Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses | 5. Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses The Company must maintain an allowance for loan and lease losses (the “Allowance”) that is adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses associated with its loan and lease portfolio. The Allowance consists of an allocated portion, which covers estimated credit losses for specifically identified loans and pools of loans and leases, and an unallocated portion. Segmentation Management has identified three primary portfolio segments in estimating the Allowance: commercial lending, residential real estate lending and consumer lending. Commercial lending is further segmented into four distinct portfolios based on characteristics relating to the borrower, transaction, and collateral. These portfolio segments are: commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction, and lease financing. Residential real estate is not further segmented, but consists of single-family residential mortgages, real estate secured installment loans and home equity lines of credit. Consumer lending is not further segmented, but consists primarily of automobile loans, credit cards, and other installment loans. Management has developed a methodology for each segment taking into consideration portfolio segment-specific factors such as product type, loan portfolio characteristics, management information systems, and other risk factors. Specific Allocation Commercial A specific allocation is determined for individually impaired commercial loans. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the full amount of principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management identifies material impaired loans based on their size in relation to the Company’s total loan and lease portfolio. Each impaired loan equal to or exceeding a specified threshold requires an analysis to determine the appropriate level of reserve for that specific loan. Impaired loans below the specified threshold are treated as a pool, with specific allocations established based on qualitative factors such as asset quality trends, risk identification, lending policies, portfolio growth, and portfolio concentrations. Residential A specific allocation is determined for residential real estate loans based on delinquency status. In addition, each impaired loan equal to or exceeding a specified threshold requires analysis to determine the appropriate level of reserve for that specific loan, generally based on the value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The specific allocation will be zero for impaired loans in which the value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell, exceeds the unpaid principal balance of the loan. Consumer A specific allocation is determined for the consumer loan portfolio using delinquency-based formula allocations. The Company uses a formula approach in determining the consumer loan specific allocation and recognizes the statistical validity of measuring losses predicated on past due status. Pooled Allocation Commercial Pooled allocation for pass, special mention, substandard and doubtful grade commercial loans and leases that share common risk characteristics and properties is determined using a historical loss rate analysis and qualitative factor considerations. Loan grade categories are discussed under “Credit Quality”. Residential and Consumer Pooled allocation for non-delinquent consumer and residential real estate loans is determined using a historical loss rate analysis and qualitative factor considerations. Qualitative Adjustments Qualitative adjustments to historical loss rates or other static sources may be necessary since these rates may not be an accurate indicator of losses inherent in the current portfolio. To estimate the level of adjustments, management considers factors including global, national and local economic conditions; levels and trends in problem loans; the effect of credit concentrations; collateral value trends; changes in risk due to changes in lending policies and practices; management expertise; industry and regulatory trends; and volume of loans. Unallocated Allowance The Company’s Allowance incorporates an unallocated portion to cover risk factors and events that may have occurred as of the evaluation date that have not been reflected in the risk measures utilized due to inherent limitations in the precision of the estimation process. These risk factors, in addition to past and current events based on facts at the consolidated balance sheet date and realistic courses of action that management expects to take, are assessed in determining the level of unallocated allowance. The