Allowance for Credit Losses | 4. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company maintains the allowance for credit losses for loans and leases (the “ACL”) that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate appropriateness of the ACL is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control, including the performance of our loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classifications. The Company’s methodology is more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled. Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021: Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 15,924 $ 44,726 $ 5,367 $ 1,398 $ 33,635 $ 4,734 $ 43,158 $ 148,942 Charge-offs (328) (750) — — (1) — (3,986) (5,065) Recoveries 240 — — — 37 356 1,653 2,286 Provision (703) 416 (643) 235 248 164 2,283 2,000 Balance at end of period $ 15,133 $ 44,392 $ 4,724 $ 1,633 $ 33,919 $ 5,254 $ 43,108 $ 148,163 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 20,080 $ 42,951 $ 9,773 $ 1,659 $ 34,364 $ 5,642 $ 42,793 $ 157,262 Charge-offs (1,277) (750) — — (1) (1,163) (11,754) (14,945) Recoveries 594 14 — 60 245 575 5,741 7,229 Provision (4,264) 2,177 (5,049) (86) (689) 200 6,328 (1,383) Balance at end of period $ 15,133 $ 44,392 $ 4,724 $ 1,633 $ 33,919 $ 5,254 $ 43,108 $ 148,163 Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 23,063 $ 47,033 $ 10,152 $ 3,067 $ 34,208 $ 6,250 $ 45,375 $ 169,148 Charge-offs (224) — — — — (235) (2,926) (3,385) Recoveries 121 15 — — 215 27 2,405 2,783 Provision 796 (3,449) (398) (833) (655) (325) (2,436) (7,300) Balance at end of period $ 23,756 $ 43,599 $ 9,754 $ 2,234 $ 33,768 $ 5,717 $ 42,418 $ 161,246 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 24,711 $ 58,123 $ 10,039 $ 3,298 $ 40,461 $ 7,163 $ 64,659 $ 208,454 Charge-offs (1,517) (66) — — (98) (235) (13,384) (15,300) Recoveries 623 30 166 — 246 89 7,857 9,011 Provision (61) (14,488) (451) (1,064) (6,841) (1,300) (16,714) (40,919) Balance at end of period $ 23,756 $ 43,599 $ 9,754 $ 2,234 $ 33,768 $ 5,717 $ 42,418 $ 161,246 Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 7,640 $ 3,750 $ 6,084 $ — $ 32 $ 11,423 $ 29 $ 28,958 Provision 478 (1,397) 630 — (4) 1,473 3 1,183 Balance at end of period $ 8,118 $ 2,353 $ 6,714 $ — $ 28 $ 12,896 $ 32 $ 30,141 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 8,615 $ 2,114 $ 8,963 $ — $ 15 $ 10,546 $ 69 $ 30,322 Provision (497) 239 (2,249) — 13 2,350 (37) (181) Balance at end of period $ 8,118 $ 2,353 $ 6,714 $ — $ 28 $ 12,896 $ 32 $ 30,141 Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 12,808 $ 978 $ 7,873 $ — $ — $ 7,521 $ 42 $ 29,222 Provision 446 255 902 — — 1,669 28 3,300 Balance at end of period $ 13,254 $ 1,233 $ 8,775 $ — $ — $ 9,190 $ 70 $ 32,522 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 11,719 $ 1,328 $ 9,037 $ — $ 2 $ 8,452 $ 65 $ 30,603 Provision 1,535 (95) (262) — (2) 738 5 1,919 Balance at end of period $ 13,254 $ 1,233 $ 8,775 $ — $ — $ 9,190 $ 70 $ 32,522 Credit Quality Information The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses. Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk. An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment. Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Loss Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of September 30, 2022 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 310,400 $ 425,853 $ 55,272 $ 177,670 $ 55,923 $ 151,156 $ 709,823 $ 15,997 $ 1,902,094 Special Mention 2,179 274 1,492 2,562 209 1,776 31,747 467 40,706 Substandard 655 719 872 1,383 956 1,196 14,728 89 20,598 Other (1) 12,817 8,707 10,095 4,664 2,355 1,358 40,413 — 80,409 Total Commercial and Industrial 326,051 435,553 67,731 186,279 59,443 155,486 796,711 16,553 2,043,807 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 700,785 696,763 355,992 548,364 449,754 1,242,315 66,075 — 4,060,048 Special Mention 183 — 559 14,965 515 9,549 687 — 26,458 Substandard — — 176 — 1,724 14,749 2 — 16,651 Other (1) — — — — — 153 — — 153 Total Commercial Real Estate 700,968 696,763 356,727 563,329 451,993 1,266,766 66,764 — 4,103,310 Construction Risk rating: Pass 83,233 225,116 84,312 92,856 116,344 86,722 13,443 — 702,026 Special Mention — — — 229 — — — — 229 Substandard — — — — 346 494 — — 840 Other (1) 22,424 25,610 