Exhibit 99.1
Explanatory Note
During the first quarter of 2015, we realigned certain of our businesses among our reportable segments to correspond with internal management reporting changes and renamed our Employer Group segment to the Group segment. Our three reportable segments remain Retail, Group and Healthcare Services. The more significant realignments included reclassifying Medicare benefits offered to groups to the Retail segment from the Group segment, bringing all of our Medicare offerings, which are now managed collectively, together in one segment, recognizing that in some instances we market directly to individuals that are part of a group Medicare account. In addition, we realigned our military services business, primarily consisting of our TRICARE South Region contract previously included in the Other Business category, to our Group segment as we consider this contract with the government to be a group account. "Item 1. Business" set forth in this Exhibit 99.1 has been revised from the "Item 1. Business" included in Part 1 to Humana's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 (which we refer to as the "2014 Form 10-K") to reflect retrospective application of the new reporting structure and reclassified historical results to conform to the new presentation. Revisions are highlighted in blue font. "Item 1. Business" set forth below has not been revised to reflect events or developments subsequent to February 18, 2015, the date that Humana filed the 2014 Form 10-K. For a discussion of events and developments subsequent to the filing date of the 2014 Form 10-K, please refer to the reports and other information Humana has filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission since that date, including Humana's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2015 and June 30, 2015.
Forward-Looking Statements
Some of the statements under “Business,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere in this report may contain forward-looking statements which reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are made within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and we are including this statement for purposes of complying with these safe harbor provisions. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events, trends and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including the information discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this report. In making these statements, we are not undertaking to address or update them in future filings or communications regarding our business or results. Our business is highly complicated, regulated and competitive with many different factors affecting results.
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS WITH RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION OF SEGMENTS
General
Headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, Humana Inc. and its subsidiaries, referred to throughout this document as “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “Humana,” is a leading health and well-being company focused on making it easy for people to achieve their best health with clinical excellence through coordinated care. Our strategy integrates care delivery, the member experience, and clinical and consumer insights to encourage engagement, behavior change, proactive clinical outreach and wellness for the millions of people we serve across the country. As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately 13.8 million members in our medical benefit plans, as well as approximately 7.7 million members in our specialty products. During 2014, 73% of our total premiums and services revenue were derived from contracts with the federal government, including 15% derived from our individual Medicare Advantage contracts in Florida with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, under which we provide health insurance coverage to approximately 542,400 members as of December 31, 2014.
Humana Inc. was organized as a Delaware corporation in 1964. Our principal executive offices are located at 500 West Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, the telephone number at that address is (502) 580-1000, and our website address is www.humana.com. We have made available free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our web site our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or 2014 Form 10-K, contains both historical and forward-looking information. See Item 1A. – Risk Factors in this 2014 Form 10-K for a description of a number of factors that may adversely affect our results or business.
Health Care Reform
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (which we collectively refer to as the Health Care Reform Law) enacted significant reforms to various aspects of the U.S. health insurance industry. Implementation dates of the Health Care Reform Law began in September 2010 and will continue through 2018, and many aspects of the Health Care Reform Law are already effective and have been implemented by us. Certain significant provisions of the Health Care Reform Law include, among others, mandated coverage requirements, mandated benefits and guarantee issuance associated with commercial medical insurance, rebates to policyholders based on minimum benefit ratios, adjustments to Medicare Advantage premiums, the establishment of federally facilitated or state-based exchanges coupled with programs designed to spread risk among insurers, an annual insurance industry premium-based assessment, and a three-year commercial reinsurance fee. The Health Care Reform Law is discussed more fully in Item 7. – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the section titled “Health Care Reform.”
Business Segments
On January 1, 2015, we realigned certain of our businesses among our reportable segments to correspond with internal management reporting changes and renamed our Employer Group segment to the Group segment. Our three reportable segments remain Retail, Group, and Healthcare Services. The more significant realignments included reclassifying Medicare benefits offered to groups to the Retail segment from the Group segment, bringing all of our Medicare offerings, which are now managed collectively, together in one segment, recognizing that in some instances we market directly to individuals that are part of a group Medicare account. In addition, we realigned our military services business, primarily consisting of our TRICARE South Region contract previously included in the Other Businesses category, to our Group segment as we consider this contract with the government to be a group account. Prior period segment financial information has been recast to conform to the 2015 presentation. See Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for segment financial information.
We manage our business with three reportable segments: Retail, Group, and Healthcare Services. In addition, the Other Businesses category includes businesses that are not individually reportable because they do not meet the quantitative thresholds required by generally accepted accounting principles. These segments are based on a combination of the type of health plan customer and adjacent businesses centered on well-being solutions for our health plans and other customers, as described below. These segment groupings are consistent with information used by our Chief Executive Officer to assess performance and allocate resources.
