Allowance for Credit Losses | 4. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company maintains the ACL that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate appropriateness of the ACL is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control, including the performance of our loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classifications. The Company’s methodology is more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled. Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 14,038 $ 40,311 $ 6,473 $ 1,481 $ 34,320 $ 9,341 $ 41,158 $ 147,122 Charge-offs (997) — — — — (137) (4,516) (5,650) Recoveries 292 — — — 30 59 1,728 2,109 Provision 477 (424) 3,398 (34) (1,547) 2,543 587 5,000 Balance at end of period $ 13,810 $ 39,887 $ 9,871 $ 1,447 $ 32,803 $ 11,806 $ 38,957 $ 148,581 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 14,564 $ 43,810 $ 5,843 $ 1,551 $ 35,175 $ 8,296 $ 34,661 $ 143,900 Charge-offs (1,788) — — — (122) (272) (9,298) (11,480) Recoveries 538 — — — 57 236 3,894 4,725 Provision 496 (3,923) 4,028 (104) (2,307) 3,546 9,700 11,436 Balance at end of period $ 13,810 $ 39,887 $ 9,871 $ 1,447 $ 32,803 $ 11,806 $ 38,957 $ 148,581 Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 19,160 $ 45,238 $ 8,908 $ 1,362 $ 30,888 $ 5,084 $ 39,640 $ 150,280 Charge-offs (243) — — — — (1,120) (3,659) (5,022) Recoveries 301 — — 60 192 191 1,940 2,684 Provision (3,294) (512) (3,541) (24) 2,555 579 5,237 1,000 Balance at end of period $ 15,924 $ 44,726 $ 5,367 $ 1,398 $ 33,635 $ 4,734 $ 43,158 $ 148,942 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 20,080 $ 42,951 $ 9,773 $ 1,659 $ 34,364 $ 5,642 $ 42,793 $ 157,262 Charge-offs (949) — — — — (1,163) (7,768) (9,880) Recoveries 354 14 — 60 208 219 4,088 4,943 Provision (3,561) 1,761 (4,406) (321) (937) 36 4,045 (3,383) Balance at end of period $ 15,924 $ 44,726 $ 5,367 $ 1,398 $ 33,635 $ 4,734 $ 43,158 $ 148,942 Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 7,153 $ 1,692 $ 8,952 $ — $ 17 $ 18,336 $ 49 $ 36,199 Provision (799) 299 837 — 2 (321) (18) — Balance at end of period $ 6,354 $ 1,991 $ 9,789 $ — $ 19 $ 18,015 $ 31 $ 36,199 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 7,811 $ 2,004 $ 7,470 $ — $ 30 $ 16,483 $ 37 $ 33,835 Provision (1,457) (13) 2,319 — (11) 1,532 (6) 2,364 Balance at end of period $ 6,354 $ 1,991 $ 9,789 $ — $ 19 $ 18,015 $ 31 $ 36,199 Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 9,308 $ 1,789 $ 8,046 $ — $ 3 $ 9,766 $ 46 $ 28,958 Provision (1,668) 1,961 (1,962) — 29 1,657 (17) — Balance at end of period $ 7,640 $ 3,750 $ 6,084 $ — $ 32 $ 11,423 $ 29 $ 28,958 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 8,615 $ 2,114 $ 8,963 $ — $ 15 $ 10,546 $ 69 $ 30,322 Provision (975) 1,636 (2,879) — 17 877 (40) (1,364) Balance at end of period $ 7,640 $ 3,750 $ 6,084 $ — $ 32 $ 11,423 $ 29 $ 28,958 Credit Quality Information The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses. Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk. An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment. Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Loss Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of June 30, 2023 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 33,877 $ 299,913 $ 385,159 $ 38,769 $ 157,794 $ 165,747 $ 952,182 $ 15,003 $ 2,048,444 Special Mention 103 31,193 154 849 2,397 1,481 2,967 186 39,330 Substandard 352 563 260 936 819 1,100 12,539 17 16,586 Other (1) 11,743 13,284 6,301 3,275 2,644 1,668 44,556 — 83,471 Total Commercial and Industrial 46,075 344,953 391,874 43,829 163,654 169,996 1,012,244 15,206 2,187,831 Current period gross charge-offs $ 72 $ 60 $ 9 $ 28 $ 92 $ 1,527 $ — $ — $ 1,788 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 212,159 876,558 655,847 333,142 564,881 1,499,805 72,447 — 4,214,839 Special Mention 1,737 156 — 547 6,983 12,389 12,952 — 34,764 Substandard — 5,141 — 171 — 35,883 2 — 41,197 Other (1) — — — — — 148 — — 148 Total Commercial Real Estate 213,896 881,855 655,847 333,860 571,864 1,548,225 85,401 — 4,290,948 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Construction Risk rating: Pass 77,826 182,679 365,959 76,728 61,906 82,554 6,562 — 854,214 Special Mention — — — — 205 — — — 205 Other (1) 