4,258 2,247 3,908 3,367 953 — 62,767 Total Construction 105,657 250,726 88,570 95,332 120,598 90,583 14,396 — 765,862 Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 110,563 25,450 46,635 42,307 6,904 68,028 — — 299,887 Special Mention — 434 2,591 1,342 9 — — — 4,376 Substandard — — 196 14 13 1,352 — — 1,575 Total Lease Financing 110,563 25,884 49,422 43,663 6,926 69,380 — — 305,838 Total Commercial Lending $ 1,243,239 $ 1,408,926 $ 562,450 $ 888,603 $ 638,960 $ 1,582,215 $ 877,871 $ 16,553 $ 7,218,817 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 474,234 $ 1,056,814 $ 577,378 $ 244,169 $ 169,100 $ 941,705 $ — $ — $ 3,463,400 680 - 739 54,037 122,420 77,660 44,519 21,581 137,573 — — 457,790 620 - 679 7,749 19,021 13,776 4,801 3,868 35,926 — — 85,141 550 - 619 168 1,930 292 225 2,060 7,225 — — 11,900 Less than 550 2,053 1,236 59 — 339 4,621 — — 8,308 No Score (3) 16,029 14,771 6,874 13,004 16,023 50,871 — — 117,572 Other (2) 19,155 18,827 15,436 9,398 9,229 29,468 5,861 556 107,930 Total Residential Mortgage 573,425 1,235,019 691,475 316,116 222,200 1,207,389 5,861 556 4,252,041 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 781,307 1,961 783,268 680 - 739 — — — — — — 164,166 2,650 166,816 620 - 679 — — — — — — 42,043 2,124 44,167 550 - 619 — — — — — — 8,719 1,375 10,094 Less than 550 — — — — — — 1,157 487 1,644 No Score (3) — — — — — — 4,642 — 4,642 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 1,002,034 8,597 1,010,631 Total Residential Lending 573,425 1,235,019 691,475 316,116 222,200 1,207,389 1,007,895 9,153 5,262,672 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 167,566 120,725 59,620 50,907 30,750 12,114 116,628 195 558,505 680 - 739 80,920 72,861 41,177 36,236 19,242 10,311 68,968 569 330,284 620 - 679 19,673 32,216 15,779 19,379 11,622 8,584 30,441 1,033 138,727 550 - 619 2,159 5,975 5,859 9,266 6,476 5,188 9,803 983 45,709 Less than 550 520 1,557 2,631 4,311 2,106 1,991 2,923 379 16,418 No Score (3) 2,122 337 1 50 28 35 38,831 237 41,641 Other (2) 1,645 4,197 358 1,393 — 2,153 77,855 — 87,601 Total Consumer Lending 274,605 237,868 125,425 121,542 70,224 40,376 345,449 3,396 1,218,885 Total Loans and Leases $ 2,091,269 $ 2,881,813 $ 1,379,350 $ 1,326,261 $ 931,384 $ 2,829,980 $ 2,231,215 $ 29,102 $ 13,700,374 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2021 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 623,098 $ 129,665 $ 223,388 $ 88,409 $ 29,380 $ 168,591 $ 644,947 $ 40,193 $ 1,947,671 Special Mention 397 4,382 4,213 12,552 974 5,313 4,804 986 33,621 Substandard 354 1,380 1,951 1,285 60 3,551 17,893 1,043 27,517 Other (1) 13,277 7,070 7,741 4,453 1,995 370 43,384 — 78,290 Total Commercial and Industrial 637,126 142,497 237,293 106,699 32,409 177,825 711,028 42,222 2,087,099 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 693,370 338,140 533,887 487,739 415,186 940,732 78,479 14,891 3,502,424 Special Mention — — 48,499 7,470 25,513 30,255 7,600 — 119,337 Substandard — — — 1,776 164 15,303 459 — 17,702 Other (1) — — — — — 160 — — 160 Total Commercial Real Estate 693,370 338,140 582,386 496,985 440,863 986,450 86,538 14,891 3,639,623 Construction Risk rating: Pass 154,558 107,767 210,314 155,311 62,770 48,021 22,859 — 761,600 Special Mention — — 244 707 — 356 — — 1,307 Substandard — — — 363 — 839 — — 1,202 Other (1) 26,835 8,875 4,317 4,308 2,684 2,048 793 — 49,860 Total Construction 181,393 116,642 214,875 160,689 65,454 51,264 23,652 — 813,969 Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 33,980 60,650 48,236 9,449 15,009 57,130 — — 224,454 Special Mention 501 2,702 1,506 311 153 — — — 5,173 Substandard — 270 140 16 871 470 — — 1,767 Total Lease Financing 34,481 63,622 49,882 9,776 16,033 57,600 — — 231,394 Total Commercial Lending $ 1,546,370 $ 660,901 $ 1,084,436 $ 774,149 $ 554,759 $ 1,273,139 $ 821,218 $ 57,113 $ 6,772,085 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 1,101,958 $ 635,061 $ 286,993 $ 198,622 $ 251,906 $ 829,175 $ — $ — $ 3,303,715 680 - 739 140,997 81,590 45,163 27,315 32,855 125,906 — — 453,826 620 - 679 15,781 11,943 5,268 10,149 9,069 37,404 — — 89,614 550 - 619 1,735 873 698 533 2,033 7,475 — — 13,347 Less than 550 — — — 345 2,603 2,838 — — 5,786 No Score (3) 18,882 7,938 15,051 18,107 17,333 42,185 — — 119,496 Other (2) 25,625 