Our Products
Our medical and specialty insurance products allow members to access health care services primarily through our networks of health care providers with whom we have contracted. These products may vary in the degree to which members have coverage. Health maintenance organizations, or HMOs, generally require a referral from the member’s primary care provider before seeing certain specialty physicians. Preferred provider organizations, or PPOs, provide members the freedom to choose a health care provider without requiring a referral. However PPOs generally require the member to pay a greater portion of the provider’s fee in the event the member chooses not to use a provider participating in the PPO’s network. Point of Service, or POS, plans combine the advantages of HMO plans with the flexibility of PPO plans. In general, POS plans allow members to choose, at the time medical services are needed, to seek care from a provider within the plan’s network or outside the network. In addition, we offer services to our health plan members as well as to third parties that promote health and wellness, including pharmacy, provider, home based, and integrated wellness services. At the core of our strategy is our integrated care delivery model, which unites quality care, high member engagement, and sophisticated data analytics. Three core elements of the model are to improve the consumer experience by simplifying the interaction, engaging members in clinical programs, and offering assistance to providers in transitioning from a fee-for-service to a value-based arrangement. Our approach to primary, physician-directed care for our members aims to provide quality care that is consistent, integrated, cost-effective, and member-focused. The model is designed to improve health outcomes and affordability for individuals and for the health system as a whole, while offering our members a simple, seamless healthcare experience. The discussion that follows describes the products offered by each of our segments.
Our Retail Segment Products
This segment is comprised of products sold on a retail basis to individuals including medical and supplemental benefit plans described in the discussion that follows. The following table presents our premiums and services revenue for the Retail segment by product for the year ended December 31, 2014:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | Retail Segment Premiums and Services Revenue | | Percent of Consolidated Premiums and Services Revenue |
| | (dollars in millions) |
Premiums: | | | | |
Individual Medicare Advantage | | $ | 25,782 |
| | 53.6 | % |
Group Medicare Advantage | | 5,490 |
| | 11.4 | % |
Medicare stand-alone PDP | | 3,404 |
| | 7.1 | % |
Total Retail Medicare | | 34,676 |
| | 72.1 | % |
Individual commercial | | 3,265 |
| | 6.8 | % |
State-based Medicaid | | 1,255 |
| | 2.6 | % |
Individual specialty | | 256 |
| | 0.5 | % |
Total premiums | | 39,452 |
| | 82.0 | % |
Services | | 39 |
| | 0.1 | % |
Total premiums and services revenue | | $ | 39,491 |
| | 82.1 | % |
Medicare
We have participated in the Medicare program for private health plans for over 30 years and have established a national presence, offering at least one type of Medicare plan in all 50 states. We have a geographically diverse membership base that we believe provides us with greater ability to expand our network of PPO and HMO providers. We employ strategies including health assessments and clinical guidance programs such as lifestyle and fitness programs for seniors to guide Medicare beneficiaries in making cost-effective decisions with respect to their health care. We believe these strategies result in cost savings that occur from making positive behavior changes.
Medicare is a federal program that provides persons age 65 and over and some disabled persons under the age of 65 certain hospital and medical insurance benefits. CMS, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, administers the Medicare program. Hospitalization benefits are provided under Part A, without the payment of any premium, for up to 90 days per incident of illness plus a lifetime reserve aggregating 60 days. Eligible beneficiaries are required to pay an annually adjusted premium to the federal government to be eligible for physician care and other services under Part B. Beneficiaries eligible for Part A and Part B coverage under traditional fee-for-service Medicare are still required to pay out-of-pocket deductibles and coinsurance. Throughout this document this program is referred to as Medicare FFS. As an alternative to Medicare FFS, in geographic areas where a managed care organization has contracted with CMS pursuant to the Medicare Advantage program, Medicare beneficiaries may choose to receive benefits from a Medicare Advantage organization under Medicare Part C. Pursuant to Medicare Part C, Medicare Advantage organizations contract with CMS to offer Medicare Advantage plans to provide benefits at least comparable to those offered under Medicare FFS. Our Medicare Advantage plans are discussed more fully below. Prescription drug benefits are provided under Part D.
Individual Medicare Advantage Products
We contract with CMS under the Medicare Advantage program to provide a comprehensive array of health insurance benefits, including wellness programs, chronic care management, and care coordination, to Medicare eligible persons under HMO, PPO, and Private Fee-For-Service, or PFFS, plans in exchange for contractual payments received from CMS, usually a fixed payment per member per month. With each of these products, the beneficiary receives benefits in excess of Medicare FFS, typically including reduced cost sharing, enhanced prescription drug benefits, care coordination, data analysis techniques to help identify member needs, complex case management, tools to guide members in their health care decisions, care management programs, wellness and prevention programs and, in some instances, a reduced monthly Part B premium. Most Medicare Advantage plans offer the prescription drug benefit under Part D as part of the basic plan, subject to cost sharing and other limitations. Accordingly, all of the provisions of the Medicare Part D program described in connection with our stand-alone prescription drug plans in the following section also are applicable to most of our Medicare Advantage plans. Medicare Advantage plans may charge beneficiaries monthly premiums and other copayments for Medicare-covered services or for certain extra benefits. Generally, Medicare-eligible
individuals enroll in one of our plan choices between October 15 and December 7 for coverage that begins on the following January 1.
Our Medicare HMO and PPO plans, which cover Medicare-eligible individuals residing in certain counties, may eliminate or reduce coinsurance or the level of deductibles on many other medical services while seeking care from participating in-network providers or in emergency situations. Except in emergency situations or as specified by the plan, most HMO plans provide no out-of-network benefits. PPO plans carry an out-of network benefit that is subject to higher member cost-sharing. In some cases, these beneficiaries are required to pay a monthly premium to the HMO or PPO plan in addition to the monthly Part B premium they are required to pay the Medicare program.