6,601 26,882 15,766 3,261 2,136 4,067 705 — 59,418 Total Construction 84,427 209,561 381,725 79,989 64,247 86,621 7,267 — 913,837 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 69,487 94,276 21,167 39,215 35,964 70,312 — — 330,421 Special Mention — — 365 60 — — — — 425 Substandard — — — 171 7 1,376 — — 1,554 Total Lease Financing 69,487 94,276 21,532 39,446 35,971 71,688 — — 332,400 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Total Commercial Lending $ 413,885 $ 1,530,645 $ 1,450,978 $ 497,124 $ 835,736 $ 1,876,530 $ 1,104,912 $ 15,206 $ 7,725,016 Current period gross charge-offs $ 72 $ 60 $ 9 $ 28 $ 92 $ 1,527 $ — $ — $ 1,788 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 138,593 $ 530,776 $ 1,030,287 $ 544,330 $ 236,821 $ 1,036,361 $ — $ — $ 3,517,168 680 - 739 25,500 81,562 117,701 74,446 34,186 135,766 — — 469,161 620 - 679 2,468 11,212 16,463 10,747 5,743 38,132 — — 84,765 550 - 619 — 3,383 4,058 2,471 254 12,362 — — 22,528 Less than 550 — 197 2,372 1,581 51 5,403 — — 9,604 No Score (3) 6,075 19,497 12,552 6,378 9,837 56,201 — — 110,540 Other (2) 9,916 18,075 17,857 12,952 8,915 28,438 7,618 — 103,771 Total Residential Mortgage 182,552 664,702 1,201,290 652,905 295,807 1,312,663 7,618 — 4,317,537 Current period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 122 $ — $ — $ 122 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 930,741 1,668 932,409 680 - 739 — — — — — — 151,418 2,449 153,867 620 - 679 — — — — — — 32,897 1,376 34,273 550 - 619 — — — — — — 9,428 1,448 10,876 Less than 550 — — — — — — 5,127 312 5,439 No Score (3) — — — — — — 1,299 — 1,299 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 1,130,910 7,253 1,138,163 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — 254 18 272 Total Residential Lending $ 182,552 $ 664,702 $ 1,201,290 $ 652,905 $ 295,807 $ 1,312,663 $ 1,138,528 $ 7,253 $ 5,455,700 Current period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 122 $ 254 $ 18 $ 394 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 70,561 153,960 93,788 45,022 34,093 19,410 117,437 140 534,411 680 - 739 44,064 84,900 49,136 23,895 19,424 11,352 72,327 431 305,529 620 - 679 14,643 37,576 19,488 9,771 11,007 8,482 33,692 941 135,600 550 - 619 2,255 10,974 8,135 5,608 6,314 5,207 11,730 748 50,971 Less than 550 418 4,358 4,478 2,695 2,975 2,765 4,247 560 22,496 No Score (3) 1,425 586 2 — 6 17 39,035 167 41,238 Other (2) 36 1,208 3,536 343 1,113 1 85,634 — 91,871 Total Consumer Lending $ 133,402 $ 293,562 $ 178,563 $ 87,334 $ 74,932 $ 47,234 $ 364,102 $ 2,987 $ 1,182,116 Current period gross charge-offs $ 58 $ 1,244 $ 1,260 $ 630 $ 1,239 $ 1,388 $ 3,131 $ 348 $ 9,298 Total Loans and Leases $ 729,839 $ 2,488,909 $ 2,830,831 $ 1,237,363 $ 1,206,475 $ 3,236,427 $ 2,607,542 $ 25,446 $ 14,362,832 Current period gross charge-offs $ 130 $ 1,304 $ 1,269 $ 658 $ 1,331 $ 3,037 $ 3,385 $ 366 $ 11,480 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2022 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 359,881 $ 422,567 $ 54,656 $ 170,222 $ 51,476 $ 137,257 $ 894,384 $ 15,715 $ 2,106,158 Special Mention 2,059 240 1,371 2,643 184 1,431 22,897 378 31,203 Substandard 625 289 1,117 1,092 668 885 14,733 65 19,474 Other (1) 17,679 7,721 4,329 3,965 1,881 1,167 42,320 — 79,062 Total Commercial and Industrial 380,244 430,817 61,473 177,922 54,209 140,740 974,334 16,158 2,235,897 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 889,583 695,882 319,838 565,587 395,474 1,173,163 48,081 — 4,087,608 Special Mention 170 — 555 14,878 512 11,398 675 — 28,188 Substandard — — 173 — 1,704 14,485 — — 16,362 Other (1) — — — — — 151 — — 151 Total Commercial Real Estate 889,753 695,882 320,566 580,465 397,690 1,199,197 48,756 — 4,132,309 Construction Risk rating: Pass 124,464 261,536 96,423 97,000 88,973 84,704 25,957 — 779,057 Special Mention — — — 221 — — — — 221 Substandard — — — — 21 490 — — 511 Other (1) 29,694 21,339 4,686 2,201 3,784 2,196 954 — 64,854 Total Construction 154,158 282,875 101,109 99,422 92,778 87,390 26,911 — 844,643 Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 113,563 24,052 43,497 37,502 6,004 67,687 — — 292,305 Special Mention — 411 2,498 1,299 — — — — 4,208 Substandard — — 197 12 11 1,357 — — 1,577 Total Lease Financing 113,563 