Consolidated Investment Products | Consolidated Investment Products Consolidated investment products (“CIPs”) consist of mutual and other investment funds, limited partnerships and similar structures, substantially all of which are sponsored by the Company, and include both voting interest entities and variable interest entities. The Company had 54 and 58 CIPs as of March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017 . The balances related to CIPs included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets were as follows: (in millions) March 31, September 30, Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 181.1 $ 226.4 Receivables 133.6 234.1 Investments, at fair value 3,529.3 3,467.4 Other assets 1.0 0.9 Total Assets $ 3,845.0 $ 3,928.8 Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 67.9 $ 124.1 Debt 34.0 53.4 Other liabilities 11.9 8.7 Total liabilities 113.8 186.2 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests 2,084.4 1,941.9 Stockholders ’ Equity Franklin Resources, Inc.’s interests 1,330.0 1,511.8 Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests 316.8 288.9 Total stockholders’ equity 1,646.8 1,800.7 Total Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders ’ Equity $ 3,845.0 $ 3,928.8 The CIPs did not have a significant impact on net income (loss) attributable to the Company during the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 . The Company has no right to the CIPs’ assets, other than its direct equity investments in them and investment management fees earned from them. The debt holders of the CIPs have no recourse to the Company’s assets beyond the level of its direct investment, therefore the Company bears no other risks associated with the CIPs’ liabilities. Investment products are typically consolidated when the Company makes an initial investment in a newly launched investment entity. They are typically deconsolidated when the Company no longer has a controlling financial interest due to redemptions of its investment or increases in third-party investments. The Company’s investments in these products subsequent to deconsolidation are accounted for as trading or available-for-sale investment securities, or equity method or cost method investments depending on the structure of the product and the Company’s role and level of ownership. Investments Investments of CIPs consisted of the following: (in millions) March 31, September 30, Investment securities, trading $ 3,063.7 $ 3,017.2 Other equity securities 353.9 306.9 Other debt securities 111.7 143.3 Total $ 3,529.3 $ 3,467.4 Investment securities, trading consist of debt and equity securities that are traded in active markets. Other equity securities consist of equity securities of entities in emerging markets and fund products. Other debt securities consist of debt securities of entities in emerging markets. Fair Value Measurements Assets and liabilities of CIPs measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: (in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV as a Practical Expedient Total as of March 31, 2018 Assets Investments Equity securities $ 312.7 $ 266.6 $ 188.4 $ 167.1 $ 934.8 Debt securities 1.3 2,481.0 112.2 — 2,594.5 Total Assets Measured at Fair Value $ 314.0 $ 2,747.6 $ 300.6 $ 167.1 $ 3,529.3 Liabilities Other liabilities $ 0.6 $ 11.3 $ — $ — $ 11.9 (in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV as a Practical Expedient Total as of September 30, 2017 Assets Investments Equity securities $ 331.4 $ 128.1 $ 160.7 $ 155.2 $ 775.4 Debt securities 1.4 2,555.2 135.4 — 2,692.0 Total Assets Measured at Fair Value $ 332.8 $ 2,683.3 $ 296.1 $ 155.2 $ 3,467.4 Liabilities Other liabilities $ 0.4 $ 8.3 $ — $ — $ 8.7 Level 1 assets consist of equity and debt securities for which the fair values are based on quoted market prices. Level 2 assets consist of debt and equity securities for which the fair values are determined using independent third-party broker or dealer price quotes. Level 3 assets consist of equity and debt securities of entities in emerging markets for which the fair values are determined using significant unobservable inputs in either a market-based or income-based approach. The fair value of other liabilities, which consist of short positions in debt and equity securities, is determined based on the fair value of the underlying securities using quoted market prices, or independent third-party broker or dealer price quotes if quoted market prices are not available. Transfers into Level 2 from Level 1 were $3.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 , and related to securities for which the quoted market prices were adjusted as of March 31, 2018 due to significant price changes in U.S.