ) $ — $ (56,578 ) Non-credit impairment losses recorded in other comprehensive income 26,854 — 26,854 Net impairment losses recognized in earnings $ (29,724 ) $ — $ (29,724 ) For The Year Ended December 31, 2017 Other-than-temporary impairments $ (1,332 ) $ (2,630 ) $ (3,962 ) Non-credit impairment losses recorded in other comprehensive income (7,780 ) — (7,780 ) Net impairment losses recognized in earnings $ (9,112 ) $ (2,630 ) $ (11,742 ) For The Year Ended December 31, 2016 Other-than-temporary impairments $ (32,075 ) $ — $ (32,075 ) Non-credit impairment losses recorded in other comprehensive income 14,327 — 14,327 Net impairment losses recognized in earnings $ (17,748 ) $ — $ (17,748 ) There were no other-than-temporary impairments related to fixed maturities or equity securities that the Company intended to sell or expected to be required to sell for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017, and 2016. The following chart is a rollforward of available-for-sale credit losses on fixed maturities held by the Company for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss): For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars In Thousands) Beginning balance $ 3,268 $ 12,685 $ 22,761 Additions for newly impaired securities 24,858 734 14,876 Additions for previously impaired securities 12 3,175 2,063 Reductions for previously impaired securities due to a change in expected cash flows — (12,726 ) (24,396 ) Reductions for previously impaired securities that were sold in the current period (3,270 ) (600 ) (2,619 ) Other — — — Ending balance $ 24,868 $ 3,268 $ 12,685 The following table includes the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2018 : Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss (Dollars In Thousands) Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 1,485,009 $ (31,302 ) $ 804,364 $ (30,894 ) $ 2,289,373 $ (62,196 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 422,438 (7,442 ) 1,429,384 (50,659 ) 1,851,822 (58,101 ) Other asset-backed securities 687,271 (30,963 ) 148,871 (4,435 ) 836,142 (35,398 ) U.S. government-related securities 130,290 (4,668 ) 1,085,654 (41,054 ) 1,215,944 (45,722 ) Other government-related securities 226,201 (15,267 ) 131,569 (18,583 ) 357,770 (33,850 ) States, municipalities, and political subdivisions 1,004,262 (27,180 ) 1,129,152 (91,722 ) 2,133,414 (118,902 ) Corporate securities 18,326,331 (970,553 ) 12,859,732 (1,414,499 ) 31,186,063 (2,385,052 ) Redeemable preferred stock 41,147 (4,467 ) 41,655 (7,093 ) 82,802 (11,560 ) $ 22,322,949 $ (1,091,842 ) $ 17,630,381 $ (1,658,939 ) $ 39,953,330 $ (2,750,781 ) RMBS and CMBS had gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $30.9 million and $50.7 million as of December 31, 2018 , respectively. Factors such as the credit enhancement within the deal structure, the average life of the securities, and the performance of the underlying collateral support the recoverability of these investments. The other asset-backed securities have a gross unrealized loss greater than twelve months of $4.4 million as of December 31, 2018 . This category predominately includes student-loan backed auction rate securities (“ARS”), the underlying collateral, of which is at least 97% guaranteed by the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). At this time, the Company has no reason to believe that the U.S. Department of Education would not honor the FFELP guarantee, if it were necessary. The U.S. government-related securities and the other government-related securities had gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $41.1 million and $18.6 million as of December 31, 2018, respectively. These declines were related to changes in interest rates. The states, municipalities, and political subdivisions categories had gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $91.7 million as of December 31, 2018. The aggregate decline in market value of these securities was deemed temporary due to positive factors supporting the recoverability of the respective investments. Positive factors considered include credit ratings, the financial health of the issuer, the continued access of the issuer to capital markets, and other pertinent information. The corporate securities category has gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2018 . The aggregate decline in market value of these securities was deemed temporary due to positive factors supporting the recoverability of the respective investments. Positive factors considered include credit ratings, the financial health of the issuer, the continued access of the issuer to capital markets, and other pertinent information. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had a total of 4,005 positions that were in an unrealized loss position, but the Company does not consider these unrealized loss positions to be other-than-temporary. This is based on the aggregate factors discussed previously and because the Company has the ability and intent to hold these investments until the fair values recover, and the Company does not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell the securities before recovering the Company’s amortized cost of the securities. The following table includes the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017 : Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss (Dollars In Thousands) Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 766,599 $ (9,671 ) $ 416,221 $ (13,362 ) $ 1,182,820 $ (23,033 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 757,471 (8,592 ) 796,456 (21,594 ) 1,553,927 (30,186 ) Other asset-backed securities 86,506 (322 ) 134,316 (5,441 ) 220,822 (5,763 ) U.S. government-related securities 94,110 (688 ) 1,072,232 (31,489 ) 1,166,342 (32,177 ) Other government-related securities 24,830 (169 ) 115,294 (4,778 ) 140,124 (4,947 ) States, municipalities, and political subdivisions 170,268 (1,738 ) 1,027,747 (43,874 ) 1,198,015 (45,612 ) Corporate securities 5,054,316 (55,795 ) 10,962,689 (472,394 ) 16,017,005 (528,189 ) Redeemable preferred Stock 22,048 (1,120 ) 23,197 (2,383 ) 45,245 (3,503 ) Equities 86,586 (1,401 ) 91,195 (7,370 ) 177,781 (8,771 ) $ 7,062,734 $ (79,496 ) $ 14,639,347 $ (602,685 ) $ 21,702,081 $ (682,181 ) RMBS and CMBS had gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $13.4 million and $21.6 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2017. Factors such as the credit enhancement within the deal structure, the average life of the securities, and the performance of the underlying collateral support the recoverability of these investments. The other asset-backed securities have a gross unrealized loss greater than twelve months of $5.4 million as of December 31, 2017. This category predominately includes student-loan backed auction rate securities, the underlying collateral, of which is at least 97% guaranteed by the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). At this time, the Company has no reason to believe that the U.S. Department of Education would not honor the FFELP guarantee, if it were necessary. The U.S. government-related securities and the other government-related securities had gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $31.5 million and $4.8 million as of December 31, 2017, respectively. These declines were related to changes in interest rates. The states, municipalities, and political subdivisions categories had gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $43.9 million as of December 31, 2017. These declines were related to changes in interest rates. The corporate securities category has gross unrealized losses greater than twelve months of $472.4 million as of December 31, 2017. The aggregate decline in market value of these securities was deemed temporary due to positive factors supporting the recoverability of the respective investments. Positive factors considered include credit ratings, the financial health of the issuer, the continued access of the issuer to capital markets, and other pertinent information. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had securities in its available-for-sale portfolio which were rated below investment grade with a fair value of $1.6 billion and had an amortized cost of $1.8 billion . In addition, included in the Company’s trading portfolio, the Company held $144.3 million of securities which were rated below investment grade. Approximately $262.8 million of the below investment grade securities held by the Company were not publicly traded. The change in unrealized gains (losses), net of income tax, on fixed maturity and equity securities, classified as available-for-sale is summarized as follows: For The Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities $ (2,041,445 ) $ 1,086,727 $ 802,368 The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s investments classified as held-to-maturity as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , are as follows: Amortized Gross Unrecognized Holding Gains Gross Unrecognized Holding Losses Fair Value Total OTTI Recognized in OCI As of December 31, 2018 (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities: Securities issued by affiliates: Red Mountain LLC $ 750,474 $ — $ (81,657 ) $ 668,817 $ — Steel City LLC 1,883,000 — (4,607 ) 1,878,393 — $ 2,633,474 $ — $ (86,264 ) $ 2,547,210 $ — Amortized Gross Gross Fair Value Total OTTI Recognized in OCI As of December 31, 2017 (Dollars In Thousands) Fixed maturities: Securities issued by affiliates: Red Mountain LLC $ 704,904 $ — $ (19,163 ) $ 685,741 $ — Steel City LLC 2,014,000 76,586 — 2,090,586 — $ 2,718,904 $ 76,586 $ (19,163 ) $ 2,776,327 $ — During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company did not record any other-than-temporary impairments on held-to-maturity securities. The Company’s held-to-maturity securities had $86.3 million of gross unrecognized holding losses by maturity as of December 31, 2018. The Company does not consider these unrecognized holding losses to be other-than-temporary based on certain positive factors associated with the securities which include credit ratings of the guarantor, financial health of the issuer and guarantor, continued access of the issuer to capital markets and other pertinent information. These held-to-maturity securities are issued by affiliates of the Company which are considered VIE’s. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these entities and thus the securities are not eliminated in consolidation. These securities are collateralized by non-recourse funding obligations issued by captive insurance companies that are affiliates of the Company. The Company’s held-to-maturity securities had $76.6 million of gross unrecognized holding gains and $19.2 million of gross unrecognized holding losses by maturity as of December 31, 2017. The Company does not consider these unrecognized holding losses to be other-than-temporary based on certain positive factors associated with the securities which include credit ratings of the guarantor, financial health of the issuer and guarantor, continued access of the issuer to capital markets and other pertinent information. The Company held $140.5 million of non-income producing securities for the year ended December 31, 2018 . Included in the Company’s invested assets are $1.7 billion of policy loans as of December 31, 2018 . The interest rates on standard policy loans range from 3.0% to 8.0% . The collateral loans on life insurance policies have an interest rate of 13.64% . Variable Interest Entities The Company holds certain investments in entities in which its ownership interests could possibly be considered variable interests under Topic 810 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC” or “Codification”) (excluding debt and equity securities held as trading, available for sale, or held to maturity). The Company reviews the characteristics of each of these applicable entities and compares those characteristics to applicable criteria to determine whether the entity is a VIE. If the entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company then performs a detailed review to determine whether the interest would be considered a variable interest under the guidance. The Company then performs a qualitative review of all variable interests with the entity and determines whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. ASC 810 provides that an entity is the primary beneficiary of a VIE if the entity has 1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and 2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Based on this analysis, the Company had an interest in two subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Red Mountain LLC (“Red Mountain”) and Steel City LLC (“Steel City”), that were determined to be VIEs. The activity most significant to Red Mountain is the issuance of a note in connection with a financing transaction involving Golden Gate V Vermont Captive Insurance Company (“Golden Gate V”) in which Golden Gate V issued non-recourse funding obligations to Red Mountain and Red Mountain issued a note (the “Red Mountain Note”) to Golden Gate V. For details of this transaction, see Note 14, Debt and Other Obligations . The Company has the power, via its 100% ownership through an affiliate, to direct the activities of the VIE, but did not have the obligation to absorb losses related to the primary risks or sources of variability to the VIE. The variability of loss would be borne primarily by the third party in its function as provider of credit enhancement on the Red Mountain Note. Accordingly, it was determined that the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company’s risk of loss related to the VIE is limited to its investment, through an affiliate, of $10,000 . Additionally, the Company has guaranteed Red Mountain’s payment obligation for the credit enhancement fee to the unrelated third party provider. As of December 31, 2018 , no payments have been made or required related to this guarantee. Steel City, a newly formed wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a financing agreement on January 15, 2016 involving Golden Gate Captive Insurance Company, in which Golden Gate issued non-recourse funding obligations to Steel City and Steel City issued three notes (the “Steel City Notes”) to Golden Gate. Credit enhancement on the Steel City Notes is provided by unrelated third parties. For details of the financing transaction, see Note 14, Debt and Other Obligations . The activity most significant to Steel City is the issuance of the Steel City Notes. The Company had the power, via its 100% ownership, to direct the activities of the VIE, but did not have the obligation to absorb losses related to the primary risks or sources of variability to the VIE. The variability of loss would be borne primarily by the third parties in their function as providers of credit enhancement on the Steel City Notes. Accordingly, it was determined that the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company’s risk of loss related to the VIE is limited to its investment of $10,000 . Additionally, the Company has guaranteed Steel City’s payment obligation for the credit enhancement fee to the unrelated third party providers. As of December 31, 2018 , no payments have been made or required related to this guarantee. |