Allowance for Credit Losses | 4. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company maintains the ACL that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate appropriateness of the ACL is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control, including the performance of our loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classifications. The Company’s methodology is more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled. Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 13,810 $ 39,887 $ 9,871 $ 1,447 $ 32,803 $ 11,806 $ 38,957 $ 148,581 Charge-offs (784) — — — — — (3,665) (4,449) Recoveries 2,637 — — — 53 303 1,746 4,739 Provision (1,963) 3,911 333 263 4,143 (682) (81) 5,924 Balance at end of period $ 13,700 $ 43,798 $ 10,204 $ 1,710 $ 36,999 $ 11,427 $ 36,957 $ 154,795 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 14,564 $ 43,810 $ 5,843 $ 1,551 $ 35,175 $ 8,296 $ 34,661 $ 143,900 Charge-offs (2,572) — — — (122) (272) (12,963) (15,929) Recoveries 3,175 — — — 110 539 5,640 9,464 Provision (1,467) (12) 4,361 159 1,836 2,864 9,619 17,360 Balance at end of period $ 13,700 43,798 $ 10,204 $ 1,710 $ 36,999 $ 11,427 $ 36,957 $ 154,795 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 15,924 $ 44,726 $ 5,367 $ 1,398 $ 33,635 $ 4,734 $ 43,158 $ 148,942 Charge-offs (328) (750) — — (1) — (3,986) (5,065) Recoveries 240 — — — 37 356 1,653 2,286 Provision (703) 416 (643) 235 248 164 2,283 2,000 Balance at end of period $ 15,133 $ 44,392 $ 4,724 $ 1,633 $ 33,919 $ 5,254 $ 43,108 $ 148,163 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Allowance for credit losses: Balance at beginning of period $ 20,080 $ 42,951 $ 9,773 $ 1,659 $ 34,364 $ 5,642 $ 42,793 $ 157,262 Charge-offs (1,277) (750) — — (1) (1,163) (11,754) (14,945) Recoveries 594 14 — 60 245 575 5,741 7,229 Provision (4,264) 2,177 (5,049) (86) (689) 200 6,328 (1,383) Balance at end of period $ 15,133 $ 44,392 $ 4,724 $ 1,633 $ 33,919 $ 5,254 $ 43,108 $ 148,163 Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 6,354 $ 1,991 $ 9,789 $ — $ 19 $ 18,015 $ 31 $ 36,199 Provision 3,577 (129) (382) — (6) (1,475) (9) 1,576 Balance at end of period $ 9,931 $ 1,862 $ 9,407 $ — $ 13 $ 16,540 $ 22 $ 37,775 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 7,811 $ 2,004 $ 7,470 $ — $ 30 $ 16,483 $ 37 $ 33,835 Provision 2,120 (142) 1,937 — (17) 57 (15) 3,940 Balance at end of period $ 9,931 $ 1,862 $ 9,407 $ — $ 13 $ 16,540 $ 22 $ 37,775 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 7,640 $ 3,750 $ 6,084 $ — $ 32 $ 11,423 $ 29 $ 28,958 Provision 478 (1,397) 630 — (4) 1,473 3 1,183 Balance at end of period $ 8,118 $ 2,353 $ 6,714 $ — $ 28 $ 12,896 $ 32 $ 30,141 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Lending Residential Lending Commercial Commercial Home and Real Lease Residential Equity (dollars in thousands) Industrial Estate Construction Financing Mortgage Line Consumer Total Reserve for unfunded commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 8,615 $ 2,114 $ 8,963 $ — $ 15 $ 10,546 $ 69 $ 30,322 Provision (497) 239 (2,249) — 13 2,350 (37) (181) Balance at end of period $ 8,118 $ 2,353 $ 6,714 $ — $ 28 $ 12,896 $ 32 $ 30,141 Credit Quality Information The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses. Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk. An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment. Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Loss Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of September 30, 2023 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 55,062 $ 294,558 $ 368,460 $ 35,603 $ 150,195 $ 147,197 $ 906,094 $ 3,427 $ 1,960,596 Special Mention 1 31,427 95 730 1,125 1,569 2,677 87 37,711 Substandard 217 532 245 847 1,839 1,034 13,947 — 18,661 Other (1) 13,438 12,424 5,575 2,856 2,226 1,513 46,442 — 84,474 Total Commercial and Industrial 68,718 338,941 374,375 40,036 155,385 151,313 969,160 3,514 2,101,442 Current period gross charge-offs $ 130 $ 69 $ 74 $ 28 $ 108 $ 2,163 $ — $ — $ 2,572 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 288,996 881,117 665,048 329,663 559,287 1,508,430 60,613 — 4,293,154 Special Mention 2,322 7,643 41,304 543 6,935 13,039 12,483 — 84,269 Substandard — 5,110 2,004 170 — 2,599 300 — 10,183 Other (1) — — — — — 145 — — 145 Total Commercial Real Estate 291,318 893,870 708,356 330,376 566,222 1,524,213 73,396 — 4,387,751 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Construction Risk rating: Pass 129,160 209,227 335,433 59,164 64,168 28,916 3,826 — 829,894 Special Mention — — — — 197 669 — — 866 Other (1) 10,194 24,825 10,313 2,260 2,115 3,932 713 — 54,352 Total Construction 139,354 234,052 345,746 61,424 66,480 33,517 4,539 — 885,112 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 83,255 88,367 19,869 35,583 34,828 69,043 — — 330,945 Special Mention — — 341 38 — — — — 379 Substandard 747 440 — — 4 — — — 1,191 Total Lease Financing 84,002 88,807 20,210 35,621 34,832 69,043 — — 332,515 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Total Commercial Lending $ 583,392 $ 1,555,670 $ 1,448,687 $ 467,457 $ 822,919 $ 1,778,086 $ 1,047,095 $ 3,514 $ 7,706,820 Current period gross charge-offs $ 130 $ 69 $ 74 $ 28 $ 108 $ 2,163 $ — $ — $ 2,572 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 195,053 $ 527,072 $ 1,018,441 $ 536,878 $ 231,038 $ 1,012,924 $ — $ — $ 3,521,406 680 - 739 29,006 78,642 116,247 73,209 32,906 131,547 — — 461,557 620 - 679 2,847 11,153 15,830 10,678 5,705 36,289 — — 82,502 550 - 619 269 3,343 4,037 2,458 249 11,724 — — 22,080 Less than 550 — 196 2,362 1,573 50 5,373 — — 9,554 No Score (3) 5,589 19,402 11,729 6,343 9,757 53,515 — — 106,335 Other (2) 10,518 17,079 17,682 12,840 8,733 26,171 7,467 — 100,490 Total Residential Mortgage 243,282 656,887 1,186,328 643,979 288,438 1,277,543 7,467 — 4,303,924 Current period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 122 $ — $ — $ 122 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 961,974 1,503 963,477 680 - 739 — — — — — — 148,629 2,382 151,011 620 - 679 — — — — — — 34,333 1,326 35,659 550 - 619 — — — — — — 9,099 948 10,047 Less than 550 — — — — — — 5,257 264 5,521 No Score (3) — — — — — — 1,673 — 1,673 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 1,160,965 6,423 1,167,388 Current period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 254 $ 18 $ 272 Total Residential Lending $ 243,282 $ 656,887 $ 1,186,328 $ 643,979 $ 288,438 $ 1,277,543 $ 1,168,432 $ 6,423 $ 5,471,312 Current period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 122 $ 254 $ 18 $ 394 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 85,839 139,753 84,741 39,390 27,790 13,589 116,342 153 507,597 680 - 739 60,184 79,628 43,948 20,531 16,192 8,577 74,428 416 303,904 620 - 679 21,797 32,632 18,094 8,650 9,214 6,191 33,543 892 131,013 550 - 619 3,745 