24,463 46,192 38,813 6,015 69,044 — — 298,090 Total Commercial Lending $ 1,537,718 $ 1,434,037 $ 529,340 $ 896,622 $ 550,692 $ 1,496,371 $ 1,050,001 $ 16,158 $ 7,510,939 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 557,636 $ 1,064,444 $ 560,463 $ 245,241 $ 165,258 $ 920,100 $ — $ — $ 3,513,142 680 - 739 73,929 112,672 82,416 40,355 22,126 130,508 — — 462,006 620 - 679 12,320 13,804 9,881 3,649 3,054 35,441 — — 78,149 550 - 619 2,455 2,246 1,791 263 601 6,955 — — 14,311 Less than 550 — 1,321 367 — 966 5,304 — — 7,958 No Score (3) 22,289 14,671 6,820 10,599 15,921 47,245 — — 117,545 Other (2) 18,970 18,211 15,287 9,201 9,124 29,128 9,202 554 109,677 Total Residential Mortgage 687,599 1,227,369 677,025 309,308 217,050 1,174,681 9,202 554 4,302,788 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 817,123 2,059 819,182 680 - 739 — — — — — — 171,117 2,714 173,831 620 - 679 — — — — — — 45,368 2,100 47,468 550 - 619 — — — — — — 7,485 1,029 8,514 Less than 550 — — — — — — 1,151 481 1,632 No Score (3) — — — — — — 4,724 — 4,724 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 1,046,968 8,383 1,055,351 Total Residential Lending 687,599 1,227,369 677,025 309,308 217,050 1,174,681 1,056,170 8,937 5,358,139 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 200,887 111,047 53,534 43,912 24,951 8,432 125,126 185 568,074 680 - 739 99,787 67,140 37,260 31,751 15,874 7,665 72,101 514 332,092 620 - 679 25,949 29,587 14,226 16,872 9,672 6,488 31,854 937 135,585 550 - 619 3,017 5,475 5,226 8,056 5,396 3,924 11,269 854 43,217 Less than 550 656 1,351 2,286 3,779 1,869 1,593 3,541 443 15,518 No Score (3) 3,205 258 — 51 24 29 38,805 227 42,599 Other (2) 1,615 4,082 353 1,368 — — 78,430 1 85,849 Total Consumer Lending 335,116 218,940 112,885 105,789 57,786 28,131 361,126 3,161 1,222,934 Total Loans and Leases $ 2,560,433 $ 2,880,346 $ 1,319,250 $ 1,311,719 $ 825,528 $ 2,699,183 $ 2,467,297 $ 28,256 $ 14,092,012 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Past-Due Status The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows: June 30, 2023 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 1,318 $ 899 $ 1,606 $ 3,823 $ 2,184,008 $ 2,187,831 $ 599 Commercial real estate — 3,278 619 3,897 4,287,051 4,290,948 619 Construction — — — — 913,837 913,837 — Lease financing — — — — 332,400 332,400 — Residential mortgage 2,662 4,531 3,524 10,717 4,306,820 4,317,537 58 Home equity line 3,843 404 3,103 7,350 1,130,813 1,138,163 — Consumer 19,897 3,933 1,975 25,805 1,156,311 1,182,116 1,975 Total $ 27,720 $ 13,045 $ 10,827 $ 51,592 $ 14,311,240 $ 14,362,832 $ 3,251 December 31, 2022 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 2,682 $ 769 $ 1,441 $ 4,892 $ 2,231,005 $ 2,235,897 $ 291 Commercial real estate 4,505 — 727 5,232 4,127,077 4,132,309 — Construction 109 — — 109 844,534 844,643 — Lease financing — — — — 298,090 298,090 — Residential mortgage 3,681 1,983 2,572 8,236 4,294,552 4,302,788 58 Home equity line 5,161 1,381 2,072 8,614 1,046,737 1,055,351 — Consumer 29,927 6,801 2,886 39,614 1,183,320 1,222,934 2,885 Total $ 46,065 $ 10,934 $ 9,698 $ 66,697 $ 14,025,315 $ 14,092,012 $ 3,234 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no ACL as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows: June 30, 2023 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ 523 $ 1,024 Residential mortgage 1,549 6,097 Home equity line 596 6,107 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 2,668 $ 13,228 December 31, 2022 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ 665 $ 1,215 Commercial real estate 727 727 Residential mortgage 1,560 6,166 Home equity line 596 3,797 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 3,548 $ 11,905 For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases, and for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans were $7.3 million and $8.2 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property. As of both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis. Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty The Company adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures Commercial and industrial loans with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty may be modified through interest rate redu |