Allowance was comprised of the following: Year Ended December 31, 2017 Commercial Lending Commercial Commercial and Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for loan and lease losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 33,129 $ 18,448 $ 4,513 $ 847 $ 43,436 $ 28,388 $ 6,733 $ 135,494 Charge-offs (1,519) — — (147) (408) (23,851) — (25,925) Recoveries 844 596 — — 687 7,057 — 9,184 Increase (decrease) in Provision 1,552 (1,000) 2,304 (89) (863) 19,655 (3,059) 18,500 Balance at end of year $ 34,006 $ 18,044 $ 6,817 $ 611 $ 42,852 $ 31,249 $ 3,674 $ 137,253 Individually evaluated for impairment 4 6 — — 484 — — 494 Collectively evaluated for impairment 34,002 18,038 6,817 611 42,368 31,249 3,674 136,759 Loans and leases: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 18,183 $ 10,636 $ — $ — $ 16,530 $ — $ — $ 45,349 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,117,083 2,656,961 632,911 165,066 4,073,523 1,586,476 — 12,232,020 Balance at end of year $ 3,135,266 $ 2,667,597 $ 632,911 $ 165,066 $ 4,090,053 $ 1,586,476 $ — $ 12,277,369 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Commercial Lending Commercial Commercial and Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for loan and lease losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 34,025 $ 18,489 $ 3,793 $ 888 $ 46,099 $ 28,385 $ 3,805 $ 135,484 Charge-offs (348) — — — (799) (18,791) — (19,938) Recoveries 251 3,329 — 2 1,358 6,408 — 11,348 Increase (decrease) in Provision (799) (3,370) 720 (43) (3,222) 12,386 2,928 8,600 Balance at end of year $ 33,129 $ 18,448 $ 4,513 $ 847 $ 43,436 $ 28,388 $ 6,733 $ 135,494 Individually evaluated for impairment 380 7 — — 705 — — 1,092 Collectively evaluated for impairment 32,749 18,441 4,513 847 42,731 28,388 6,733 134,402 Loans and leases: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 27,572 $ 12,545 $ — $ 153 $ 19,158 $ — $ — $ 59,428 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,212,028 2,330,950 450,012 179,887 3,777,301 1,510,772 — 11,460,950 Balance at end of year $ 3,239,600 $ 2,343,495 $ 450,012 $ 180,040 $ 3,796,459 $ 1,510,772 $ — $ 11,520,378 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Commercial Lending Commercial Commercial and Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for loan and lease losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 31,835 $ 16,320 $ 4,725 $ 1,089 $ 44,858 $ 27,041 $ 8,931 $ 134,799 Charge-offs (866) — — — (618) (18,312) — (19,796) Recoveries 940 1,115 — 3 2,198 6,325 — 10,581 Increase (decrease) in Provision 2,116 1,054 (932) (204) (339) 13,331 (5,126) 9,900 Balance at end of year $ 34,025 $ 18,489 $ 3,793 $ 888 $ 46,099 $ 28,385 $ 3,805 $ 135,484 Individually evaluated for impairment — — — — 592 — — 592 Collectively evaluated for impairment 34,025 18,489 3,793 888 45,507 28,385 3,805 134,892 Loans and leases: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 15,845 $ 5,787 $ — $ 181 $ 22,334 $ — $ — $ 44,147 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,041,610 2,158,661 367,460 198,498 3,510,093 1,401,561 — 10,677,883 Balance at end of year $ 3,057,455 $ 2,164,448 $ 367,460 $ 198,679 $ 3,532,427 $ 1,401,561 $ — $ 10,722,030 Credit Quality The Company performs an internal loan review and grading on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of its lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality problems so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses. Loans subject to grading include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial and standby letters of credit, installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, commercial real estate loans, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Loans which are not subject to grading include loans that are 100% sold with no recourse to the Company, consumer installment loans, indirect automobile loans, consumer credit cards, business credit cards, home equity lines of credit and residential real estate loans. Residential real estate and consumer loans are underwritten primarily on the basis of credit bureau scores, debt-service-to-income ratios, and collateral quality and loan to value ratios. A credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following eight factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, financial reporting, management and controls, borrowing entity and industry and operating environment. Pass – “Pass” (uncriticized loans) and leases, are not considered to carry greater than normal risk. The borrower has the apparent ability to satisfy obligations to the Company, and therefore no loss in ultimate collection is anticipated. Special Mention – Loans and leases that have potential weaknesses that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for assets or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Substandard – Loans and leases that are inadequately protected by the current financial condition and paying capacity of the obligor or by any collateral pledged. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful – Loans and leases that have weaknesses found in substandard borrowers with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection of debt in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loss – Loans and leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future. The credit risk profiles by internally assigned grade for loans and leases as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, 2017 Commercial Commercial and Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Total Grade: Pass $ 3,035,121 $ 2,619,494 $ 628,112 $ 162,849 $ 6,445,576 Special mention 43,435 26,248 2,377 1,816 73,876 Substandard 54,996 21,855 2,422 401 79,674 Doubtful 1,714 — — — 1,714 Total $ 3,135,266 $ 2,667,597 $ 632,911 $ 165,066 $ 6,600,840 December 31, 2016 Commercial Commercial and Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Total Grade: Pass $ 3,166,304 $ 2,298,839 $ 445,149 $ 179,345 $ 6,089,637 Special mention 41,719 23,859 3,789 368 69,735 Substandard 29,811 20,797 1,074 174 51,856 Doubtful 1,766 — — 153 1,919 Total $ 3,239,600 $ 2,343,495 $ 450,012 $ 180,040 $ 6,213,147 There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. The credit risk profiles based on payment activity for loans and leases that were not subject to loan grading as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands) Residential Consumer Consumer - Auto Credit Cards Total Performing $ 4,073,834 $ 231,023 $ 1,001,085 $ 324,781 $ 5,630,723 Non-performing and delinquent 16,219 3,335 22,612 3,640 45,806 Total $ 4,090,053 $ 234,358 $ 1,023,697 $ 328,421 $ 5,676,529 December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands) Residential Consumer Consumer - Auto Credit Cards Total Performing $ 3,778,070 $ 240,185 $ 906,829 $ 340,801 $ 5,265,885 Non-performing and delinquent 18,389 3,327 15,927 3,703 41,346 Total $ 3,796,459 $ 243,512 $ 922,756 $ 344,504 $ 5,307,231 Impaired and Nonaccrual Loans and Leases The Company evaluates certain loans and leases individually for impairment. A loan or lease is considered to be impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or lease. An allowance for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s observable market price or the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs, if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance for impaired residential loans is measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercises significant judgment in developing these estimates. The Company generally places a loan on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. It is the Company’s policy to charge off a loan when the facts indicate that the loan is considered uncollectible. The aging analyses of past due loans and leases as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, 2017 Accruing Loans and Leases Greater Total Non Than or Total Accruing 30-59 60-89 Equal to Total Accruing Loans Days Days 90 Days Past Loans and and Total (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Due Current Leases Leases Outstanding Commercial and industrial $ 156 $ — $ 220 $ 376 $ 3,131,958 $ 3,132,334 $ 2,932 $ 3,135,266 Commercial real estate — 1,099 1,400 2,499 2,663,312 2,665,811 1,786 2,667,597 Construction — 2,001 — 2,001 630,910 632,911 — 632,911 Lease financing — — — — 165,066 165,066 — 165,066 Residential 8,463 1,289 1,360 11,112 4,073,834 4,084,946 5,107 4,090,053 Consumer 24,379 3,814 1,394 29,587 1,556,889 1,586,476 — 1,586,476 Total $ 32,998 $ 8,203 $ 4,374 $ 45,575 $ 12,221,969 $ 12,267,544 $ 9,825 $ 12,277,369 December 31, 2016 Accruing Loans and Leases Greater Total Non Than or Total Accruing 30-59 60-89 Equal to Total Accruing Loans Days Days 90 Days Past Loans and and Total (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Due Current Leases Leases Outstanding Commercial and industrial $ 720 $ 163 $ 449 $ 1,332 $ 3,235,538 $ 3,236,870 $ 2,730 $ 3,239,600 Commercial real estate 475 — — 475 2,343,020 2,343,495 — 2,343,495 Construction — — — — 450,012 450,012 — 450,012 Lease financing — — 83 83 179,804 179,887 153 180,040 Residential 9,907 1,069 866 11,842 3,778,070 3,789,912 6,547 3,796,459 Consumer 17,626 3,460 1,870 22,956 1,487,816 1,510,772 — 1,510,772 Total $ 28,728 $ 4,692 $ 3,268 $ 36,688 $ 11,474,260 $ 11,510,948 $ 9,430 $ 11,520,378 The total carrying amounts and the total unpaid principal balances of impaired