Revenue | REVENUE Performance Obligations. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account for revenue. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation within that contract and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct. Some of our contracts have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple phases of the product life cycle (development, production, maintenance and support). For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin approach, under which we forecast our expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. Contract modifications are routine in the performance of our contracts. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct and, therefore, are accounted for as part of the existing contract. Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time. Revenue from products and services transferred to customers over time accounted for 77% and 78% of our revenue for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 27, 2020 , and 72% and 74% of our revenue for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 29, 2019 , respectively. Substantially all of our revenue in the defense segments is recognized over time, because control is transferred continuously to our customers. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, material, overhead and, when appropriate, G&A expenses. Revenue from goods and services transferred to customers at a point in time accounted for 23% and 22% of our revenue for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 27, 2020 , and 28% and 26% of our revenue for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 29, 2019 , respectively. The majority of our revenue recognized at a point in time is for the manufacture of business-jet aircraft in our Aerospace segment. Revenue on these contracts is recognized when the customer obtains control of the asset, which is generally upon delivery and acceptance by the customer of the fully outfitted aircraft. On September 27, 2020 , we had $81.5 billion of remaining performance obligations, which we also refer to as total backlog. We expect to recognize approximately 45% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue by year-end 2021, an additional 30% by year-end 2023 and the balance thereafter. Contract Estimates. The majority of our revenue is derived from long-term contracts and programs that can span several years. Accounting for long-term contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. For long-term contracts, we estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over the life of the contract. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability; the complexity of the work to be performed; the cost and availability of materials; the performance of subcontractors; and the availability and timing of funding from the customer. The nature of our contracts gives rise to several types of variable consideration, including claims and award and incentive fees. We include in our contract estimates additional revenue for submitted contract modifications or claims against the customer when we believe we have an enforceable right to the modification or claim, the amount can be estimated reliably and its realization is probable. In evaluating these criteria, we consider the contractual/legal basis for the claim, the cause of any additional costs incurred, the reasonableness of those costs and the objective evidence available to support the claim. We include award or incentive fees in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the fee. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. Because of our certainty in estimating these amounts, they are included in the transaction price of our contracts and the associated remaining performance obligations. As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance are recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the period it is identified. The impact of adjustments in contract estimates on our operating earnings can be reflected in either operating costs and expenses or revenue. The aggregate impact of adjustments in contract estimates increased our revenue, operating earnings and diluted earnings per share as follows: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 27, 2020 September 29, 2019 September 27, 2020 September 29, 2019 Revenue $ 126 $ 95 $ 270 $ 263 Operating earnings 84 81 169 220 Diluted earnings per share $ 0.23 $ 0.22 $ 0.46 $ 0.60 No adjustment on any one contract was material to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 27, 2020 , or September 29, 2019 . Revenue by Category. Our portfolio of products and services consists of approximately 11,000 active contracts. The following series of tables presents our revenue disaggregated by several categories. Revenue by major products and services was as follows: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 27, 2020 September 29, 2019 September 27, 2020 September 29, 2019 Aircraft manufacturing and completions $ 1,546 $ 1,972 $ 4,303 $ 5,304 Aircraft services 429 523 1,337 1,567 Total Aerospace 1,975 2,495 5,640 6,871 Military vehicles 1,179 1,137 3,428 3,361 Weapons systems, armament and munitions 496 474 1,444 1,336 Engineering and other services 126 129 391 338 Total Combat Systems 1,801 1,740 5,263 5,035 IT services 2,029 2,071 5,901 6,398 Total Information Technology 2,029 2,071 5,901 6,398 C4ISR solutions 1,221 1,220 3,518 3,655 Total Mission Systems 1,221 1,220 3,518 3,655 Nuclear-powered submarines 1,704 1,567 4,972 4,482 Surface ships 461 402 1,433 1,376 Repair and other