16,263 10,242 11,297 16,242 17,152 44 718 97,583 Total Residential Mortgage 1,304,978 753,668 363,415 266,368 332,041 1,062,135 44 718 4,083,367 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 671,566 1,873 673,439 680 - 739 — — — — — — 141,889 3,968 145,857 620 - 679 — — — — — — 37,815 2,500 40,315 550 - 619 — — — — — — 9,090 948 10,038 Less than 550 — — — — — — 2,574 68 2,642 No Score (3) — — — — — — 4,317 — 4,317 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 867,251 9,357 876,608 Total Residential Lending 1,304,978 753,668 363,415 266,368 332,041 1,062,135 867,295 10,075 4,959,975 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 155,929 83,337 79,617 56,707 24,525 8,067 117,843 209 526,234 680 - 739 93,214 56,327 55,126 34,049 17,527 6,315 69,366 707 332,631 620 - 679 41,671 21,986 28,491 19,403 12,952 5,324 31,165 1,175 162,167 550 - 619 7,836 8,265 13,265 10,497 7,469 3,244 10,359 1,089 62,024 Less than 550 2,272 3,867 6,646 3,484 2,739 1,175 3,195 536 23,914 No Score (3) 481 19 56 40 65 2 35,414 320 36,397 Other (2) 4,737 365 1,712 17 2,182 31 77,528 — 86,572 Total Consumer Lending 306,140 174,166 184,913 124,197 67,459 24,158 344,870 4,036 1,229,939 Total Loans and Leases $ 3,157,488 $ 1,588,735 $ 1,632,764 $ 1,164,714 $ 954,259 $ 2,359,432 $ 2,033,383 $ 71,224 $ 12,961,999 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The amortized cost basis of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows: Three Months Ended (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2022 Consumer 314 Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period $ 314 Nine Months Ended (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2022 Commercial and industrial $ 480 Home equity line 2,072 Consumer 1,004 Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period $ 3,556 Three Months Ended (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 195 Home equity line 560 Consumer 422 Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period $ 1,177 Nine Months Ended (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 454 Home equity line 2,177 Consumer 1,358 Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period $ 3,989 Past-Due Status The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows: September 30, 2022 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 2,447 $ 858 $ 2,883 $ 6,188 $ 2,037,619 $ 2,043,807 $ 1,445 Commercial real estate 2,000 657 727 3,384 4,099,926 4,103,310 — Construction 28 — 483 511 765,351 765,862 390 Lease financing — — — — 305,838 305,838 — Residential mortgage 373 3,943 3,358 7,674 4,244,367 4,252,041 — Home equity line 3,536 2,888 1,832 8,256 1,002,375 1,010,631 1,832 Consumer 24,196 5,187 1,976 31,359 1,187,526 1,218,885 1,976 Total $ 32,580 $ 13,533 $ 11,259 $ 57,372 $ 13,643,002 $ 13,700,374 $ 5,643 December 31, 2021 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 1,195 $ 1,195 $ 1,318 $ 3,708 $ 2,083,391 $ 2,087,099 $ 740 Commercial real estate 631 — — 631 3,638,992 3,639,623 — Construction 162 — — 162 813,807 813,969 — Lease financing — — — — 231,394 231,394 — Residential mortgage 3,030 1,002 5,617 9,649 4,073,718 4,083,367 987 Home equity line 1,538 538 3,681 5,757 870,851 876,608 3,681 Consumer 16,534 3,366 1,800 21,700 1,208,239 1,229,939 1,800 Total $ 23,090 $ 6,101 $ 12,416 $ 41,607 $ 12,920,392 $ 12,961,999 $ 7,208 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no ACL as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: September 30, 2022 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ 665 $ 1,528 Commercial real estate 727 727 Residential mortgage 1,579 6,028 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 2,971 $ 8,283 December 31, 2021 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ — $ 718 Commercial real estate 727 727 Residential mortgage 1,192 5,637 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 1,919 $ 7,082 For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized interest income of $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans were $7.7 million and $7.5 million, respectively. As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property. As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis. Modifications Commercial and industrial loans modified in a TDR may involve temporary inter |