Most of our Medicare PFFS plans are network-based products with in and out of network benefits due to a requirement that Medicare Advantage organizations establish adequate provider networks, except in geographic areas that CMS determines have fewer than two network-based Medicare Advantage plans. In these areas, we offer Medicare PFFS plans that have no preferred network. Individuals in these plans pay us a monthly premium to receive typical Medicare Advantage benefits along with the freedom to choose any health care provider that accepts individuals at rates equivalent to Medicare FFS payment rates.
CMS uses monthly rates per person for each county to determine the fixed monthly payments per member to pay to health benefit plans. These rates are adjusted under CMS’s risk-adjustment model which uses health status indicators, or risk scores, to improve the accuracy of payment. The risk-adjustment model, which CMS implemented pursuant to the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) and the Benefits and Improvement Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA), generally pays more for members with predictably higher costs and uses principal hospital inpatient diagnoses as well as diagnosis data from ambulatory treatment settings (hospital outpatient department and physician visits) to establish the risk-adjustment payments. Under the risk-adjustment methodology, all health benefit organizations must collect from providers and submit the necessary diagnosis code information to CMS within prescribed deadlines.
At December 31, 2014, we provided health insurance coverage under CMS contracts to approximately 2,427,900 individual Medicare Advantage members, including approximately 542,400 members in Florida. These Florida contracts accounted for premiums revenue of approximately $7.2 billion, which represented approximately 27.9% of our individual Medicare Advantage premiums revenue, or 15.0% of our consolidated premiums and services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Our HMO, PPO, and PFFS products covered under Medicare Advantage contracts with CMS are renewed generally for a calendar year term unless CMS notifies us of its decision not to renew by May 1 of the calendar year in which the contract would end, or we notify CMS of our decision not to renew by the first Monday in June of the calendar year in which the contract would end. All material contracts between Humana and CMS relating to our Medicare Advantage products have been renewed for 2015, and all of our product offerings filed with CMS for 2015 have been approved.
Individual Medicare Stand-Alone Prescription Drug Products
We offer stand-alone prescription drug plans, or PDPs, under Medicare Part D, including a PDP plan co-branded with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., or the Humana-Walmart plan. Generally, Medicare-eligible individuals enroll in one of our plan choices between October 15 and December 7 for coverage that begins on the following January 1. Our stand-alone PDP offerings consist of plans offering basic coverage with benefits mandated by Congress, as well as plans providing enhanced coverage with varying degrees of out-of-pocket costs for premiums, deductibles, and co-insurance. Our revenues from CMS and the beneficiary are determined from our PDP bids submitted annually to CMS. These revenues also reflect the health status of the beneficiary and risk sharing provisions as more fully described in Item 7. – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the section titled “Medicare Part D Provisions.” Our stand-alone PDP contracts with CMS are renewed generally for a calendar year term unless CMS notifies us of its decision not to renew by May 1 of the calendar year in which the contract would end, or we notify CMS of our decision not to renew by the first Monday in June of the calendar year in which the contract would end. All material contracts between Humana and CMS relating to our Medicare stand-alone PDP products have been renewed for 2015, and all of our product offerings filed with CMS for 2015 have been approved.
We have administered CMS’s Limited Income Newly Eligible Transition, or LI-NET, prescription drug plan program since 2010. This program allows individuals who receive Medicare’s low-income subsidy to also receive immediate prescription drug coverage at the point of sale if they are not already enrolled in a Medicare Part D plan. CMS temporarily enrolls newly identified individuals with both Medicare and Medicaid into the LI-NET prescription drug plan program, and subsequently transitions each member into a Medicare Part D plan that may or may not be a Humana Medicare plan.
Group Medicare Advantage and Medicare stand-alone PDP
We offer products that enable employers that provide post-retirement health care benefits to replace Medicare wrap or Medicare supplement products with Medicare Advantage or stand-alone PDPs from Humana. These products offer the same types of benefits
and services available to members in our individual Medicare plans discussed previously and can be tailored to closely match an employer’s post-retirement benefit structure.
Medicare and Medicaid Dual Eligible and Long-Term Care Support Services
Medicare beneficiaries who also qualify for Medicaid due to low income or special needs are known as dual eligible beneficiaries, or dual eligibles. The dual eligible population represents a disproportionate share of Medicaid and Medicare costs. There were approximately 9.6 million dual eligible individuals in the United States in 2014, trending upward due to Medicaid eligibility expansions and individuals aging into the Medicare program. These dual eligibles may enroll in a privately-offered Medicare Advantage product, but may also receive assistance from Medicaid for Medicaid benefits, such as nursing home care and/or assistance with Medicare premiums and cost sharing. The dual eligible population is a strategic area of focus for us and we are leveraging the capabilities of our integrated care delivery model, including care management programs particularly as they relate to chronic conditions, to expand our services to this population. As of December 31, 2014, we served approximately 404,000 dual eligible members in our Medicare Advantage plans and approximately 992,000 dual eligible members in our stand-alone prescription drug plans.
Since the enactment of the Health Care Reform Law, states are pursuing stand-alone dual eligible CMS demonstration programs in which Medicare, Medicaid, and Long-Term Care Support Services (LTSS) benefits are more tightly integrated. Eligibility for participation in these stand-alone dual eligible demonstration programs may require state-based contractual relationships in existing Medicaid programs. We were successful in our bids for state-based contracts in Florida and Virginia in 2013 and in Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky in 2012. Ohio, Illinois, and Virginia are contracts for stand-alone dual eligible demonstration programs serving individuals dually eligible for both the federal Medicare program and the state-based Medicaid program. We began serving members in Illinois in the first quarter of 2014 and in Virginia in the second quarter of 2014. We partner with organizations, including CareSource Management Group Company, to serve individuals in certain states. We began serving members in Kentucky and certain LTSS regions in Florida at various effective dates ranging from the second half of 2013 through the first quarter of 2014.