10,422 7,898 4,953 5,597 4,069 12,456 684 49,824 Less than 550 774 5,629 4,519 3,175 3,048 2,459 4,567 560 24,731 No Score (3) 1,455 297 — — 5 13 41,852 150 43,772 Other (2) — 1,188 1,007 340 1,086 1 89,740 — 93,362 Total Consumer Lending $ 173,794 $ 269,549 $ 160,207 $ 77,039 $ 62,932 $ 34,899 $ 372,928 $ 2,855 $ 1,154,203 Current period gross charge-offs $ 152 $ 1,710 $ 1,723 $ 880 $ 1,500 $ 1,995 $ 4,541 $ 462 $ 12,963 Total Loans and Leases $ 1,000,468 $ 2,482,106 $ 2,795,222 $ 1,188,475 $ 1,174,289 $ 3,090,528 $ 2,588,455 $ 12,792 $ 14,332,335 Current period gross charge-offs $ 282 $ 1,779 $ 1,797 $ 908 $ 1,608 $ 4,280 $ 4,795 $ 480 $ 15,929 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2022 was as follows: Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Commercial Lending Commercial and Industrial Risk rating: Pass $ 359,881 $ 422,567 $ 54,656 $ 170,222 $ 51,476 $ 137,257 $ 894,384 $ 15,715 $ 2,106,158 Special Mention 2,059 240 1,371 2,643 184 1,431 22,897 378 31,203 Substandard 625 289 1,117 1,092 668 885 14,733 65 19,474 Other (1) 17,679 7,721 4,329 3,965 1,881 1,167 42,320 — 79,062 Total Commercial and Industrial 380,244 430,817 61,473 177,922 54,209 140,740 974,334 16,158 2,235,897 Commercial Real Estate Risk rating: Pass 889,583 695,882 319,838 565,587 395,474 1,173,163 48,081 — 4,087,608 Special Mention 170 — 555 14,878 512 11,398 675 — 28,188 Substandard — — 173 — 1,704 14,485 — — 16,362 Other (1) — — — — — 151 — — 151 Total Commercial Real Estate 889,753 695,882 320,566 580,465 397,690 1,199,197 48,756 — 4,132,309 Construction Risk rating: Pass 124,464 261,536 96,423 97,000 88,973 84,704 25,957 — 779,057 Special Mention — — — 221 — — — — 221 Substandard — — — — 21 490 — — 511 Other (1) 29,694 21,339 4,686 2,201 3,784 2,196 954 — 64,854 Total Construction 154,158 282,875 101,109 99,422 92,778 87,390 26,911 — 844,643 Lease Financing Risk rating: Pass 113,563 24,052 43,497 37,502 6,004 67,687 — — 292,305 Special Mention — 411 2,498 1,299 — — — — 4,208 Substandard — — 197 12 11 1,357 — — 1,577 Total Lease Financing 113,563 24,463 46,192 38,813 6,015 69,044 — — 298,090 Total Commercial Lending $ 1,537,718 $ 1,434,037 $ 529,340 $ 896,622 $ 550,692 $ 1,496,371 $ 1,050,001 $ 16,158 $ 7,510,939 (continued) Revolving Loans Converted Term Loans Revolving to Term Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Loans Loans (continued) Amortized Amortized (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Cost Basis Cost Basis Total Residential Lending Residential Mortgage FICO: 740 and greater $ 557,636 $ 1,064,444 $ 560,463 $ 245,241 $ 165,258 $ 920,100 $ — $ — $ 3,513,142 680 - 739 73,929 112,672 82,416 40,355 22,126 130,508 — — 462,006 620 - 679 12,320 13,804 9,881 3,649 3,054 35,441 — — 78,149 550 - 619 2,455 2,246 1,791 263 601 6,955 — — 14,311 Less than 550 — 1,321 367 — 966 5,304 — — 7,958 No Score (3) 22,289 14,671 6,820 10,599 15,921 47,245 — — 117,545 Other (2) 18,970 18,211 15,287 9,201 9,124 29,128 9,202 554 109,677 Total Residential Mortgage 687,599 1,227,369 677,025 309,308 217,050 1,174,681 9,202 554 4,302,788 Home Equity Line FICO: 740 and greater — — — — — — 817,123 2,059 819,182 680 - 739 — — — — — — 171,117 2,714 173,831 620 - 679 — — — — — — 45,368 2,100 47,468 550 - 619 — — — — — — 7,485 1,029 8,514 Less than 550 — — — — — — 1,151 481 1,632 No Score (3) — — — — — — 4,724 — 4,724 Total Home Equity Line — — — — — — 1,046,968 8,383 1,055,351 