loans and leases as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, 2017 Unpaid Recorded Principal Related (dollars in thousands) Investment Balance Allowance Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 18,036 $ 18,909 $ — Commercial real estate 9,745 9,745 — Residential 8,648 9,006 — Total $ 36,429 $ 37,660 $ — Impaired loans with a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 147 $ 147 $ 4 Commercial real estate 891 891 6 Residential 7,882 8,162 484 Total $ 8,920 $ 9,200 $ 494 Total impaired loans: Commercial and industrial $ 18,183 $ 19,056 $ 4 Commercial real estate 10,636 10,636 6 Residential 16,530 17,168 484 Total $ 45,349 $ 46,860 $ 494 December 31, 2016 Unpaid Recorded Principal Related (dollars in thousands) Investment Balance Allowance Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 22,404 $ 22,608 $ — Commercial real estate 11,598 11,598 — Lease financing 153 153 — Residential 9,608 10,628 — Total $ 43,763 $ 44,987 $ — Impaired loans with a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 5,168 $ 5,624 $ 380 Commercial real estate 947 947 7 Residential 9,550 9,831 705 Total $ 15,665 $ 16,402 $ 1,092 Total impaired loans: Commercial and industrial $ 27,572 $ 28,232 $ 380 Commercial real estate 12,545 12,545 7 Lease financing 153 153 — Residential 19,158 20,459 705 Total $ 59,428 $ 61,389 $ 1,092 The following table provides information with respect to the Company’s average balances, and of interest income recognized from, impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: Year Ended December 31, 2017 Average Interest Recorded Income (dollars in thousands) Investment Recognized Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 19,929 $ 890 Commercial real estate 9,846 417 Lease financing 61 — Residential 8,582 567 Total $ 38,418 $ 1,874 Impaired loans with a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 2,572 $ 10 Commercial real estate 918 42 Residential 8,897 344 Total $ 12,387 $ 396 Total impaired loans: Commercial and industrial $ 22,501 $ 900 Commercial real estate 10,764 459 Lease financing 61 — Residential 17,479 911 Total $ 50,805 $ 2,270 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Average Interest Recorded Income (dollars in thousands) Investment Recognized Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 25,676 $ 925 Commercial real estate 9,304 704 Construction 113 — Lease financing 170 5 Residential 12,289 756 Total $ 47,552 $ 2,390 Impaired loans with a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 1,430 $ 643 Commercial real estate 381 46 Residential 8,497 415 Total $ 10,308 $ 1,104 Total impaired loans: Commercial and industrial $ 27,106 $ 1,568 Commercial real estate 9,685 750 Construction 113 — Lease financing 170 5 Residential 20,786 1,171 Total $ 57,860 $ 3,494 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Average Interest Recorded Income (dollars in thousands) Investment Recognized Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 16,666 $ 317 Commercial real estate 6,516 444 Lease financing 186 — Residential 18,518 292 Total $ 41,886 $ 1,053 Impaired loans with a related allowance recorded: Residential $ 6,889 $ 258 Total $ 6,889 $ 258 Total impaired loans: Commercial and industrial $ 16,666 $ 317 Commercial real estate 6,516 444 Lease financing 186 — Residential 25,407 550 Total $ 48,775 $ 1,311 Modifications Commercial and industrial loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) often involve temporary interest-only payments, term extensions, and converting revolving credit lines to term loans. Additional collateral, a co-borrower, or a guarantor is often requested. Commercial real estate and construction loans modified in a TDR often involve reducing the interest rate for the remaining term of the loan, extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or substituting or adding a new borrower or guarantor. Construction loans modified in a TDR may also involve extending the interest-only payment period. Lease financing modifications generally involve a short-term forbearance period, usually about three months, after which the missed payments are added to the end of the lease term, thereby extending the maturity date. Interest continues to accrue on the missed payments and as a result, the effective yield on the lease remains unchanged. As the forbearance period usually involves an insignificant payment delay, lease financing modifications typically do not meet the reporting criteria for a TDR. Residential real estate loans modified in a TDR are primarily comprised of loans where monthly payments are lowered to accommodate the borrowers' financial needs for a period of time, normally two years. During that time, the borrower's entire monthly payment is applied to principal. After the lowered monthly payment period ends, the borrower reverts to paying principal and interest per the original terms with the maturity date adjusted accordingly. Generally, consumer loans are not classified as a TDR as they are normally charged off upon reaching a predetermined delinquency status that ranges from 120 to 180 days and varies by product type. Loans modified in a TDR are typically already on nonaccrual status and partial charge-offs have in some cases already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. Loans modified in a TDR will have to be evaluated for impairment. As a result, this may have a financial effect of increasing the specific Allowance associated with the loan. An Allowance for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the loan's observable market price, or the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs, if the loan is collateral dependent. An Allowance for impaired residential loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercises significant judgment in developing these estimates. The following presents, by class, information related to loans modified in a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: Year Ended December 31, 2017 Number of Recorded Related (dollars in thousands) Contracts Investment (1) Allowance Commercial and industrial 1 $ 1,075 $ — Residential 2 659 23 Total 3 $ 1,734 $ 23 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Number of Recorded Related (dollars in thousands) Contracts Investment (1) Allowance Commercial and industrial 7 $ 14,933 $ 377 Commercial real estate 6 9,709 7 Residential 12 5,159 234 Total 25 $ 29,801 $ 618 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Number of Recorded Related (dollars in thousands) Contracts Investment (1) Allowance Commercial and industrial 5 $ 11,888 $ — Commercial real estate 4 5,649 — Residential 21 11,906 592 Total 30 $ 29,443 $ 592 (1) The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period. The above loans were modified in a TDR through temporary interest-only payments or reduced payments. The Company had total remaining loan and lease commitments of $5.4 billion as of December 31, 2017 and $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2016. Of the $5.4 billion at December 31, 2017, there were commitments of $1.9 million related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR. Of the $5.1 billion at December 31, 2016, there were commitments of $6.9 million related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR. The following table presents, by class, loans modified in TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date for the periods indicated. The Company is reporting these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 30 days past due: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Number of Recorded Number of Recorded Number of Recorded (dollars in thousands) Contracts Investment (1) Contracts Investment (1) Contracts Investment (1) Commercial and industrial (2) 1 $ 2,480 — $ — 3 $ 6,153 Commercial real estate (3) 1 1,393 1 1,399 — — Residential (4) — — — — 7 2,281 Total 2 $ 3,873 1 $ 1,399 10 $ 8,434 (1) The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off or foreclosed upon by the end of the period. (2) In 2017, the maturity date for the commercial and industrial loan that subsequently defaulted was extended. In 2015, all three commercial and industrial loans that subsequently defaulted were refinanced. (3) In 2017 and 2016, the commercial real estate loan that subsequently defaulted was modified by extending the maturity date. (4) In 2015, all seven residential real estate loans that subsequently defaulted were modified by reducing interest rates, increasing amortizations and deferring principal payments. Foreclosure Proceedings There was one residential mortgage loan of $0.3 million collateralized by real estate property that was modified in a TDR that was in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2017 and one residential mortgage loan $0.5 million collateralized by real estate property that was in process of foreclosure at December 31, 2016. Foreclosed Property Residential real estate property held from one foreclosed TDR of a residential mortgage loan included in other real estate owned and repossessed personal property shown in the consolidated balance sheets was $0.3 million at December 31, 2017. There was one real estate property held from a foreclosed TDR of a residential mortgage loan included in other real estate owned and repossessed personal property shown in the consolidated balance sheets of $0.3 million at December 31, 2016. |