Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses | 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses A summary of current, past due and nonaccrual loans as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 follows: Current 30-89 Days Past Due Accruing Loans Due 90 Days or More (a) Accruing Loans Acquired a Discount Past Due 90 days or More (b) Purchased Impaired (c) Nonaccrual Total (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 22,689,923 125,742 2,898 — — 382,809 $ 23,201,372 Real estate: Commercial 25,613,988 186,157 8,387 15 14,406 184,632 26,007,585 Residential builder and developer 1,546,570 6,300 — — 639 4,975 1,558,484 Other commercial construction 7,229,925 112,651 4,291 — 854 31,441 7,379,162 Residential 12,975,992 495,831 439,649 5,246 162,475 223,566 14,302,759 Residential — limited documentation 1,968,580 72,815 — — 75,122 81,679 2,198,196 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 4,486,664 29,826 — 3,387 — 59,915 4,579,792 Recreational finance 5,262,857 27,880 — — — 11,852 5,302,589 Automobile 3,767,965 74,504 — — — 21,039 3,863,508 Other 1,373,612 14,771 5,937 32,085 — 3,341 1,429,746 Total $ 86,916,076 1,146,477 461,162 40,733 253,496 1,005,249 $ 89,823,193 December 31, 2018 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 22,701,020 39,798 2,567 168 — 234,423 $ 22,977,976 Real estate: Commercial 25,250,983 134,474 11,457 10 9,769 203,672 25,610,365 Residential builder and developer 1,665,178 20,333 — — — 4,798 1,690,309 Other commercial construction 6,982,077 43,615 14,344 — 641 22,205 7,062,882 Residential 13,591,790 404,808 189,682 6,650 203,044 233,352 14,629,326 Residential — limited documentation 2,278,040 72,544 — — 89,851 84,685 2,525,120 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 4,758,513 25,416 — 5,033 — 71,292 4,860,254 Recreational finance 4,085,781 29,947 — 235 — 11,199 4,127,162 Automobile 3,555,757 79,804 — — — 23,359 3,658,920 Other 1,271,811 15,598 4,477 27,654 — 4,623 1,324,163 Total $ 86,140,950 866,337 222,527 39,750 303,305 893,608 $ 88,466,477 (a) Excludes loans acquired at a discount. (b) Loans acquired at a discount that were recorded at fair value at acquisition date. This category does not include purchased impaired loans that are presented separately. (c) Accruing loans acquired at a discount that were impaired at acquisition date and recorded at fair value. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued One-to-four family residential mortgage loans held for sale were $391 million and $205 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Commercial real estate loans held for sale were $197 million at September 30, 2019 and $347 million at December 31, 2018. The outstanding principal balance and the carrying amount of loans acquired at a discount that were recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and included in the consolidated balance sheet were as follows: September 30, December 31, 2019 2018 (In thousands) Outstanding principal balance $ 869,636 $ 1,016,785 Carrying amount: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 22,829 27,073 Commercial real estate 110,430 135,047 Residential real estate 398,563 473,511 Consumer 89,157 91,860 $ 620,979 $ 727,491 Purchased impaired loans included in the table above totaled $253 million at September 30, 2019 and $303 million at December 31, 2018, representing less than 1% of the Company’s assets as of each date. A summary of changes in the accretable yield for loans acquired at a discount for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 follows: Three Months Ended September 30 2019 2018 Purchased Other Purchased Other Impaired Acquired Impaired Acquired (In thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 147,104 $ 90,911 $ 149,388 $ 117,715 Interest income (9,564 ) (9,238 ) (8,105 ) (18,001 ) Reclassifications from nonaccretable balance 9,079 3,990 8,445 25 Other (a) — 41 — 2,001 Balance at end of period $ 146,619 $ 85,704 $ 149,728 $ 101,740 Nine Months Ended September 30 2019 2018 Purchased Other Purchased Other Impaired Acquired Impaired Acquired (In thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 147,210 $ 96,907 $ 157,918 $ 133,162 Interest income (37,278 ) (28,621 ) (25,893 ) (48,507 ) Reclassifications from nonaccretable balance 36,687 12,312 17,703 11,230 Other (a) — 5,106 — 5,855 Balance at end of period $ 146,619 $ 85,704 $ 149,728 $ 101,740 (a) Other changes in expected cash flows including changes in interest rates and prepayment assumptions. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 335,855 343,296 61,011 211,220 78,485 $ 1,029,867 Provision for credit losses 24,538 (16,713 ) (309 ) 37,735 (251 ) 45,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs (15,678 ) (1,107 ) (2,721 ) (40,735 ) — (60,241 ) Recoveries 6,730 1,656 1,511 13,914 — 23,811 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (8,948 ) 549 (1,210 ) (26,821 ) — (36,430 ) Ending balance $ 351,445 327,132 59,492 222,134 78,234 $ 1,038,437 Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 328,830 353,761 76,123 182,987 77,547 $ 1,019,248 Provision for credit losses (6,972 ) (11,394 ) 741 32,887 738 16,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs (11,792 ) (1,941 ) (3,338 ) (34,995 ) — (52,066 ) Recoveries 7,123 14,577 1,655 12,951 — 36,306 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (4,669 ) 12,636 (1,683 ) (22,044 ) — (15,760 ) Ending balance $ 317,189 355,003 75,181 193,830 78,285 $ 1,019,488 Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 330,055 341,655 69,125 200,564 78,045 $ 1,019,444 Provision for credit losses 41,146 (6,415 ) (5,132 ) 92,212 189 122,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs (40,786 ) (11,555 ) (9,356 ) (113,050 ) — (174,747 ) Recoveries 21,030 3,447 4,855 42,408 — 71,740 Net charge-offs (19,756 ) (8,108 ) (4,501 ) (70,642 ) — (103,007 ) Ending balance $ 351,445 327,132 59,492 222,134 78,234 $ 1,038,437 3. Loans and leases and the a llowance for credit losses, continued Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 328,599 374,085 65,405 170,809 78,300 $ 1,017,198 Provision for credit losses 11,508 (27,464 ) 16,469 93,502 (15 ) 94,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs (41,273 ) (7,855 ) (11,658 ) (105,479 ) — (166,265 ) Recoveries 18,355 16,237 4,965 34,998 — 74,555 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (22,918 ) 8,382 (6,693 ) (70,481 ) — (91,710 ) Ending balance $ 317,189 355,003 75,181 193,830 78,285 $ 1,019,488 Despite the allocation in the preceding tables, the allowance for credit losses is general in nature and is available to absorb losses from any loan or lease type. In establishing the allowance for credit losses, the Company estimates losses attributable to specific troubled credits identified through both normal and targeted credit review processes and also estimates losses inherent in other loans and leases on a collective basis. For purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses, the Company evaluates its loan and lease portfolio by loan type. The amounts of loss components in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios are determined through a loan-by-loan analysis of larger balance commercial loans and commercial real estate loans that are in nonaccrual status and by applying loss factors to groups of loan balances based on loan type and management’s classification of such loans under the Company’s loan grading system. Measurement of the specific loss components is typically based on expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors that may impact the borrower’s ability to pay. In determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company utilizes a loan grading system which is applied to commercial and commercial real estate credits on an individual loan basis. Loan grades are assigned loss component factors that reflect the Company’s loss estimate for each group of loans and leases. Factors considered in assigning loan grades and loss component factors include borrower-specific information related to expected future cash flows and operating results, collateral values, geographic location, financial condition and performance, payment status, and other information; levels of and trends in portfolio charge-offs and recoveries; levels of and trends in portfolio delinquencies and impaired loans; changes in the risk profile of specific portfolios; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in credit concentrations; and observed trends and practices in the banking industry. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Information with respect to loans and leases that were considered impaired as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 follows. September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance (In thousands) With an allowance recorded: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 245,355 273,931 60,410 153,478 175,549 46,034 Real estate: Commercial 60,489 67,104 7,711 110,253 125,117 11,937 Residential builder and developer 8,893 9,311 319 5,981 6,557 462 Other commercial construction 12,821 25,437 1,477 10,563 11,113 640 Residential 125,498 146,098 6,748 124,974 147,817 5,402 Residential — limited documentation 67,729 81,918 2,600 74,156 90,066 3,000 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 46,858 51,759 8,923 47,982 53,248 9,135 Recreational finance 5,483 9,481 1,153 6,138 9,163 1,261 Automobile 3,478 3,526 708 3,527 3,599 729 Other 4,699 9,620 943 5,203 8,380 1,046 581,303 678,185 90,992 542,255 630,609 79,646 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 159,991 172,191 — 105,507 136,128 — Real estate: Commercial 144,554 163,120 — 113,376 124,657 — Residential builder and developer 3,378 3,378 — 2,593 2,602 — Other commercial construction 18,620 19,614 — 11,710 11,880 — Residential 18,949 24,350 — 15,379 20,496 — Residential — limited documentation 4,007 7,324 — 5,631 9,796 — 349,499 389,977 — 254,196 305,559 — Total: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 405,346 446,122 60,410 258,985 311,677 46,034 Real estate: Commercial 205,043 230,224 7,711 223,629 249,774 11,937 Residential builder and developer 12,271 12,689 319 8,574 9,159 462 Other commercial construction 31,441 45,051 1,477 22,273 22,993 640 Residential 144,447 170,448 6,748 140,353 168,313 5,402 Residential — limited documentation 71,736 89,242 2,600 79,787 99,862 3,000 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 