-traded market proxies resulting from global market volatility. The impacted securities trade in 11 different countries in Asia-Pacific, Europe and Latin America. The adjustments were made after the close of the foreign markets and were based on third-party factors derived from model-based valuation techniques for which the significant assumptions were observable in the market. There were no transfers into Level 1 from Level 2 during the six months ended March 31, 2018 , and there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the six months ended March 31, 2017 . There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 during the six months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 . Investments for which fair value was estimated using reported net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient consisted of nonredeemable real estate and private equity funds. These investments are expected to be returned through distributions as a result of liquidations of the funds’ underlying assets over a weighted-average period of 4.0 years and 4.4 years at March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017 . The CIPs’ unfunded commitments to these funds totaled $1.9 million , of which the Company was contractually obligated to fund $0.4 million based on its ownership percentage in the CIPs, at both March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017 . Changes in Level 3 assets were as follows: 2018 2017 (in millions) Equity Debt Total Equity Debt Total for the three months ended March 31, Balance at beginning of period $ 159.6 $ 136.2 $ 295.8 $ 131.6 $ 124.4 $ 256.0 Realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in investment and other income, net 15.6 2.0 17.6 4.2 (14.2 ) (10.0 ) Purchases 11.5 10.5 22.0 4.5 5.6 10.1 Sales — (37.7 ) (37.7 ) — (1.9 ) (1.9 ) Foreign exchange revaluation 1.7 1.2 2.9 0.4 0.5 0.9 Balance at End of Period $ 188.4 $ 112.2 $ 300.6 $ 140.7 $ 114.4 $ 255.1 Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets held at end of period $ 15.4 $ — $ 15.4 $ 4.2 $ (14.3 ) $ (10.1 ) 2018 2017 (in millions) Equity Debt Total Equity Debt Total for the six months ended March 31, Balance at beginning of period $ 160.7 $ 135.4 $ 296.1 $ 160.3 $ 132.3 $ 292.6 Adoption of new accounting guidance — — — (45.4 ) (0.5 ) (45.9 ) Realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in investment and other income, net 17.5 2.1 19.6 0.9 (14.5 ) (13.6 ) Purchases 22.6 10.5 33.1 25.5 7.8 33.3 Sales (14.9 ) (37.7 ) (52.6 ) (0.1 ) (8.3 ) (8.4 ) Foreign exchange revaluation 2.5 1.9 4.4 (0.5 ) (2.4 ) (2.9 ) Balance at End of Period $ 188.4 $ 112.2 $ 300.6 $ 140.7 $ 114.4 $ 255.1 Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets held at end of period $ 16.3 $ 0.1 $ 16.4 $ 0.8 $ (15.0 ) $ (14.2 ) Valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements were as follows: (in millions) as of March 31, 2018 Fair Value Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) Equity securities $ 160.9 Market comparable companies EBITDA multiple 5.0–13.6 (9.1) 27.5 Discounted cash flow Discount rate 5.7%–16.5% (13.5%) Debt securities 77.8 Discounted cash flow Discount rate 5.7%–14.6% (10.0%) 31.1 Comparable trading multiple Price to earnings ratio 10.0 Enterprise value/ 20.9 3.3 Market pricing Private sale pricing $33 per $100 of par (in millions) as of September 30, 2017 Fair Value Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) Equity securities $ 101.9 Market comparable companies EBITDA multiple 5.5–12.3 (9.0) 44.4 Discounted cash flow Discount rate 5.7%–17.9% (14.3%) 14.4 Market pricing Price to earnings ratio 10.0 Debt securities 112.7 Discounted cash flow Discount rate 5.0%–33.0% (9.5%) Risk premium 0.0%–25.0% (8.4%) 22.7 Market pricing Private sale pricing $33–$57 ($52) per $100 of par For securities using the market comparable companies valuation technique, a significant increase (decrease) in the EBITDA multiple in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. For securities using the discounted cash flow valuation technique, a significant increase (decrease) in the discount rate or risk premium in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. For securities using the comparable trading multiple valuation technique, a significant increase (decrease) in the price to earnings ratio or enterprise value/EBITDA multiple in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. For securities using the market pricing valuation technique, a significant increase (decrease) in the private sale pricing or price to earnings ratio in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Financial instruments of CIPs that were not measured at fair value were as follows: (in millions) Fair Value Level March 31, 2018 September 30, 2017 Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Financial Asset Cash and cash equivalents 1 $ 181.1 $ 181.1 $ 226.4 $ 226.4 Financial Liability Debt 3 $ 34.0 $ 33.7 $ 53.4 $ 53.1 Debt Debt of CIPs totaled $34.0 million and $53.4 million at March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017 . The debt had fixed and floating interest rates ranging from 3.07% to 7.13% with a weighted-average effective interest rate of 6.25% at March 31, 2018 , and from 2.84% to 6.75% with a weighted-average effective interest rate of 5.15% at September 30, 2017 . The debt carried at March 31, 2018 matures in fiscal year 2019. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Changes in redeemable noncontrolling interests of CIPs were as follows: (in millions) for the six months ended March 31, 2018 2017 Balance at beginning of period $ 1,941.9 $ 61.1 Adoption of new accounting guidance — 824.7 Net income (loss) 26.7 (3.2 ) Net subscriptions and other 115.8 349.2 Net consolidations — 428.0 Balance at End of Period $ 2,084.4 $ 1,659.8 |