Allowance for Credit Losses | 4. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company maintains the allowance for credit losses for loans and leases (the “ACL”) that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases. The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law. The CARES Act creates a forbearance program for federally backed mortgage loans, protects borrowers from negative credit reporting due to loan accommodations related to the National Emergency, and provides financial institutions the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for a limited period of time to account for the effects of COVID-19. Financial institutions accounting for eligible loans under the CARES Act are not required to report such loans as TDRs in accordance with GAAP. In addition, Interagency Statements were issued on March 22, 2020 and April 7, 2020 to encourage financial institutions to work prudently with borrowers and to describe the agencies’ interpretation of how current accounting rules under GAAP apply to certain COVID-19 related modifications. The agencies confirmed with the FASB that short-term modifications (e.g., six months or less) for payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or delays in payment that are insignificant and made on a good faith basis in response to borrowers impacted by COVID-19 who were current prior to any relief are not TDRs under GAAP. The agencies also confirmed that these short-term modifications should not be reported as being on nonaccrual status and should not be considered past due during the period of the deferral. The Company has adopted the provisions of both the CARES Act and Interagency Statements. The Company is first applying the CARES Act guidance in determining if certain loan modifications are not required to be reported as TDRs. If the loan modification does not qualify under the CARES Act, then the Interagency Statement guidance is applied. On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act – 2021 (the “CAA”) was signed into law, which extends the temporary relief from TDR reporting through the earlier of (1) January 1, 2022, or (2) 60 days after the date on which the national emergency concerning COVID-19 terminates. The interim consolidated financial information below reflects the application of this guidance. Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 24,711 $ 58,123 $ 10,039 $ 3,298 $ 40,461 $ 7,163 $ 64,659 $ 208,454 Charge-offs (963) (66) — — (98) — (6,541) (7,668) Recoveries 215 3 166 — 17 24 2,655 3,080 Increase (decrease) in Provision 3,359 (6,369) 347 (101) (1,909) (519) 1,692 (3,500) Balance at end of period $ 27,322 $ 51,691 $ 10,552 $ 3,197 $ 38,471 $ 6,668 $ 62,465 $ 200,366 Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 28,975 $ 22,325 $ 4,844 $ 424 $ 29,303 $ 9,876 $ 34,644 $ 139 $ 130,530 Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 (16,105) 10,559 (1,803) 207 (2,793) (4,731) 15,575 (139) 770 Charge-offs (201) — — — — (8) (8,597) — (8,806) Recoveries 220 — 110 — 135 122 2,083 — 2,670 Increase in Provision 7,995 9,954 5,673 220 3,376 1,297 12,334 — 40,849 Balance at end of period $ 20,884 $ 42,838 $ 8,824 $ 851 $ 30,021 $ 6,556 $ 56,039 $ — $ 166,013 Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 11,719 $ 1,328 $ 9,037 $ — $ 2 $ 8,452 $ 65 $ 30,603 Increase (decrease) in Provision 4,410 (216) (724) — (2) 48 (16) 3,500 Balance at end of period $ 16,129 $ 1,112 $ 8,313 $ — $ — $ 8,500 $ 49 $ 34,103 Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 600 $ 600 Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 5,390 778 4,119 — 7 6,587 (581) 16,300 Increase (decrease) in Provision (599) (82) 694 — (6) 340 4 351 Balance at end of period $ 4,791 $ 696 $ 4,813 $ — $ 1 $ 6,927 $ 23 $ 17,251 Credit Quality Information The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses. Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk. An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment. Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Loss Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of March 31, 2021 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 495,898 $ 781,914 $ 315,190 $ 152,290 $ 51,136 $ 218,781 $ 785,046 $ 27,922 $ 2,828,177 Special Mention — 17,608 10,957 19,751 1,930 5,373 66,867 607 123,093 Substandard — 23,098 2,808 16,913 584 12,048 28,361 1,367 85,179 Other (1) 3,252 9,848 11,793 7,889 4,362 1,496 46,347 — 84,987 Total Commercial and Industrial 499,150 832,468 340,748 196,843 58,012 237,698 926,621 29,896 3,121,436 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 41,958 346,445 613,930 556,954 454,433 1,104,669 51,280 8 3,169,677 Special Mention — 1,491 58,763 14,518 33,401 64,971 — — 173,144 Substandard — 346 — 14,751 3,740 26,082 8,004 — 52,923 Other (1) — — — — — 489 — — 489 Total Commercial Real Estate 41,958 348,282 672,693 586,223 491,574 1,196,211 59,284 8 3,396,233 Construction Risk rating: Pass 32,201 73,512 260,522 162,052 58,537 63,624 24,043 — 674,491 Special Mention — — 507 706 4,429 9,172 — — 14,814 Substandard — — — 536 — 1,478 — — 2,014 Other (1) 5,410 16,755 9,924 7,588 3,655 4,040 580 — 47,952 Total Construction 37,611 90,267 270,953 170,882 66,621 78,314 24,623 — 739,271 Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 6,487 73,461 58,375 12,521 16,410 60,734 — — 227,988 Special Mention 566 334 843 286 1,223 599 — — 3,851 Substandard — 2,714 1,673 293 1,107 522 — — 6,309 Total Lease Financing 7,053 76,509 60,891 13,100 18,740 61,855 — — 238,148 Total Commercial Lending $ 585,772 $ 1,347,526 $ 1,345,285 $ 967,048 $ 634,947 $ 1,574,078 $ 1,010,528 $ 29,904 $ 7,495,088 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 269,847 $ 698,143 $ 355,459 $ 261,304 $ 320,423 $ 1,031,922 $ — $ — $ 2,937,098 680 - 739 32,425 83,210 51,384 41,764 48,039 168,279 — — 425,101 620 - 679 4,220 15,727 7,626 11,214 9,310 49,018 — — 97,115 550 - 619 — — 1,945 2,810 2,906 14,044 — — 21,705 Less than 550 — — 854 602 2,914 2,673 — — 7,043 No Score (3) 4,599 12,498 17,761 21,197 19,972 55,404 — — 131,431 Other (2) 5,767 20,213 13,584 13,754 20,607 21,516 580 162 96,183 Total Residential Mortgage 316,858 829,791 448,613 352,645 424,171 1,342,856 580 162 3,715,676 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 589,662 2,108 591,770 680 - 739 — — — — — — 149,384 3,537 152,921 620 - 679 — — — — — — 37,325 1,432 38,757 550 - 619 — — — — — — 12,870 1,419 14,289 Less than 550 — — — — — — 3,641 359 4,000 No Score (3) — — — — — — 4,009 — 4,009 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 796,891 8,855 805,746 Total Residential Lending 316,858 829,791 448,613 352,645 424,171 1,342,856 797,471 9,017 4,521,422 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 37,038 105,809 109,925 86,146 44,909 22,098 107,725 266 513,916 680 - 739 19,163 79,376 82,058 58,077 31,081 16,370 72,053 774 358,952 620 - 679 6,167 38,079 44,459 30,055 21,453 11,715 33,935 1,213 187,076 550 - 619 337 8,215 18,414 15,800 13,267 8,437 11,582 1,364 77,416 Less than 550 88 2,644 8,907 7,785 5,711 3,445 4,181 719 33,480 No Score (3) 955 354 99 57 99 7 32,161 411 34,143 Other (2) — 376 1,774 66 2,183 6,748 67,649 — 78,796 Total Consumer Lending 63,748 234,853 265,636 197,986 118,703 68,820 329,286 4,747 1,283,779 Total Loans and Leases $ 966,378 $ 2,412,170 $ 2,059,534 $ 1,517,679 $ 1,177,821 $ 2,985,754 $ 2,137,285 $ 43,668 $ 13,300,289 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2020 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 873,639 $ 324,030 $ 183,329 $ 73,000 $ 49,886 $ 94,360 $ 1,058,786 $ 28,853 $ 2,685,883 Special Mention 20,937 10,370 20,164 2,099 279 8,316 101,183 1,549 164,897 Substandard 23,804 2,023 2,568 677 4,063 8,113 33,775 250 75,273 Other (1) 13,142 13,426 9,246 5,337 1,867 280 50,156 — 93,454 Total Commercial and Industrial 931,522 349,849 215,307 81,113 56,095 111,069 1,243,900 30,652 3,019,507 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 342,845 611,243 541,104 447,366 295,426 814,398 47,604 323 3,100,309 Special Mention 1,500 63,617 26,187 33,482 37,841 61,279 2,999 — 226,905 Substandard 29 3,964 18,983 3,779 10,615 18,083 9,511 — 64,964 Other (1) — — — — — 498 — — 498 Total Commercial Real Estate 344,374 678,824 586,274 484,627 343,882 894,258 60,114 323 3,392,676 Construction Risk rating: Pass 53,931 233,730 202,808 83,792 23,171 41,536 28,386 — 667,354 Special Mention — 508 707 4,717 — 9,172 — — 15,104 Substandard — — 541 1,840 521 989 — — 3,891 Other (1) 16,578 16,393 7,775 3,685 1,800 2,656 583 — 49,470 Total Construction 70,509 250,631 211,831 94,034 25,492 54,353 28,969 — 735,819 Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 79,064 60,717 13,669 17,207 3,010 61,266 — — 234,933 Special Mention 950 892 311 1,300 351 295 — — 4,099 Substandard 2,708 1,677 327 1,141 — 526 — — 6,379 Total Lease Financing 82,722 63,286 14,307 19,648 3,361 62,087 — — 245,411 Total Commercial Lending $ 1,429,127 $ 1,342,590 $ 1,027,719 $ 679,422 $ 428,830 $ 1,121,767 $ 1,332,983 $ 30,975 $ 7,393,413 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 728,807 $ 384,248 $ 290,484 $ 361,297 $ 314,971 $ 830,795 $ — $ — $ 2,910,602 680 - 739 85,151 53,090 44,616 50,703 39,230 144,537 — — 417,327 620 - 679 15,767 7,604 11,460 9,628 7,982 43,393 — — 95,834 550 - 619 — 1,971 2,818 2,920 4,474 10,144 — — 22,327 Less than 550 — 861 593 2,916 594 2,138 — — 7,102 No Score (3) 13,823 18,861 21,214 21,821 14,355 45,147 — — 135,221 Other (2) 21,011 15,860 18,540 22,677 9,550 13,426 578 163 101,805 Total Residential Mortgage 864,559 482,495 389,725 471,962 391,156 1,089,580 578 163 3,690,218 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 608,282 2,163 610,445 680 - 739 — — — — — — 159,886 3,155 163,041 620 - 679 — — — — — — 44,005 1,571 45,576 550 - 619 — — — — — — 11,644 884 12,528 Less than 550 — — — — — — 5,159 330 5,489 No Score (3) — — — — — — 4,545 — 4,545 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 833,521 8,103 841,624 Total Residential Lending 864,559 482,495 389,725 471,962 391,156 1,089,580 834,099 8,266 4,531,842 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 113,373 122,965 99,678 54,691 24,029 6,034 114,748 275 535,793 680 - 739 83,316 90,853 66,143 36,426 16,358 4,985 76,391 773 375,245 620 - 679 40,469 48,904 33,917 24,705 11,144 3,788 36,622 1,221 200,770 550 - 619 9,125 20,274 17,693 15,126 7,825 2,883 12,980 1,458 87,364 Less than 550 3,017 10,139 9,189 6,517 3,123 1,118 5,261 799 39,163 No Score (3) 339 103 64 109 10 — 33,854 356 34,835 Other (2) 380 1,890 73 2,214 45 6,768 69,302 — 80,672 Total Consumer Lending 250,019 295,128 226,757 139,788 62,534 25,576 349,158 4,882 1,353,842 Total Loans and Leases $ 2,543,705 $ 2,120,213 $ 1,644,201 $ 1,291,172 $ 882,520 $ 2,236,923 $ 2,516,240 $ 44,123 $ 13,279,097 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The amortized cost basis of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows: Three Months Ended (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 229 Home equity line 1,079 Consumer 493 Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period $ 1,801 Three Months Ended (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2020 Commercial and industrial $ 28,228 Residential mortgage 296 Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period $ 28,524 Past-Due Status The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows: March 31, 2021 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 4,710 $ 786 $ 1,751 $ 7,247 $ 3,114,189 $ 3,121,436 $ 1,365 Commercial real estate 1,727 443 1,990 4,160 3,392,073 3,396,233 1,054 Construction 1,383 — 668 2,051 737,220 739,271 89 Lease financing — — — — 238,148 238,148 — Residential mortgage 11,659 904 3,152 15,715 3,699,961 3,715,676 — Home equity line 1,744 126 4,975 6,845 798,901 805,746 4,975 Consumer 10,611 2,282 2,024 14,917 1,268,862 1,283,779 2,024 Total $ 31,834 $ 4,541 $ 14,560 $ 50,935 $ 13,249,354 $ 13,300,289 $ 9,507 December 31, 2020 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 2,585 $ 604 $ 2,626 $ 5,815 $ 3,013,692 $ 3,019,507 $ 2,108 Commercial real estate 75 2,568 963 3,606 3,389,070 3,392,676 882 Construction 779 376 2,137 3,292 732,527 735,819 93 Lease financing — — — — 245,411 245,411 — Residential mortgage 3,382 4,125 3,372 10,879 3,679,339 3,690,218 — Home equity line 1,375 743 4,818 6,936 834,688 841,624 4,818 Consumer 18,492 5,205 3,266 26,963 1,326,879 1,353,842 3,266 Total $ 26,688 $ 13,621 $ 17,182 $ 57,491 $ 13,221,606 $ 13,279,097 $ 11,167 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no ACL as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows: March 31, 2021 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ — $ 593 Commercial real estate 857 937 Construction — 579 Residential mortgage 1,311 6,999 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 2,168 $ 9,108 December 31, 2020 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ — $ 518 Commercial real estate — 80 Construction 1,840 2,043 Residential mortgage 1,316 6,441 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 3,156 $ 9,082 For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and nil, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.4 million and not material, respectively. Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans were $23.3 million and $21.0 million, respectively. These loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property and borrower assets. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis. Modifications Commercial and industrial loans modified in a TDR may involve temporary interest-only payments, term and amortization extensions, and converting revolving credit lines to term loans. Modifications of commercial real estate and construction loans in a TDR may involve reducing the interest rate for the remaining term of the loan, extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or substituting or adding a new borrower or guarantor. Modifications of construction loans in a TDR may also involve extending the interest-only payment period. Interest continues to accrue on the missed payments and as a result, the effective yield on the loan remains unchanged. Residential real estate loans modified in a TDR may be comprised of loans where monthly payments are lowered to accommodate the borrowers' financial needs for a period of time, including extended interest-only periods and re-amortization of the balance. Modifications of consumer loans in a TDR may involve temporary or permanent reduced payments, temporary interest-only payments and below-market interest rates. Loans modified in a TDR may already be on nonaccrual status and in some cases, partial charge-offs may have already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. Loans modified in a TDR are evaluated for impairment. As a result, this may have a financial effect of increasing the specific ACL associated with the loan. An ACL for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or if the loan is collateral-dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. An ACL for impaired residential real estate loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercises significa |