46,858 51,759 8,923 47,982 53,248 9,135 Recreational finance 5,483 9,481 1,153 6,138 9,163 1,261 Automobile 3,478 3,526 708 3,527 3,599 729 Other 4,699 9,620 943 5,203 8,380 1,046 Total $ 930,802 1,068,162 90,992 796,451 936,168 79,646 3. Loans and leases and the a llowance for credit losses, continued Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Interest Income Recognized Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Total Cash Basis Average Recorded Investment Total Cash Basis (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 288,516 836 836 256,196 1,985 1,985 Real estate: Commercial 201,931 1,798 1,798 204,315 1,489 1,489 Residential builder and developer 11,837 89 89 9,000 — — Other commercial construction 32,458 13 13 9,623 3,379 3,379 Residential 143,508 2,353 984 133,337 1,959 773 Residential — limited documentation 72,926 1,348 229 81,729 1,607 481 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 46,982 416 74 48,542 421 62 Recreational finance 5,562 147 4 3,531 65 1 Automobile 3,413 54 18 7,805 181 20 Other 5,220 145 1 3,919 61 5 Total $ 812,353 7,199 4,046 757,997 11,147 8,195 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Interest Income Recognized Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Total Cash Basis Average Recorded Investment Total Cash Basis (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 275,896 7,501 7,501 266,594 4,101 4,101 Real estate: Commercial 214,027 4,921 4,921 184,795 8,447 8,447 Residential builder and developer 10,101 239 239 9,111 1,682 1,682 Other commercial construction 25,126 589 589 9,056 3,438 3,438 Residential 142,155 6,765 2,654 126,910 6,190 2,612 Residential — limited documentation 75,702 4,153 655 83,700 4,763 1,494 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 47,325 1,238 193 48,661 1,268 220 Recreational finance 5,799 414 12 2,156 193 6 Automobile 3,465 161 55 11,189 630 49 Other 5,155 409 10 2,389 106 6 Total $ 804,751 26,390 16,829 744,561 30,818 22,055 Commercial loans and commercial real estate loans with a lower expectation of default are assigned one of ten possible “pass” loan grades and are generally ascribed lower loss factors when determining the allowance for credit losses. Loans with an elevated level of credit risk are classified as “criticized” and are ascribed a higher loss factor when determining the allowance for credit losses. Criticized loans may be classified as “nonaccrual” if the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more. Furthermore, criticized nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial real estate loans are considered impaired and, as a result, specific loss allowances on such loans are established within the allowance for credit losses to the extent appropriate in each individual instance. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The following table summarizes the loan grades applied to the various classes of the Company’s commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. Real Estate Commercial, Residential Other Financial, Builder and Commercial Leasing, etc. Commercial Developer Construction (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Pass $ 21,893,239 25,095,663 1,447,978 7,122,983 Criticized accrual 925,324 727,291 105,531 224,738 Criticized nonaccrual 382,809 184,632 4,975 31,441 Total $ 23,201,372 26,007,586 1,558,484 7,379,162 December 31, 2018 Pass $ 21,693,705 24,539,706 1,546,002 6,890,562 Criticized accrual 1,049,848 866,987 139,509 150,115 Criticized nonaccrual 234,423 203,672 4,798 22,205 Total $ 22,977,976 25,610,365 1,690,309 7,062,882 In determining the allowance for credit losses, residential real estate loans and consumer loans are generally evaluated collectively after considering such factors as payment performance and recent loss experience and trends, which are mainly driven by current collateral values in the market place as well as the amount of loan defaults. Loss rates on such loans are determined by reference to recent charge-off history and are evaluated (and adjusted if deemed appropriate) through consideration of other factors including near-term forecasted loss estimates developed by the Company’s credit department. In arriving at such forecasts, the Company considers the current estimated fair value of its collateral based on geographical adjustments for home price depreciation/appreciation and overall borrower repayment performance. With regard to collateral values, the realizability of such values by the Company contemplates repayment of any first lien position prior to recovering amounts on a second lien position. However, residential real estate loans and outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit that are more than 150 days past due are generally evaluated for collectibility on a loan-by-loan basis giving consideration to estimated collateral values. The carrying value of residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit for which a partial charge-off has been recognized totaled $26 million and $20 million, respectively, at September 30, 2019 and $29 million and $23 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. Residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit that were more than 150 days past due but did not require a partial charge-off because the net realizable value of the collateral exceeded the outstanding customer balance were $19 million and $29 million, respectively, at September 30, 2019 and $21 million and $31 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. The Company also measures additional losses for purchased impaired loans when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all cash flows expected at acquisition plus additional cash flows expected to be collected arising from changes in estimates after acquisition. The determination of the allocated portion of the allowance for credit losses is very subjective. Given that inherent subjectivity and potential imprecision involved in determining the allocated portion of the allowance for credit losses, the Company also provides an inherent unallocated portion of the allowance. The unallocated portion of the allowance is intended to recognize probable losses that are not otherwise identifiable and includes management’s subjective determination of amounts necessary to provide for the possible use of imprecise estimates in determining the allocated portion of the allowance. Therefore, the level of the unallocated portion of the allowance is primarily reflective of the inherent imprecision in the various calculations used in determining the allocated portion of the allowance for credit losses. Other factors that could also lead to changes in the unallocated portion include the effects of expansion into new markets for which the Company does not have the same degree of familiarity and experience regarding portfolio performance in changing market conditions, the introduction of new loan and lease product types, and other risks associated with the Company’s loan portfolio that may not be specifically identifiable. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The allocation of the allowance for credit losses summarized on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology was as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Total (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 60,410 9,507 9,348 11,727 $ 90,992 Collectively evaluated for impairment 291,035 317,625 44,766 210,407 863,833 Purchased impaired — — 5,378 — 5,378 Allocated $ 351,445 327,132 59,492 222,134 960,203 Unallocated 78,234 Total $ 1,038,437 December 31, 2018 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 46,034 13,039 8,402 12,171 $ 79,646 Collectively evaluated for impairment 284,021 328,616 48,326 188,393 849,356 Purchased impaired — — 12,397 — 12,397 Allocated $ 330,055 341,655 69,125 200,564 941,399 Unallocated 78,045 Total $ 1,019,444 The recorded investment in loans and leases summarized on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology was as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Total (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 405,346 248,755 216,183 60,518 $ 930,802 Collectively evaluated for impairment 22,796,026 34,680,577 16,047,175 15,115,117 88,638,895 Purchased impaired — 15,899 237,597 — 253,496 Total $ 23,201,372 34,945,231 16,500,955 15,175,635 $ 89,823,193 December 31, 2018 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 258,985 254,476 220,140 62,850 $ 796,451 Collectively evaluated for impairment 22,718,991 34,098,670 16,641,411 13,907,649 87,366,721 Purchased impaired — 10,410 292,895 — 303,305 Total $ 22,977,976 34,363,556 17,154,446 13,970,499 $ 88,466,477 During the normal course of business, the Company modifies loans to maximize recovery efforts. If the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession is granted, the Company considers such modifications as troubled debt restructurings and classifies those loans as either nonaccrual loans or renegotiated loans. The types of concessions that the Company grants typically include principal deferrals and interest rate concessions, but may also include other types of concessions. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The table that follows summarizes the Company’s loan modification activities that were considered troubled debt restructurings for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018: Post-modification (a) Number Pre- modification Recorded Investment Principal Deferral Interest Rate Reduction Other Combination of Concession Types Total Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 26 $ 6,145 $ 1,441 $ — $ — $ 4,666 $ 6,107 Real estate: Commercial 9 2,986 383 — — 2,589 2,972 Residential 20 5,161 3,046 — — 2,535 5,581 Residential — limited documentation 1 236 — — — 240 240 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 12 1,392 — — — 1,399 1,399 Recreational finance 3 61 61 — — — 61 Automobile 26 485 457 — — 28 485 Total 97 $ 16,466 $ 5,388 $ — $ — $ 11,457 $ 16,845 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 47 $ 6,837 $ 1,683 $ 5 $ — $ 5,018 $ 6,706 Real estate: Commercial 18 11,581 1,493 — 3,475 6,297 11,265 Residential 34 8,182 6,026 — — 3,002 9,028 Residential — limited documentation 3 716 — — — 847 847 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 17 1,651 220 — — 1,450 1,670 Recreational finance 2 44 44 — — — 44 Automobile 30 526 526 — — — 526 Total 