LTSS eligible beneficiaries heavily overlap with the dual eligible population. On September 6, 2013, we acquired American Eldercare Inc., or American Eldercare, the largest provider of nursing home diversion services in the state of Florida, serving frail and elderly individuals in home and community-based settings. American Eldercare complements our core capabilities and strength in serving seniors and disabled individuals with a unique focus on individualized and integrated care, and has contracts to provide Medicaid long-term support services across the entire state of Florida. The enrollment effective dates for the various regions ranged from August 2013 to March 2014.
Individual Commercial Coverage
Our individual health plans are marketed under the HumanaOne® brand. We offer products both on and off of the public exchange, including exchange offerings in certain metropolitan areas in 15 states. We offer products on exchanges where we can achieve an affordable cost of care, including HMO offerings and select networks in most markets. Our off-exchange products offered in 22 states are primarily PPO and POS offerings, including plans issued prior to 2014 that were previously underwritten. Policies issued prior to the enactment of the Health Care Reform Law on March 23, 2010 are grandfathered policies. Grandfathered policies are exempt from most of the requirements of the Health Care Reform Law, including mandated benefits. However, our grandfathered plans include provisions that guarantee renewal of coverage for as long as the individual chooses. Policies issued between March 23, 2010 and December 31, 2013 are required to conform to the Health Care Reform Law, including mandated benefits, upon renewal in 2014, 2015 or 2016, depending on the state.
Prior to 2014, our HumanaOne® plans primarily were offered as PPO plans in 27 states where we could generally underwrite risk and utilize our existing networks and distribution channels. As indicated above, this individual product included provisions mandated by law to guarantee renewal of coverage for as long as the individual chooses.
Rewards-based wellness programs are included with many individual products. We also offer optional benefits such as dental, vision, life, and a portfolio of financial protection products.
Group Segment Products
This segment is comprised of products sold to employer groups including medical and supplemental benefit plans as well as health and wellness products as described in the discussion that follows. The following table presents our premiums and services revenue for the Group segment by product for the year ended December 31, 2014:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | Group Segment Premiums and Services Revenue | | Percent of Consolidated Premiums and Services Revenue |
| | (dollars in millions) |
External Revenue: | | | | |
Premiums: | | | | |
Fully-insured commercial group | | 5,339 |
| | 11.1 | % |
Group specialty | | 1,098 |
| | 2.3 | % |
Military services | | 19 |
| | — | % |
Total premiums | | 6,456 |
| | 13.4 | % |
Services | | 763 |
| | 1.6 | % |
Total premiums and services revenue | | $ | 7,219 |
| | 15.0 | % |
Intersegment services revenue: | | | | |
Wellness | | $ | 78 |
| | n/a |
|
Total intersegment services revenue | | $ | 78 |
| | |
n/a – not applicable
Group Commercial Coverage
Our commercial products sold to employer groups include a broad spectrum of major medical benefits with multiple in-network coinsurance levels and annual deductible choices that employers of all sizes can offer to their employees on either a fully-insured, through HMO, PPO, or POS plans, or self-funded basis. Our plans integrate clinical programs, plan designs, communication tools, and spending accounts. We participate in the Federal Employee Health Benefits Program, or FEHBP, primarily with our HMO offering in certain markets. FEHBP is the government’s health insurance program for Federal employees, retirees, former employees, family members, and spouses. As with our individual commercial products, the employer group offerings include HumanaVitality®, our wellness and loyalty reward program.
Our administrative services only, or ASO, products are offered to employers who self-insure their employee health plans. We receive fees to provide administrative services which generally include the processing of claims, offering access to our provider networks and clinical programs, and responding to customer service inquiries from members of self-funded employers. These products may include all of the same benefit and product design characteristics of our fully-insured HMO, PPO, or POS products described previously. Under ASO contracts, self-funded employers generally retain the risk of financing substantially all of the cost of health benefits. However, more than half of our ASO customers purchase stop loss insurance coverage from us to cover catastrophic claims or to limit aggregate annual costs.
As with individual commercial policies, employers can customize their offerings with optional benefits such as dental, vision, life, and a portfolio of voluntary benefit products.
Military Services
Under our TRICARE South Region contract with the United States Department of Defense, or DoD, we provide administrative services to arrange health care services for the dependents of active duty military personnel and for retired military personnel and their dependents. We have participated in the TRICARE program since 1996 under contracts with the DoD. On April 1, 2012, we began delivering services under our current TRICARE South Region contract that the Defense Health Agency, or DHA (formerly known as the TRICARE Management Activity), awarded to us on February 25, 2011. Under the current contract, we provide administrative services while the federal government retains all of the risk of the cost of health benefits. Accordingly, we account for revenues under the current contract net of estimated health care costs similar to an administrative services fee only agreement.
Wellness
We offer wellness solutions including our Humana Vitality® wellness and loyalty rewards program, health coaching, and clinical programs. These programs, when offered collectively to employer customers as our Total Health product, turn any standard plan of the employer's choosing into an integrated health and well-being solution that encourages participation in these programs.