services 240 266 717 760 Total Marine Systems 2,405 2,235 7,122 6,618 Total revenue $ 9,431 $ 9,761 $ 27,444 $ 28,577 Revenue by contract type was as follows: Three Months Ended September 27, 2020 Aerospace Combat Systems Information Technology Mission Systems Marine Systems Total Revenue Fixed-price $ 1,821 $ 1,552 $ 806 $ 694 $ 1,641 $ 6,514 Cost-reimbursement — 231 846 478 763 2,318 Time-and-materials 154 18 377 49 1 599 Total revenue $ 1,975 $ 1,801 $ 2,029 $ 1,221 $ 2,405 $ 9,431 Three Months Ended September 29, 2019 Fixed-price $ 2,306 $ 1,501 $ 824 $ 719 $ 1,517 $ 6,867 Cost-reimbursement — 230 838 458 716 2,242 Time-and-materials 189 9 409 43 2 652 Total revenue $ 2,495 $ 1,740 $ 2,071 $ 1,220 $ 2,235 $ 9,761 Nine Months Ended September 27, 2020 Aerospace Combat Systems Information Technology Mission Systems Marine Systems Total Revenue Fixed-price $ 5,148 $ 4,524 $ 2,317 $ 1,976 $ 4,926 $ 18,891 Cost-reimbursement — 690 2,539 1,403 2,188 6,820 Time-and-materials 492 49 1,045 139 8 1,733 Total revenue $ 5,640 $ 5,263 $ 5,901 $ 3,518 $ 7,122 $ 27,444 Nine Months Ended September 29, 2019 Fixed-price $ 6,271 $ 4,344 $ 2,620 $ 2,122 $ 4,508 $ 19,865 Cost-reimbursement — 662 2,537 1,405 2,101 6,705 Time-and-materials 600 29 1,241 128 9 2,007 Total revenue $ 6,871 $ 5,035 $ 6,398 $ 3,655 $ 6,618 $ 28,577 Our segments operate under fixed-price, cost-reimbursement and time-and-materials contracts. Our production contracts are primarily fixed-price. Under these contracts, we agree to perform a specific scope of work for a fixed amount. Contracts for research, engineering, repair and maintenance, and other services are typically cost-reimbursement or time-and-materials. Under cost-reimbursement contracts, the customer reimburses contract costs incurred and pays a fixed, incentive or award-based fee. These fees are determined by our ability to achieve targets set in the contract, such as cost, quality, schedule and performance. Under time-and-materials contracts, the customer pays a fixed hourly rate for direct labor and generally reimburses us for the cost of materials. Each of these contract types presents advantages and disadvantages. Typically, we assume more risk with fixed-price contracts. However, these types of contracts offer additional profits when we complete the work for less than originally estimated. Cost-reimbursement contracts generally subject us to lower risk. Accordingly, the associated base fees are usually lower than fees earned on fixed-price contracts. Under time-and-materials contracts, our profit may vary if actual labor-hour rates vary significantly from the negotiated rates. Also, because these contracts can provide little or no fee for managing material costs, the content mix can impact profitability. Revenue by customer was as follows: Three Months Ended September 27, 2020 Aerospace Combat Systems Information Technology Mission Systems Marine Systems Total Revenue U.S. government: DoD $ 41 $ 942 $ 882 $ 941 $ 2,333 $ 5,139 Non-DoD — 3 1,088 112 1 1,204 Foreign Military Sales (FMS) 23 87 3 5 51 169 Total U.S. government 64 1,032 1,973 1,058 2,385 6,512 U.S. commercial 1,123 76 51 13 17 1,280 Non-U.S. government 59 678 5 134 2 878 Non-U.S. commercial 729 15 — 16 1 761 Total revenue $ 1,975 $ 1,801 $ 2,029 $ 1,221 $ 2,405 $ 9,431 Three Months Ended September 29, 2019 U.S. government: DoD $ 87 $ 931 $ 875 $ 861 $ 2,157 $ 4,911 Non-DoD — 3 1,141 135 — 1,279 FMS 18 58 3 12 43 134 Total U.S. government 105 992 2,019 1,008 2,200 6,324 U.S. commercial 1,365 62 52 33 31 1,543 Non-U.S. government 77 663 — 145 3 888 Non-U.S. commercial 948 23 — 34 1 1,006 Total revenue $ 2,495 $ 1,740 $ 2,071 $ 1,220 $ 2,235 $ 9,761 Nine Months Ended September 27, 2020 Aerospace Combat Systems Information Technology Mission Systems Marine Systems Total Revenue U.S. government: DoD $ 254 $ 2,760 $ 2,556 $ 2,599 $ 6,882 $ 15,051 Non-DoD — 9 3,196 335 3 3,543 FMS 93 275 11 23 151 553 Total U.S. government 347 3,044 5,763 2,957 7,036 19,147 U.S. commercial 2,935 217 138 73 77 3,440 Non-U.S. government 133 1,959 — 403 7 2,502 Non-U.S. commercial 2,225 43 — 85 2 2,355 Total revenue $ 5,640 $ 5,263 $ 5,901 $ 3,518 $ 7,122 $ 27,444 Nine Months Ended September 29, 2019 U.S. government: DoD $ 262 $ 2,634 $ 2,725 $ 2,529 $ 6,375 $ 14,525 Non-DoD — 9 3,511 403 1 3,924 FMS 47 227 12 33 134 453 Total U.S. government 309 2,870 6,248 2,965 6,510 18,902 U.S. commercial 3,820 171 137 107 97 4,332 Non-U.S. government 284 1,951 13 492 7 2,747 Non-U.S. commercial 2,458 43 — 91 4 2,596 Total revenue $ 6,871 $ 5,035 $ 6,398 $ 3,655 $ 6,618 $ 28,577 Contract Balances. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In our defense segments, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. However, we sometimes receive advances or deposits from our customers, particularly on our international contracts, before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. In our Aerospace segment, we generally receive deposits from customers upon contract execution and upon achievement of contractual milestones. These deposits are liquidated when revenue is recognized. Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the nine-month period ended September 27, 2020 , were not materially impacted by any other factors. Revenue recognized for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 27, 2020 , and September 29, 2019 , that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each year was $767 and $3.2 billion , and $1.1 billion and $4 billion , respectively. This revenue represented primarily the sale of business-jet aircraft. |