151 $ 29,537 $ 9,992 $ 5 $ 3,475 $ 16,614 $ 30,086 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Post-modification (a) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Number Pre- modification Recorded Investment Principal Deferral Interest Rate Reduction Other Combination of Concession Types Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 115 $ 39,357 $ 8,582 $ — $ — $ 30,827 $ 39,409 Real estate: Commercial 38 22,567 3,947 — — 18,197 22,144 Residential builder and developer 2 1,330 1,068 — — — 1,068 Other commercial construction 2 1,456 — — — 1,399 1,399 Residential 63 16,490 8,805 — — 8,842 17,647 Residential — limited documentation 4 1,084 399 — — 705 1,104 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 32 3,141 90 — — 3,078 3,168 Recreational finance 8 164 164 — — — 164 Automobile 58 991 926 — — 65 991 Total 322 $ 86,580 $ 23,981 $ — $ — $ 63,113 $ 87,094 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 150 $ 96,221 $ 47,029 $ 658 $ 6,111 $ 43,086 $ 96,884 Real estate: Commercial 66 25,561 14,693 175 3,869 7,224 25,961 Other commercial construction 1 752 746 — — — 746 Residential 111 28,769 15,785 — — 15,670 31,455 Residential — limited documentation 8 1,595 467 — — 1,423 1,890 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 41 3,554 224 — — 3,357 3,581 Recreational finance 4 93 93 — — — 93 Automobile 57 1,007 995 — — 12 1,007 Total 438 $ 157,552 $ 80,032 $ 833 $ 9,980 $ 70,772 $ 161,617 (a) Financial effects impacting the recorded investment included principal payments or advances, charge-offs and capitalized escrow arrearages. The present value of interest rate concessions, discounted at the effective rate of the original loan, was not material. Troubled debt restructurings are considered to be impaired loans and for purposes of establishing the allowance for credit losses are evaluated for impairment giving consideration to the impact of the modified loan terms on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows. Impairment of troubled debt restructurings that have subsequently defaulted may also be measured based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. Charge-offs may also be recognized on troubled debt restructurings that have subsequently defaulted. Loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings during the twelve months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 and for which there was a subsequent payment default during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were not material. The amount of foreclosed residential real estate property held by the Company was $70 million and $77 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. There were $391 million in loans secured by residential real estate that were in the process of foreclosure at both September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Of all loans in the process of foreclosure at September 30, 2019, approximately 27% were classified as purchased impaired and 33% were government guaranteed. 3. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The Company’s loan and lease portfolio includes commercial lease financing receivables consisting of direct financing and leveraged leases for machinery and equipment, railroad equipment, commercial trucks and trailers, and aircraft. Certain leases contain payment schedules that are tied to variable interest rate indices. In general, early termination options are provided if the lessee is not in default, returns the leased equipment and pays an early termination fee. Additionally, options to purchase the underlying asset by the lessee are generally at the fair market value of the equipment. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted new guidance related to lease accounting published by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Under the new guidance, the accounting applied by lessors is largely unchanged from previous GAAP, however, the guidance eliminates the accounting model for leveraged leases that commence after the effective date of the guidance. A summary of lease financing receivables follows: September 30, December 31, 2019 2018 (In thousands) Commercial leases: Direct financings: Lease payments receivable $ 1,177,518 $ 1,155,464 Estimated residual value of leased assets 84,692 85,169 Unearned income (105,774 ) (110,458 ) Investment in direct financings 1,156,436 1,130,175 Leveraged leases: Lease payments receivable 82,127 85,007 Estimated residual value of leased assets 81,163 81,261 Unearned income (32,220 ) (33,717 ) Investment in leveraged leases 131,070 132,551 Total investment in leases $ 1,287,506 $ 1,262,726 Deferred taxes payable arising from leveraged leases $ 71,432 $ 74,995 Included within the estimated residual value of leased assets at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $38 million and $39 million, respectively, in residual value associated with direct financing leases that are guaranteed by the lessees or others. At September 30, 2019, the minimum future lease payments to be received from lease financings were as follows: (In thousands) Twelve-month period ending September 30: 2020 $ 346,223 2021 305,385 2022 216,018 2023 164,490 2024 82,455 Later years 145,074 $ 1,259,645 |