Our Humana Vitality® program provides our members with access to a science-based, actuarially driven wellness and loyalty program that features a wide range of well-being tools and rewards that are customized to an individual’s needs and wants. A key element of the program includes a sophisticated health-behavior-change model supported by an incentive program.
We also provide employee assistance programs and coaching services including a comprehensive turn-key coaching program, an enhancement to a medically based coaching protocol and a platform that makes coaching programs more efficient.
Our Healthcare Services Segment Products
The products offered by our Healthcare Services segment are key to our integrated care delivery model. This segment is comprised of stand-alone businesses that offer services including pharmacy solutions, provider services, home based services, clinical programs, and predictive modeling and informatics services to other Humana businesses, as well as external health plan members, external health plans, and other employers or individuals and are described in the discussion that follows. Our intersegment revenue is described in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The following table presents our services revenue for the Healthcare Services segment by line of business for the year ended December 31, 2014:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | Healthcare Services Segment Premiums and Services Revenue | | Percent of Consolidated Premiums and Services Revenue |
| | (dollars in millions) |
Intersegment revenue: | | | | |
Pharmacy solutions | | $ | 16,905 |
| | n/a |
|
Provider services | | 1,149 |
| | n/a |
|
Home based services | | 585 |
| | n/a |
|
Clinical programs | | 208 |
| | n/a |
|
Total intersegment revenue | | $ | 18,847 |
| | |
External services revenue: | | | | |
Provider services | | $ | 1,147 |
| | 2.4 | % |
Home based services | | 107 |
| | 0.2 | % |
Pharmacy solutions | | 99 |
| | 0.2 | % |
Clinical programs | | — |
| | — | % |
Total external services revenue | | $ | 1,353 |
| | 2.8 | % |
n/a – not applicable
Pharmacy solutions
Humana Pharmacy Solutions®, or HPS, manages traditional prescription drug coverage for both individuals and employer groups in addition to providing a broad array of pharmacy solutions. HPS also operates prescription mail order services for brand, generic, and specialty drugs and diabetic supplies through RightSourceRx®, as well as research services.
Provider services
Our subsidiary, Concentra Inc.®, acquired in 2010, delivers occupational medicine, urgent care, physical therapy, and wellness services to employees and the general public through its operation of medical centers and worksite medical facilities.
Our CAC Medical Centers, or CAC, in South Florida operate full-service, multi-specialty medical centers staffed by primary care providers and medical specialists practicing cardiology, endocrinology, geriatric medicine, internal medicine, ophthalmology, neurology, and podiatry.
Our subsidiary, Metropolitan Health Networks, Inc., or Metropolitan, and our noncontrolling equity interest in MCCI Holdings, LLC, or MCCI, both acquired in 2012, are Medical Services Organizations, or MSOs, that coordinate medical care for Medicare Advantage beneficiaries and Medicaid recipients, primarily in Florida and Texas. These MSOs represent key components of our integrated care delivery model which we believe is scalable to new markets.
Home based services
Via in-home care, telephonic health counseling/coaching, and remote monitoring, we are actively involved in the care management of our customers with the greatest needs. Home based services include the operations of Humana At Home, Inc., or Humana At Home® (formerly known as SeniorBridge Family Companies, Inc.), acquired in 2012. As a chronic-care provider of in-home care for seniors, we provide innovative and holistic care coordination services for individuals living with multiple chronic
conditions, individuals with disabilities, fragile and aging-in-place members and their care givers. We focus our deployment of these services in geographies, such as Florida, with a high concentration of members living with multiple chronic conditions. The clinical support and care provided by Humana At Home® is designed to improve health outcomes and result in a higher number of days members can spend at their homes instead of in an acute care facility.
Clinical programs
We offer care management, behavioral health services and wellness programs, including through our subsidiary Corphealth, Inc. (d/b/a LifeSynch®).
Other Businesses
Products and services offered by our Other Businesses are described in the discussion that follows. The following table presents our premiums and services revenue for our Other Businesses for the year ended December 31, 2014:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | Other Businesses Premiums and Services Revenue | | Percent of Consolidated Premiums and Services Revenue |
| | (dollars in millions) |
Premiums: | | | | |
Closed-block long-term care insurance policies | | $ | 51 |
| | 0.1 | % |
Total premiums | | 51 |
| | 0.1 | % |
Services | | 9 |
| | — | % |
Total premiums and services revenue | | $ | 60 |
| | 0.1 | % |
Closed Block of Long-Term Care Insurance Policies
We have a non-strategic closed block of approximately 32,700 long-term care insurance policies associated with our acquisition of KMG America Corporation in 2007. Long-term care insurance policies are intended to protect the insured from the cost of long-term care services including those provided by nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and adult day care as well as home health care services. No new policies have been written since 2005 under this closed block and we are evaluating strategic alternatives for this business.
Informatics
Programs to enhance the quality of care for members are key elements of our integrated care delivery model. We believe that technology represents a significant opportunity in health care that positively impacts our members. We have enhanced our health information technology capabilities enabling us to create a more complete view of an individual’s health, designed to connect, coordinate and simplify health care while reducing costs. These capabilities include our health care analytics engine, which reviews millions of clinical data points each day to provide members, providers, and payers real-time clinical insights and gaps-in-care data to improve health outcomes, as well as technology that allows disparate electronic health record systems and Humana to share data that gives providers a comprehensive view of the patient and enables the exchange of essential health information in real-time. As we have integrated these and related assets into our operations over the past few years, we have enhanced our ability to leverage predictive modeling capabilities that enable us to anticipate, rather than react to, our members’ health needs. To that end, we have accelerated our process for identifying and reaching out to members in need of clinical intervention. At December 31, 2014, we had approximately 420,700 members with complex chronic conditions in the Humana Chronic Care Program, a 50.1% increase compared with approximately 280,200 members at December 31, 2013, reflecting enhanced predictive modeling capabilities and focus on proactive clinical outreach and member engagement, particularly for our Medicare Advantage membership. We believe these initiatives lead to better health outcomes for our members and lower health care costs.
Membership
The following table summarizes our total medical membership at December 31, 2014, by market and product:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Retail Segment |
| Group Segment |
| |
| |
| |
| (in thousands) |
| Individual Medicare Advantage |
| Group Medicare Advantage |
| Medicare stand- alone PDP |
| Individual Commercial |
| State- based contracts |
| Fully- insured commercial Group |
| ASO |
| Military services |
| Other Businesses |
| Total |
| Percent of Total |
Florida | 542.4 |
|
| 22.6 |
|
| 300.6 |
|
| 252.7 |
|
| 293.7 |
|
| 189.7 |
|
| 28.3 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 1,630.0 |
|
| 11.8 | % |
Texas | 184.0 |
|
| 63.2 |
|
| 258.5 |
|
| 181.6 |
|
| — |
|
| 238.6 |
|
| 118.2 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 1,044.1 |
|
| 7.5 | % |
Kentucky | 74.5 |
|
| 80.9 |
|
| 185.7 |
|
| 27.3 |
|
| — |
|
| 101.8 |
|
| 472.1 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 942.3 |
|
| 6.8 | % |
Georgia | 92.8 |
|
| 2.4 |
|
| 90.3 |
|
| 286.4 |
|
| — |
|
| 140.8 |
|
| 15.8 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 628.5 |
|
| 4.5 | % |
Ohio | 81.3 |
|
| 151.0 |
|
| 121.1 |
|
| 21.9 |
|
| — |
|
| 48.6 |
|
| 139.0 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 562.9 |
|
| 4.1 | % |
Illinois | 75.6 |
|
| 11.1 |
|
| 126.6 |
|
| 28.8 |
|
| 13.1 |
|
| 108.1 |
|
| 90.3 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 453.6 |
|
| 3.3 | % |
California | 38.4 |
|
| 0.1 |
|
| 378.9 |
|
| 9.6 |
|
| — |
|
| 0.1 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 427.1 |
|
| 3.1 | % |
Wisconsin | 51.5 |
|
| 14.2 |
|
| 80.2 |
|
| 11.7 |
|
| — |
|
| 89.4 |
|
| 113.3 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 360.3 |
|
| 2.6 | % |
Missouri/Kansas | 82.2 |
|
| 4.9 |
|
| 175.7 |
|
| 14.3 |
|
| — |
|
| 53.3 |
|
| 6.9 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 337.3 |
|
| 2.4 | % |
Tennessee | 119.6 |
|
| 2.2 |
|
| 87.6 |
|
| 27.8 |
|
| — |
|
| 50.5 |
|
| 39.5 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 327.2 |
|
| 2.4 | % |
Louisiana | 127.9 |
|
| 10.5 |
|
| 50.1 |
|
| 22.7 |
|
| — |
|
| 63.1 |
|
| 30.4 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 304.7 |
|
| 2.2 | % |
North Carolina | 79.6 |
|
| 37.4 |
|
| 139.9 |
|
| 5.9 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 262.8 |
|
| 1.9 | % |
Virginia | 121.6 |
|
| 3.9 |
|
| 104.8 |
|
| 7.7 |
|
| 10.0 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 248.0 |
|
| 1.8 | % |
Indiana | 71.9 |
|
| 3.9 |
|
| 99.6 |
|
| 14.3 |
|
| — |
|
| 22.0 |
|
| 19.5 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 231.2 |
|
| 1.7 | % |
Michigan | 49.1 |
|
| 13.2 |
|
| 113.9 |
|
| 34.1 |
|
| — |
|
| 8.8 |
|
| 3.7 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 222.8 |
|
| 1.6 | % |
Colorado | 31.2 |
|
| 7.2 |
|
| 75.4 |
|
| 35.1 |
|
| — |
|
| 24.3 |
|
| 0.4 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 173.6 |
|
| 1.3 | % |
Arizona | 56.2 |
|
| 1.5 |
|
| 65.2 |
|
| 18.6 |
|
| — |
|
| 29.4 |
|
| 1.5 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 172.4 |
|
| 1.2 | % |
Military services | — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 3,090.4 |
|
| — |
|
| 3,090.4 |
|
| 22.3 | % |
Others | 548.1 |
|
| 59.5 |
|
| 1,539.9 |
|
| 147.6 |
|
| — |
|
| 67.0 |
|
| 25.4 |
|
| — |
|
| 35.0 |
|
| 2,422.5 |
|
| 17.5 | % |
Totals | 2,427.9 |
|
| 489.7 |
|
| 3,994.0 |
|
| 1,148.1 |
|
| 316.8 |
|
| 1,235.5 |
|
| 1,104.3 |
|
| 3,090.4 |
|
| 35.0 |
|
| 13,841.7 |
|
| 100.0 | % |
Provider Arrangements
We provide our members with access to health care services through our networks of health care providers whom we employ or with whom we have contracted, including hospitals and other independent facilities such as outpatient surgery centers, primary care providers, specialist physicians, dentists, and providers of ancillary health care services and facilities. These ancillary services and facilities include laboratories, ambulance services, medical equipment services, home health agencies, mental health providers, rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes, optical services, and pharmacies. Our membership base and the ability to influence where our members seek care generally enable us to obtain contractual discounts with providers.
We use a variety of techniques to provide access to effective and efficient use of health care services for our members. These techniques include the coordination of care for our members, product and benefit designs, hospital inpatient management systems, the use of sophisticated analytics, and enrolling members into various care management programs. The focal point for health care services in many of our HMO networks is the primary care provider who, under contract with us, provides services to our members, and may control utilization of appropriate services by directing or approving hospitalization and referrals to specialists and other providers. Some physicians may have arrangements under which they can earn bonuses when certain target goals relating to the provision of quality patient care are met. We have available care management programs related to complex chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease. We also have programs for prenatal and premature infant care, asthma related illness, end stage renal disease, diabetes, cancer, and certain other conditions.
We typically contract with hospitals on either (1) a per diem rate, which is an all-inclusive rate per day, (2) a case rate or diagnosis-related groups (DRG), which is an all-inclusive rate per admission, or (3) a discounted charge for inpatient hospital services. Outpatient hospital services generally are contracted at a flat rate by type of service, ambulatory payment classifications, or APCs, or at a discounted charge. APCs are similar to flat rates except multiple services and procedures may be aggregated into one fixed payment. These contracts are often multi-year agreements, with rates that are adjusted for inflation annually based on the consumer price index, other nationally recognized inflation indexes, or specific negotiations with the provider. Outpatient surgery centers and other ancillary providers typically are contracted at flat rates per service provided or are reimbursed based upon a nationally recognized fee schedule such as the Medicare allowable fee schedule.
Our contracts with physicians typically are renewed automatically each year, unless either party gives written notice, generally ranging from 90 to 120 days, to the other party of its intent to terminate the arrangement. Most of the physicians in our PPO networks and some of our physicians in our HMO networks are reimbursed based upon a fixed fee schedule, which typically provides for reimbursement based upon a percentage of the standard Medicare allowable fee schedule.
The terms of our contracts with hospitals and physicians may also vary between Medicare and commercial business. A significant portion of our Medicare network contracts, including those with both hospitals and physicians, are tied to Medicare reimbursement levels and methodologies.
Automatic reductions to the federal budget, known as sequestration, took effect on April 1, 2013, including aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year. Due to the uncertainty around the application of these reductions, there can be no assurances that we can completely offset any reductions to the Medicare healthcare programs. See “Legal Proceedings and Certain Regulatory Matters” in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Capitation
We offer providers a continuum of opportunities to increase the integration of care and offer assistance to providers in transitioning from a fee-for-service to a value-based arrangement. These include performance bonuses, shared savings and shared risk relationships. For some of our medical membership, we share risk with providers under capitation contracts where physicians and hospitals accept varying levels of financial risk for a defined set of membership, primarily HMO membership. Under the typical capitation arrangement, we prepay these providers a monthly fixed-fee per member, known as a capitation (per capita) payment, to cover all or a defined portion of the benefits provided to the capitated member.
We believe these risk-based models represent a key element of our integrated care delivery model at the core of our strategy. Our health plan subsidiaries may enter into these risk-based contracts with third party providers or our owned provider subsidiaries.
At December 31, 2014, approximately 883,000 members, or 6.4% of our medical membership, were covered under risk-based contracts, including 709,000 individual Medicare Advantage members, or 29.2% of our total individual Medicare Advantage membership.
Physicians under capitation arrangements typically have stop loss coverage so that a physician’s financial risk for any single member is limited to a maximum amount on an annual basis. We typically process all claims and monitor the financial performance and solvency of our capitated providers. However, we delegated claim processing functions under capitation arrangements covering approximately 141,200 HMO members, including 113,200 individual Medicare Advantage members, or 16.0% of the 709,000 individual Medicare Advantage members covered under risk-based contracts at December 31, 2014, with the provider assuming substantially all the risk of coordinating the members’ health care benefits. Capitation expense under delegated arrangements for which we have a limited view of the underlying claims experience was approximately $833 million, or 2.2% of total benefits expense, for the year ended December 31, 2014. We remain financially responsible for health care services to our members in the event our providers fail to provide such services.
Accreditation Assessment
Our accreditation assessment program consists of several internal programs, including those that credential providers and those designed to meet the audit standards of federal and state agencies as well as external accreditation standards. We also offer quality and outcome measurement and improvement programs such as the Health Care Effectiveness Data and Information Sets, or HEDIS, which is used by employers, government purchasers and the National Committee for Quality Assurance, or NCQA, to evaluate health plans based on various criteria, including effectiveness of care and member satisfaction.
Providers participating in our networks must satisfy specific criteria, including licensing, patient access, office standards, after-hours coverage, and other factors. Most participating hospitals also meet accreditation criteria established by CMS and/or the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
Recredentialing of participating providers occurs every two to three years, depending on applicable state laws. Recredentialing of participating providers includes verification of their medical licenses, review of their malpractice liability claims histories, review of their board certifications, if applicable, and review of applicable quality information. A committee, composed of a peer group of providers, reviews the applications of providers being considered for credentialing and recredentialing.
We request accreditation for certain of our health plans and/or departments from NCQA, the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care, and URAC. Accreditation or external review by an approved organization is mandatory in the states of
Florida and Kansas for licensure as an HMO. Additionally, all products sold on the federal and state marketplaces are required to be accredited. Certain commercial businesses, like those impacted by a third-party labor agreement or those where a request is made by the employer, may require or prefer accredited health plans.
NCQA reviews our compliance based on standards for quality improvement, credentialing, utilization management, member connections, and member rights and responsibilities. We have achieved and maintained NCQA accreditation in most of our commercial, Medicare and Medicaid HMO/POS markets with enough history and membership, except Puerto Rico, and for many of our PPO markets.
Sales and Marketing
We use various methods to market our products, including television, radio, the Internet, telemarketing, and direct mailings.
At December 31, 2014, we employed approximately 1,700 sales representatives, as well as approximately 1,200 telemarketing representatives who assisted in the marketing of Medicare and individual commercial health insurance and specialty products in our Retail segment, including making appointments for sales representatives with prospective members. We also market our individual Medicare products via a strategic alliance with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., or Wal-Mart. This alliance includes stationing Humana representatives in certain Wal-Mart stores, SAM’S CLUB locations, and Neighborhood Markets across the country which provides an opportunity to enroll Medicare eligible individuals in person. We also sell group Medicare Advantage products through large employers. In addition, we market our Medicare and individual commercial health insurance and specialty products through licensed independent brokers and agents. For our Medicare products, commissions paid to employed sales representatives and independent brokers and agents are based on a per unit commission structure, regulated in structure and amount by CMS. For our individual commercial health insurance and specialty products, we generally pay brokers a commission based on premiums, with commissions varying by market and premium volume. In addition to a commission based directly on premium volume for sales to particular customers, we also have programs that pay brokers and agents based on other metrics. These include commission bonuses based on sales that attain certain levels or involve particular products. We also pay additional commissions based on aggregate volumes of sales involving multiple customers.
In our Group segment, individuals may become members of our commercial HMOs and PPOs through their employers or other groups, which typically offer employees or members a selection of health insurance products, pay for all or part of the premiums, and make payroll deductions for any premiums payable by the employees. We attempt to become an employer’s or group’s exclusive source of health insurance benefits by offering a variety of HMO, PPO, and specialty products that provide cost-effective quality health care coverage consistent with the needs and expectations of their employees or members. In addition, we have begun to offer plans to employer groups through private exchanges. Employers can give their employees a set amount of money and then direct them to a private exchange. There, employees can shop for a health plan and other benefits based on what the employer has selected as options. We use licensed independent brokers, independent agents, and employees to sell our group products. Many of our larger employer group customers are represented by insurance brokers and consultants who assist these groups in the design and purchase of health care products. We pay brokers and agents using the same commission structure described above for our individual commercial health insurance and specialty products.
Underwriting
Beginning in 2014, the Health Care Reform Law requires all individual and group health plans to guarantee issuance and renew coverage without pre-existing condition exclusions or health-status rating adjustments. Accordingly, newly issued individual and group health plans are not subject to underwriting in 2014 and beyond. Further, underwriting techniques are not employed in connection with our Medicare, military services, or Medicaid products because government regulations require us to accept all eligible applicants regardless of their health or prior medical history.
Prior to 2014, through the use of internally developed underwriting criteria, we determined the risk we were willing to assume and the amount of premium to charge for our commercial products. In most instances, employer and other groups had to meet our underwriting standards in order to qualify to contract with us for coverage.
Competition
The health benefits industry is highly competitive. Our competitors vary by local market and include other managed care companies, national insurance companies, and other HMOs and PPOs. Many of our competitors have larger memberships and/or greater financial resources than our health plans in the markets in which we compete. Our ability to sell our products and to retain customers may be influenced by such factors as those described in Item 1A. – Risk Factors in this 2014 Form 10-K.
Government Regulation
Diverse legislative and regulatory initiatives at both the federal and state levels continue to affect aspects of the nation’s health care system.
Our management works proactively to ensure compliance with all governmental laws and regulations affecting our business. We are unable to predict how existing federal or state laws and regulations may be changed or interpreted, what additional laws or regulations affecting our businesses may be enacted or proposed, when and which of the proposed laws will be adopted or what effect any such new laws and regulations will have on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
For a description of certain material current activities in the federal and state legislative areas, see Item 1A. – Risk Factors in this 2014 Form 10-K.
Certain Other Services
Captive Insurance Company
We bear general business risks associated with operating our Company such as professional and general liability, employee workers’ compensation, and officer and director errors and omissions risks. Professional and general liability risks may include, for example, medical malpractice claims and disputes with members regarding benefit coverage. We retain certain of these risks through our wholly-owned, captive insurance subsidiary. We reduce exposure to these risks by insuring levels of coverage for losses in excess of our retained limits with a number of third-party insurance companies. We remain liable in the event these insurance companies are unable to pay their portion of the losses.
Centralized Management Services
We provide centralized management services to each of our health plans and to our business segments from our headquarters and service centers. These services include management information systems, product development and administration, finance, human resources, accounting, law, public relations, marketing, insurance, purchasing, risk management, internal audit, actuarial, underwriting, claims processing, billing/enrollment, and customer service.
Employees
As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately 57,000 employees and approximately 2,700 additional medical professionals working under management agreements primarily between Concentra and affiliated physician-owned associations. We believe we have good relations with our employees and have not experienced any work stoppages.