Total Residential Lending 687,599 1,227,369 677,025 309,308 217,050 1,174,681 1,056,170 8,937 5,358,139 Consumer Lending FICO: 740 and greater 200,887 111,047 53,534 43,912 24,951 8,432 125,126 185 568,074 680 - 739 99,787 67,140 37,260 31,751 15,874 7,665 72,101 514 332,092 620 - 679 25,949 29,587 14,226 16,872 9,672 6,488 31,854 937 135,585 550 - 619 3,017 5,475 5,226 8,056 5,396 3,924 11,269 854 43,217 Less than 550 656 1,351 2,286 3,779 1,869 1,593 3,541 443 15,518 No Score (3) 3,205 258 — 51 24 29 38,805 227 42,599 Other (2) 1,615 4,082 353 1,368 — — 78,430 1 85,849 Total Consumer Lending 335,116 218,940 112,885 105,789 57,786 28,131 361,126 3,161 1,222,934 Total Loans and Leases $ 2,560,433 $ 2,880,346 $ 1,319,250 $ 1,311,719 $ 825,528 $ 2,699,183 $ 2,467,297 $ 28,256 $ 14,092,012 (1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score. (2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating. (3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance. There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Past-Due Status The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows: September 30, 2023 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 3,989 $ 673 $ 1,277 $ 5,939 $ 2,095,503 $ 2,101,442 $ 289 Commercial real estate — 300 170 470 4,387,281 4,387,751 170 Construction — — — — 885,112 885,112 — Lease financing — — — — 332,515 332,515 — Residential mortgage 3,239 — 6,575 9,814 4,294,110 4,303,924 1,430 Home equity line 6,741 938 3,320 10,999 1,156,389 1,167,388 — Consumer 20,327 3,967 1,681 25,975 1,128,228 1,154,203 1,681 Total $ 34,296 $ 5,878 $ 13,023 $ 53,197 $ 14,279,138 $ 14,332,335 $ 3,570 December 31, 2022 Past Due Loans and Greater Leases Past Than or Due 90 Days 30-59 60-89 Equal to or More and Days Days 90 Days Total Total Loans Still Accruing (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current and Leases Interest Commercial and industrial $ 2,682 $ 769 $ 1,441 $ 4,892 $ 2,231,005 $ 2,235,897 $ 291 Commercial real estate 4,505 — 727 5,232 4,127,077 4,132,309 — Construction 109 — — 109 844,534 844,643 — Lease financing — — — — 298,090 298,090 — Residential mortgage 3,681 1,983 2,572 8,236 4,294,552 4,302,788 58 Home equity line 5,161 1,381 2,072 8,614 1,046,737 1,055,351 — Consumer 29,927 6,801 2,886 39,614 1,183,320 1,222,934 2,885 Total $ 46,065 $ 10,934 $ 9,698 $ 66,697 $ 14,025,315 $ 14,092,012 $ 3,234 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no ACL as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows: September 30, 2023 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ 503 $ 988 Residential mortgage 2,674 7,435 Home equity line 596 6,200 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 3,773 $ 14,623 December 31, 2022 Nonaccrual Loans and Leases With No Nonaccrual Allowance Loans (dollars in thousands) for Credit Losses and Leases Commercial and industrial $ 665 $ 1,215 Commercial real estate 727 727 Residential mortgage 1,560 6,166 Home equity line 596 3,797 Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases $ 3,548 $ 11,905 For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans were $7.5 million and $8.2 million, respectively. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property and the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis. Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty The Company adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures |